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Journal articles on the topic 'Hospital; drug'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Iqbal, Syed Talat, Zainab Batool, Haseeba Amir, and Tamkenat Mansoor. "DRUG-DRUG INTERACTIONS;." Professional Medical Journal 21, no. 03 (June 10, 2014): 441–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2014.21.03.2018.

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Introduction: This research paper is based on a study conducted on the in-doorpatients at a teaching hospital in Gujrat, Pakistan, in order to check for the frequency with whichPenicillins, Quinolones and Cephalosporins are being used together and in combinations withother drugs and the drug-drug interactions that occur due to these combinations and theirimpacts on the patients. Objectives: (1) To check the frequency with which Penicillins,Quinolone and Cephalosporins are being used in different combinations in patients. (2) Todetermine their drug-drug interactions. (3) Impact on patients due to these interactions. (4)Reasons for prescription of mismatched combinations by clinicians. Study Design: 270 randomprescriptions were collected from different wards of DHQ hospital, Gujrat. These prescriptionswere then analyzed for drug interactions among the above mentioned group of drugs, with thehelp of soft ware program named The Medical Letter Adverse Drug Interaction Program. Setting:Aziz Bhatti Shaheed Hospital (DHQ), Gujrat , Pakistan. Period: Prescriptions were collected overthe period of 3 months. Conclusions: Prescribing antibiotics for different indications in indoorpatients is unavoidable. However, it is the duty of the clinician to monitor the patient when he isusing two or more drugs together. This study recommends the use of drug-drug interactiondetecting software in hospitals, so that, the level of patients’ safety may be enhanced.

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Suiyati, Waode, and Sunarto S. "Analysis Of Drug Distribution System In Hospital Hospital Karanganyar." International Journal of Health and Pharmaceutical (IJHP) 2, no. 4 (August 11, 2022): 756–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.51601/ijhp.v2i4.107.

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Inpatient drug services start from prescribing to patients, using drugs during treatment, until the patient returns home, there may be replacements, additional drugs and residual drugs. Although this service process is the responsibility of pharmacists, it is closely related to the role of medical personnel, nurses and the administrative division in hospitals. Research objectives Identify the percentagecompatibility between drugs and stock cards,IdentifyTurnover ratio,Identifypercentage of expired/damaged drug value,Identifythe average time used to serve prescriptions to the hands of patients,Identifypercentage of drugs served at the Karanganyar District Hospital.This research was conducted by following a descriptive research design to analyze the drug distribution system in the Inpatient Hospital of Karanganyar Regency. The data obtained in the form of primary data and secondary data. The research results arePercentage of matches between drugs and card stockis 86.6% with the indicator set is 100% it can be said to have not been effective when compared to indicators,Turn over ratio valueis 9 times turnover, the standard indicator is 8-12x capital turnover in 1 year. This means that the TOR is effective,Percentage of expired/damaged drug valueis 4.5% and the standard indicator of 0% means that it can be said to be ineffective, The average time used to serve prescriptions to the hands of patientsThe long waiting time for compound drugs is in stage II, which is 36.28 minutes, and the waiting time for non-concoction drugs is in stage II, which is 29.42 minutes, with service hours at 14.00-20.00. This is not efficient when compared to the standard value of compound drugs < 30 minutes and non-concoction drugs 15 minutes.The percentage of drugs not served is0.0085% it has not been effective with an indicator of 0%.

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3

Khadka, Sitaram, Hamid Saeed, Janak Shahi, Yogesh Bajgain, Tank Prasad Yadav, and Ravi Prasad Gupta. "Utilizing Hospital Formulary System in Nepal." Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 18, no. 2 (September 8, 2020): 337–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v18i2.2647.

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Since the early 1950s, for medication management, the hospital formulary system subsisted as a list of drugs into the supply chain management process in hospitals. With the advent of pharmacy practice services, the system now is more oriented towards the rational use of drugs taking into account the safety of therapy, cost-effectiveness, and uninterrupted availability of drugs to improve and reflect upon the clinical judgment of healthcare professionals. Though very few hospitals in Nepal have adopted hospital formulary system, the perfect practice is still skimpy. The formation of drug and therapeutic committee along with the establishment of hospital pharmacy services is a growing trend with the arrival of hospital pharmacy guidelines 2072, thus, a positive spill-over of the hospital formulary system to each hospital in Nepal would be valuable in promoting rational drug therapy.Keywords: Cost-effectiveness; hospital formulary system, rational drug therapy.

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Singh, Uday, Gurjeet Singh, and Randhir Singh. "A STUDY ON DRUG UTILIZATION PATTERN OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL." INDIAN RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND SCIENCE 7, no. 2 (June 2020): 2184–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/irjps.2020.7.2.11.

