Journal articles: 'Horizontal transfer of resistance genes'

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Lerminiaux, Nicole A., and Andrew D. S. Cameron. "Horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in clinical environments." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 65, no. 1 (January 2019): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2018-0275.

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A global medical crisis is unfolding as antibiotics lose effectiveness against a growing number of bacterial pathogens. Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) contributes significantly to the rapid spread of resistance, yet the transmission dynamics of genes that confer antibiotic resistance are poorly understood. Multiple mechanisms of HGT liberate genes from normal vertical inheritance. Conjugation by plasmids, transduction by bacteriophages, and natural transformation by extracellular DNA each allow genetic material to jump between strains and species. Thus, HGT adds an important dimension to infectious disease whereby an antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) can be the agent of an outbreak by transferring resistance to multiple unrelated pathogens. Here, we review the small number of cases where HGT has been detected in clinical environments. We discuss differences and synergies between the spread of plasmid-borne and chromosomal ARGs, with a special consideration of the difficulties of detecting transduction and transformation by routine genetic diagnostics. We highlight how 11 of the top 12 priority antibiotic-resistant pathogens are known or predicted to be naturally transformable, raising the possibility that this mechanism of HGT makes significant contributions to the spread of ARGs. HGT drives the evolution of untreatable “superbugs” by concentrating ARGs together in the same cell, thus HGT must be included in strategies to prevent the emergence of resistant organisms in hospitals and other clinical settings.

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Yang, Dong, Jingfeng Wang, Zhigang Qiu, Min Jin, Zhiqiang Shen, Zhaoli Chen, Xinwei Wang, Bin Zhang, and Jun-Wen Li. "Horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in a membrane bioreactor." Journal of Biotechnology 167, no. 4 (September 2013): 441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.08.004.

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Shoeb, Erum, Uzma Badar, Jameela Akhter, Hina Shams, Maria Sultana, and Maqsood A. Ansari. "Horizontal gene transfer of stress resistance genes through plasmid transport." World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 28, no. 3 (September 29, 2011): 1021–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11274-011-0900-6.

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Kleter, Gijs A., Ad A. C. M. Peijnenburg, and Henk J. M. Aarts. "Health Considerations Regarding Horizontal Transfer of Microbial Transgenes Present in Genetically Modified Crops." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2005, no. 4 (2005): 326–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/jbb.2005.326.

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The potential effects of horizontal gene transfer on human health are an important item in the safety assessment of genetically modified organisms. Horizontal gene transfer from genetically modified crops to gut microflora most likely occurs with transgenes of microbial origin. The characteristics of microbial transgenes other than antibiotic-resistance genes in market-approved genetically modified crops are reviewed. These characteristics include the microbial source, natural function, function in genetically modified crops, natural prevalence, geographical distribution, similarity to other microbial genes, known horizontal transfer activity, selective conditions and environments for horizontally transferred genes, and potential contribution to pathogenicity and virulence in humans and animals. The assessment of this set of data for each of the microbial genes reviewed does not give rise to health concerns. We recommend including the above-mentioned items into the premarket safety assessment of genetically modified crops carrying transgenes other than those reviewed in the present study.

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McInnes, Ross S., Gregory E. McCallum, Lisa E. Lamberte, and Willem van Schaik. "Horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in the human gut microbiome." Current Opinion in Microbiology 53 (February 2020): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2020.02.002.

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Zhang, Hongna, Jingbo Liu, Lei Wang, and Zhenzhen Zhai. "Glyphosate escalates horizontal transfer of conjugative plasmid harboring antibiotic resistance genes." Bioengineered 12, no. 1 (December 21, 2020): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21655979.2020.1862995.

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Jia, Yuqian, Zhiqiang Wang, Dan Fang, Bingqing Yang, Ruichao Li, and Yuan Liu. "Acetaminophen promotes horizontal transfer of plasmid-borne multiple antibiotic resistance genes." Science of The Total Environment 782 (August 2021): 146916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146916.

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Froehlich, Barbara, Erik Holtzapple, Timothy D. Read, and June R. Scott. "Horizontal Transfer of CS1 Pilin Genes of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli." Journal of Bacteriology 186, no. 10 (May 15, 2004): 3230–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.10.3230-3237.2004.

