Journal articles: 'Horse heart'

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Fejsáková, Magdaléna, Jana Kottferová, Zuzana Dankulincová, Eva Haladová, Raquel Matos, and Igor Miňo. "Some possible factors affecting horse welfare assessment." Acta Veterinaria Brno 82, no. 4 (2013): 447–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201382040447.

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The aim of this study was to assess the influence of various stimuli that confound interpretation of assessed indicators of horse welfare during rest and working period by the use of non-invasive methods of sampling. In total, 40 horses of different breeds and used for different purposes in Slovakia were used. The following indicators were tested: concentration of cortisol in saliva and 11,17-dioxoandrostanes in faeces measured by Elisa methods, heart rate and heart rate variability recording with the Polar Heart Rate Monitor and presence of stereotypical behaviour assessed with a horse questionnaire survey. The evaluated physiological responses were mostly affected by the type of work undertaken, especially horse movement intensity (P < 0.001) and horse equipment used during the working period (P < 0.01). Horses that showed stereotypical behaviour were less stressed during rest (P < 0.05) compared to horses without stereotypical behaviour. Horse breed, age, sex and stabling conditions affected only some of the heart rate indicators. The type of riding style had no fundamental influence on evaluated indicators. These observations highlight the difficulties in determining the welfare status in horses, since measurements can be affected by many factors that need to be investigated for achieving relevant outcomes. This is the first study in Slovakia focusing on the evaluation of horse welfare by non-invasive sampling.

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Abbott, Gabrielle, Kathi Jogan, Erin L. Oberhaus, Jason Apple, and Charles Rosenkrans. "19 Comparing stress indicators of horses used for therapy in riding activities and groundwork activities." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_2 (November 1, 2020): 36–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz397.083.

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Abstract Equine therapy is used to assist people suffering from various physical and mental disabilities. Equine-assisted activities and therapies (EAAT) include therapeutic riding and hippotherapy. Our objective was to determine the effects of EAAT on horse heart rate, respiration rate, temperature, and serum cortisol. Horses (n = 7) were assigned to activity type (groundwork or riding) in a Latin square design in which all horses performed both activities twice. Heart rate, respiration rate, rectal temperature, and serum cortisol concentrations were determined at 15 minutes before, and 15, 45, and 75 minutes after activity was initiated. Pearson correlations revealed that cortisol was not correlated (r < 0.12; P > 0.22) with heart rate, respiration rate, or rectal temperature. Heart rate was correlated (P < 0.05) with respiration rate (r = 0.77) and body temperature (r = 0.2); and body temperature was correlated with respiration rate (r = 0.21; P < 0.05). Analysis of variance was performed with horse within date as the experimental unit, main effects of activity type, horse, date, experimental time, and interactions. Serum concentrations of cortisol (varied from 2.8 to 89.7 ng/mL) and body temperature (37.4 ± 0.06) were affected (P < 0.01) by an interaction between experimental time and horse. Heart rate (61 ± 2.1) and respiration rate (30 ± 1.4) were affected (P < 0.01) by interactions between experimental time and horse; and experimental time and activity type. Our results demonstrate that equine athletes serving in EAAT programs have altered physiological responses depending on the horse, type of activity, and length of time performing the task. Based on our results, cortisol concentrations are not the best indicator of a horse’s response to EAAT work, and we recommend that trainers monitor horses’ heart and respiration rates as an indicator of horse well-being while working with patients.

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Abbott, Gabrielle, Kathi Jogan, Erin L. Oberhaus, Jason Apple, and Charles Rosenkrans. "18 Comparing stress indicators of horses used for therapy in riding activities and groundwork activities." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_2 (November 1, 2020): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz397.195.

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Abstract Equine therapy is used to assist people suffering from various physical and mental disabilities. Equine-assisted activities and therapies (EAAT) include therapeutic riding and hippotherapy. Our objective was to determine the effects of EAAT on horse heart rate, respiration rate, temperature, and serum cortisol. Horses (n = 7) were assigned to activity type (groundwork or riding) in a Latin square design in which all horses performed both activities twice. Heart rate, respiration rate, rectal temperature, and serum cortisol concentrations were determined at 15 minutes before, and 15, 45, and 75 minutes after activity was initiated. Pearson correlations revealed that cortisol was not correlated (r < 0.12; P > 0.22) with heart rate, respiration rate, or rectal temperature. Heart rate was correlated (P < 0.05) with respiration rate (r = 0.77) and body temperature (r = 0.2); and body temperature was correlated with respiration rate (r = 0.21; P < 0.05). Analysis of variance was performed with horse within date as the experimental unit, main effects of activity type, horse, date, experimental time, and interactions. Serum concentrations of cortisol (varied from 2.8 to 89.7 ng/mL) and body temperature (37.4 ± 0.06) were affected (P < 0.01) by an interaction between experimental time and horse. Heart rate (61 ± 2.1) and respiration rate (30 ± 1.4) were affected (P < 0.01) by interactions between experimental time and horse; and experimental time and activity type. Our results demonstrate that equine athletes serving in EAAT programs have altered physiological responses depending on the horse, type of activity, and length of time performing the task. Based on our results, cortisol concentrations are not the best indicator of a horse’s response to EAAT work, and we recommend that trainers monitor horses’ heart and respiration rates as an indicator of horse well-being while working with patients.

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Naber, Anna, Lena Kreuzer, Roswitha Zink, Eva Millesi, Rupert Palme, Karin Hediger, and Lisa Maria Glenk. "Heart rate, heart rate variability and salivary cortisol as indicators of arousal and synchrony in clients with intellectual disability, horses and therapist during equine-assisted interventions." Pet Behaviour Science, no. 7 (April 10, 2019): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21071/pbs.v0i7.11801.