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5

Muijen, M., and T. Silverstone. "A Comparative Hospital Survey of Psychotropic Drug Prescribing." British Journal of Psychiatry 150, no. 4 (April 1987): 501–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.150.4.501.

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In a survey of psychotropic drug prescribing for in-patients in three different types of psychiatric hospitals, the prevalence of combinations of more than one psychotropic drug varied from 45% in one hospital to 94% in another, with significant consistent differences between the use of drug combinations in the various hospitals. Combinations of two antipsychotic drugs were particularly frequent; the hospital with the lowest prevalence of polypharmacy was the only one with an associated psychopharmacology unit. Access to clinical pharmacology teaching may be an important factor in determining appropriate drug-prescribing habits.

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6

Nydert, Per, and Robert Poole. "Exploring Differences in Inpatient Drug Purchasing Cost Between Two Pediatric Hospitals." Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics 17, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 374–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-17.4.374.

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OBJECTIVES In this study, the hospital cost of purchasing drugs at two children's hospitals is explored with respect to high-cost drugs and drug classes and discussed with regard to differences in hospital setting, drug price, or number of treatments. METHODS The purchasing costs of drugs at the two hospitals were retrieved and analyzed. All information was connected to the Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical code and compared in a Microsoft Access database. RESULTS The 6-month drug purchasing costs at Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital (ALCH), Stockholm, Sweden, and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford (LPCH), Palo Alto, California, are similar and result in a cost per patient day of US $149 and US $136, respectively. The hospital setting and choice of drug products are factors that influence the drug cost in product-specific ways. CONCLUSIONS Several problems are highlighted when only drug costs are compared between hospitals. For example, the comparison does not take into account the amount of waste, risk of adverse drug events, local dosing strategies, disease prevalence, and national drug-pricing models. The difference in cost per inpatient day at ALCH may indicate that cost could be redistributed in Sweden to support pediatric pharmacy services. Also, when introducing new therapies seen at the comparison hospital, it may be possible to extrapolate the estimated increase in cost.

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7

Savitsky, Maureen E. "Recognizing Hospital Adverse Drug Reactions." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 2, no. 4 (August 1989): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089719008900200402.

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Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a frequently overlooked complication of drug therapy. The categories of drugs most commonly implicated include anticoagulants, antimicrobials, cardiac agents, CNS agents, diagnostic agents, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents, and hormones. In addition to knowing what drug classes most commonly produce ADRs, the clinician should also recognize what drugs are most frequently associated with specific ADRs. Anaphylaxis is one of the most serious, and potentially life-threatening, ADRs. Treatment of an anaphylactic reaction involves correcting the physiologic effects of released chemical mediators and also inhibiting the release of additional mediators. The mainstay of therapy is aqueous epinephrine. Severe reactions may require administration of aminophylline, inotropic agents, antihistamines, corticosteroids, and intravenous fluids. The best treatment for any ADR is prevention. Pharmacists can actively participate in the monitoring of risk factors, especially the number of drugs in a regimen, potential drug interactions, and drug allergies, which may predispose patients to ADR development. Pharmacists can also assist in the detection of ADRs by monitoring alerting orders. Other potential activities for pharmacists include providing timely and accurate information about ADRs ; educating patients, physicians, and other health care professionals; and influencing prescribing patterns to minimize the trend towards polypharmacy.

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8

Einarson, Thomas R. "Drug-Related Hospital Admissions." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 27, no. 7-8 (July 1993): 832–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809302700702.

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OBJECTIVE: To review and summarize studies reporting rates of drug-related hospital admissions. DATA SOURCES: Manual and computerized literature searches using MEDLINE, Index Medicus, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts as databases (key words: Drug, drug-related, or iatrogenic; admission, hospital admission, or hospitalization; and ADR or adverse drug reaction). References from retrieved articles were searched to locate further studies. STUDY SELECTION: Included were English-language studies of humans admitted to the hospital because of medications. Problems investigated were admissions prompted by adverse drug reactions (ADRs) when drugs were used by the patient and admissions resulting from a patient's noncompliant or unintentionally inappropriate drug use. Excluded were cases involving drug abuse, alcoholism, suicide attempts, intoxication, or inadequate prescribing. DATA SYNTHESIS: Between 1966 and 1989, ADR rates from 49 hospitals or groups of hospitals in a variety of international settings were published in 36 articles. Sample sizes ranged from 41 to 11 891 patients, with a median of 714 (interquartile range [IQR] 275-1245) and a mean of 1412 (SD 2233). The prevalence of reported admissions resulting from ADRs ranged from 0.2 to 21.7 percent; the median was 4.9 percent (IQR 2.9–6.7 percent) and the mean was 5.5 percent (SD 4.1 percent). The weighted meta-analytic estimate was 5.1 percent (95 percent confidence interval 4.4–5.8). Of those ADR admissions, 71.5 percent were side effects, 16.8 percent excessive effects, 11.3 percent hypersensitivity reactions, and 0.4 percent idiosyncratic; 3.7 percent of patients admitted for ADRs died. Eleven reports indicated that 22.7 percent of ADR hospitalizations were induced by noncompliance. CONCLUSIONS: Drug-induced hospitalizations account for approximately five percent of all admissions. Results apply only to people from highly developed industrialized countries. Economic analyses have not been performed. Future research should include the Third World and nonindustrialized nations as well as specific cultural groups.