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ABSTRACT CS1 is one of a limited number of serologically distinct pili found in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains associated with disease in people. The genes for the CS1 pilus are on a large plasmid, pCoo. We show that pCoo is not self-transmissible, although our sequence determination for part of pCoo shows regions almost identical to those in the conjugative drug resistance plasmid R64. When we introduced R64 into a strain containing pCoo, we found that pCoo was transferred to a recipient strain in mating. Most of the transconjugant pCoo plasmids result from recombination with R64, leading to acquisition of functional copies of all of the R64 transfer genes. Temporary coresidence of the drug resistance plasmid R64 with pCoo leads to a permanent change in pCoo so that it is now self-transmissible. We conclude that when R64-like plasmids are transmitted to an ETEC strain containing pCoo, their recombination may allow for spread of the pCoo plasmid to other enteric bacteria.

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Basim, Huseyin, Robert E. Stall, Gerald V. Minsavage, and Jeffrey B. Jones. "Chromosomal Gene Transfer by Conjugation in the Plant Pathogen Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria." Phytopathology® 89, no. 11 (November 1999): 1044–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1999.89.11.1044.

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Genes for copper resistance, located on the chromosome of strain XvP26 of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria, were transferred by conjugation to a recipient strain of the bacterium. The chromosomal gene transfer was verified by analyses of the genomes of donor, recipient, and putative transconjugants for plasmid profiles, by polymorphism of DNA bands obtained by digesting total genomic DNA by a rare-cutting endonuclease and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and by Southern hybridization with a probe containing the copper genes. Transfer of kanamycin resistance to a recipient strain, associated with Tn5 insertion into the chromosome of another strain of the bacterial spot pathogen, was also verified. The frequency of kanamycin resistance transfer to recipient was more than 75 times greater in pepper leaves than in vitro. The transfer of chromosomal sequences containing the hypersensitive reaction and pathogenicity (hrp) genes and pigmentation (pig) genes was linked with transfer of kanamycin resistance (Tn5). Horizontal transfer in planta of the chromosomal genes (i.e., cop, pig, hrp, and Tn5 sequences) among strains of X. axonopodis pv. vesicatoria means that horizontal chromosomal gene transfer is possible in nature. This type of gene transfer may explain the presence of great diversity among strains of the bacterial spot pathogen in terms of DNA polymorphism and may also explain the apparent horizontal transfer of hrp sequences among pathovars of Xanthomonas.

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Shoemaker, N. B., H. Vlamakis, K. Hayes, and A. A. Salyers. "Evidence for Extensive Resistance Gene Transfer amongBacteroides spp. and among Bacteroides and Other Genera in the Human Colon." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 561–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.2.561-568.2001.

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ABSTRACT Transfer of antibiotic resistance genes by conjugation is thought to play an important role in the spread of resistance. Yet virtually no information is available about the extent to which such horizontal transfers occur in natural settings. In this paper, we show that conjugal gene transfer has made a major contribution to increased antibiotic resistance in Bacteroides species, a numerically predominant group of human colonic bacteria. Over the past 3 decades, carriage of the tetracycline resistance gene, tetQ, has increased from about 30% to more than 80% of strains. Alleles oftetQ in different Bacteroides species, with one exception, were 96 to 100% identical at the DNA sequence level, as expected if horizontal gene transfer was responsible for their spread. Southern blot analyses showed further that transfer of tetQwas mediated by a conjugative transposon (CTn) of the CTnDOT type. Carriage of two erythromycin resistance genes, ermF andermG, rose from <2 to 23% and accounted for about 70% of the total erythromycin resistances observed. Carriage oftetQ and the erm genes was the same in isolates taken from healthy people with no recent history of antibiotic use as in isolates obtained from patients with Bacteroidesinfections. This finding indicates that resistance transfer is occurring in the community and not just in clinical environments. The high percentage of strains that are carrying these resistance genes in people who are not taking antibiotics is consistent with the hypothesis that once acquired, these resistance genes are stably maintained in the absence of antibiotic selection. Six recently isolated strains carriedermB genes. Two were identical to erm(B)-P fromClostridium perfringens, and the other four had only one to three mismatches. The nine strains with ermG genes had DNA sequences that were more than 99% identical to the ermG ofBacillus sphaericus. Evidently, there is a genetic conduit open between gram-positive bacteria, including bacteria that only pass through the human colon, and the gram-negative Bacteroidesspecies. Our results support the hypothesis that extensive gene transfer occurs among bacteria in the human colon, both within the genus Bacteroides and among Bacteroides species and gram-positive bacteria.