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The aim of the study was to analyse interaction processes in equine-assisted therapy (EAT) sessions with ten female clients in the period of emerging adulthood with intellectual disability (ID). Heart rate (HR), heart rate variability and salivary cortisol levels have been analysed in humans and horses before, during and after a standardised therapy session as well as in a control condition. There was a trend of lower cortisol levels and higher variability and parasympathetic tone induced by horses. During challenge however, there was a significant lower HR in the horse condition. Significant correlations in heart rate between therapist, client and horse were found with stronger interaction with a familiar horse. Our findings suggest that EAT may effectively modulate stress in humans with ID. Our results further elucidate synchronisation patterns in HR highlighting the pivotal role of relationship quality and intensity as modulators of synchrony.

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Gonzalez, Maria F., Karina Fresneda, and Francisco Carvallo. "Disseminated acanthamoebiasis in a horse." Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Pathology 13, no. 3 (November 26, 2020): 592–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24070/bjvp.1983-0246.v13i3p592-596.

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Amoebic infections have been described in humans and animals, causing lesions in specific organs or as systemic infections. In both animals and humans, immunocompromised patients are predisposed to the infection. The present report described the macroscopic and histologic findings in a Quarter horse filly who presented with a systemic infection caused by Acanthamoeba spp. that was characterized by multinodular lesions in lung, kidney, heart, submandibular lymph node, and lip. Histopathology revealed dense inflammatory infiltrates composed of neutrophils, histiocytes, occasional multinucleated giant cells, and numerous intralesional trophozoites. Immunohistochemistry was positive for Acanthamoeba spp trophozoites in lungs, kidneys, heart, submandibular lymph node, and lip. No predisposing conditions were identified.

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Ayala, María Dolores, Andrea Carrillo, Pilar Iniesta, and Pedro Ferrer. "Pilot Study of the Influence of Equine Assisted Therapy on Physiological and Behavioral Parameters Related to Welfare of Horses and Patients." Animals 11, no. 12 (December 10, 2021): 3527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11123527.

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Different welfare indicators were studied in three patients with psychomotor alterations and in two horses throughout 9–10 equine assisted therapy sessions in each patient. In horses, heart and respiratory rates, blood pressure, temperature and behavioral signs were studied. In patients, heart rate, oxygen saturation, temperature, sleep quality, psychomotor and emotional parameters were analyzed. Data collection was recorded in the anticipatory phase (15 min before the start of the session), two interaction phases (after 30 min of horse-patient interaction on the ground and on horseback, respectively) and the recovery phase (15 min after the end of the session). During the anticipatory phase, most of physiological parameters of patients and horses and the stress behavioral signs of horses increased, followed by a relaxing phase during the horse-patient interaction on the ground. In horse-patient riding phase the heart and respiratory rates of the horses again increased. These results showed that the horses did not seem to suffer stress attributable to the therapy sessions, but only an increase in their parameters associated with activity and external stimuli. The patients improved their gross and fine motor skills, their cognitive and perceptual-sensitive parameters and it led to an improvement in the life quality of their families.

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Skene, C. "Non-haemorrhagic cardiac tamponade caused by a horse kick." Heart 89, no. 3 (March 1, 2003): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heart.89.3.330.

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Kubištová, Barbora, and Iva Jiskrová. "Some Effects on the Performance of the Czech Warm‑Blood Horse in the Horse Breeding Station (ŠCHK) – Měník." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 65, no. 5 (2017): 1537–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201765051537.

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Using the Excel programme a database was created of 332 horses born at the horse breeding station (ŠCHK) – Měník after 1 August 1993. The database was transferred to the Unistat 6.5 programme and by means of the linear model GLM evaluated were some effects on horse performance in the horse breeding station (ŠCHK) – Měník. For the evaluation of breeding activities we selected a few important effects on the herd, i.e. sex, father (line), mother (family) and year of birth. For each horse of the database we identified the basic measurements, results from the score on entry into the studbook and performance tests. The database included a total of 15 homogeneous families and their numerous offspring. The following stallions influenced the herd: 366 Taarlo, 616 Erudit, 2626 Sahib Kubišta, 525 Tarlo Kubišta, 1004 First Bride, 2805 Le Patron, 630 Przedswit Makebo, 1028 Manillon Rouge and 2640 Radegast. Rating based on the variable score on entry into the studbook and the basic performance test was statistically the highest in 1994. In dependence on the basic performance test the rating of stallion 1028 Manillon Rouge was the highest with an average of 7.8 scores. The families Forma and Gama S reached the statistically significantly highest scores for the dependent variables of the testing rearing house and heart girth. The mares have a statistically significantly larger heart girth than the stallions. Stallion 2640 Radegast had a bone diameter of 22 cm which was statistically significantly the highest rating; stallion 616 Erudit had the lowest rating.

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Finley, Melissa R., Yan Li, Fei Hua, James Lillich, Kathy E. Mitchell, Suhasini Ganta, Robert F. Gilmour, and Lisa C. Freeman. "Expression and coassociation of ERG1, KCNQ1, and KCNE1 potassium channel proteins in horse heart." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 283, no. 1 (July 1, 2002): H126—H138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00622.2001.

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In dogs and in humans, potassium channels formed by ether-a-go-go-related gene 1 protein ERG1 (KCNH2) and KCNQ1 α-subunits, in association with KCNE β-subunits, play a role in normal repolarization and may contribute to abnormal repolarization associated with long QT syndrome (LQTS). The molecular basis of repolarization in horse heart is unknown, although horses exhibit common cardiac arrhythmias and may receive drugs that induce LQTS. In horse heart, we have used immunoblotting and immunostaining to demonstrate the expression of ERG1, KCNQ1, KCNE1, and KCNE3 proteins and RT-PCR to detect KCNE2 message. Peptide N-glycosidase F-sensitive forms of horse ERG1 (145 kDa) and KCNQ1 (75 kDa) were detected. Both ERG1 and KCNQ1 coimmunoprecipitated with KCNE1. Cardiac action potential duration was prolonged by antagonists of either ERG1 (MK-499, cisapride) or KCNQ1/KCNE1 (chromanol 293B). Patch-clamp analysis confirmed the presence of a slow delayed rectifier current. These data suggest that repolarizing currents in horses are similar to those of other species, and that horses are therefore at risk for acquired LQTS. The data also provide unique evidence for coassociation between ERG1 and KCNE1 in cardiac tissue.