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9

Leiman, Sheldon. "HOSPITAL DRUG QUIZ." Nursing 17, no. 2 (February 1987): 31–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-198702000-00013.

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Hyams, Peter A. "HOSPITAL DRUG QUIZ." Nursing 17, no. 5 (May 1987): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-198705000-00013.

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Hyams, Peter A. "HOSPITAL DRUG QUIZ." Nursing 17, no. 7 (July 1987): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-198707000-00026.

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&NA;. "HOSPITAL DRUG QUIZ." Nursing 17, no. 9 (September 1987): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-198709000-00038.

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&NA;. "HOSPITAL DRUG QUIZ." Nursing 17, no. 11 (November 1987): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-198711000-00033.

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Hyams, Peter A. "Hospital Drug Quiz." Nursing 25, no. 3 (March 1995): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-199503000-00009.

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&NA;. "Hospital Drug Quiz." Nursing 26, no. 4 (April 1996): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-199604000-00020.

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&NA;. "Hospital Drug Quiz." Nursing 26, no. 5 (May 1996): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-199605000-00025.

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&NA;. "Hospital Drug Quiz." Nursing 26, no. 4 (April 1996): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-199626040-00020.

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&NA;. "Hospital Drug Quiz." Nursing 26, no. 5 (May 1996): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-199626050-00025.

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&NA;. "HOSPITAL DRUG QUIZ." Nursing 18, no. 5 (May 1988): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-198805000-00029.

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&NA;. "HOSPITAL DRUG QUIZ." Nursing 18, no. 6 (June 1988): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-198806000-00034.

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&NA;. "HOSPITAL DRUG QUIZ." Nursing 18, no. 9 (September 1988): 100–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-198809000-00029.

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&NA;. "HOSPITAL DRUG QUIZ." Nursing 19, no. 1 (January 1989): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-198901000-00033.

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&NA;. "HOSPITAL DRUG QUIZ." Nursing 19, no. 2 (February 1989): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-198902000-00039.

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Hyams, Peter A. "HOSPITAL DRUG QUIZ." Nursing 19, no. 4 (April 1989): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-198904000-00039.

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&NA;. "HOSPITAL DRUG QUIZ." Nursing 19, no. 5 (May 1989): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-198905000-00009.

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&NA;. "HOSPITAL DRUG QUIZ." Nursing 19, no. 6 (June 1989): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-198906000-00012.

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&NA;. "HOSPITAL DRUG QUIZ." Nursing 19, no. 8 (August 1989): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-198908000-00023.

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&NA;. "Hospital Drug Quiz." Nursing 19, no. 11 (November 1989): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-198911000-00023.

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&NA;. "HOSPITAL DRUG QUIZ." Nursing 19, no. 12 (December 1989): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-198912000-00019.

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&NA;. "HOSPITAL DRUG QUIZ." Nursing 19, no. 5 (May 1989): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-198919050-00009.

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&NA;. "HOSPITAL DRUG QUIZ." Nursing 20, no. 1 (January 1990): 77–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-199001000-00025.

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&NA;. "HOSPITAL DRUG QUIOZ." Nursing 20, no. 2 (February 1990): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-199002000-00037.

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Hyams, Peter A. "HOSPITAL DRUG QUIZ." Nursing 20, no. 3 (March 1990): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-199003000-00032.

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&NA;. "HOSPITAL DRUG QUIZ." Nursing 20, no. 5 (May 1990): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-199005000-00041.

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&NA;. "HOSPITAL DRUG QUIZ." Nursing 20, no. 9 (September 1990): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-199009000-00020.

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&NA;. "HOSPITAL DRUG QUIZ." Nursing 20, no. 11 (November 1990): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-199011000-00030.