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Shousha, Amira, Nattakarn Awaiwanont, Dmitrij Sofka, Frans J. M. Smulders, Peter Paulsen, Michael P. Szostak, Tom Humphrey, and Friederike Hilbert. "Bacteriophages Isolated from Chicken Meat and the Horizontal Transfer of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 14 (May 1, 2015): 4600–4606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00872-15.

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ABSTRACTAntimicrobial resistance in microbes poses a global and increasing threat to public health. The horizontal transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes was thought to be due largely to conjugative plasmids or transposons, with only a minor part being played by transduction through bacteriophages. However, whole-genome sequencing has recently shown that the latter mechanism could be highly important in the exchange of antimicrobial resistance genes between microorganisms and environments. The transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes by phages could underlie the origin of resistant bacteria found in food. We show that chicken meat carries a number of phages capable of transferring antimicrobial resistance. Of 243 phages randomly isolated from chicken meat, about a quarter (24.7%) were able to transduce resistance to one or more of the five antimicrobials tested intoEscherichia coliATCC 13706 (DSM 12242). Resistance to kanamycin was transduced the most often, followed by that to chloramphenicol, with four phages transducing tetracycline resistance and three transducing ampicillin resistance. Phages able to transduce antimicrobial resistance were isolated from 44% of the samples of chicken meat that we tested. The statistically significant (P= 0.01) relationship between the presence of phages transducing kanamycin resistance andE. coliisolates resistant to this antibiotic suggests that transduction may be an important mechanism for transferring kanamycin resistance toE. coli. It appears that the transduction of resistance to certain antimicrobials, e.g., kanamycin, not only is widely distributed inE. coliisolates found on meat but also could represent a major mechanism for resistance transfer. The result is of high importance for animal and human health.

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van Schaik, Willem. "The human gut resistome." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1670 (June 5, 2015): 20140087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0087.

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In recent decades, the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance among bacterial pathogens has become a major threat to public health. Bacteria can acquire antibiotic resistance genes by the mobilization and transfer of resistance genes from a donor strain. The human gut contains a densely populated microbial ecosystem, termed the gut microbiota, which offers ample opportunities for the horizontal transfer of genetic material, including antibiotic resistance genes. Recent technological advances allow microbiota-wide studies into the diversity and dynamics of the antibiotic resistance genes that are harboured by the gut microbiota (‘the gut resistome’). Genes conferring resistance to antibiotics are ubiquitously present among the gut microbiota of humans and most resistance genes are harboured by strictly anaerobic gut commensals. The horizontal transfer of genetic material, including antibiotic resistance genes, through conjugation and transduction is a frequent event in the gut microbiota, but mostly involves non-pathogenic gut commensals as these dominate the microbiota of healthy individuals. Resistance gene transfer from commensals to gut-dwelling opportunistic pathogens appears to be a relatively rare event but may contribute to the emergence of multi-drug resistant strains, as is illustrated by the vancomycin resistance determinants that are shared by anaerobic gut commensals and the nosocomial pathogen Enterococcus faecium .

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Leclerc, Quentin J., Jodi A. Lindsay, and Gwenan M. Knight. "Mathematical modelling to study the horizontal transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes in bacteria: current state of the field and recommendations." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 16, no. 157 (August 2019): 20190260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2019.0260.

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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the greatest public health challenges we are currently facing. To develop effective interventions against this, it is essential to understand the processes behind the spread of AMR. These are partly dependent on the dynamics of horizontal transfer of resistance genes between bacteria, which can occur by conjugation (direct contact), transformation (uptake from the environment) or transduction (mediated by bacteriophages). Mathematical modelling is a powerful tool to investigate the dynamics of AMR; however, the extent of its use to study the horizontal transfer of AMR genes is currently unclear. In this systematic review, we searched for mathematical modelling studies that focused on horizontal transfer of AMR genes. We compared their aims and methods using a list of predetermined criteria and used our results to assess the current state of this research field. Of the 43 studies we identified, most focused on the transfer of single genes by conjugation in Escherichia coli in culture and its impact on the bacterial evolutionary dynamics. Our findings highlight the existence of an important research gap in the dynamics of transformation and transduction and the overall public health implications of horizontal transfer of AMR genes. To further develop this field and improve our ability to control AMR, it is essential that we clarify the structural complexity required to study the dynamics of horizontal gene transfer, which will require cooperation between microbiologists and modellers.