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Hallowell, Gayle D. "Understanding heart disease in the horse." Veterinary Nursing Journal 25, no. 2 (February 2010): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2045-0648.2010.tb00013.x.

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MATSUURA, Akihiro, Masaya TANAKA, Mami IRIMAJIRI, Atusi YAMAZAKI, Toshihiko NAKANOWATARI, and Koichi HODATE. "Heart rate variability after horse trekking in leading and following horses." Animal Science Journal 81, no. 5 (September 27, 2010): 618–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-0929.2010.00793.x.

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Witek, Arleta. "Symbolika i znaczenie konia w kulturze i sztuce na przestrzeni wieków." Zoophilologica, no. 6 (December 29, 2020): 373–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/zoophilologica.2020.06.24.

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In the ancient times horse riding took over the heart of aristocracy. The horse was considered as a unique creation, which was a representation of noble origin. In ancient Greece, the rider was identified with a warrior. Around the horses appeared a lot of political and social meanings, especially important in the Middle Ages and the early modern period. An important role, that horses used to have in the society, was reflected in the art: painting and sculpture. The Republic of the Nobles was a country that loved horses more than others, gave them new symbols and meanings.

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Hunka, M. M., L. C. F. Lima, L. A. Souza, C. J. F. L. Silva, E. R. R. Silva, H. E. C. C. C. Manso, and H. C. Manso Filho. "Heart rate and velocity in Vaquejada horses during field tests." Comparative Exercise Physiology 13, no. 1 (March 6, 2017): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep160027.

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The use of heart rate (HR) monitors for horse training assessment under field conditions has been expanded because its use facilitates the understanding of horse fitness levels. Work has been carried out to determine the HR, velocity (V) and exercise time for pull and helper horses submitted to the Vaquejada simulation test (VST). The test was used on 70 Quarter Horses that had trained and competed for more than 6 months. The VST consists of two horses, a puller and a helper, and a bull, all running on a soft sand track. A race cycle consists of three runs with the bull. Pull horses run one cycle and helper horses run two cycles. A Polar V800-GPS HR monitor for equines was used to measure several parameters: time, V and HR. The results were analysed by ANOVA and a Tukey test with P set at 5%. It was shown that pull horses developed an HRmax of ~200 bpm and an HRmin ~110 bpm, both higher than the helper horses (P<0.05). However, the HRmed of pull horses (~150 bpm) and helper horses (~139 bpm) in C-2 trials were not substantially different from one another (P>0.05). Additionally, both groups of horses had similar maximum (~8.90 m/s) and average (~1.87 m/s) velocities (P>0.05). In analysing the distribution of HR among five rate categories, we determined that pull horses presented a higher percentage of their HR above 170 bpm in comparison to helper horses (P<0.05). It was concluded that, based on VST results, pull and helper horses presented different HRmax, HRmed and HRmin values, even when V and duration were similar, and that pull horses perform more intensive work than helper horses.

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Holtcamp, Katie, Molly Nicodemus, Tommy Phillips, David Christiansen, Peter Ryan, Brian Rude, and Karen Galarneau. "PSXV-20 Pilot Study: How does horse and rider vital signs respond to participation in an equine assisted psychotherapy and learning outpatient collegiate substance use recovery program?" Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_3 (October 8, 2021): 359–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab235.658.

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Abstract While research supporting the psychological benefits of equine assisted psychotherapy and learning (EAPL) is expanding, little is known about the physiological impact this therapy has on the human and horse. The physical activity for younger adults may hold promise where other therapies have failed, but can this form of exercise therapy be physically demanding on the participant? Therefore, the objective of this study was to measure physiological responses of horse and human for those participating in an EAPL outpatient collegiate recovery program for substance use disorder (SUD). This pilot study assessed humans (n = 4) and horses (n = 5) participating in a collegiate recovery community EAPL SUD program. The six-week program included riding and ground activities for 1 hr/wk. Vital signs (heart and respiratory rates and pain rating) were recorded weekly at the beginning and end of each session. Human pain rating used the Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale and equines used the Equine Utrecht University Scale for Facial Assessment of Pain (EQUUS-FAP). T-tests were performed comparing measurements at the beginning and end of each session (P = 0.05). Pearson Correlations were used to determine relationships between human and horse vital signs. While no changes were seen in human heart rate, a significant decrease in respiratory rates and pain scores was found by the end of the session (Table 1). Horse heart and respiratory rates and EQUUS-FAP scores increased. A moderate correlation was determined for human and horse respiration rates (r=0.65, P = 0.00). Correlations became weaker when evaluating the other vital signs (Heart Rates: r=0.54, P = 0.00; Pain Rating Scores: r=0.27, P = 0.17). While relationships between horse and human vital signs were limited, it is important to note the differences in how the two physiologically respond to EAPL suggesting further research beyond this pilot study may be needed to investigate the physical demand of EAPL on the horse.

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Janczarek, Iwona, Anna Stachurska, and Izabela Wilk. "Which Horses are Most Susceptible to the Initial Natural Training?" Annals of Animal Science 14, no. 3 (July 29, 2014): 637–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2014-0022.

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AbstractThe objective of the study was to estimate the horses’ susceptibility to the initial natural training by one mark regarding both the time of training and the heart rate, as well as to verify whether the time of internalizing a task and the heart rate are strictly correlated. the material included 69 thoroughbred, purebred arabian and angloarabian horses. three-day training consisted of consecutive stages-tasks: the concentration on the trainer, desensitizing, preparation for saddling, and saddling. The individual training times and heart rates were classified into three kinds of sections: low, intermediate, and high. the breeds were scored on a three-point scale according to the number of representatives in a section. pearson’s correlations for particular tasks were found between the data in the training time sections and the heart rate. the estimate resulting from the study demonstrates that thoroughbreds are the most susceptible to the natural training. purebred arabians rank second and angloarabians rank lowest. the angloarabians need more time to internalize the training tasks. the short time of internalizing a task by the horse is negatively correlated with the heart rate. however, in horses which need a longer time for the training, the hr is often heightened as well. that suggests the training time should be adjusted to the level of emotional arousal in a horse.

