Journal articles on the topic 'Hormones'
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Diamanti-Kandarakis, Evanthia, Dimitrios Tsilakis, Stefanos Lazarides, Helen Kandarakis, and Angeliki Bergele. "Hormones in sports: growth hormone abuse." HORMONES 3, no. 1 (January 15, 2004): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14310/horm.2002.11108.
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Mundy, Gregory R., and Theresa A. Guise. "Hormonal Control of Calcium Homeostasis." Clinical Chemistry 45, no. 8 (August 1, 1999): 1347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/45.8.1347.
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Abstract Calcium homeostasis in the extracellular fluid is tightly controlled and defended physiologically. Hypercalcemia always represents considerable underlying pathology and occurs when the hormonal control of calcium homeostasis is overwhelmed. The major hormones that are responsible for normal calcium homeostasis are parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D; these hormones control extracellular fluid calcium on a chronic basis. Over- or underproduction of these hormones or the tumor peptide, parathyroid hormone-related peptide, are the major causes of aberrant extracellular fluid calcium concentrations. These hormonal defense mechanisms are reviewed here.
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Richalet, Jean-Paul, Murielle Letournel, and Jean-Claude Souberbielle. "Effects of high-altitude hypoxia on the hormonal response to hypothalamic factors." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 299, no. 6 (December 2010): R1685—R1692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00484.2010.
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Acute and chronic exposure to high altitude induces various physiological changes, including activation or inhibition of various hormonal systems. In response to activation processes, a desensitization of several pathways has been described, especially in the adrenergic system. In the present study, we aimed to assess whether the hypophyseal hormones are also subjected to a hypoxia-induced decrease in their response to hypothalamic factors. Basal levels of hormones and the responses of TSH, thyroid hormones, prolactin, sex hormones, and growth hormone to the injection of TRH, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) were studied in eight men in normoxia and on prolonged exposure (3–4 days) to an altitude of 4,350 m. Thyroid hormones were elevated at altitude (+16 to +21%), while TSH levels were unchanged, and follicle-stimulating hormone and prolactin decreased, while leutinizing hormone was unchanged. Norepinephrine and cortisol levels were elevated, while no change was observed in levels of epinephrine, dopamine, growth hormone (GH), IGF-1, and IGFBP-3. The mean response to hypothalamic factors was similar in both altitudes for all studied hormones, although total T4 was lower in hypoxia during 45 to 60 min after injection. The effect of hypoxia on the hypophyseal response to hypothalamic factors was similar among subjects, except for the GH response to GHRH administration. We conclude that prolonged exposure to high-altitude hypoxia induces contrasted changes in hormonal levels, but the hypophyseal response to hypothalamic factors does not appear to be blunted.
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Fröhlich, Eleonore, and Richard Wahl. "Insight into Potential Interactions of Thyroid Hormones, Sex Hormones and Their Stimulating Hormones in the Development of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease." Metabolites 12, no. 8 (August 4, 2022): 718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12080718.
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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common manifestation of metabolic syndrome. In addition to lifestyle, endocrine hormones play a role in the dysregulation of hepatic metabolism. The most common endocrine hormones contributing to metabolic syndrome are alterations in the levels of thyroid hormones (THs, predominantly in subclinical hypothyroidism) and of sex hormones (in menopause). These hormonal changes influence hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism and may increase hepatic fat accumulation. This review compares the effects of sex hormones, THs and the respective stimulating hormones, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), on the development of hepatosteatosis. TSH and FSH may be more relevant to the dysregulation of hepatic metabolism than the peripheral hormones because metabolic changes were identified when only levels of the stimulating hormones were abnormal and the peripheral hormones were still in the reference range. Increased TSH and FSH levels appear to have additive effects on the development of NAFLD and to act independently from each other.
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K. Gonnabathula, Pavani, and Momoh A. Yakubu. "The Impact of Sex Hormones on Cognition and Treatment: A Review." International Journal of Medical, Pharmacy and Drug Research 7, no. 3 (2023): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijmpd.7.3.2.
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Hormones serves as natural chemical triggers that regulate various processes within the human body, including growth, emotional states, and cognitive processing. Extensive research has been conducted to explore the correlation between hormonal effects and cognitive function; these studies have examined a variety of factors such as aging, pregnancy, post-natal states, emotions, and stress. This article focuses on the impact of hormonal changes on neuronal networks and the mechanisms underlying cognitive function. Hormones possess the ability to influence multiple processes in the human body, including emotions and cognition. The effects of hormones on cognitive function vary depending on the specific hormone involved. Furthermore, hormone levels that are too low or too high can lead to both positive and negative outcomes. Therefore, understanding the influence of sex hormones on cognition is a valuable endeavor.
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Singh Hada, Divya, and Madhu S Ratre. "Periodontium in females - A review." IP International Journal of Periodontology and Implantology 6, no. 2 (July 15, 2021): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijpi.2021.012.
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Periodontium is physically and anatomically similar for both males and females. However, the response of periodontal tissues to hormones varies in both, due to different hormonal interaction. At different life stages of a female such as puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, menopause and post-menopause, use of contraceptives and hormone replacement therapies; sex hormones like estrogen and progesteron effects periodontal tissues.Sex hormones play significant roles in modulating the periodontal tissue responses, which can be minimized with good plaque control and with hormone replacement.
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Amal, Rizki Jaya, Irfansyah, Muhammad Arif Hasan, and Aulia Putra Rahman. "Analysis of Studies on the Role of Hormones in Micropenis Disorders: A Systematic Literature Review." Open Access Indonesian Journal of Medical Reviews 3, no. 6 (November 21, 2023): 528–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37275/oaijmr.v3i6.420.
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A deep understanding of the role of specific hormones in genital development is key to designing effective therapeutic approaches. Factors such as testosterone deficiency, growth hormone disorders, or other hormonal imbalances can be targets for hormonal interventions that can affect penis size. This study aimed to explore the role of hormonal aspects in micropenis disorders. The literature search process was carried out on various databases (PubMed, Web of Sciences, EMBASE, Cochrane Libraries, and Google Scholar) regarding the role of hormonal aspects in micropenis disorders. This study follows the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) recommendations. Aspects of the hormonal role in micropenis include several key elements that influence the development of genital organs in men. Hormones, such as testosterone, growth hormone, estrogen, and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), play an important role in stimulating penis growth and development. Proper hormonal balance is necessary for normal genital development, and disturbances in the production of or response to these hormones may contribute to conditions such as micropenis.
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Csaba, G. "Vitamin-caused faulty perinatal hormonal imprinting and its consequences in adult age." Physiology International 104, no. 3 (September 2017): 217–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2060.104.2017.3.5.
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Lipid-soluble vitamins (vitamins A, D, E, and K) are actually hormones (exohormones), as they can be directly bound by hormone receptors or are in connection with molecules, which influence hormone receptors. Vitamin D is a transition between endo- and exohormones and the possibility of similar situation in case of other lipid-soluble hormones is discussed. The perinatal exposition with these “vitamins” can cause faulty perinatal hormonal imprinting with similar consequences as the faulty imprinting by the synthetic endohormones, members of the same hormone family or industrial, communal, or medical endocrine disruptors. The faulty imprinting leads to late (lifelong) consequences with altered hormone binding by receptors, altered sexuality, brain function, immunity, bone development, and fractures, etc. In addition, as hormonal imprinting is an epigenetic process, the effect of a single exposure by fat-soluble vitamins is inherited to the progeny generations. As vitamins are handled differently from hormones; however, perinatal treatments take place frequently and sometimes it is forced, the negative late effect of faulty perinatal vitamin-caused hormonal imprinting must be considered.
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Surita, Gina. "Gendered Hormonal Binaries and the Development of the Category of "Hormone-Dependent Cancers," 1940-1980." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 97, no. 3 (September 2023): 456–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2023.a915270.
