Journal articles on the topic 'Horticultural crop improvement (incl. selection and breeding)'
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1
QUAMME, HARVEY A. "LOW-TEMPERATURE STRESS IN CANADIAN HORTICULTURAL PRODUCTION – AN OVERVIEW." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 67, no. 4 (October 1, 1987): 1135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps87-153.
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Crop losses from winter injury and spring frosts which involve freezing injury are of major importance to the Canadian horticultural industry, whereas chilling injury which is produced at temperatures just above freezing is of minor importance. The technology to prevent crop losses from freezing injury to horticultural crops is well developed and includes site selection; plant protection with covers, protected-environmental structures heaters, and wind machines; control of ice-nucleating bacteria; selection of management practices to maximize plant resistance; and breeding for resistance. Improvement of this technology can be expected with further research. Increased knowledge of the basic physiology of freezing injury and the genetics of freezing resistance will be especially important to achieving technological advances in the prevention of freezing injury to horticultural crops.Key words: Cold hardiness, freezing injury, chilling injury, acclimation, frost protection
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Hernandez, Christopher O., Lindsay E. Wyatt, and Michael R. Mazourek. "Genomic Prediction and Selection for Fruit Traits in Winter Squash." G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics 10, no. 10 (August 19, 2020): 3601–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.120.401215.
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Improving fruit quality is an important but challenging breeding goal in winter squash. Squash breeding in general is resource-intensive, especially in terms of space, and the biology of squash makes it difficult to practice selection on both parents. These restrictions translate to smaller breeding populations and limited use of greenhouse generations, which in turn, limit genetic gain per breeding cycle and increases cycle length. Genomic selection is a promising technology for improving breeding efficiency; yet, few studies have explored its use in horticultural crops. We present results demonstrating the predictive ability of whole-genome models for fruit quality traits. Predictive abilities for quality traits were low to moderate, but sufficient for implementation. To test the use of genomic selection for improving fruit quality, we conducted three rounds of genomic recurrent selection in a butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) population. Selections were based on a fruit quality index derived from a multi-trait genomic selection model. Remnant seed from selected populations was used to assess realized gain from selection. Analysis revealed significant improvement in fruit quality index value and changes in correlated traits. This study is one of the first empirical studies to evaluate gain from a multi-trait genomic selection model in a resource-limited horticultural crop.
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Luby, James J., and Douglas V. Shaw. "Plant Breeders' Perspectives on Improving Yield and Quality Traits in Horticultural Food Crops." HortScience 44, no. 1 (February 2009): 20–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.44.1.20.
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Breeders of horticultural food crops are usually concerned with multiple traits related to yield and quality as well as other traits such as biotic and abiotic stresses. Yield in these crops is not solely tonnage of biomass produced in the field. Rather, it is the proportion of the crop that can be harvested and brought to market in a condition and at a price acceptable to the consumer. Quality may include flavor, color, shape, size, degree of damage, nutrient levels, and traits that permit greater perceived food safety or environmental sustainability. Some traits may exhibit phenotypic associations. Traits with unfavorable associations will be of concern to the breeder if the cause is unfavorably correlated genetic effects, especially those resulting from pleiotropy. Several multiple trait selection schemes have been developed, including independent culling levels, tandem selection, and index selection. These schemes can result in improvement even for traits with unfavorable associations. However, the breeder must have a strong rationale for each trait addressed in a breeding program because each additional trait necessitates larger breeding populations and more resources. Thus, the breeder's first challenge for each crop is to determine which traits are most important and which issues are most amenable to a breeding solution.
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Bhatta, Bed Prakash, and Subas Malla. "Improving Horticultural Crops via CRISPR/Cas9: Current Successes and Prospects." Plants 9, no. 10 (October 14, 2020): 1360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9101360.