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BELLO, CARLO, and LUIGIA GOZZINI. "Total synthesis of horse heart cytochrome c." International Journal of Peptide and Protein Research 41, no. 1 (January 12, 2009): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3011.1993.tb00113.x.

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Žídek, Lukáš, Petr Doležel, Josef Chmelík, Andrew G. Baker, and Milos Novotny. "Modification of Horse Heart Cytochromecwithtrans-2-Hexenal." Chemical Research in Toxicology 10, no. 6 (June 1997): 702–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/tx960118m.

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Di Bello, Carlo, Claudio Vita, and Luigia Gozzini. "Total synthesis of horse heart cytochrome c." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 183, no. 1 (February 1992): 258–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-291x(92)91637-6.

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Schreurs, J., P. Veugelers, A. Wonders, and E. Barendrecht. "Electrochemical behaviour of horse-heart cytochrome-c." Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas 103, no. 9 (September 2, 2010): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/recl.19841030904.

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Kendall, Georgina, Helen J. Cooper, John Heptinstall, Peter J. Derrick, David J. Walton, and Ian R. Peterson. "Specific Electrochemical Nitration of Horse Heart Myoglobin." Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 392, no. 2 (August 2001): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/abbi.2001.2451.

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Drinkhouse, Macy, Sheri SW Birmingham, Robyn Fillman, and Holly Jedlicka. "Correlation of Human and Horse Heart Rates During Equine-Assisted Therapy Sessions with At-Risk Youths: A Pilot Study." Journal of Student Research 1, no. 3 (September 17, 2012): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.47611/jsr.v1i3.107.

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Minimal research has been done to examine the cause of the positive results of animal-assisted therapy. This study examines the correlation between horse and human heart rate, an involuntary stress response, which may allow the mechanisms of potential therapeutic benefits to be further understood. Horse and human heart rates were recorded during equine-assisted therapy sessions, compared, and the significance of human/horse heart rate correlation was documented. Results indicate that each incidence of correlating changes in the heart rates appeared to be the result of external stimuli. Findings are discussed and recommendations for future trials with controlled environments are made.

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Arrazola, Aitor, and Katrina Merkies. "Effect of Human Attachment Style on Horse Behaviour and Physiology during Equine-Assisted Activities–A Pilot Study." Animals 10, no. 7 (July 8, 2020): 1156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10071156.

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Equine-assisted activities (EAA) for human well-being and health rely on human–horse interactions for therapeutic effect. At-risk participants with mental and emotional difficulties can show poor social skills and functioning relationships, potentially leading to unsuccessful human–horse interaction in EAA. This study addresses the effect of the attachment style (AS) of at-risk adolescents on horse physiology and behaviour during an equine-facilitated learning (EFL) program. Thirty-three adolescents participated in a 10-week EFL program with nine therapy horses (the same therapy horse per adolescent throughout the program). Adolescent AS was categorized into secure (n = 7), preoccupied (n = 11), dismissing (n = 1), or fearful (n = 12) using an Experiences in Close Relationships – Relationship Structure questionnaire. Horse heart rate (HR) and behaviour (affiliative and avoidance behaviours) in response to adolescents were recorded during grooming and riding. Over time, horses with fearful AS adolescents showed consistently more affiliative behaviours compared to those with preoccupied AS adolescents during grooming, and more constant HR and avoidance behaviours compared to those with secure AS adolescents during riding. These results suggest that a more predictable and less stressful physiological and behavioural response of therapy horses toward participants in EAA with emotional and behavioural difficulties can be mediated by a human insecure attachment style.

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Foreman, JH, JK Waldsmith, and RB Lalum. "Physical, acid–base and electrolyte changes in horses competing in Training, Preliminary and Intermediate horse trials." Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology 1, no. 2 (May 2004): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ecep200310.

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AbstractThe objective of this experiment was to compare the physiological changes that occurred in horses competing in the cross-country portion of Training, Preliminary and Intermediate horse trials. The hypothesis was that temperature (T), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), and on-site acid–base and electrolyte monitoring would allow differentiation between difficulty levels in horse trials. Sixteen client-owned horses competing at the Trojan-Horse Spring Horse Trials in Cave Creek, Arizona, USA, were studied. T, HR, RR and anaerobic lithium-heparinized jugular venous samples were obtained before, and 1–2 min after, cross-country exercise. Samples were analysed for blood gases (body temperature-corrected) and concentrations of sodium ([Na+]), potassium ([K+]), chloride ([Cl−]), ionized calcium ([Ca2+]i), blood urea nitrogen ([BUN]) and glucose ([GLC]) using a point-of-care analyser. Results were compared using analysis of variance with the level of significance set atP<0.05. In all groups, exercise increased T, HR, RR, packed cell volume and haemoglobin concentration, and decreased partial pressure of CO2(PCO2), [total CO2concentration], bicarbonate concentration ([HCO3−]) and [Ca2+]i(P<0.05). Post-exercise RR was higher, and pH, PCO2, [tCO2], [HCO3−] and base excess were lower, in Intermediate and sometimes Preliminary horses compared with Training horses (P<0.05). It was concluded that horse trials caused milder, but otherwise similar, physical, blood gas and electrolyte changes to those observed in complete three-day events. Physical and point-of-care plasma acid–base and electrolyte monitoring allowed differentiation between horses competing at various levels of difficulty in a horse trial.

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Boyle, N., L. Clarke, and R. Geering. "The effect of odour on the autonomic status of the horse." BSAP Occasional Publication 32 (2004): 183–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00041409.