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summary: This article considers the establishment of the category of "hormone-dependent cancers," identified around the middle of the twentieth century as cancers sustained by particular hormones. A comparison of hormonal treatments for prostate cancer and those for breast cancer reveals that the genesis of "hormone-dependent cancer" as a biomedical category relied upon assumptions that cast androgens and estrogens as opposing ends of a gendered hormonal binary of health and disease. In the 1930s, cancer researchers claimed "female sex hormones" (estrogens) exacerbated breast cancer and "male sex hormones" (androgens) prevented it. In the early 1940s, Dr. Charles Huggins applied the opposite logic to the treatment of human prostate cancer, which he determined to be "hormone-dependent." As "hormone dependency" was also recognized in human breast cancer over the subsequent decades, estrogen claimed a prominent place in discussions of breast cancer's causation, diagnosis, and treatment. This close association between estrogen and breast cancer contributed to reinterpretations of both biomedical categories.
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Oxfeldt, Mikkel, Line Barner Dalgaard, Jean Farup, and Mette Hansen. "Sex Hormones and Satellite Cell Regulation in Women." Translational Sports Medicine 2022 (April 14, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9065923.
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Recent years have seen growing scholarly interest in female physiology in general. Moreover, particular attention has been devoted to how concentrations of female sex hormones vary during the menstrual cycle and menopausal transition and how hormonal contraception and hormonal therapy influence skeletal muscle tissue. While much effort has been paid to macro outcomes, such as muscle function or mass, rather less attention has been paid to mechanistic work that may help explain the underlying mechanism through which sex hormones regulate skeletal muscle tissue. Evidence from animal studies shows a strong relationship between the female sex hormone estrogen and satellite cells (SCs), a population of muscle stem cells involved in skeletal muscle regulation. A few human studies investigating this relationship have been published only recently. Thus, the purpose of this study was to bring an updated review on female sex hormones and their role in SC regulation. First, we describe how SCs regulate skeletal muscle maintenance and repair and introduce sex hormone signaling within the muscle. Second, we present evidence from animal studies elucidating how estrogen deficiency and supplementation influence SCs. Third, we present results from investigations from human trials including women whose concentrations of female hormones differ due to menopause, hormone therapy, hormonal contraceptives, and the menstrual cycle. Finally, we discuss research and methodological recommendations for future studies aiming at elucidating the link between female sex hormones and SCs with respect to aging and training.
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Kobets, Maxim Vladimirovich. "FEATURES OF ENDOCRINE PROFILE IN HYPERTROPHIC AND KELOID SCARS OF SKIN." Baikal Medical Journal 2, no. 1 (March 26, 2023): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.57256/2949-0715-2023-1-25-32.
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Background. Given the role of hormones in the regulation of scar formation and remodeling processes, it is advisable to study the features of the hormonal profile in conditions of pathological scars. This will improve the efficiency of diagnosing of scar type and form a pathogenetic basis for the treatment of hypertrophic and keloid scars.Aim. To identify the features of the hormonal profile in conditions of hypertrophic and keloid scars.Materials and methods. The clinical state of the scars and the hormonal profile (10 hormones) were studied in 90 women with hypertrophic, keloid and normotrophic scars (control). Blood was taken before treatment on the 5th–7th day of the menstrual cycle. The results were processed by non-parametric statistics (Me (Q25-Q75), U-test at p<0.05). Correlations between hormones were determined by the method of multiple regression at the coefficient of determination R2>0.7.Results. All patients with pathological scars showed a decrease in cortisol levels. Hypertrophic scars are characterized by an increase in the concentration of follicle-stimulating hormone, a decrease in the concentration of estradiol and testosterone. In patients with keloids, the concentration of growth hormone is increased, the levels of prolactin, luteinizing hormone are reduced. Regression analysis showed that the interdependence of hormones is maximally expressed in conditions of normotrophic scars, while hormones had 1-2 correlations in conditions of pathological scars. At the same time, the qualitative composition and direction of interrelations have changed.Conclusion. Pathological scarring is characterized by a decrease in the level of cortisol in the blood, which is expressed in patients with keloid scars in combination with reduced prolactin. A weakening of hormonal interactions and an imbalance in the system of sex hormones were revealed in conditions of hypertrophic scars. and the increased production of growth hormone in combination with a stable interaction between steroidogenesis and a weakened adaptive ability took place in conditions of keloid scars.
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He, Jinhan, Qiuqiong Cheng, and Wen Xie. "Minireview: Nuclear Receptor-Controlled Steroid Hormone Synthesis and Metabolism." Molecular Endocrinology 24, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/me.2009-0212.
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Abstract Steroid hormones are essential in normal physiology whereas disruptions in hormonal homeostasis represent an important etiological factor for many human diseases. Steroid hormones exert most of their functions through the binding and activation of nuclear hormone receptors (NRs or NHRs), a superfamily of DNA-binding and often ligand-dependent transcription factors. In recent years, accumulating evidence has suggested that NRs can also regulate the biosynthesis and metabolism of steroid hormones. This review will focus on the recent progress in our understanding of the regulatory role of NRs in hormonal homeostasis and the implications of this regulation in physiology and diseases.
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Cordeiro, Aline, Luana Lopes Souza, Marcelo Einicker-Lamas, and Carmen Cabanelas Pazos-Moura. "Non-classic thyroid hormone signalling involved in hepatic lipid metabolism." Journal of Endocrinology 216, no. 3 (January 7, 2013): R47—R57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-12-0542.
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Thyroid hormones are important modulators of lipid metabolism because the liver is a primary hormonal target. The hypolipidaemic effects of thyroid hormones result from the balance between direct and indirect actions resulting in stimulation of lipid synthesis and lipid oxidation, which favours degradation pathways. Originally, it was believed that thyroid hormone activity was only transduced by alteration of gene transcription mediated by the nuclear receptor thyroid hormone receptors, comprising the classic action of thyroid hormone. However, the discovery of other effects independent of this classic mechanism characterised a new model of thyroid hormone action, the non-classic mechanism that involves other signalling pathways. To date, this mechanism and its relevance have been intensively described. Considering the increasing evidence for non-classic signalling of thyroid hormones and the major influence of these hormones in the regulation of lipid metabolism, we reviewed the role of thyroid hormone in cytosolic signalling cascades, focusing on the regulation of second messengers, and the activity of effector proteins and the implication of these mechanisms on the control of hepatic lipid metabolism.
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BLAND, Rosemary. "Steroid hormone receptor expression and action in bone." Clinical Science 98, no. 2 (January 31, 2000): 217–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0980217.
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The skeleton is a complex tissue, and hormonal control of bone remodelling is elaborate. The important role that steroid hormones play in bone cell development and in the maintenance of normal bone architecture is well established, but it is only relatively recently that it has become possible to describe their precise mechanism of action. This review focuses not only on the steroid hormones (oestrogens, corticosteroids, androgens and progesterone), but also on related hormones (vitamin D, thyroid hormone and the retinoids), all of which act via structurally homologous nuclear receptors that form part of the steroid/thyroid receptor superfamily. By examining the actions of all of these hormones in vivo and in vitro, this review gives a general overview of the current understanding of steroid hormone action in bone. In addition, a comprehensive review of steroid hormone receptor expression in bone cells is included. Finally, the role that future developments, such as steroid hormone receptor knockout mice, will play in our understanding of steroid hormone action in bone is considered.
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Pei, Zhijie, Yi Fang, Shuwen Mu, Jun Li, Tianshun Feng, Kunzhe Lin, and Shousen Wang. "Perioperative fluctuation and overall evaluation of adenohypophyseal hormone secretion in patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma." Neurosurgical Focus 53, no. 6 (December 2022): E10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2022.9.focus226.
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OBJECTIVE Perioperative adenohypophyseal hormone assessment can improve therapeutic strategies and be used to evaluate the prognosis of pituitary adenomas. An individual hormone level does not entirely reflect the pituitary gland. Thus, this study aimed to analyze perioperative hormonal changes and propose a normalized method to facilitate overall assessment of the adenohypophysis. METHODS The authors retrospectively analyzed 89 male patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma (NFPA) who underwent transsphenoidal surgery. Preoperative clinical data, imaging data, and perioperative hormone levels of the anterior pituitary gland were evaluated. Hormone values were rescaled using minimum-maximum normalization. The sum of the normalized hormone levels was defined as the total hormonal rate (THR). RESULTS Preoperative findings indicated correlations among different adenohypophyseal hormones. Luteinizing hormone (p = 0.62) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (p = 0.89) showed no significant changes after surgery, but growth hormone levels increased (p < 0.001). On the contrary, the levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (p < 0.001), follicle-stimulating hormone (p = 0.02), and prolactin (p < 0.001) decreased. THR indicated a significant postoperative reduction in adenohypophyseal function (p = 0.04). Patients with postoperative hypopituitarism had significantly lower THR than those without (p = 0.003), with an area under the curve of 0.66. For NFPAs that presented with normal preoperative hormone levels, THR was a good clinical predictor of immediate postoperative hypopituitarism, with an area under the curve of 0.74. CONCLUSIONS The normalized synthesis index of hormones is a novel and clinically valuable method used to reflect adenohypophyseal secretion. Compared with individual hormones, these results indicated that THR can facilitate the analysis of general hormone levels despite various fluctuations in adenohypophyseal hormones. THR may also contribute to the effective prediction of short-term surgery-induced hypopituitarism.