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Horticultural crops include a diverse array of crops comprising fruits, vegetables, nuts, flowers, aromatic and medicinal plants. They provide nutritional, medicinal, and aesthetic benefits to mankind. However, these crops undergo many biotic (e.g., diseases, pests) and abiotic stresses (e.g., drought, salinity). Conventional breeding strategies to improve traits in crops involve the use of a series of backcrossing and selection for introgression of a beneficial trait into elite germplasm, which is time and resource consuming. Recent new plant breeding tools such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) /CRISPR-associated protein-9 (Cas9) technique have the potential to be rapid, cost-effective, and precise tools for crop improvement. In this review article, we explore the CRISPR/Cas9 technology, its history, classification, general applications, specific uses in horticultural crops, challenges, existing resources, associated regulatory aspects, and the way forward.
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Mishra*, Smaranika, T. S. Aghora, and Senthil Kumar M. "Genetic variability, character association and path analysis for quantitative traits to breed vegetable type cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba)." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90, no. 3 (June 22, 2020): 537–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v90i3.101470.
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The present experiment was conducted during rabi 2017 at ICAR- Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru to assess the variability present in the germplasm and their usefulness in breeding of high yielding vegetable type cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.). Total 38 diverse cluster bean germplasm from different sources were used to evaluate the variability, character association and their contribution towards pod yield. Characters like number of pods per plant, pod length, pod weight, plant height, number of clusters per plant, pods per cluster showed high coefficient of variations and high heritability with high genetic gain indicating their suitability for effective selection. Analysis of phenotypic and genotypic correlation co-efficient and path analysis revealed that traits like pod length, pod diameter, pod weight and seeds per pod had significant positive correlation with pod yield. Hence, selection for high pod weight with indirect selection for pod length will bring worthwhile improvement in yield.
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MADHUMATHI, C., D. SRINIVASA REDDY, and B. HARI VARA PRASAD. "Genetic diversity in muskmelon (Cucumis melo)." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90, no. 5 (September 4, 2020): 934–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v90i5.104364.
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The present investigation was carried out during 2014-15 and 2015–16 at Horticultural Research Station, Ananthrajupet, DRYSRHU, Andhra Pradesh to assess the genetic diversity in muskmelon, Cucumis melo. Genetic divergence evaluated using Mahalanobis D2 analysis revealed less to moderate diversity among fourty two genotypes. The cluster analysis of muskmelon exhibited a moderate clustering pattern and grouped genotypes into five distinct clusters with maximum of 37 genotypes in cluster I, two in cluster IV and one in each of cluster II, III and V. The highest inter-cluster distance (80.61) between Cluster III and IV indicating the genotypes of these clusters may give heterotic response and leads to better segregants. Among the morphological traits studied, fruit length (23.69%), pulp thickness (17.07%) and fruit girth (16.84%) contributed major share in the divergence of the genotypes which can be utilized for selection of individual genotypes for future crop improvement programme. Most of the genotypes accommodated into single cluster, probably they may share genetic similarity. The genotypes Papayee S-1, IC 321371, Kundan, Muskan and Arka Jeet, being divergent from others may serve as potential parents for breeding programmes.
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Sherman, W. B., and J. Rodriquez-AJcazar. "Breeding of Low-chill Peach and Nectarine for Mild Winters." HortScience 22, no. 6 (December 1987): 1233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.22.6.1233.