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Xiao, Xiang, Xiao-Lin Ma, Xue Han, Li-Jun Wu, Chang Liu, and Han-Qing Yu. "TiO2 photoexcitation promoted horizontal transfer of resistance genes mediated by phage transduction." Science of The Total Environment 760 (March 2021): 144040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144040.

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Wang, Xiaolong, Fengxia Yang, Jing Zhao, Yan Xu, Daqing Mao, Xiao Zhu, Yi Luo, and P. J. J. Alvarez. "Bacterial exposure to ZnO nanoparticles facilitates horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes." NanoImpact 10 (April 2018): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2017.11.006.

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Fang, Jing, Liang Jin, Qingkang Meng, Shengdao Shan, Dengjun Wang, and Daohui Lin. "Biochar effectively inhibits the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes via transformation." Journal of Hazardous Materials 423 (February 2022): 127150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127150.

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Kouzel, Nadzeya, Enno R. Oldewurtel, and Berenike Maier. "Gene Transfer Efficiency in Gonococcal Biofilms: Role of Biofilm Age, Architecture, and Pilin Antigenic Variation." Journal of Bacteriology 197, no. 14 (May 11, 2015): 2422–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00171-15.

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ABSTRACTExtracellular DNA is an important structural component of many bacterial biofilms. It is unknown, however, to which extent external DNA is used to transfer genes by means of transformation. Here, we quantified the acquisition of multidrug resistance and visualized its spread under selective and nonselective conditions in biofilms formed byNeisseria gonorrhoeae. The density and architecture of the biofilms were controlled by microstructuring the substratum for bacterial adhesion. Horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes between cocultured strains, each carrying a single resistance, occurred efficiently in early biofilms. The efficiency of gene transfer was higher in early biofilms than between planktonic cells. It was strongly reduced after 24 h and independent of biofilm density. Pilin antigenic variation caused a high fraction of nonpiliated bacteria but was not responsible for the reduced gene transfer at later stages. When selective pressure was applied to dense biofilms using antibiotics at their MIC, the double-resistant bacteria did not show a significant growth advantage. In loosely connected biofilms, the spreading of double-resistant clones was prominent. We conclude that multidrug resistance readily develops in early gonococcal biofilms through horizontal gene transfer. However, selection and spreading of the multiresistant clones are heavily suppressed in dense biofilms.IMPORTANCEBiofilms are considered ideal reaction chambers for horizontal gene transfer and development of multidrug resistances. The rate at which genes are exchanged within biofilms is unknown. Here, we quantified the acquisition of double-drug resistance by gene transfer between gonococci with single resistances. At early biofilm stages, the transfer efficiency was higher than for planktonic cells but then decreased with biofilm age. The surface topography affected the architecture of the biofilm. While the efficiency of gene transfer was independent of the architecture, spreading of double-resistant bacteria under selective conditions was strongly enhanced in loose biofilms. We propose that while biofilms help generating multiresistant strains, selection takes place mostly after dispersal from the biofilm.

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Vaidya, Varsha K. "Horizontal Transfer of Antimicrobial Resistance by Extended-Spectrum β Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae." Journal of Laboratory Physicians 3, no. 01 (January 2011): 037–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0974-2727.78563.

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ABSTRACT Background: The purpose of this work was to study the acquisition of new antibiotic-resistant genes carried by extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae via horizontal transfer to understand their rampant spread in the hospitals and in the community. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of 120 ESBL screen-positive isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, which were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing, was carried out. The Double Disc Synergy Test (DDST) and Inhibitor-Potentiation Disc Diffusion Test (IPDD) were employed for confirmation of ESBL activity. The transferability of the associated antibiotic resistance for amoxicillin, amikacin, gentamicin, cefotaxime and ceftriaxone was elucidated by intra- and intergenus conjugation in Escherichia coli under laboratory as well as under simulated environmental conditions. Transformation experiments using plasmids isolated by alkaline lysis method were performed to study the transferability of resistance genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. Results : ESBL production was indicated in 20% each of the Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. All the ESBL isolates showed co- resistance to various other groups of antibiotics, including 3GC antibiotics, though all the isolates were sensitive to both the carbapenems tested. Conjugation-mediated transfer of resistance under laboratory as well as environmental conditions at a frequency of 3-4 x 10-5 , and transformation-mediated dissemination of cefotaxime and gentamicin resistance shed light on the propensity of ESBL producers for horizontal transfer. Conclusions: The transfer of resistant markers indicated availability of a large pool of resistance genes in the hospital setting as well as in the environment, facilitating long-term persistence of organisms.