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It is well established that the equid olfactory system is highly sensitive. It has been suggested that there is an intimate link between the sense of smell in the horse (Williams, 1995) and the fight and flight response, which is mediated by the autonomic nervous system (Marlin and Nankervis, 2002), thus affecting the heart. In humans, it has been demonstrated that lavender can have a pronounced impact on heart rate variability (Saeki, 2000) but it is not yet know whether the autonomic nervous system of the horse can be influenced by odour. It is the aim of the study to determine the effect of odour on the autonomic status of the horses.Eight geldings were used in the study and the electrical activity of their heart was assessed using the “Polar S810” telemetric system before and during the presentation of either pig faeces or lavender to the horses’ nostrils. The experiment was conducted over a two–day period so that their response to both odours could be determined.

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Ille, N., C. Aurich, R. Erber, M. Wulf, R. Palme, J. Aurich, and M. von Lewinski. "Physiological stress responses and horse rider interactions in horses ridden by male and female riders." Comparative Exercise Physiology 10, no. 2 (January 1, 2014): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep143001.

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Traditionally, horse riding has been restricted to men but today equestrian sports are dominated by women. We hypothesised that men and women differ with regard to riding and the response they evoke in their horse. Cortisol and heart rate variability (HRV) were studied in male (n=8) and female riders (n=8) and in horses (n=8) ridden by men and women over a jumping course. Saliva for cortisol analysis was collected, cardiac beat to beat (RR) intervals were recorded and heart rate and HRV variables SDRR (standard deviation of RR interval) and RMSSD (root mean square of successive RR differences) calculated. In another experiment, saddle pressure was compared between male and female riders (n=5 each). Cortisol did not differ between male and female riders and increased in horses (P<0.001) irrespective of the sex of the rider. Heart rate in riders increased from walk to jumping (P<0.001) while HRV decreased (P<0.001) to the same extent in men and women. In horses, heart rate increased (P<0.001) and SDRR and RMSSD decreased during walk and remained low at trot and canter (P<0.001) irrespective of the riders’ sex. In trot (P<0.05) and canter (P<0.01) saddle pressure was slightly lower in female versus male riders. This is due to weight differences and not to a different seat. In conclusion, no fundamental differences existed in the physical effort, stress response and seat between male and female riders and in the response of horses to men and women.

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Monika, Budzyńska, Kamieniak Jarosław, Krupa Wanda, and Sołtys Leszek. "Behavioral and Physiological Reactivity of Mares and Stallions Evaluated in Performance Tests/Procena Fizioloških Parametara I Reaktivnosti Kobila I Pastuva Na Osnovu Performans Testa." Acta Veterinaria 64, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 327–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acve-2014-0031.

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Abstract In many countries completing the performance test requirements is obligatory only for stallions, but some breeders also decide for the assessment of their mares’ performance under standardized conditions. This study is aimed the evaluation of sex related effects on behavioral and physiological reactivity in fearfulness test and performance test scores in Polish warmblood horses of Małopolska breed (22 mares and 34 stallions) assessed at the training station. Equine reactivity to potentially frightening stimuli was assessed in the fearfulness test by behavior scoring and heart rate monitoring. Horses of both sexes were assessed in standardized performance tests accordingly to the rules of performance tests given in the Breeding Program for the Małopolski Horse Breed by the Polish Horse Breeders Association. The mares showed a significantly more quiet response in the fearfulness test in comparison to stallions. A relation among some reactivity and performance traits in both sexes was found. The behavior scores of the fearfulness test were positively correlated with character and temperament only in mares. However, the better the scores for temperament and character the stallions received, the lower the heart rate before testing. The present study demonstrates that temperament and character assessment, as a part of the standardized performance test, should involve not only a subjective trainer’s evaluation, but also a horse reactivity assessment based on objective behavioral tests and heart rate monitoring. The results showed that sex has an effect on behavioral reactivity of horses. Thus, it is important to consider the horses’ sex during selection for a particular type of riding, and performance assessment should be obligatory for both sexes. The assessment of the same performance traits in both, stallions and mares, significantly improves good breeding practice.

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Villafaina, Santos, Carmen Cordón-González, Daniel Collado-Mateo, Juan P. Fuentes-García, J. C. Adsuar, E. Merellano-Navarro, and J. A. Parraca. "Influence of Horseback Riding and Horse Simulator Riding on Heart Rate Variability: Are There Differences?" Applied Sciences 9, no. 11 (May 29, 2019): 2194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9112194.

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This study aimed to compare the heart rate variability (HRV) in healthy young people while riding a real horse or a horse gait simulator. The sample consisted of a group of 23 healthy young adults aged 22.91 (2.37), who rode a horse for five minutes at walking speed and spent five minutes on a horse gait simulator, while their HRV values were being recorded. Furthermore, immediately after each protocol, the HRV at rest was also recorded to observe the acute effects. We used the paired samples t-test to compare between the HRV during the horse-riding and the horse simulator-riding activities, as well as the differences in the acute effects between both situations. The findings indicate that the HRV was lower when participants were riding the horse compared with the activity on the horse simulator. However, no differences were observed immediately after the two protocols. Therefore, we state that the sympathetic tone is higher while riding a real horse than while riding a horse simulator. These differences may be due to emotional aspects and not due to differences in the physical load, considering the absence of differences in the acute effects.

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Wilk, Izabela, Elżbieta Wnuk-Pawlak, Iwona Janczarek, Beata Kaczmarek, Marta Dybczyńska, and Monika Przetacznik. "Distribution of Superficial Body Temperature in Horses Ridden by Two Riders with Varied Body Weights." Animals 10, no. 2 (February 21, 2020): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10020340.