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Breton, Jocelyn M., Kimberly L. P. Long, Matthew K. Barraza, Olga S. Perloff, and Daniela Kaufer. "Hormonal Regulation of Oligodendrogenesis II: Implications for Myelin Repair." Biomolecules 11, no. 2 (February 16, 2021): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11020290.
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Alterations in myelin, the protective and insulating sheath surrounding axons, affect brain function, as is evident in demyelinating diseases where the loss of myelin leads to cognitive and motor dysfunction. Recent evidence suggests that changes in myelination, including both hyper- and hypo-myelination, may also play a role in numerous neurological and psychiatric diseases. Protecting myelin and promoting remyelination is thus crucial for a wide range of disorders. Oligodendrocytes (OLs) are the cells that generate myelin, and oligodendrogenesis, the creation of new OLs, continues throughout life and is necessary for myelin plasticity and remyelination. Understanding the regulation of oligodendrogenesis and myelin plasticity within disease contexts is, therefore, critical for the development of novel therapeutic targets. In our companion manuscript, we review literature demonstrating that multiple hormone classes are involved in the regulation of oligodendrogenesis under physiological conditions. The majority of hormones enhance oligodendrogenesis, increasing oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation and inducing maturation and myelin production in OLs. Thus, hormonal treatments present a promising route to promote remyelination. Here, we review the literature on hormonal regulation of oligodendrogenesis within the context of disorders. We focus on steroid hormones, including glucocorticoids and sex hormones, peptide hormones such as insulin-like growth factor 1, and thyroid hormones. For each hormone, we describe whether they aid in OL survival, differentiation, or remyelination, and we discuss their mechanisms of action, if known. Several of these hormones have yielded promising results in both animal models and in human conditions; however, a better understanding of hormonal effects, interactions, and their mechanisms will ultimately lead to more targeted therapeutics for myelin repair.
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Wolf, Peter, Yvonne Winhofer, Martin Krššák, and Michael Krebs. "Heart, lipids and hormones." Endocrine Connections 6, no. 4 (May 2017): R59—R69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/ec-17-0031.
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Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in general population. Besides well-known risk factors such as hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance and dyslipidemia, growing evidence suggests that hormonal changes in various endocrine diseases also impact the cardiac morphology and function. Recent studies highlight the importance of ectopic intracellular myocardial and pericardial lipid deposition, since even slight changes of these fat depots are associated with alterations in cardiac performance. In this review, we overview the effects of hormones, including insulin, thyroid hormones, growth hormone and cortisol, on heart function, focusing on their impact on myocardial lipid metabolism, cardiac substrate utilization and ectopic lipid deposition, in order to highlight the important role of even subtle hormonal changes for heart function in various endocrine and metabolic diseases.
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Krishnan, Abhaya, and Sridhar Muthusami. "Hormonal alterations in PCOS and its influence on bone metabolism." Journal of Endocrinology 232, no. 2 (February 2017): R99—R113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-16-0405.
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According to the World Health Organization (WHO) polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) occurs in 4–8% of women worldwide. The prevalence of PCOS in Indian adolescents is 12.2% according to the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). The National Institute of Health has documented that it affects approximately 5 million women of reproductive age in the United States. Hormonal imbalance is the characteristic of many women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). The influence of various endocrine changes in PCOS women and their relevance to bone remains to be documented. Hormones, which include gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH), insulin, the leutinizing/follicle-stimulating hormone (LH/FSH) ratio, androgens, estrogens, growth hormones (GH), cortisol, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin are disturbed in PCOS women. These hormones influence bone metabolism in human subjects directly as well as indirectly. The imbalance in these hormones results in increased prevalence of osteoporosis in PCOS women. Limited evidence suggests that the drugs taken during the treatment of PCOS increase the risk of bone fracture in PCOS patients through endocrine disruption. This review is aimed at the identification of the relationship between bone mineral density and hormonal changes in PCOS subjects and identifies potential areas to study bone-related disorders in PCOS women.
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W. Jihad, Tamara, and Huda Y. Al. Attar. "Correlation between Thyroid Hormones Levels and Some Sex Hormones in Pregnancy States." Jurnal Riset Biologi dan Aplikasinya 6, no. 1 (March 31, 2024): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/jrba.v6n1.p51-59.
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Thyroid diseases in pregnant women pose a significant challenge for physicians, affecting 1.2% of pregnancies. Untreated conditions can lead to obstetric complications and fetal development disorders, including placental abruption, preeclampsia, preterm birth, and fetal death. This research aims to compare levels of thyroid hormones with female sexual hormones such as estrogen and progesterone due to the change in their levels and to establish the relationship between BMI and (T3 and T4) every third during pregnancy. The research included measuring thyroid hormones that include the hormones triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). These hormones are associated with female sexual hormones, including progesterone and estrogen, during the three trimesters (first, second, and third). The findings showed that TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) levels in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy were significantly different from those in the control group, while the results showed that arose significantly for both hormonal T3 and T4 at all three stages of pregnancy as compared to control at a significant level (p≤0.05). According to the results, body mass index (BMI) increased significantly during pregnancy, with the third trimester experiencing the greatest increase compared to the control group. The third trimester of pregnancy experienced the biggest increase in female sex hormones compared to the control group, with levels of estrogen and progesterone peaking during these three trimesters (p≤0.05). During the three pregnancy periods, progesterone and estrogen demonstrated a significant and opposite connection with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) compared to the control group (p≤0.05). The research aims to investigate the impact of pregnancy trimesters on thyroid and sexual hormones and the need for improved diagnosis and treatment, especially in the first three months of each phase.
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Saul, Sugantha. "Effects of vitex agnes castus on hormonal imbalances in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 6, no. 8 (July 22, 2017): 2051. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20173295.
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Background: The polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrinopathies in women. Its incidence is assessed at 6-8% of the female population in the reproductive age. It is caused by an imbalance of the female sex hormones and higher levels of male hormones called androgens.Methods: In women with PCOS, the ovaries make more androgens than normal. High levels of these hormones affect the development and release of eggs during ovulation. Hence the hormonal imbalance were studied in three groups. In the present study ,8mg of estradiol valerate was used to induce PCOS in female albino rats. The levels of leutinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, Estradiol, Progesterone, and Prolaction were studied.Results: The phytochemical analysis of vitex agnus castus was carried out and the positive effects of vitex agnus castus on the hormonal irregularities of PCOS were also studied. The present findings indicated that vitex agnus castus was found to be rich in phytochemicals.Conclusions: The hormonal levels highly reflect the underlying hormonal imbalance in PCOS and the results obtained in the present study also proved that vitex agnus castus is more efficient in reversing the adverse effects of hormonal imbalance of PCOS.
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KHALLOUA, ZINE CHARAF, IMENE CHEBLI, SAMIRA MEZIANI, DALILA FERRAG, AMINA ITATAHINE, HICHEM MAI, HADJER BEKHADDA, et al. "Does BMI Really Alter the Hormonal Profile in Infertile Women? Retrospective Study in the Region of Sidi Bel Abbes (West Algeria)." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 10, no. 4-s (August 15, 2020): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i4-s.4320.
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Background: In last few years .; it’s increasingly being recognized that Reproductive function is controlled by the hypothalamic–pituitary– gonadal axis, which is regulated by numerous endogenous and environmental factors such us adipose accumulation in obesity contributing to reproductive failure such as menstrual disorders and infertility, gestational failure and obstetric complications, and infertility , Distinct changes in circulating sex hormones appear to underline these abnormalities.