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Abstract Breeding low-chilling peach and nectarine cultivars began in Florida in 1953. Objectives were to produce low-chilling, early-ripening peach cultivars with fruit qualities equal to temperate-zone cultivars. Low chilling was essential for local adaptation (4). Early ripening was essential to allow production of the earliest-season peaches on the domestic market with little competition from other states and to allow harvest of the crop during the relatively dry period of late April and May. Feral selections descended from Spanish seed introductions through St. Augustine, Fla., seed importations from Okinawa, and ‘Hawaiian’, a South China clone, served as the main sources of low chilling (18). These sources were hybridized with high-chilling U.S. clones having commercial fruit qualities. Resultant seedlings were selected for best adaptation and improvement in fruit qualities above that of the low-chilling parents. Chilling requirements of progeny were near midparent values; chilling requirements of the F2 seedlings ranged from equal to the low parent to equal to the high parent (14), indicating that many genes are involved in chilling. Selections were intermated, and low-chilling progeny were hybridized with other high-chilling U.S. clones, resulting in more progenies for further selection. Commercial fruit size and satisfactory horticultural qualities were obtained after six generations of crosses and backcrosses. Clonal selections made during these six generations and in subsequent generations serve as the basis for most low-chilling cultivars currently grown in Florida, southern Texas, and southern California. Selections from this program are either grown commercially or being evaluated in many tropical and tropical highland areas of the world (11, 16, 19, 24).
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Paris, Harry S. "Consumer-oriented exploitation and conservation of genetic resources of pumpkins and squash, Cucurbita." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 65, no. 3-4 (December 5, 2018): 202–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22238980-00001036.
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Pumpkins and squash, Cucurbita species, are valued horticultural products almost everywhere. They have been cultivated and subjected to consumer-oriented selection for thousands of years. Under this consumer orientation, they have been improved culinarily and diversified into the wonderful array of fruit sizes, shapes, and colors that are seen today. Besides their value as food items, pumpkins and squash are associated by people with abundance, warmth, sexuality, and life itself. My current objective is to provide a succinct perspective on the process of consumer-oriented exploitation of pumpkin and squash genetic resources. I briefly review the etymology, taxonomy and gross morphology of Cucurbita plants. A view is presented of how gathering, nurturing, domestication and cultivation of Cucurbita, species-specific and consumer-driven, maintained some of the parallels among species but also magnified the phenotypic differences among them. At greater length are considered the differences in resource allocation required for the preferential consumer-driven production of mature versus young fruits. Environmental effects, abiotic and biotic, are briefly mentioned, as are some of the potential benefits of biotechnology, genetic engineering, mapping, genomics, and gene editing as cognates for breeding. Finally, I consider the processes and needs for collection, maintenance, characterization, and availability of Cucurbita genetic resources and the dangers imposed by under-informed administrators in academia and cavalier governmental regulatory statutes toward future consumer-oriented improvement of pumpkins and squash.
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Saidaiah, P., S. R. Pandravada, and A. Geetha. "Per se Performance and Variability in Dwarf Roselle Germplasm for Yield and Yield Attributing Traits." International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management 12, no. 5 (August 31, 2021): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/1.2021.2203.
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A research study was conducted with nine dwarf Roselle germplasm of H. sabdariffa var. sabdariffa at College of Horticulture, Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticultural University, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India during first week, October, 2019 to 2nd week, January, 2020. The analysis of variance for yield and its contributing characters was found to be significant for all the characters. Based on mean performance, the Roselle accession SAS-14139-1 was the best performance for yield, number of fruits per plant and plant height. Seven accessions produced green calices with red tinging, which are having good demand in the market. Good amount of genetic variability was associated with the germplasm for majority of the characters. Significant differences (p<0.05) were observed for yield characters of the accessions. This is an indication that there is a store of genetic variability that can be exploited for the improvement of Roselle in India. There was also pronounced variation in yield and other morphological parameters, suggesting the possibility of evolving higher yield variants of Roselle through proper selection. High heritability was registered with plant height, number of branches per plant and fruit yield per plant. The present study identified agronomically better germplasm for yield exploitation coupled with high heritability characters for future varietal development and use as parents in further breeding programmes in Roselle, a future reliable vegetable crop.
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Iezzoni, Amy F., Jim McFerson, James Luby, Ksenija Gasic, Vance Whitaker, Nahla Bassil, Chengyan Yue, et al. "RosBREED: bridging the chasm between discovery and application to enable DNA-informed breeding in rosaceous crops." Horticulture Research 7, no. 1 (November 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41438-020-00398-7.