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Liu, Yuan, Ziwen Tong, Jingru Shi, Yuqian Jia, Kangni Yang, and Zhiqiang Wang. "Correlation between Exogenous Compounds and the Horizontal Transfer of Plasmid-Borne Antibiotic Resistance Genes." Microorganisms 8, no. 8 (August 8, 2020): 1211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8081211.

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The global spread of antibiotic resistance has posed a serious threat to public healthcare and undermined decades of progress made in the fight against bacterial infections. It has been demonstrated that the lack of novel effective antibiotics and rapid spread of antibiotic resistance genes via horizontal transfer in the ecosystem are mainly responsible for this crisis. Notably, plasmid-mediated horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is recognized as the most dominant dissemination pathway of ARGs in humans, animals and environmental settings. Antibiotic selective pressure has always been regarded as one of the crucial contributors to promoting the dissemination of antibiotic resistance through horizontal gene transfer (HGT). However, the roles of exogenous compounds and particularly non-antibiotic drugs in the spread of ARGs are still underappreciated. In this review, we first summarize the major pathways of HGT in bacteria, including conjugation, transformation, transduction and vesiduction. Subsequently, an overview of these compounds capable of promoting the HGT is presented, which guides to the formulation of more reasonable dosing regimens and drug residue standards in clinical practice. By contrast, these compounds that display an inhibition effect on HGT are also highlighted, which provides a unique strategy to minimize the spread of ARGs. Lastly, we discuss the implementations and challenges in bringing these HGT inhibitors into clinical trials.

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Che, You, Yu Yang, Xiaoqing Xu, Karel Břinda, Martin F. Polz, William P. Hanage, and Tong Zhang. "Conjugative plasmids interact with insertion sequences to shape the horizontal transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 6 (February 1, 2021): e2008731118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2008731118.

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It is well established that plasmids play an important role in the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes; however, little is known about the role of the underlying interactions between different plasmid categories and other mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in shaping the promiscuous spread of AMR genes. Here, we developed a tool designed for plasmid classification, AMR gene annotation, and plasmid visualization and found that most plasmid-borne AMR genes, including those localized on class 1 integrons, are enriched in conjugative plasmids. Notably, we report the discovery and characterization of a massive insertion sequence (IS)-associated AMR gene transfer network (245 combinations covering 59 AMR gene subtypes and 53 ISs) linking conjugative plasmids and phylogenetically distant pathogens, suggesting a general evolutionary mechanism for the horizontal transfer of AMR genes mediated by the interaction between conjugative plasmids and ISs. Moreover, our experimental results confirmed the importance of the observed interactions in aiding the horizontal transfer and expanding the genetic range of AMR genes within complex microbial communities.

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Woegerbauer, Markus, Heimo Lagler, Wolfgang Graninger, and Heinz Burgmann. "DNA in Antibiotic Preparations: Absence of Intact Resistance Genes." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 49, no. 6 (June 2005): 2490–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.49.6.2490-2494.2005.

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ABSTRACT Fragments of erm(E2), otrA, and aph(6) shorter than 400 bp and producer strain-specific rRNA genes were amplified from various antibiotics. The amount of genetic material and the sizes of amplicons recovered from murine feces after oral administration of a β-lactamase-encoding plasmid indicated substantial DNA degradation in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract. These observations imply that antibiotics are no major source for horizontal resistance gene transfer in clinical settings.

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Ali, Zahra Muhsin. "Horizontal gene conjugative transmission acquisition and transfer of antibiotic-resistance genes in bacteria." Scientific Journal of Medical Research 02, no. 06 (2018): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.37623/sjmr.2018.2604.

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Li, Guiying, Xiaofang Chen, Hongliang Yin, Wanjun Wang, Po Keung Wong, and Taicheng An. "Natural sphalerite nanoparticles can accelerate horizontal transfer of plasmid-mediated antibiotic-resistance genes." Environment International 136 (March 2020): 105497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105497.

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Ma, Xueyan, Xiuwen Zhang, Juntao Xia, Haohao Sun, Xuxiang Zhang, and Lin Ye. "Phenolic compounds promote the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in activated sludge." Science of The Total Environment 800 (December 2021): 149549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149549.

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Acosta, Iván Camilo, Leonardo Posada, Mónica Gabriela Huertas, and María Mercedes Zambrano Eder. "The effect of aminoglycosides on horizontal gene transfer in Klebsiella pneumoniae." Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 44, no. 170 (March 16, 2020): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18257/raccefyn.985.