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It was assumed that a horse with its rider body weight found in the upper limit may negatively impact the horse’s welfare. The objective of this paper was to analyze the differences in body temperature and selected heart rate parameters in horses in response to physical exercise accompanied by various rider’s body weight loads. The study was carried out on 12 leisure, 10–15-year-old warmblood geldings. The horses were ridden by two equally qualified riders whose body weights were about 20% and 10% of the average body weight (BW) of the animals (about 470 kg). Each rider rode each of the 12 horses for 13 min walking and 20 min of trotting. Images of the horse at rest, after physical exercise directly after unsaddling, and during the recovery phase (10 min after unsaddling) were taken with an infrared thermography camera. For analysis, the temperatures of selected body parts were measured on the surface of the head, neck, front, middle, and back (croup) parts of the trunk, forelimb, and hind limb. Immediately after the infrared thermography images were taken, the rectal temperature of the horse was measured. The heart rate parameters were measured at rest for 10 min directly before, during, and 10 min following the end of a training session. A multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measurements was performed. Statistical significance was accepted for p < 0.05. A rider BW load on a horse of approximately 20% of the horse’s BW led to a substantial increase in the superficial temperatures of the neck, front, middle, and back parts of the trunk in relation to these body parts’ average temperatures when the load was about 10% BW. The head and limb average temperatures were not significantly affected by the load of the exercised horse. A horse’s load above 20% of his body weight, even with little effort, affects changes in surface temperature and the activity of the autonomic nervous system.

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Janczarek, Iwona, Witold Kędzierski, Anna Stachurska, and Izabela Wilk. "Emotional reactions of horses and trainers during natural method training / Reakcje emocjonalne koni i trenerów podczas treningu metodami naturalnymi." Annals of Animal Science 13, no. 2 (March 1, 2013): 263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2013-0008.

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Abstract The first aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the trainer factor and the sex of the horse affect the heart rate (HR) of the trainer-horse pair. The second aim was to estimate the level of the trainer-horse pair’s emotions and to find the relationship of the HR between the trainer and the horse during the preliminary, natural-method training. The animals used in the study were 40 three-year-old purebred Arabian horses trained by two trainers from the Silversand Horsemanship School. Each trainer worked with 20 randomly selected horses, equally grouped by sex. The study was carried out during the first day of the training cycle. The aim was to have a horse accept a rider. The following items were subject to analysis: deconcentration, concentration, desensitizing, putting on the lungeing surcingle, and saddling. The emotional status of the horses and the trainers was evaluated based on HR variations which were measured by applying Polar S810 telemetric devices. The device produced continuous measurements with readings every 60 seconds. Two-factor analysis of variance and Pearson correlations were determined with the use of SAS software. Significance of differences between mean values was verified using Tukey’s test. The results obtained revealed that the sex of the trained horses was not an important factor in the evaluation of trainer’s emotions, despite the fact that fillies were characterized as having a more uniform HR. The trainer is very responsible for the emotions of a trained horse, especially at the beginning of training and during saddling. From a trainer’s point of view, it is important to complete the horse concentration task as quickly as possible. The lack of an emotional relationship in the trainer-horse pair during some training elements, suggests that it is not only the trainer’s experience, but mainly the trainer’s personality that determines the probable success in naturalmethod work.

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Janczarek, Iwona, Witold Kędzierski, Anna Stachurska, and Izabela Wilk. "Can Releasing Racehorses to Paddocks be Beneficial? Heart Rate Analysis – Preliminary Study." Annals of Animal Science 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoas-2015-0049.

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Abstract The aim of the study was to assess the effect of allowing racehorses to use paddocks, on the heart rate (HR). HR was used as a measure of horses’ psychosomatic response to environment effect. The study involved 90 Purebred Arabian horses divided into three groups of equal numbers of stallions and mares. The control group (C) was trained at the racetrack. The other two groups were trained in an off-the-racetrack centre and therefore, they were regularly transported to the races. One of those groups (T) was maintained in the same manner as horses at the racetrack, without access to paddocks. Horses from the other group (TP) were additionally released into a paddock every day. Each horse was examined within five three-week measuring periods, during one training season. HR was registered at rest, during saddling, and while walking with a rider. A multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA, GLM) was used to compare HR. The significance of differences between means was determined using Tukey’s test. HR registered from 2nd to 5th measuring periods during saddling and walking was generally lower in TP than in C. For example, in stallions during saddling, HR amounted to: 54.4±14.7 vs 65.3±12.1, 53.2±13.5 vs 64.4±13.1, 55.4±12.2 vs 65.0±11.0 and 53.4±14.0 vs 66.5±13.8 beats/min, respectively. In T stallions and mares, HR tended to increase when the transportation began which was particularly pronounced at rest. The study revealed that the possibility of turnout into paddocks reduced HR in racehorses, in comparison to horses trained at racetrack. Training for horse racing in an off-the-racetrack centre with the use of paddocks was assessed as beneficial, provided the horses were used to being transported.

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Yamaoto, E., N. Shibayama, and S. Saigo. "Structural stability of semisynthetic horse heart cytochrome c." Seibutsu Butsuri 39, supplement (1999): S161. http://dx.doi.org/10.2142/biophys.39.s161_2.

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Patterson, D. F., D. K. Detweiler, and S. A. Glendenning. "HEART SOUNDS AND MURMURS OF THE NORMAL HORSE*." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 127, no. 1 (December 16, 2006): 242–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1965.tb49407.x.

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Banci, Lucia, Ivano Bertini, Harry B. Gray, Claudio Luchinat, Tim Reddig, Antonio Rosato, and Paola Turano. "Solution Structure of Oxidized Horse Heart Cytochrome c†,⊥." Biochemistry 36, no. 32 (August 1997): 9867–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi970724w.

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Banci, Lucia, I. Bertini, J. Gaspard Huber, Georgios A. Spyroulias, and Paola Turano. "Solution structure of reduced horse heart cytochrome c." JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry 4, no. 1 (February 1999): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007750050285.

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Jankowski, C. K., and H. Virelizier. "On the Horse Heart Cytochrome C Api Spectrum." Spectroscopy Letters 31, no. 8 (December 1998): 1659–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00387019808007443.