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&NA;. "HOSPITAL DRUG QUIZ." Nursing 20, no. 12 (December 1990): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-199012000-00024.

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&NA;. "HOSPITAL DRUG QUIZ." Nursing 20, no. 9 (September 1990): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-199020090-00020.

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&NA;. "HOSPITAL DRUG QUIZ." Nursing 21, no. 8 (August 1991): 27–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-199108000-00009.

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Hyams, Peter A. "HOSPITAL DRUG QUIZ." Nursing 22, no. 2 (February 1992): 86–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-199202000-00028.

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Hyams, Peter A. "HOSPITAL DRUG QUIZ." Nursing 22, no. 8 (August 1992): 30–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-199208000-00011.

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Hyams, Peter A. "HOSPITAL DRUG QUIZ." Nursing 22, no. 9 (September 1992): 68–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-199209000-00017.

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&NA;. "HOSPITAL DRUG QUIZ." Nursing 23, no. 11 (November 1993): 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-199311000-00026.

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Hyams, Peter A. "HOSPITAL DRUG QUIZ." Nursing 24, no. 7 (July 1994): 23–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-199407000-00013.

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45

Afrin, Tasnin, Rumana Afroz, Shahin Sultana, Kamrunnesa, Mahbuba Jahan Lotus, and Ferdous Ara. "Pattern of Drugs Use in Selected Paediatric Diseases in Outpatients Departments of Public and Private Teaching Hospitals in Bangladesh." Ibrahim Cardiac Medical Journal 9, no. 1-2 (March 5, 2020): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icmj.v9i1-2.53991.

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Background & objective: Appropriate use of drugs are important in any diseases in any population. It is particularly so in children. To evaluate whether drugs are properly utilized in terms of efficacy, safety, convenience and economic aspects at all levels in the chain of drug use, periodic studies addressing the utilization of drugs in different health care setting are essential. Various drug utilization studies have been carried out all over the world but there are limited studies addressing drug use patterns in pediatric population in Bangladesh. The present study is one such step to evaluate the pattern of drug use in different pediatric diseases among patients attending at pediatric out-patient department (OPD) in two selected medical college hospitals. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the paediatric OPD of two tertiary care hospitals, Sir Salimullah Medical College & Mitford Hospital (SSMC & MH) (a public hospital), Dhaka and Dhaka National Medical College (DNMC) & Hospital (a private hospital). A total of 600 children (300 from each of the two Medical College Hospitals) were selected as study subjects. Three hundred prescriptions audited in SSMC & MH contained a total 946 drugs and 300 prescriptions audited in DNMC contained 990 drugs in total. Patients got admitted during out-patient department visit were excluded from the study. The age and sex of the patients and medications use-related variables like dose, frequency, duration and route of administration of the drugs were noted. Pattern of drug use in the hospitals for pediatric population was evaluated. Results: The study subjects of the two tertiary hospitals were almost identical in terms of age and sex (p = 0.181 and p = 0.369 respectively). Use of three drugs per encounter was commonly observed in both the hospitals. Around one-third of the prescriptions contained four drugs. Prescription of five drugs was rare in both the hospitals. Prescription with two drugs was higher in SSMC & MH than that in DNMC Hospital (p = 0.043). Majority of the prescriptions from SSMC (83.1%) contained drugs within essential drug list (EDL) compared to that from DNMC (73%) (p< 0.001). The highest prescribing drug was antibiotic, both in SSMC (22.7%) and DNMC (23.2%) (p = 0.417) followed by analgesic (18% in SSMC and 17.7% in DNMC), anti-diarrhoeal. The less commonly used drugs were gastric acid suppressant, antispasmodic, anthelmintic, antiemetic, while rarely prescribed drugs were antihistamines, antiasthmatic and nasal drops. Pattern of drugs prescribed in two hospitals were similar (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The study concluded that the rate of antibiotics prescribed in both public and private hospitals is higher. Further studies teaching hospitals etc. are required for the monitoring of drug utilization pattern and formulation of Standard Treatment Guidelines (STG) for the physicians is essential. Ibrahim Card Med J 2019; 9 (1&2): 54-59

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46

Lindtjørn, Bernt. "Essential Drug List in a Rural Hospital." Tropical Doctor 17, no. 4 (October 1987): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004947558701700404.