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Antibiotic-resistant bacteria represent a global risk to public health. Horizontal gene transfer, a common mechanism for genetic exchange in bacteria, plays an essential role in the acquisition of resistance genes. In this work, we evaluated the effect of sub-lethal concentrations of antibiotics on plasmid transfer by conjugation and transformation in the opportunistic pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae. Despite not being naturally competent, this bacterium could acquire extracellular DNA from various plasmids at a very low frequency, which increased upon incubating cells with the aminoglycoside antibiotics amikacin and gentamicin. Transfer by conjugation analyzed using a clinical isolate carrying plasmid pNDM-1 also increased in the presence of sub-lethal concentrations of antibiotics. An RNAseq analysis showed differential expression of several genes when cells were incubated in the presence of sub-lethal concentrations of amikacin suggesting metabolic and regulatory changes, as well as alteration of cell envelope components that could affect the uptake of foreign DNA. These results suggest that sub-lethal concentrations of some aminoglycosides, in particular amikacin, can promote the transfer of resistance-bearing genetic elements in K. pneumoniae, which is relevant for understanding the spread of resistance determinants in this human pathogen.

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Diop, Awa, Khoudia Diop, Enora Tomei, Didier Raoult, Florence Fenollar, and Pierre-Edouard Fournier. "Draft Genome Sequence of Ezakiella peruensis Strain M6.X2, a Human Gut Gram-Positive Anaerobic Coccus." Genome Announcements 6, no. 9 (March 1, 2018): e01487-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/genomea.01487-17.

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ABSTRACT We report here the draft genome sequence of Ezakiella peruensis strain M6.X2T. The draft genome is 1,672,788 bp long and harbors 1,589 predicted protein-encoding genes, including 26 antibiotic resistance genes with 1 gene encoding vancomycin resistance. The genome also exhibits 1 clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat region and 333 genes acquired by horizontal gene transfer.

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Verster, Kirsten I., Jennifer H. Wisecaver, Marianthi Karageorgi, Rebecca P. Duncan, Andrew D. Gloss, Ellie E. Armstrong, Donald K. Price, Aruna R. Menon, Zainab M. Ali, and Noah K. Whiteman. "Horizontal Transfer of Bacterial Cytolethal Distending Toxin B Genes to Insects." Molecular Biology and Evolution 36, no. 10 (June 25, 2019): 2105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz146.

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Abstract Horizontal gene transfer events have played a major role in the evolution of microbial species, but their importance in animals is less clear. Here, we report horizontal gene transfer of cytolethal distending toxin B (cdtB), prokaryotic genes encoding eukaryote-targeting DNase I toxins, into the genomes of vinegar flies (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae). We found insect-encoded cdtB genes are most closely related to orthologs from bacteriophage that infect Candidatus Hamiltonella defensa, a bacterial mutualistic symbiont of aphids that confers resistance to parasitoid wasps. In drosophilids, cdtB orthologs are highly expressed during the parasitoid-prone larval stage and encode a protein with ancestral DNase activity. We show that cdtB has been domesticated by diverse insects and hypothesize that it functions in defense against their natural enemies.

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Ferrándiz, María José, Asunción Fenoll, Josefina Liñares, and Adela G. De La Campa. "Horizontal Transfer of parC and gyrA in Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Clinical Isolates ofStreptococcus pneumoniae." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 44, no. 4 (April 1, 2000): 840–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.44.4.840-847.2000.

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ABSTRACT We have analyzed genetically three clinical isolates (3180, 3870, and 1244) of Streptococcus pneumoniae with high-level ciprofloxacin resistance. Isolates 3180 and 3870 were atypical because of their insolubility in deoxycholate. However, they hybridized specifically with pneumococcal autolysin and pneumolysin gene probes and have typical pneumococcal atpC andatpA gene sequences. Analysis of the complete sequences of the parC and gyrA genes revealed total variations of 8 and 8.7% (isolate 3180) and 7.4 and 3.6% (isolate 3870), respectively, compared to the wild-type strain R6 sequence. The variations observed between the sequences of R6 and isolate 1244 were less than 0.9%. The structure of the gyrA andparC genes from isolates 3180 and 3870 was organized in sequence blocks that show different levels of divergence, suggesting a pattern of recombination. These results are evidence for recombination at the fluoroquinolone target genes in clinical isolates of S. pneumoniae. The genetically related viridans group streptococci could act as a reservoir for fluoroquinolone resistance genes.