The objective: The aim of this study was to elucidate the possible correlation between body mass index as fatness indicator and hormonal profile in infertile women from the west of Algeria.
To identify the impact of overweight and obesity on female hormonal profile ; we conducted a prospective study measuring pituitary hormones (FSH and LH and prolactin ) , steroid sex hormones ( progesterone , testosterone and estradiol ) , anti miulleian hormone , and thyroidal hormones (FT3 , FT4 and TSH) in 360 women consulting for subfertility in private genecologycal and obstetrical centers in SID BELABESS (West of Algeria )
Result: Our study showed that the majority of patients were aged between 20 and 29 years, representing a percentage of 47.8%, with the average age in sample (31.65 ± 6,93ans). The majority of subjects was obese 46.4%, or overweight (39.4%) with an average BMI of (29.76 ± 4,85Kg / m2). No statistically significant association was found between the BMI as obesity indicator with hormonal levels of pituitary hormones (FSH and LH and prolactin ) , steroid sex hormones ( progesterone , testosterone and estradiol ) , anti miulleian hormone , and thyroidal hormones (FT3 , FT4 and TSH). A negative and statistically significant correlation between the age of the patients and the AMH level (R = -0.60, P <0.01) was noted.
Conclusion: The results of our study showed that the majority of women included in our study had a high BMI but no statistical significant difference was found between underweight , normal , overweight and obese women , that’s why more studies should be conducted to elucidate the in which level does obesity impair the reproductive outcomes.
Keywords: Female infertility, hormonal profile, BMI, SBA, Algeria.
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Tibbetts, Elizabeth A., Katherine Crocker, and Zachary Y. Huang. "Socially selected ornaments influence hormone titers of signalers and receivers." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 30 (July 8, 2016): 8478–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1602707113.
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Decades of behavioral endocrinology research have shown that hormones and behavior have a bidirectional relationship; hormones both influence and respond to social behavior. In contrast, hormones are often thought to have a unidirectional relationship with ornaments. Hormones influence ornament development, but little empirical work has tested how ornaments influence hormones throughout life. Here, we experimentally alter a visual signal of fighting ability in Polistes dominulus paper wasps and measure the behavioral and hormonal consequences of signal alteration in signalers and receivers. We find wasps that signal inaccurately high fighting ability receive more aggression than controls and receiving aggression reduces juvenile hormone (JH) titers. As a result, immediately after contests, inaccurate signalers have lower JH titers than controls. Ornaments also directly influence rival JH titers. Three hours after contests, wasps who interacted with rivals signaling high fighting ability have higher JH titers than wasps who interacted with rivals signaling low fighting ability. Therefore, ornaments influence hormone titers of both signalers and receivers. We demonstrate that relationships between hormones and ornaments are flexible and bidirectional rather than static and unidirectional. Dynamic relationships among ornaments, behavior, and physiology may be an important, but overlooked factor in the evolution of honest communication.
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Puzianowska-Kuznicka, Monika, Eliza Pawlik-Pachucka, Magdalena Owczarz, Monika Budzińska, and Jacek Polosak. "Small-Molecule Hormones: Molecular Mechanisms of Action." International Journal of Endocrinology 2013 (2013): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/601246.
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Small-molecule hormones play crucial roles in the development and in the maintenance of an adult mammalian organism. On the molecular level, they regulate a plethora of biological pathways. Part of their actions depends on their transcription-regulating properties, exerted by highly specific nuclear receptors which are hormone-dependent transcription factors. Nuclear hormone receptors interact with coactivators, corepressors, basal transcription factors, and other transcription factors in order to modulate the activity of target genes in a manner that is dependent on tissue, age and developmental and pathophysiological states. The biological effect of this mechanism becomes apparent not earlier than 30–60 minutes after hormonal stimulus. In addition, small-molecule hormones modify the function of the cell by a number of nongenomic mechanisms, involving interaction with proteins localized in the plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm, as well as with proteins localized in other cellular membranes and in nonnuclear cellular compartments. The identity of such proteins is still under investigation; however, it seems that extranuclear fractions of nuclear hormone receptors commonly serve this function. A direct interaction of small-molecule hormones with membrane phospholipids and with mRNA is also postulated. In these mechanisms, the reaction to hormonal stimulus appears within seconds or minutes.
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Guzeva, Valentina I., Victoria V. Guzeva, and Oksana V. Guzeva. "Comparison of conducted antiepileptic therapy with indicators of hormones level in blood serum of girls with epilepsy." Pediatrician (St. Petersburg) 7, no. 1 (March 15, 2016): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ped7132-42.
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Introduction. Multiple changes in the organism, which are observed in prepubertal and pubertal age, creates the need of clear diagnosis and treatment of the disease based on drugs interactions and their influence on hormonal status. In girls with epilepsy, such studies were not conducted. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of modern antiepileptic drugs on hormonal status in adolescent girls with epilepsy. Materials and methods. In blood of 50 girls aged 8 to 17 years with epilepsy studied levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyrogiobulin antibodies (a/b TG), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), parathyroid hormone (P) and cortisol (C). Treatment in most cases included valproic acid, carbamazepine, and topiramate. The main results of the study. In treatment with use of various drugs detected 2 (9.52 %) significant differences in hormone levels and 7 (33.33 %), significant differences in the width of distribution of hormones values. The highest content of thyroid-stimulating hormone found in girls 8-17 years treated by valproic acid, antibodies to thyroglobulin - treatment without AED, triiodothyronine - use of phenobarbital or benzobarbital, thyroxine - treatment on topiramate, PTH - in girls treated by valproic acid, cortisol in girls 8-13 years - on phenobarbital or benzobarbital, girls 14-17 years old - on oxcarbazepine. In 19 girls with epilepsy within 2-12 months after the first study hormone levels of TSH, a/b TG, T3, T4, C were re-determined. Indicators of hormones in different drug treatment changed according to the initial average content of hormones in all girls in 64.86 % of cases same way as in the first study. Conclusions. Significant difference of all hormones, in the content or width of distributions of their values, was found in girls with epilepsy taking different antiepileptic drugs. Choice of drug, dosage and its correction should be made taking into account its impact on children's hormonal status.
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Chern, L. L., and W. H. Ko. "Effect of light on hormonal regulation of sexual reproduction in Phytophthora parasitica." Canadian Journal of Botany 71, no. 12 (December 1, 1993): 1672–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b93-203.
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A1 and A2 isolates of Phytophthora parasitica were exposed to light at different stages of sexual development to study the mode of action of light on sexual reproduction. Exposure to light during the process of sexual reproduction reduced the number of oospores produced to about 7% of that produced in darkness. Light was inhibitory to production of α hormones but not receptors of these hormones by both A1 and A2 isolates of P. parasitica. However, after being produced, α hormones were stable under light. The number of oospores produced was greatly reduced when A1 and A2 cultures were exposed to light during hormone induction of sexual reproduction but was not affected when the cultures were exposed to light during oospore formation after hormone induction. The results suggest that the effect of light on sexual reproduction in P. parasitica was mainly through inhibition of hormone production and hormone induction of sexual reproduction. Key words: Phytophthora parasitica, light effect, hormonal regulation.
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Krysta, K., A. Bratek, A. Koźmin-Burzyńska, and I. Krupka-Matuszczyk. "Serum hormone levels and cognitive functioning in male schizophrenia patients." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): s256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.650.
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BackgroundHormones deregulation is a common feature in schizophrenia. Among the hormones that gained increased interest are sex hormones, thyroid hormones and prolactin. However, the question whether there is an impact of the hormonal disturbances on cognitive functioning of schizophrenia patients is rarely addressed.ObjectiveTo assess the relationship between serum levels of hormones and cognitive abilities in male schizophrenic patients.Subjects and methodsIn the index group, there were 15 schizophrenia male patients, mean age 36. The control group was formed by 15 healthy volunteers, mean age 36. In the two groups, serum hormones levels were measured and neuropsychological tests were performed. Analysed hormones included thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol, testosterone, progesterone and prolactin. Cognitive abilities were measured with the following tests: Trail Making Test (TMT) Part A and B, Semantic Category Fluency (SCF), Initial Letter Fluency (ILF) and Stroop Task Part 1 and 2.ResultsThe levels of FSH, LH and testosterone were lower in the index group than in the control group (3.01 mIU/mL vs 5.90 mIU/mL; 3.83 mIU/mL vs 5.28 mIU/mL; 2.76 ng/mL vs 4.69 ng/mL; accordingly) while the level of prolactin was higher in the index group (620 uIU/mL vs 118 uIU/mL). Patients performed worse that controls in all neuropsychological tests. The differences in scores of TMT Part B, ILF and Stroop Task Part 2 were found to be statistically significant.ConclusionsThere was no significant relationship between serum level of analysed hormones and performance on cognitive tasks.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Martinovich, V. P., and K. U. Baradzina. "Peptide Hormones in Medicine: A 100-Year History." Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry 48, no. 2 (April 2022): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1068162022020157.