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Abstract The Rosaceae crop family (including almond, apple, apricot, blackberry, peach, pear, plum, raspberry, rose, strawberry, sweet cherry, and sour cherry) provides vital contributions to human well-being and is economically significant across the U.S. In 2003, industry stakeholder initiatives prioritized the utilization of genomics, genetics, and breeding to develop new cultivars exhibiting both disease resistance and superior horticultural quality. However, rosaceous crop breeders lacked certain knowledge and tools to fully implement DNA-informed breeding—a “chasm” existed between existing genomics and genetic information and the application of this knowledge in breeding. The RosBREED project (“Ros” signifying a Rosaceae genomics, genetics, and breeding community initiative, and “BREED”, indicating the core focus on breeding programs), addressed this challenge through a comprehensive and coordinated 10-year effort funded by the USDA-NIFA Specialty Crop Research Initiative. RosBREED was designed to enable the routine application of modern genomics and genetics technologies in U.S. rosaceous crop breeding programs, thereby enhancing their efficiency and effectiveness in delivering cultivars with producer-required disease resistances and market-essential horticultural quality. This review presents a synopsis of the approach, deliverables, and impacts of RosBREED, highlighting synergistic global collaborations and future needs. Enabling technologies and tools developed are described, including genome-wide scanning platforms and DNA diagnostic tests. Examples of DNA-informed breeding use by project participants are presented for all breeding stages, including pre-breeding for disease resistance, parental and seedling selection, and elite selection advancement. The chasm is now bridged, accelerating rosaceous crop genetic improvement.
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Rana, Muhammad Awais, Muhammad Usman, Bilquees Fatima, Arooge Fatima, Iqrar Ahmad Rana, Waqar Rehman, and Dawood Shoukat. "Prospects of mutation breeding in grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.)." Journal of Horticultural Science & Technology, June 30, 2020, 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.46653/jhst20030231.
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Grapefruit is considered as a minor citrus crop in Pakistan and its annual production is less than 0.5% of total citrus production. Grapefruit industry is depending upon pink flesh cultivar ‘Shamber’ and need varietal diversification. Mutation breeding has played a pivotal role in grapefruit crop improvement and most of the commercial cultivars are bud sports or induced mutants which were selected and later released as new cultivars. Flesh color enhancement, seedlessness and low furanocoumarin level have been main objectives for grapefruit breeders. An overview of potential of mutation breeding in grapefruit and leading mutants produced is presented in the following sections. Though physical mutagens have been more successful, breeders’ interest is rising in more precise and targeted mutagenesis technologies including CRISPR/Cas9 which has enormous potential in genome editing and could shorten breeding and selection cycle. The available leading grapefruit cultivars were screened for horticultural traits and potential candidate varieties has been selected for diversification and selection of better parents for breeding programs. Several putative mutants have been developed using gamma irradiated plant material. The effect of irradiation on plant growth, morphology and biochemical properties has been evaluated and salient findings are discussed. The developed genetically diverse material could be useful for future biotechnology applications.
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Ibitoye, Dorcas Olubunmi, and Adesike Oladoyin Kolawole. "Farmers’ Appraisal on Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.)] Production and Phenotypic Characterization: A Synergistic Approach for Improvement." Frontiers in Plant Science 13 (March 24, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.787577.