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Hristova, Sv, A. Zhivkov, and B. Atanasov. "Electrostatics of Horse Heart CytochromeCand Montmorillonite Monolamellar Plate." Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment 23, sup1 (January 2009): 568–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13102818.2009.10818489.

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Posta, János, and István Komlósi. "Genetic analysis of selected body measurements of Hungarian Sport Horse mares." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 26 (July 16, 2007): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/26/3052.

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The authors made their analysis based on the body measurements of 3080 Hungarian Sport Horse mares listed in the Hungarian Sport Horse Studbook. Height at withers by stick, height at withers by tape, heart girth and cannon-bone circumference were measured in Hungarian Sport Horse mare performance tests.Phenotypic correlations among height at the withers and heart girth and cannon-bone circumference varied within a range of 0.45-0.55. There was close genetic correlation (r=0.63-0.82) between the body measurement traits. Heritability values were moderate for height at withers by stick, height at withers by tape and heart girth (h2=0.31-0.49). There were high heritability values (h2=0.51) for cannon-bone circumference.There were low phenotypic correlations between frame (as conformational trait) and height at the withers (measured by tape and stick) and heart girth.

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Wijnberg, I. D., and S. H. Franklin. "The heart remains the core: cardiac causes of poor performance in horses compared to human athletes." Comparative Exercise Physiology 13, no. 3 (September 7, 2017): 149–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep170012.

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Cardiac remodelling occurs in response to exercise and is generally beneficial for athletic performance due to the increase in cardiac output. However, this remodelling also may lead to an increased prevalence of cardiac murmurs and arrhythmias. In most cases, these are not considered to be significant. However, in some cases, there may be potentially deleterious consequences. Whilst sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a rare occurrence, the consequences are catastrophic for both the horse and potentially the rider or driver. Furthermore, the sudden death of a horse in the public arena has negative connotations in regards to public perception of welfare during equestrian sports. Prediction of which individuals might be susceptible to potential deleterious effects of exercise is a focus of interest in both human and equine athletes but remains a challenge because many athletes experience cardiac murmurs and exercise-induced arrhythmias that are clinically irrelevant. This review summarises the effects of exercise on cardiac remodelling in the horse and the potential effects on athletic performance and SCD. The use of biomarkers and their future potential in the management of athletic horses is also reviewed.

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De Santis, Marta, Samanta Seganfreddo, Alberto Greco, Simona Normando, Daniele Benedetti, Franco Mutinelli, and Laura Contalbrigo. "Donkey Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability: A Scoping Review." Animals 13, no. 3 (January 25, 2023): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13030408.

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Heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) are commonly used physiological measures in animals. While several studies exist on horse HRV, less information is available for donkeys. This scoping review aims to understand the extent and type of published evidence on donkey HR and HRV, their clinical and research applications, the devices used, and the analysis performed. Only quantitative primary studies published in English were considered. Four different databases were queried through the Web of Science platform, with additional evidence identified by citation chasing. After a two-stage screening phase, data were extracted considering study and population characteristics, information on HR/HRV analysis, and applications. The majority of the 87 included articles (about 80%) concerned a sample size of up to 20 individuals and were published since 2011 (about 65%). Forty-one articles employed an electronic device for signal acquisition (mainly electrocardiographs and heart rate monitors), yet only two articles reported HRV parameters. The literature on donkey HRV is lacking, and this gap can be filled by gaining knowledge on donkey characteristics and finding useful tools for welfare assessment. Comparison with what is known about the horse allows a discussion of the technical and interpretative difficulties that can be encountered with donkeys.

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Nicols, L., C. W. Rogers, S. Stannard, J. C. Tanner, and J. Bridges. "The effect of harness racing on the heart rate of professional harness racing drivers." Comparative Exercise Physiology 9, no. 2 (January 1, 2013): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep13012.

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Despite the size of the industry and the large amounts of money wagered on horses, little attention has been focused on the fitness of drivers of Standardbred harness racehorses. The purpose of this study was to describe the drivers’ pre-race, post-race and maximal heart rate response to multiple racing during a night of harness racing. Heart rate (HR), subjective measures of race difficulty and physical work effort, and race results were collected from eight professional Standardbred harness drivers during an official race meeting. Drivers were fitted with HR monitors prior to the start of the first race and data were continuously logged until the end of the last race. During the race meeting the drivers displayed a high mean heart rate 145±21 beats per minute. The heart rate profile during a single race demonstrated an early peak, a moderate level baseline and then increased again as the drivers took the last turn to the finish line. The best predictor of workload effort during the race was peak HR. The primary variables in explaining peak HR were final placing, horse difficulty, and pre-race HR. These data indicate that the physical work required to maintain driver position and the external stimuli associated with positioning the horse for a placing produce significant cardiovascular stress.

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Gehlen, Heidrun, Johanna Loschelder, Roswitha Merle, and Maike Walther. "Evaluation of Stress Response under a Standard Euthanasia Protocol in Horses Using Analysis of Heart Rate Variability." Animals 10, no. 3 (March 13, 2020): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10030485.

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The effects of a standard protocol for euthanasia on heart rate variability (HRV) as a consequence of stress response were analyzed in this prospective clinical study. The HRV was determined in 40 horses undergoing euthanasia due to various reasons, at different locations, and with/without owner presence. For euthanasia, horses were sedated with xylazine or a combination of xylazine and butorphanol. General anesthesia was induced using diazepam and ketamine. Afterwards, horses were euthanized with pentobarbital. The ECG data were taken by a Telemetric ECG at three time points (sedation, anesthesia, anesthesia until death). The HRV was analyzed including the low (LF) and high frequency (HF) components of HRV and the sympathovagal balance (LF/HF ratio). Significant differences in the LF, HF and LF/HF ratio were found between the three time points of euthanasia (p < 0.001). The HRV analysis showed dominating sympathetic activity in the preparation phase of euthanasia and during the injection of pentobarbital. The location of euthanasia, presence of owner and type of primary diseases had no influence on stress parameters. Horses showing excitations or groaning during euthanasia did not differ in HRV. Horse with colic were however more likely to show reoccurrence of breathing during euthanasia. In conclusion, HRV is a sensitive, noninvasive parameter to obtain sympathovagal stimulations during euthanasia and adapted protocols for euthanasia in horse with colic should be studied.