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Abstract This review is devoted to the 100-year history of the investigation of peptide hormones and the creation of drugs on their basis, starting from the insulin discovery and its introduction into a medical practice in 1921. The basic groups of the peptide hormones are discussed: neurohypophyseal hormones, hypothalamic releasing hormones, incretins, insulin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and calcitonin. The first therapeutic agents based on the peptide hormones were created by a traditional approach that involved the isolation of peptides from animal tissues, their purification to individual compounds, determination of their primary structure, their chemical synthesis or their deep purification, and the creation of a pharmaceutical substance. A modern approach to creation of peptide hormone drugs is based on their consideration as ligands of the corresponding cellular receptors and the use of computer modeling, efficient synthesis methods, and high-throughput screening. The combination of these methods enabled the development of analogs which would be more active than the corresponding natural compounds, exhibit other activities in addition to the hormonal regulation, and be resistant to biodegradation. Such therapeutic agents have been designed on the basis of agonistic and antagonistic analogs of somatostatin and luliberin, and have found wide application in hormonal regulation and cancer treatment. Over the past two decades, the glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) has been intensively investigated as a potential therapeutic agent. In our review, we describe modifications which resulted in the most highly effective long-acting drugs. Now, natural hormones and their analogs are widely present in the pharmaceutical market.
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Pereira, Vitória Aparecida da Silva, Andreza Alamon Trindade, Michel Oliveira da Silva, André Dias de Oliveira Fernandes, Juliana Brandão Pinto de Castro, Rodrigo Gomes de Souza Rodrigo Gomes de Souza, and Rogério Santos de Aguiar. "Hormonal changes in strength training during the menstrual cycle: a systematic review." Revista Brasileira de Fisiologia do Exercício 22, no. 1 (September 19, 2023): e225373. http://dx.doi.org/10.33233/rbfex.v22i1.5373.
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Introduction: During the menstrual cycle, women are exposed to continual variations in serum concentrations of various female sex steroid hormones. The fluctuations of the main female hormones, estrogen, progesterone, follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, are essential for regulating ovulatory cycle patterns. In this sense, it is speculated that strength training can stimulate the signaling pathways of essential hormones to regulate the patterns in the different phases of the ovulatory cycle. Objective: To analyze hormonal changes and strength performance in different phases of the menstrual cycle in experienced women undergoing strength training. Methods: A systematic review was carried out following the PRISMA recommendations. The terms “Strength Training”, “Resistance Exercise” and “Menstrual Cycle” were searched in Medline (PubMed), Virtual Health Library (VHL) and ScienceDirect databases. Experimental studies that evaluated hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle in strength training in women trained in resistance exercise were included. Results: From a total of 592 documents, six studies met the inclusion criteria. Interventions in the included studies ranged from 2 to 140 days. The protocols demonstrated that the intervention with strength training provides changes in the hormones progesterone, testosterone, estradiol and ammonia in the follicular and luteal phase. Conclusion: The studies investigated in this review demonstrated that Strength Training induced hormonal and strength increases, in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, in women experienced in strength training.
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Zheng, H., J. J. Kavanagh, W. Hu, Q. Liao, and S. Fu. "Hormonal therapy in ovarian cancer." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 17, no. 2 (2007): 325–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1438.2006.00749.x.
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Ovarian carcinoma continues to be the leading cause of death due to gynecological malignancy. Epidemiologic studies indicate that steroid hormones play roles in ovarian carcinogenesis. Gonadotropins, estrogen, and androgen may be causative factors, while gonadotropin-releasing hormone and progesterone may be protective factors in ovarian cancer pathogenesis. Experimental studies have shown that hormonal receptors are expressed in ovarian cancer cells and mediate the growth-stimulatory or growth-inhibitory effects of the hormones on these cells. Hormonal therapeutic agents have been evaluated in several clinical trials. Most of these trials were conducted in patients with recurrent or refractory ovarian cancer, with modest efficacy and few side effects. Better understanding of the mechanisms through which hormones affect cell growth may improve the efficacy of hormonal therapy. Molecular markers that can reliably predict major clinical outcomes should be investigated further in well-designed trials
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Markova, T. N., E. V. Kosova, and N. K. Mishchenko. "Pituitary disorders in patients with end-stage chronic renal failure." Problems of Endocrinology 69, no. 6 (January 24, 2024): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl13212.
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Disorders in the kidneys lead to disturbance of homeostasis. As the glomerular filtration rate decreases, the metabolism of numerous biologically active substances, including pituitary hormones, decreases. The article presents an overview of pituitary dysfunction in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and discusses the possible reasons of the pathogenetic mechanisms. Particular focus is being given to the assessment of changes in the concentration of pituitary hormones in patients with end-stage chronic kidney disease (CKD) and discusses the pathogenetic mechanisms of their formation. Particular attention is paid to the assessment of changes in the concentration of pituitary hormones in patients receiving renal replacement therapy (RRT). CKD leads to an increase in the level of prolactin, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Concentrations of growth hormone (GH), isulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and vasopressin may remain within normal values or increase in this group of patients. RRT does not reduce the levels of prolactin, LH, FSH, while the concentration of growth hormone, IGF-1, TSH tends to normalize. The content of ACTH and vasopressin may remain unchanged or decrease. Kidney transplantation in most cases corrects hormonal disorders. Correction of hormonal changes can improve the clinical outcome and quality of life of patients with end stage CKD.
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Borsellino, Giovanni, Arturo Buonaguidi, Mario Baroni, Gaetano Elli, Augusta Sonato, Silvano Poma, Stefania Rescalli, and Roberto Mondina. "Plasma Steroid Transport in Subjects with Tumors of Hormonal Target Organs: A Review." Tumori Journal 78, no. 3 (June 1992): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089169207800302.
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Tumors derived from a hormonal target organ are assumed to be stimulated by the same hormone that stimulates the normal target tissue. In spite of attempts to acquire direct indications of a correlation between hormones and cancer, none have been definitive because studies of total and free hormone levels have given contradictory results. For this reason, attention has shifted to the study of plasma binding and transport of hormones, that is, of the proteins responsible for modulation of the hormone effect and thus of hormone bioavailability. The data reviewed indicate that in-depth study of the transport and binding system of sex steroids would give new information about the endocrine characteristics of cancer patients.
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Umesh, Gurjar, Gupta Palak, and Gupta ML. "Effect of Perinatal Asphyxia on Thyroid Stimulating Hormone and Thyroid Hormones." Scholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences 4, no. 7 (July 2016): 2510–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/sjams.2016.4.7.42.
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Krutikova, A. A., E. V. Nikitkina, G. V. Shiriaev, G. K. Peglivanian, A. A. Musidray, and G. S. Nikitin. "The concentration of anti-muller hormone in the blood serum of reindeer depends on the level of sex hormones." International Journal of Veterinary Medicine, no. 4 (December 17, 2023): 438–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.52419/issn2072-2419.2023.4.438.