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Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] is a nutrient-rich economically important vegetable crop grown in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Okra is one of the horticultural mandate crops of the National Horticultural Research (NIHORT), Ibadan, Nigeria. It is an under-studied crop in terms of genetic improvement in Nigeria. In response to farmers’ demand for improved varieties, the institute commenced efforts in developing novel okra varieties. However, a successful and sustainable crop improvement program depends on the identification of market-driven demands and the availability of variation in the crop germplasm. In view of the above, this research began with an appraisal study to assess the current situation of okra production and to identify farmers’ preferred traits for establishing breeding priorities. According to the results of the participatory rural appraisal, some of the important constraints affecting okra productivity are lack of improved varieties, diseases, pests, and drought. The quest to assess variability in the collected okra accessions and select superior varieties with farmers’ preferred traits, fifty (50) okra accessions were evaluated in the field for 3 consecutive years (2019–2021) using a 5 × 10 α-lattice incomplete block design with three replications. The ANOVA revealed high significant variation (p < 0.001) in the number of days to first flower, pod length, and pod girth. The variability observed among the accessions will be useful in the selection of potential parents required for hybridization and generation of progenies with desirable traits for farmers.
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Mahalakshmi, R., B. K. Savitha, R. Swarna Priya, L. Pugalendhi, and N. Manikanda Boopathy. "Evaluation and Selection of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) Genotypes for High Yield with Fruit and Shoot Borer Tolerance." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, August 2, 2022, 1003–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2022/v12i1131077.
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Aim: Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) is a vital crop of India which belongs to the family Solanaceae with a chromosome number of 2n=24.This study is aimed to evaluate brinjal genotypes and identify superior types with desirable qualities, high yield with fruit and shoot borer tolerance.
Study Design: The experimental materials consisted of fifteen genotypes and two checks which were laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications.
Place and Duration of Research: The investigation was carried at Horticultural College orchard, Department of Vegetable Science, Horticultural College and Research Institute Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during 2021-2022.
Methodology: Fifteen local types of brinjal and two checks were collected from several districts of Tamil Nadu and various other sources. Seeds were sown in portrays and then transplanted to main field at the age of 30 days. Growth and yield parameters were observed and recorded.
Results: Based on the per se performance of the genotypes, CBE SM-006 was adjudged as the best one since, it has recorded superior performance for the characters studied viz., number of branches, fruit weight, number of fruits per plant, fruit yield per plant. Also, CBE–SM-006 found to have minimum fruit borer infestation and shoot borer infestation hence providing maximum marketable yield per plant. The genotype CBE-SM-105 also performed the best for most of the desirable characters. Thus, CBE-SM-006 could be a promising genotype for further breeding programme.
Conclusion: Thus, the study will provide comprehensive knowledge on evolving and selecting superior genotypes which is indispensable to aim at rational improvement in crop plant.
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Lozada, Dennis N., Madhav Bhatta, Danise Coon, and Paul W. Bosland. "Single nucleotide polymorphisms reveal genetic diversity in New Mexican chile peppers (Capsicum spp.)." BMC Genomics 22, no. 1 (May 17, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12864-021-07662-7.
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Abstract Background Chile peppers (Capsicum spp.) are among the most important horticultural crops in the world due to their number of uses. They are considered a major cultural and economic crop in the state of New Mexico in the United States. Evaluating genetic diversity in current New Mexican germplasm would facilitate genetic improvement for different traits. This study assessed genetic diversity, population structure, and linkage disequilibrium (LD) among 165 chile pepper genotypes using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers derived from genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). Results A GBS approach identified 66,750 high-quality SNP markers with known map positions distributed across the 12 chromosomes of Capsicum. Principal components analysis revealed four distinct clusters based on species. Neighbor-joining phylogenetic analysis among New Mexico State University (NMSU) chile pepper cultivars showed two main clusters, where the C. annuum genotypes grouped together based on fruit or pod type. A Bayesian clustering approach for the Capsicum population inferred K = 2 as the optimal number of clusters, where the C. chinense and C. frutescens grouped in a single cluster. Analysis of molecular variance revealed majority of variation to be between the Capsicum species (76.08 %). Extensive LD decay (~ 5.59 Mb) across the whole Capsicum population was observed, demonstrating that a lower number of markers would be required for implementing genome wide association studies for different traits in New Mexican type chile peppers. Tajima’s D values demonstrated positive selection, population bottleneck, and balancing selection for the New Mexico Capsicum population. Genetic diversity for the New Mexican chile peppers was relatively low, indicating the need to introduce new alleles in the breeding program to broaden the genetic base of current germplasm. Conclusions Genetic diversity among New Mexican chile peppers was evaluated using GBS-derived SNP markers and genetic relatedness on the species level was observed. Introducing novel alleles from other breeding programs or from wild species could help increase diversity in current germplasm. We present valuable information for future association mapping and genomic selection for different traits for New Mexican chile peppers for genetic improvement through marker-assisted breeding.