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Hu, Xiaojie, Xue Sheng, Wei Zhang, Zhipeng Lin, and Yanzheng Gao. "Nonmonotonic Effect of Montmorillonites on the Horizontal Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance Genes to Bacteria." Environmental Science & Technology Letters 7, no. 6 (May 12, 2020): 421–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00311.

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Cen, Tianyu, Xinyu Zhang, Shanshan Xie, and Dan Li. "Preservatives accelerate the horizontal transfer of plasmid-mediated antimicrobial resistance genes via differential mechanisms." Environment International 138 (May 2020): 105544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105544.

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Jiao, Ya-Nan, Hong Chen, Rui-Xia Gao, Yong-Guan Zhu, and Christopher Rensing. "Organic compounds stimulate horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in mixed wastewater treatment systems." Chemosphere 184 (October 2017): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.149.

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Mishra, Sulagna, Uli Klümper, Veiko Voolaid, Thomas U. Berendonk, and David Kneis. "Simultaneous estimation of parameters governing the vertical and horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes." Science of The Total Environment 798 (December 2021): 149174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149174.

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Dong, Qinghan, Dirk Springeal, Jef Schoeters, Gust Nuyts, Max Mergeay, and Ludo Diels. "Horizontal transfer of bacterial heavy metal resistance genes and its applications in activated sludge systems." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 4-5 (February 1, 1998): 465–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0696.

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The bacterial nickel (Ni) resistance determinant ncc-nre of Alcaligenes 31A strain cloned to an IncQ broad-host-range plasmid pKT240 gave rise to pMOL222. The plasmid was subsequently mobilized into various Eubacteria and found to confer an increased Ni resistance on these recipients. An increase of Ni resistance was also observed after the transfer of pMOL222 into activated sludge bacteria by plate mating. The dissemination of pMOL222 into an activated sludge pilot stabilized the system during a heavy metal shock loading with 0.25 mM Ni.

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Lin, Yanbing, Xiuli Hao, Laurel Johnstone, Susan J. Miller, David A. Baltrus, Christopher Rensing, and Gehong Wei. "Draft Genome of Streptomyces zinciresistens K42, a Novel Metal-Resistant Species Isolated from Copper-Zinc Mine Tailings." Journal of Bacteriology 193, no. 22 (October 28, 2011): 6408–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.06165-11.

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A draft genome sequence of Streptomyces zinciresistens K42, a novel Streptomyces species displaying a high level of resistance to zinc and cadmium, is presented here. The genome contains a large number of genes encoding proteins predicted to be involved in conferring metal resistance. Many of these genes appear to have been acquired through horizontal gene transfer.

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Dell’Annunziata, Federica, Carmela Dell’Aversana, Nunzianna Doti, Giuliana Donadio, Fabrizio Dal Piaz, Viviana Izzo, Anna De Filippis, et al. "Outer Membrane Vesicles Derived from Klebsiella pneumoniae Are a Driving Force for Horizontal Gene Transfer." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 16 (August 13, 2021): 8732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168732.

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Gram-negative bacteria release Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs) into the extracellular environment. Recent studies recognized these vesicles as vectors to horizontal gene transfer; however, the parameters that mediate OMVs transfer within bacterial communities remain unclear. The present study highlights for the first time the transfer of plasmids containing resistance genes via OMVs derived from Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae). This mechanism confers DNA protection, it is plasmid copy number dependent with a ratio of 3.6 times among high copy number plasmid (pGR) versus low copy number plasmid (PRM), and the transformation efficiency was 3.6 times greater. Therefore, the DNA amount in the vesicular lumen and the efficacy of horizontal gene transfer was strictly dependent on the identity of the plasmid. Moreover, the role of K. pneumoniae-OMVs in interspecies transfer was described. The transfer ability was not related to the phylogenetic characteristics between the donor and the recipient species. K. pneumoniae-OMVs transferred plasmid to Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia. These findings address the pivotal role of K. pneumoniae-OMVs as vectors for antimicrobial resistance genes spread, contributing to the development of antibiotic resistance in the microbial communities.

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Zeng, Ximin, and Jun Lin. "Factors influencing horizontal gene transfer in the intestine." Animal Health Research Reviews 18, no. 2 (December 2017): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1466252317000159.