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Reindeer husbandry is the leading branch of agriculture for the regions of the Far North. Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) remains poorly studied from the point of view of genetics and reproduction, which hinders the intensification of development of the industry. Research is being actively conduct in the field of genetics of the productive qualities of reindeer, but the formation and functioning of its reproductive system has been little study. Hormonal regulation of the reproductive process and the formation of hormonal status at key stages of the reproductive cycle is a significant aspect of animal reproduction. Reindeer are characterized by a pronounced seasonality of reproduction, and the study of hormonal regulation of the reproductive cycle is the main aspect of the further use of assisted reproductive technologies. The work is devoted to the analysis of the level of anti-Mullerian hormone in females during the breeding season. The studies were carried out on reindeer farms of the MAU “Directorate of the Territory of Traditional Natural Resources Management of Soyots”, Buryatia, (female, n=29). The dependence of the concentration of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), which is a generally accepted indicator of the female ovarian reserve, on the concentration of sex hormones (progesterone, estradiol, testosterone and luteinizing hormone) in the blood serum of females was study. Hormone levels were determined by enzyme immunoassay. A higher content of sex hormones - testosterone, estradiol, progesterone and luteinizing hormone was revealed in the group of women with an AMH concentration of >1 ng/ml than in the group of women with an AMH concentration of <1 ng/ml. The significance of the differences in progesterone was p<0.05, and in estradiol – p<0.001. A low concentration of AMH (<1 ng/ml), characterizing a reduced ovarian reserve of female reindeer, corresponds to a reduced concentration of sex hormones that support reproductive function, and, conversely, a high concentration of AMH (>1 ng/ml), and, accordingly, a high ovarian reserve the reserve corresponds to an increased concentration of sex hormones - testosterone, estradiol, progesterone and luteinizing hormone.
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Clapp, Carmen, Stéphanie Thebault, Michael C. Jeziorski, and Gonzalo Martínez De La Escalera. "Peptide Hormone Regulation of Angiogenesis." Physiological Reviews 89, no. 4 (October 2009): 1177–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00024.2009.
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It is now apparent that regulation of blood vessel growth contributes to the classical actions of hormones on development, growth, and reproduction. Endothelial cells are ideally positioned to respond to hormones, which act in concert with locally produced chemical mediators to regulate their growth, motility, function, and survival. Hormones affect angiogenesis either directly through actions on endothelial cells or indirectly by regulating proangiogenic factors like vascular endothelial growth factor. Importantly, the local microenvironment of endothelial cells can determine the outcome of hormone action on angiogenesis. Members of the growth hormone/prolactin/placental lactogen, the renin-angiotensin, and the kallikrein-kinin systems that exert stimulatory effects on angiogenesis can acquire antiangiogenic properties after undergoing proteolytic cleavage. In view of the opposing effects of hormonal fragments and precursor molecules, the regulation of the proteases responsible for specific protein cleavage represents an efficient mechanism for balancing angiogenesis. This review presents an overview of the actions on angiogenesis of the above-mentioned peptide hormonal families and addresses how specific proteolysis alters the final outcome of these actions in the context of health and disease.
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Owecka, Barbara, Agata Tomaszewska, Krzysztof Dobrzeniecki, and Maciej Owecki. "The Hormonal Background of Hair Loss in Non-Scarring Alopecias." Biomedicines 12, no. 3 (February 24, 2024): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12030513.
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Hair loss is a common clinical condition connected with serious psychological distress and reduced quality of life. Hormones play an essential role in the regulation of the hair growth cycle. This review focuses on the hormonal background of hair loss, including pathophysiology, underlying endocrine disorders, and possible treatment options for alopecia. In particular, the role of androgens, including dihydrotestosterone (DHT), testosterone (T), androstenedione (A4), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and its sulfate (DHEAS), has been studied in the context of androgenetic alopecia. Androgen excess may cause miniaturization of hair follicles (HFs) in the scalp. Moreover, hair loss may occur in the case of estrogen deficiency, appearing naturally during menopause. Also, thyroid hormones and thyroid dysfunctions are linked with the most common types of alopecia, including telogen effluvium (TE), alopecia areata (AA), and androgenetic alopecia. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis hormones (corticotropin-releasing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol) in stress-induced alopecia. This article also briefly discusses hormonal therapies, including 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors (finasteride, dutasteride), spironolactone, bicalutamide, estrogens, and others.
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Crona, Joakim, Olov Norlén, Pantelis Antonodimitrakis, Staffan Welin, Peter Stålberg, and Barbro Eriksson. "Multiple and Secondary Hormone Secretion in Patients With Metastatic Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumours." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 101, no. 2 (February 1, 2016): 445–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-2436.
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Abstract Context: As a group, neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) secrete many different peptide hormones, yet heretofore each NET patient is typically thought to produce at most one hormone that causes a distinct hormonal syndrome. A minority of patients have multiple hormones at diagnosis and may also develop secondary hormone secretion at a later stage. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to determine the frequency and to describe the impact of multiple and secondary hormone secretion in sporadic gasteroenteropancreatic NET patients. Design, Setting, and Participants: This was a retrospective analysis of patients (n = 972) with gasteroenteropancreatic NET treated at Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden. Patients with the secretion of multiple hormones at diagnosis and/or those developing secondary hormone secretion during the disease course were identified and studied in further detail. Results: In pancreatic NETs (PNETs), a total of 19 of 323 patients (6%) had secretion of multiple hormones at diagnosis, and 14 of 323 (4%) had secondary changes during the disease course. These phenomena occurred exclusively in patients with an advanced disease stage, and secondary hormones were detected in a close time span with progressive disease. Patients with secondary insulin hypersecretion had increased morbidity as well as reduced survival (P < .002). In contrast, multiple and secondary hormone secretion was rarely seen in NETs of the small intestine with 0 and 1 of 603 cases, respectively. Conclusion: Diversity of PNET hormone secretion either at diagnosis or during the disease course occurred in a minority of patients (9.3%). These phenomena had a major impact on patient outcome both through increased morbidity and mortality. Our results support that patients with metastatic PNETs should be monitored for clinical symptoms of secondary hormone secretion during the disease course.
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Banks, William A. "Brain Meets Body: The Blood-Brain Barrier as an Endocrine Interface." Endocrinology 153, no. 9 (September 1, 2012): 4111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2012-1435.
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The blood-brain barrier (BBB) separates the central nervous system (CNS) from the peripheral tissues. However, this does not prevent hormones from entering the brain, but shifts the main control of entry to the BBB. In general, steroid hormones cross the BBB by transmembrane diffusion, a nonsaturable process resulting in brain levels that reflect blood levels, whereas thyroid hormones and many peptides and regulatory proteins cross using transporters, a saturable process resulting in brain levels that reflect blood levels and transporter characteristics. Protein binding, brain-to-blood transport, and pharmacokinetics modulate BBB penetration. Some hormones have the opposite effect within the CNS than they do in the periphery, suggesting that these hormones cross the BBB to act as their own counterregulators. The cells making up the BBB are also endocrine like, both responding to circulating substances and secreting substances into the circulation and CNS. By dividing a hormone's receptors into central and peripheral pools, the former of which may not be part of the hormone's negative feed back loop, the BBB fosters the development of variable hormone resistance syndromes, as exemplified by evidence that altered insulin action in the CNS can contribute to Alzheimer's disease. In summary, the BBB acts as a regulatory interface in an endocrine-like, humoral-based communication between the CNS and peripheral tissues.
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Bjelica, Artur, Aleksandra Kapamadzija, and Milana Maticki-Sekulic. "Hormones and female sexuality." Medical review 56, no. 9-10 (2003): 446–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0310446b.
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Introduction In contrast to animal species in which linear relationships exist between hormonal status and sexual behaviour sexuality in human population is not determined so simply by the level of sexual steroids. The article analyses female sexuality in the light of hormonal status. Administration of sexual steroids during pregnancy and sexual differentiation High doses of gestagens, especially those with high androgen activity, widely used against miscarriages may lead to tomboys, but without differences in sexual orientation. However, it has been observed that the frequency of bisexual and lesbian women is higher in women with congenital adrenogenital syndrome. Hormones sexual desire and sexuality during menstrual cycle It has been established that sexual desire, autoeroticism and sexual fantasies in women depend on androgen levels. There are a lot of reports claiming that sexual desire varies during the menstrual cycle. Hormonal contraception and sexuality Most patients using birth control pills present with decreased libido. But, there are reports that progestagens with antiandrogenic effect in contraceptive pills do not affect sexual desire. Hormonal changes in peri- and postmenopausal period and sexuality Decreased levels of estrogen and testosterone in older women are associated with decreased libido, sensitivity and erotic stimuli. Sexuality and hormone replacement therapy Hormonal therapy with estrogen is efficient in reference to genital atrophy, but not to sexual desire. Really increased libido is achieved using androgens. Also, therapy with dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and tibolone have positive effects on female libido. Conclusion Effect of sexual steroids on sexual sphere of women is very complex. The association between hormones and sexuality is multidimensional, as several hormones are important in regulation of sexual behaviour. Still, it should be pointed out that sexuality is in the domain of hormonal, emotional-motivational and social factors.