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Wang, Jiangtao, Hang Ye, Huijuan Zhou, Pengpeng Chen, Hengzhao Liu, Ruimin Xi, Gang Wang, Na Hou, and Peng Zhao. "Genome-wide association analysis of 101 accessions dissects the genetic basis of shell thickness for genetic improvement in Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.)." BMC Plant Biology 22, no. 1 (September 13, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12870-022-03824-1.
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Abstract Background Understanding the underlying genetic mechanisms that drive phenotypic variations is essential for enhancing the efficacy of crop improvement. Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.), which is grown extensively worldwide, is an important economic tree fruit due to its horticultural, medicinal, and material value. The quality of the walnut fruit is related to the selection of traits such as thinner shells, larger filling rates, and better taste, which is very important for breeding in China. The complex quantitative fruit-related traits are influenced by a variety of physiological and environmental factors, which can vary widely between walnut genotypes. Results For this study, a set of 101 Persian walnut accessions were re-sequenced, which generated a total of 906.2 Gb of Illumina sequence data with an average read depth of 13.8× for each accession. We performed the genome-wide association study (GWAS) using 10.9 Mb of high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 10 agronomic traits to explore the underlying genetic basis of the walnut fruit. Several candidate genes are proposed to be involved in walnut characteristics, including JrPXC1, JrWAKL8, JrGAMYB, and JrFRK1. Specifically, the JrPXC1 gene was confirmed to participate in the regulation of secondary wall cellulose thickening in the walnut shell. Conclusion In addition to providing considerable available genetic resources for walnut trees, this study revealed the underlying genetic basis involved in important walnut agronomic traits, particularly shell thickness, as well as providing clues for the improvement of genetic breeding and domestication in other perennial economic crops.
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BHARGAV, VELURU, RAJIV KUMAR, T. MANJUNATHA RAO, and T. USHA BHARATHI. "Genetic variability, character association and path coefficient analysis in China aster (Callistephus chinensis)." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 89, no. 10 (October 22, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v89i10.94596.
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Forty-two genotypes of China aster [Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees] were evaluated in RBD with two replications for growth, flowering, yield and postharvest traits to determine the variability, heritability, genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation, correlation and path coefficient among 13 quantitative traits, based on which selection may be made. The study was carried out at the Division of Floriculture and Medicinal Crops, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hesaraghatta, Bengaluru during 2015–16 and 2016–17. Results revealed that magnitude of the phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher than genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the traits. High (>20%) PCV and GCV was recorded for plant height, number of leaves per plant, plant spread, flower stalk length, 100 flower weight, number of flowers per plant and weight of flowers per plant. Heritability estimates ranged from 92.32% (number of leaves per plant) to 99.84% (100 flower weight). High heritability coupled with high genetic gain as per cent of mean was recorded for all the traits studied. The weight of flowers per plant was significant and positively correlated with all the economic traits, except for shelf life. Path coefficient analysis using correlation coefficients revealed that number of flowers per plant contributed highest positive direct effect on weight of flowers per plant, followed by weight of 100 flowers. Therefore, the selection on the basis of traits, viz. plant height, number of leaves per plant, plant spread, flower stalk length, 100 flower weight, number and weight of flowers per plant will be more effective for improvement of traits in breeding of China aster.