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Shahriar, Farshid, and Janet Moore. "Thymic Epithelial Tumor with Heart Metastasis in a Horse." Veterinary Medicine International 2010 (2010): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2010/386378.

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Thymic malignancy is rare in horses. Thymic epithelial tumor was diagnosed in an 18-year-old mare with invasion and metastasis to the pericardium and heart. At necropsy, the cranial thoracic cavity was obliterated by a large mass located in the thymic region and the right atrium was also expanded and effaced by a similar mass. Histologically, the neoplasm was composed of sheets of spindle cells with intraparenchymal Hassall's corpuscles and formation of pseudorosettes around blood vessels compatible with type A thymic epithelial tumor according to World Health Organization classification. The neoplastic cells were diffusely immunoreactive for cytokeratin and negative for vimentin, S100, neuron specific enolase, glial fibrillar acidic protein, chromogranin A, synaptophysin, CD3 and CD79a markers. To the authors' knowledge, cardiac invasion and distinct histological pattern of pseudorosette formation have not been described in equine thymic epithelial tumors previously.

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Foreman, Jonathan H., and Laurie M. Lawrence. "Lameness and heart rate elevation in the exercising horse." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 11, no. 6 (November 1991): 353–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0737-0806(06)81268-2.

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Hildebrand, Dean P., David L. Burk, Robert Maurus, Juan C. Ferrer, Gary D. Brayer, and A. Grant Mauk. "The proximal ligand variant His93Tyr of horse heart myoglobin." Biochemistry 34, no. 6 (February 1995): 1997–2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00006a021.

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Sherwood, Chris, A. Grant Mauk, and Gary D. Brayer. "Crystallization and preliminary diffraction data for horse heart metmyoglobin." Journal of Molecular Biology 193, no. 1 (January 1987): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2836(87)90641-3.

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DI BELLO, C., C. VITA, and L. GOZZINI. "ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of Horse Heart Cytochrome c." ChemInform 23, no. 27 (August 21, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199227297.

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Campbell, Corinne H., Dave Crocker, Jennifer J. Gruntmeir, Michelle Head, Tom Kelly, Meg I. Langfur, and Axel H. Leimer. "Purification of a novel glycosylated ferritin from horse heart." Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 53, no. 4 (December 1993): 420–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.240530419.

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Raphael, Adrienne L., and Harry B. Gray. "Axial ligand replacement in horse heart cytochromec by semisynthesis." Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 6, no. 3 (1989): 338–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340060316.

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Portella, Luiza Pires, Gustavo Cauduro Cadore, Luis Antonio Sangioni, Luiz Fernando Vilani Pellegrini, Rafael Fighera, Fernanda Ramos, and Fernanda Silveira Flores Vogel. "Antibodies against Apicomplexa protozoa and absence sarcocysts in heart tissues from horses in southern Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 26, no. 1 (March 16, 2017): 100–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612016068.

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Abstract Sarcocystis spp., Neospora spp., and Toxoplasma gondii are Apicomplexa protozoa that can infect horses. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of antibodies against Sarcocystis spp., Neospora spp., and T. gondii in horses slaughtered in southern Brazil. The presence of histological lesions, tissue cysts, and Sarcocystis spp. DNA in the hearts of these horses was also investigated. A total of 197 paired serum and heart samples were evaluated by serology and direct microscopic examination; 50 of these samples were subjected to histopathological and PCR analyses. Antibodies against at least one of the protozoa were detected in 146 (74.1%) of the serum samples. The frequencies of positive serology were: 36% (71/197) against Sarcocystis spp., 39.1% (77/197) against Neospora spp., and 47.2% (93/197) against T. gondii. No cysts, Sarcocystis spp. DNA, or histopathological lesions were observed in myocardial tissue samples. The frequencies of antibody seropositivity against Sarcocystis spp., Neospora spp., and T. gondii showed that horses are frequently infected by these parasites in southern Brazil. The absence of sarcocysts in horse tissues is compatible with their role as aberrant/accidental hosts in the life cycle of Sarcocystis spp..

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PASŁAWSKA, URSZULA, KATARZYNA MICHLIK, IZABELA JANUS, ROBERT PASŁAWSKI, DOROTA ZYŚKO, and AGNIESZKA NOSZCZYK-NOWAK. "Physiological values of ECG parameters in Silesian horses." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 74, no. 1 (2018): 5972–2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.5972.

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The aim of this study was to establish the physiological ECG values in the Silesian horse and to compare the results with literature data for other breeds of horses. This study was carried out on 31 healthy Silesian horses (15 males and 16 females) aged 2-19 years. The ECG was carried out after an anamnesis and clinical examination and without prior premedication or use of force, both of which could affect the ECG result. The mean heart rate (HR) in the Silesian horses was 39 ± 8.1 beats per minute. In the majority of the leads, P waves were single positive waves. Notched waves were present in 16-51% of the horses, bifid waves were found less frequently, and biphasic P waves were seen least frequently. In the aVR lead, the P wave was most commonly found to be single negative. The PQ interval ranged from 0.18 s in the CV1 lead to 0.29 s in the aVR lead. Most often, the PQ interval lasted 0.24-0.28 s. The QRS duration ranged from 0.079 s in the CV1 lead to 0.099 s in lead III. The QRS duration was between 0.08 and 0.1 s. Generally, the T wave was single positive or negative. It was biphasic only in the precordial leads. Unlike P waves, notched T waves were not found. The ECG parameters in the Silesian horse do not differ from normal ECG values for other horse breeds of similar weight. Specific features of the ECG in the Silesian horse are a frequent occurrence of additional R’ and S’ waves in the Einthoven leads and a relatively long supraventricular conduction time.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Horse heart'

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