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De Feo, Pierpaolo. "Hormonal regulation of human protein metabolism." European Journal of Endocrinology 135, no. 1 (July 1996): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1350007.
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De Feo P. Hormonal regulation of human protein metabolism. Eur J Endocrinol 1996:135:7–18. ISSN 0804–4643 This review focuses on the effects of hormones on protein kinetics in humans. Most of the recent knowledge on the regulation of protein metabolism in humans has been obtained by tracing protein kinetics in vivo, using labelled isotopes of essential or non-essential amino acids. This technique allows the rates of the whole-body protein synthesis and breakdown to be estimated together with amino acid oxidation and the fractional synthetic rates of mixed muscle proteins or of single plasma proteins. Changes induced within these parameters by hormonal administration or endocrine diseases are also discussed. Hormones, on the basis of their net effect on protein balance (protein synthesis minus protein breakdown), are divided into two categories: those provided with an anabolic action and those with a prevalent catabolic action. The effects on protein metabolism of the following hormones are reviewed: insulin, growth hormone, IGF-I, adrenaline, androgens, estrogens, progesterone, glucagon, glucocorticosteroids, thyroid hormones. The review concludes with a report on the effects of multiple hormonal infusions on whole-body protein kinetics and a discussion on the potential role played by the concomitant increase of several hormones in the pathogenesis of protein wasting that complicates stress diseases. Pierpaolo De Feo, DIMISEM, Via E. Dal Pozzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy
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Kim, Bo Hye, Yena Joo, Min-Seon Kim, Han Kyoung Choe, Qingchun Tong, and Obin Kwon. "Effects of Intermittent Fasting on the Circulating Levels and Circadian Rhythms of Hormones." Endocrinology and Metabolism 36, no. 4 (August 31, 2021): 745–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3803/enm.2021.405.
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Intermittent fasting has become an increasingly popular strategy in losing weight and associated reduction in obesity-related medical complications. Overwhelming studies support metabolic improvements from intermittent fasting in blood glucose levels, cardiac and brain function, and other health benefits, in addition to weight loss. However, concerns have also been raised on side effects including muscle loss, ketosis, and electrolyte imbalance. Of particular concern, the effect of intermittent fasting on hormonal circadian rhythms has received little attention. Given the known importance of circadian hormonal changes to normal physiology, potential detrimental effects by dysregulation of hormonal changes deserve careful discussions. In this review, we describe the changes in circadian rhythms of hormones caused by intermittent fasting. We covered major hormones commonly pathophysiologically involved in clinical endocrinology, including insulin, thyroid hormones, and glucocorticoids. Given that intermittent fasting could alter both the level and frequency of hormone secretion, decisions on practicing intermittent fasting should take more considerations on potential detrimental consequences versus beneficial effects pertaining to individual health conditions.
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Beyer-Westendorf, Jan, Rupert Bauersachs, Viola Hach-Wunderle, Rainer B. Zotz, and Hannelore Rott. "Sex hormones and venous thromboembolism – from contraception to hormone replacement therapy." Vasa 47, no. 6 (October 1, 2018): 441–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526/a000726.
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Abstract. The use of sex hormones such as combined oral contraceptives (COC) or hormone replacement therapy (HRT) increases the risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE) considerably, especially in patients with an increased intrinsic risk for thromboembolic complications. Despite public and media attention and increasing scientific evidence, prescription patterns seem to be hard to change. It is well recognized that the patient’s baseline risk is the most relevant factor in the absolute risk for developing VTE. The relative risk increase associated with sex hormones, depends on the type and dosage of hormones, the route of application (oral, vaginal, transdermal), and for COC, on the specific combination of oestrogen and gestagen components. Consequently, a careful decision for or against any specific type of hormone treatment needs to be based on an assessment of the patient’s risk profile (disposition) as well as on the treatment-associated risks and benefits (exposition). This review discusses the most common sex hormone treatments in contraception and HRT, the relevance for VTE risk patients, and strategies to counsel patients with regard to hormone use according to their risk profiles. Keywords: Oral contraceptives, hormonal contraception, hormone replacement therapy, venous thromboembolism
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Iwan, Karolina, Alicja Bielak, Jakub Gryta, Martyna Janczewska, Maria Kalicka, Agata Kolasa, Tomasz Krysa, Zuzanna Radziejowska, and Magdalena Szklarz. "How do eating disorders can affect the endocrine system? - literature review." Journal of Education, Health and Sport 37, no. 1 (August 8, 2023): 140–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2023.37.01.011.
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Introduction: Eating disorders (ED) are complex psychological disorders with low rates of detection and early intervention. High rates of morbidity and mortality in eating disorders, especially anorexia nervosa (AN), is still continued. ED mostly refers to adolescent and lead to many significant complications, including many changes in endocrine system. Hormonal disorders in AN occur among sex hormones, thyroid hormones, adrenal hormones, growth hormones, as well as the entire hypothalamic-pituitary axis.
Purpose of the study: The aim of this study is to collect and summarize the latest views on endocrine dysregulation in anorexia nervosa and highlights the complications associated with it.
Material and method: Literature review was performed in English different databases, using keywords: eating disorders, anorexia nervosa, menstruation, menses, irregular menstruation, estrogen, bone mineral density, cortisol, hipercortisolemia, insulin, leptin, ghrelin, growth hormone, thyroid, tyrosine.
Results and conclusions: In our systematic review we would like to present the most significant hormone dysregulation in anorexia nervosa and how they can affect the whole organism, such as gonadal axis disregulation, menstrual disorders, bone mineral density, hipercortisolemia, hypoglycemia and other that anorexia nervosa may cause. The phenomenon of eating disorder is becoming more and more frequent – for this reason it is important to put attention to that and be aware of many complication ED can lead to, including hormonal changes.
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G, Csaba. "Environmental Pollution and Non-Perinatal Faulty Hormonal Imprinting: A Critical Review." Integrative Pediatrics and Child Care 1, no. 1 (November 13, 2018): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18314/ipcc.v1i1.1419.
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The perinatal hormonal imprinting takes place perinatally, when the developing hormone receptors meet the hormones of the newborn and this suits the normal receptor-hormone connections for life. In this period the developmental window for imprinting is open and the receptors can be cheated by hormone-related exogeneous molecules, provoking faulty hormonal imprinting with lifelong consequences, as alteration of receptor binding capacity and hormone production, functional changes, altered sexual behavior, immunological alterations and inclination to or manifestation of diseases. However, there are other critical periods of life, when the window is open, as weaning, adolescence, regeneration in adults as well, as in continously dividing cells. The most sensitive non-perinatal critical period is the adolescence. In these periods hormone-like endocrine disruptors (e.g. bisphenol A, benzpyrene, pesticides and herbicides, soy isoflavones, medically used synthetic hormones etc) are provoking faulty hormonal imprinting with lifelong consequences. The hormonal imprinting is an epigenetic process, which is inherited to the progeny cells of the organism and to the offspring of the organism, by which it can chip in the evolution. The non-perinatal faulty hormonal imprinting is justified in animal experiments and seems to be likely in case of survivors of childhood cancer treatment. Similar to the faulty perinatal hormonal imprinting, the late (non-perinatal) faulty imprinting can participate in the provocation of later manifested diseases.
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REHFELD, JENS F. "The New Biology of Gastrointestinal Hormones." Physiological Reviews 78, no. 4 (October 1, 1998): 1087–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1998.78.4.1087.