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NOOPUR, KOHIMA, M. JAWAHARLAL, S. PRANEETHA, POONAM KASHYAP, and E. SOMASUNDARAM. "Genetic variability and character association studies in French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Nilgiri hills of Tamil Nadu." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 89, no. 12 (December 19, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v89i12.96263.
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In the present investigation, the genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation, heritability, correlation and path coefficient analysis were worked out for yield and its contributing characters of 77 French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) genotypes at Horticultural Research Station, TNAU, Udhagamandalam, Nilgiris,Tamil Nadu, India in 2018 with the objective of identifying desirable traits contributing to higher yield in French bean. Phenotypic coefficient of variation was slightly higher than genotypic coefficient of variation for all the characters suggesting the presence of environmental influence to some extent in the expression of these characters. High heritability along with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for plant height, pods per plant and seed yield per plant indicating that these characters would be amenable for phenotypic selection. A considerable amount of genetic variability was observed among all the genotypes for all the characters under study. Genotypic coefficients variance and Phenotypic coefficients variance were highest for seed yield per plant followed by biological yield and number of pods per plant. High genetic advance coupled with high heritability were observed for plant height, days to 50% flowering, number of primary branches per plant, pod length, pod girth, seeds per pod, number of pods per plant, biological yield and seed yield per plant. Combined results of correlation coefficient and path analysis revealed that pods per plant, pod length, pod girth, biological yield and seed yield are major component traits for improvement of grain yield. The present findings could be useful in selecting superior genotypes in French bean breeding programmes.
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Wen, Yanbin, Hongjiu Liu, Huanwen Meng, Lijun Qiao, Guoqing Zhang, and Zhihui Cheng. "In vitro Induction and Phenotypic Variations of Autotetraploid Garlic (Allium sativum L.) With Dwarfism." Frontiers in Plant Science 13 (June 22, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.917910.
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Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a compelling horticultural crop with high culinary and therapeutic values. Commercial garlic varieties are male-sterile and propagated asexually from individual cloves or bulbils. Consequently, its main breeding strategy has been confined to the time-consuming and inefficient selection approach from the existing germplasm. Polyploidy, meanwhile, plays a prominent role in conferring plants various changes in morphological, physiological, and ecological properties. Artificial polyploidy induction has gained pivotal attention to generate new genotype for further crop improvement as a mutational breeding method. In our study, efficient and reliable in vitro induction protocols of autotetraploid garlic were established by applying different antimitotic agents based on high-frequency direct shoot organogenesis initiated from inflorescence explant. The explants were cultured on solid medium containing various concentrations of colchicine or oryzalin for different duration days. Afterward, the ploidy levels of regenerated plantlets with stable and distinguished characters were confirmed by flow cytometry and chromosome counting. The colchicine concentration at 0.2% (w/v) combined with culture duration for 20 days was most efficient (the autotetraploid induction rate was 21.8%) compared to the induction rate of 4.3% using oryzalin at 60 μmol L–1 for 20 days. No polymorphic bands were detected by simple sequence repeat analysis between tetraploid and diploid plantlets. The tetraploids exhibited a stable and remarkable dwarfness effect rarely reported in artificial polyploidization among wide range of phenotypic variations. There are both morphological and cytological changes including extremely reduced plant height, thickening and broadening of leaves, disappearance of pseudostem, density reduction, and augmented width of stomatal. Furthermore, the level of phytohormones, including, indole propionic acid, gibberellin, brassinolide, zeatin, dihydrozeatin, and methyl jasmonate, was significantly lower in tetraploids than those in diploid controls, except indole acetic acid and abscisic acid, which could partly explain the dwarfness in hormonal regulation aspect. Moreover, as the typical secondary metabolites of garlic, organosulfur compounds including allicin, diallyl disulfide, and diallyl trisulfide accumulated a higher content significantly in tetraploids. The obtained dwarf genotype of autotetraploid garlic could bring new perspectives for the artificial polyploids breeding and be implemented as a new germplasm to facilitate investigation into whole-genome doubling consequences.