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An essential drug list was introduced to Gidole Hospital (Gamu Gofa Region, southwestern Ethiopia) in 1980. This study considers whether the introduction of the essential drug list improved drug prescription. Drug usage by admitted patients was examined retrospectively by drawing samples from two one-year periods (1979 and 1983/84). This study demonstrates that a change in drug prescription occurred: a significant decrease of non-essential and placebo drugs as well as vitamin injection was achieved. Oral rehydration solution (ORS) became the main treatment for diarrhoeal diseases, while other “diarrhoeal drugs” (8-hydroxyquinolines, bismuth opium and sulphaguanidine) were no longer used. Multidrug use was significantly reduced. It is concluded that the introduction of local drug lists creates an increased awareness of rational drug prescription.

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47

Kirilochev, Oleg O., Inna P. Dorfman, Adelya R. Umerova, and Svetlana E. Bataeva. "Potential drug-drug interactions in the psychiatric hospital: Frequency analysis." Research Results in Pharmacology 5, no. 4 (December 12, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/rrpharmacology.5.39681.

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Introduction: Drug-drug interactions are an important clinical problem in pharmacotherapy. This study is focused on different types of drugs used in a psychiatric hospital. Materials and methods: The pharmacoepidemiological study included the analysis of medical records of 500 psychiatric inpatients. The patients were divided into 2 groups: under 65 and over 65 years of age. All the drug prescriptions were analyzed to identify the combinations of drugs that can induce drug-drug interactions and determine their clinical significance. Results and discussion: Over 77% of hospitalized patients were administered drug combinations that could induce drug-drug interactions, most of which were of moderate clinical significance. A reliable association was found between the patient’s age, the clinical significance of drug-drug interactions, and the pharmacotherapy structure. The most common irrational drug combinations were identified. Conclusion: Timely analysis of drug prescriptions for potential drug-drug interactions can enhance the safety of pharmacotherapy and decrease the risk of adverse drug reactions in the psychiatric inpatient setting.

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48

Mitchell, Allen A., Peter G. Lacouture, Jane E. Sheehan, Ralph E. Kauffman, and Samuel Shapiro. "Adverse Drug Reactions in Children Leading to Hospital Admission." Pediatrics 82, no. 1 (July 1, 1988): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.82.1.24.

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To provide information regarding pediatric hospital admissions prompted by adverse drug reactions, data were reviewed from an intensive drug surveillance program in which 10,297 patients admitted to diverse pediatric wards at four teaching and three community hospitals were systematically monitored. Among 3,026 neonatal intensive care unit admissions, 0.2% were prompted by adverse drug reactions; among 725 children with cancer, 22% of admissions were prompted by adverse drug reactions. Among 6,546 children with other conditions monitored on general medical and specialty wards at two teaching hospitals and on general pediatric wards at three community hospitals, 2% (131) of admissions were prompted by adverse drug reactions. Two patients (0.03%) died because of their reactions. The proportion of admissions prompted by drug reactions increased between infancy and 5 years of age and tended to be relatively stable thereafter. The drugs most commonly implicated in the admissions were phenobarbital, aspirin, phenytoin, ampicillin/amoxicillin, theophylline/aminophylline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccine. Similar proportions of admissions were prompted by adverse drug reactions in teaching hospitals (2.1%) and in community hospitals (1.8%), and the drug groups implicated in these admissions were generally similar in the two settings. In contrast to adult populations, children with adverse drug reactions account for a small proportion of hospital admissions. Findings from this large, systematic study of pediatric admissions to teaching and community hospitals may serve as a baseline to which other pediatric facilities can compare their experience.

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49

Kala, Kanishk, Rupinder Kaur Sodhi, and Upendra Kumar Jain. "Drug utilization evaluation of antibiotics in district hospital Rudraprayag." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 8, no. 6 (November 15, 2018): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v8i6.2022.

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Drug utilization is very important for antibiotics as they are widely used in hospitals and their in appropriate use may lead to resistance. To check this irrational use of antibiotics and promote rational use the present retrospective study was conducted to access drug utilization evaluation of antibiotics in in patient department of District Hospital Rudraprayag for a period of three months. Overall 126 patients records were encountered in the study in which male female ratio .was 1 2. Prominent age range was 21-40. Overall 1064 drugs were prescribed average number of drug per prescription was 8.44. Percentage of drug by generic name was 33. Percentage of antibiotic prescribed was 82.74. Percentage of drugs with EDL was 66.16. Study results revealed poly-pharmacy, brand prescribing as common trends. Study showed need to promote prescribers to follow generic prescribing and use injectable and antibiotics rationally to prevent development of resistance in hospital and community. Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, Drug utilization, Antibiotics

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50

Hallas, J., B. Harvald, J. Worm, J. Beck-Nielsen, L. F. Gram, E. Grodum, N. Damsbo, J. Schou, H. Kromann-Andersen, and F. Fr�lund. "Drug related hospital admissions." European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 45, no. 3 (October 1993): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00315383.

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