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Rehfeld, Jens F. The New Biology of Gastrointestinal Hormones. Physiol. Rev. 78: 1087–1108, 1998. — The classic concept of gastrointestinal endocrinology is that of a few peptides released to the circulation from endocrine cells, which are interspersed among other mucosal cells in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Today more than 30 peptide hormone genes are known to be expressed throughout the digestive tract, which makes the gut the largest endocrine organ in the body. Moreover, development in cell and molecular biology now makes it feasible to describe a new biology for gastrointestinal hormones based on five characteristics. 1) The structural homology groups the hormones into families, each of which is assumed to originate from a common ancestral gene. 2) The individual hormone gene is often expressed in multiple bioactive peptides due to tandem genes encoding different hormonal peptides, alternative splicing of the primary transcript, or differentiated processing of the primary translation product. By these mechanisms, more than 100 different hormonally active peptides are produced in the gastrointestinal tract. 3) In addition, gut hormone genes are widely expressed, also outside the gut. Some are expressed only in neuroendocrine cells, whereas others are expressed in a multitude of different cells, including cancer cells. 4) The different cell types often express different products of the same gene, “cell-specific expression.” 5) Finally, gastrointestinal hormone-producing cells release the peptides in different ways, so the same peptide may act as an acute blood-borne hormone, as a local growth factor, as a neurotransmitter, and as a fertility factor. The new biology suggests that gastrointestinal hormones should be conceived as intercellular messengers of general physiological impact rather than as local regulators of the upper digestive tract.
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Berliere, Martine, Maximilienne Coche, Camille Lacroix, Julia Riggi, Maude Coyette, Julien Coulie, Christine Galant, et al. "Effects of Hormones on Breast Development and Breast Cancer Risk in Transgender Women." Cancers 15, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers15010245.
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Transgender women experience gender dysphoria due to a gender assignment at birth that is incongruent with their gender identity. Transgender people undergo different surgical procedures and receive sex steroids hormones to reduce psychological distress and to induce and maintain desired physical changes. These persons on feminizing hormones represent a unique population to study the hormonal effects on breast development, to evaluate the risk of breast cancer and perhaps to better understand the precise role played by different hormonal components. In MTF (male to female) patients, hormonal treatment usually consists of antiandrogens and estrogens. Exogenous hormones induce breast development with the formation of ducts and lobules and an increase in the deposition of fat. A search of the existing literature dedicated to hormone regimens for MTF patients, their impact on breast tissue (incidence and type of breast lesions) and breast cancer risk provided the available information for this review. The evaluation of breast cancer risk is currently complicated by the heterogeneity of administered treatments and a lack of long-term follow-up in the great majority of studies. Large studies with longer follow-up are required to better evaluate the breast cancer risk and to understand the precise mechanisms on breast development of each exogenous hormone.
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Mitra, Saikat, Mashia Subha Lami, Avoy Ghosh, Rajib Das, Trina Ekawati Tallei, Fatimawali, Fahadul Islam, et al. "Hormonal Therapy for Gynecological Cancers: How Far Has Science Progressed toward Clinical Applications?" Cancers 14, no. 3 (February 1, 2022): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14030759.
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In recent years, hormone therapy has been shown to be a remarkable treatment option for cancer. Hormone treatment for gynecological cancers involves the use of medications that reduce the level of hormones or inhibit their biological activity, thereby stopping or slowing cancer growth. Hormone treatment works by preventing hormones from causing cancer cells to multiply. Aromatase inhibitors, anti-estrogens, progestin, estrogen receptor (ER) antagonists, GnRH agonists, and progestogen are effectively used as therapeutics for vulvar cancer, cervical cancer, vaginal cancer, uterine cancer, and ovarian cancer. Hormone replacement therapy has a high success rate. In particular, progestogen and estrogen replacement are associated with a decreased incidence of gynecological cancers in women infected with human papillomavirus (HPV). The activation of estrogen via the transcriptional functionality of ERα may either be promoted or decreased by gene products of HPV. Hormonal treatment is frequently administered to patients with hormone-sensitive recurring or metastatic gynecologic malignancies, although response rates and therapeutic outcomes are inconsistent. Therefore, this review outlines the use of hormonal therapy for gynecological cancers and identifies the current knowledge gaps.
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Núñez, Francisco, María J. Maraver, and Lorenza S. Colzato. "Sex Hormones as Cognitive Enhancers?" Journal of Cognitive Enhancement 4, no. 2 (December 10, 2019): 228–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41465-019-00156-1.
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AbstractUnderstanding the differences in the way women and men think has made headway thanks to experiments showing how sex hormones influence cognitive capacities. Masculine and feminine sex hormones (androgens and estrogens, respectively) affect cognition in different ways and may account for some of the gender differences in cognitive abilities, allowing men and women to perform better in certain cognitive tests. In this opinion article, we discuss studies addressing differences in cognitive functions between males and females and the underlying neural substrates, as well as the effects of sex hormone supplementation. Even though some studies on patients receiving exogenous sex hormones showed gender differences that emerge at group levels on a few cognitive tasks, it is not yet clear whether these differences can be partially attributed to hormonal causes. Supplementation of female estrogen can enhance verbal skills, whereas masculine androgen can increase performance in mathematical and visuospatial tasks. Studies of the administration of exogenous sex hormones have allowed further insight into the use of sex hormones as possible cognitive enhancers.
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Viegas, F. Gonçalves, F. Ferreira, I. Figueiredo, and A. Lourenço. "To what extent do sexual hormones influence bipolar disorder?" European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1650.
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IntroductionIt is known that female reproductive events and hormonal treatments can impact the course of bipolar disorder (BD) in women, some of whom are more vulnerable to the development of mood instability under periods of hormonal fluctuation. The mechanisms involved are, however, largely unknown. The aim of this work is to review the impact of sexual hormones on the course of BD, regarding a clinical case.ObjectivesTo explore the role of sexual hormones in BD.MethodsLiterature review using Medline database.ResultsThis is a case of a 36-year-old woman with type 1 BD who develops a manic episode after starting oral contraception (OC). This episode remitted with suspension of the pill. Estrogen and progesterone are involved in various aspects of brain function, such as brain development, synaptic plasticity, and modulation of neurotransmitter systems. Studies indicate that there is a relationship between ovarian hormones and intracellular signaling systems involved in the pathophysiology of BD. However, research on OC use in patients with mood disorders is limited. Recent studies state that OC aren’t associated with a worse clinical course and don’t negatively influence BD, while other studies show there is a subgroup of bipolar women that improve with hormonal stability, while others get worse.ConclusionsFurther studies are needed to determine possible relationships between sexual hormones and BD, and it is essential to identify patients vulnerable to these risks by measuring baseline hormone levels, assessing hormone sensitivity through a history of mood changes during menstrual cycle and a history of previous mental health problems.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
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Xu, Fengyuan, Jialu Shi, Xueyun Qin, Zimeng Zheng, Min Chen, Zhi Lin, Jiangfeng Ye, and Mingqing Li. "Hormone-Glutamine Metabolism: A Critical Regulatory Axis in Endocrine-Related Cancers." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 17 (September 3, 2022): 10086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231710086.
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The endocrine-related cancers and hormones are undoubtedly highly interconnected. How hormones support or repress tumor induction and progression has been extensively profiled. Furthermore, advances in understanding the role of glutamine metabolism in mediating tumorigenesis and development, coupled with these in-depth studies on hormone (e.g., estrogen, progesterone, androgen, prostaglandin, thyroid hormone, and insulin) regulation of glutamine metabolism, have led us to think about the relationship between these three factors, which remains to be elucidated. Accordingly, in this review, we present an updated overview of glutamine metabolism traits and its influence on endocrine oncology, as well as its upstream hormonal regulation. More importantly, this hormone/glutamine metabolism axis may help in the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies for endocrine-related cancer.
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Ulisse, Salvatore, Enke Baldini, Daniele Pironi, Federica Gagliardi, Domenico Tripodi, Augusto Lauro, Sabino Carbotta, et al. "Is Melanoma Progression Affected by Thyroid Diseases?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 17 (September 2, 2022): 10036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231710036.
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Clinical and epidemiological evidence indicate a relationship between thyroid diseases and melanoma. In particular, the hypothyroidism condition appears to promote melanoma spread, which suggests a protective role of thyroid hormones against disease progression. In addition, experimental data suggest that, in addition to thyroid hormones, other hormonal players of the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis, namely the thyrotropin releasing hormone and the thyrotropin, are likely to affect melanoma cells behavior. This information warrants further clinical and experimental studies in order to build a precise pattern of action of the HPT hormones on melanoma cells. An improved knowledge of the involved molecular mechanism(s) could lead to a better and possibly personalized clinical management of these patients.