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AbstractAntibiotic resistance (AR) is ancient. Use of antibiotics is a selective driving force that enriches AR genes and promotes the emergence of resistant pathogens. It also has been widely accepted that horizontal gene transfer (HGT) occurs everywhere and plays a critical role in the transmission of AR genes among bacteria. However, our understanding of HGT processes primarily build on extensivein vitrostudies; to date, there is still a significant knowledge gap regardingin situHGT events as well as the factors that influence HGT in different ecological niches. This review is focused on the HGT process in the intestinal tract, a ‘melting pot’ for gene exchange. Several factors that potentially influencein vivoHGT efficiency in the intestine are identified and summarized, which include SOS-inducing agents, stress hormones, microbiota and microbiota-derived factors. We highlight recent discoveries demonstrating that certain antibiotics, which are widely used in animal industry, can enhance HGT in the intestine by serving as DNA-damaging, SOS-inducing agents. Despite recent progress, research onin vivoHGT events is still in its infancy. A better understanding of the factors influencing HGT in the intestine is highly warranted for developing effective strategies to mitigate AR in animal production as well as in future agricultural ecosystems.

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Boerlin, Patrick, and Richard J. Reid-Smith. "Antimicrobial resistance: its emergence and transmission." Animal Health Research Reviews 9, no. 2 (December 2008): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s146625230800159x.

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AbstractNew concepts have emerged in the past few years that help us to better understand the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). These include, among others, the discovery of the mutator state and the concept of mutant selection window for resistances emerging primarily through mutations in existing genes. Our understanding of horizontal gene transfer has also evolved significantly in the past few years, and important new mechanisms of AMR transfer have been discovered, including, among others, integrative conjugative elements and ISCR(insertionsequences withcommonregions) elements. Simultaneously, large-scale studies have helped us to start comprehending the immense and yet untapped reservoir of both AMR genes and mobile genetic elements present in the environment. Finally, new PCR- and DNA sequencing-based techniques are being developed that will allow us to better understand the epidemiology of classical vectors of AMR genes, such as plasmids, and to monitor them in a more global and systematic way.

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Lau, Susanna K. P., Patrick C. Y. Woo, Amanda P. C. To, Alexson T. K. Lau, and Kwok-yung Yuen. "Lack of Evidence that DNA in Antibiotic Preparations Is a Source of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Bacteria from Animal or Human Sources." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 48, no. 8 (August 2004): 3141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.48.8.3141-3146.2004.

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ABSTRACT Although DNA encoding antibiotic resistance has been discovered in antibiotic preparations, its significance for the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is unknown. No phylogenetic evidence was obtained for recent horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes from antibiotic-producing organisms to bacteria from human or animal sources.

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Zemlyanko, Olga M., Tatyana M. Rogoza, and Galina A. Zhouravleva. "Mechanisms of bacterial multiresistance to antibiotics." Ecological genetics 16, no. 3 (October 30, 2018): 4–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ecogen1634-17.

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Multiple drug resistance (MDR) to widening range of antibiotics emerging in increasing variety of pathogenic bacteria is a serious threat to the health of mankind nowadays. This is partially due to an uncontrolled usage of antibiotics not only in clinical practice, but also in various branches of agriculture. MDR is affected by two mechanisms: (1) accumulation of resistance genes as a result of intensive selection caused by antibiotics, and (2) active horizontal transfer of resistance genes. To unveil the reasons of bacterial multiresistance to antibiotics, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms of antibiotics action as well as the ways how either resistance to certain antibiotics emerge or resistance genes accumulate and transfer among bacterial strains. Current review is devoted to all these problems.

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Michalova, E., PNovotna, and J. Schlegelova. "Tetracyclines in veterinary medicine and bacterial resistance to them." Veterinární Medicína 49, No. 3 (March 29, 2012): 79–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5681-vetmed.

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Since their discovery in 1945, tetracyclines have been used extensively in the therapy and prophylaxis of infectious diseases and as growth promoters. These wide applications have led to the equally fast spread of tetracycline resistant strains of gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial genera, including strains belonging to pathogenic as well as nonpathogenic species. Nonpathogenic bacteria could act as a reservoir of resistance determinants, which can be disseminated by horizontal transfer into pathogens. More than thirty different tetracycline resistance genes have been characterized. They encode two major mechanisms of resistance: 1 – active efflux of the antibiotic, and 2 – protection of ribosomes. Further mechanisms of tetracycline resistance include enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic, permeability barriers, mutations or multidrug transporter systems. Effective horizontal spread is favoured by the location of tetracycline resistance genes on mobile genetic elements such as plasmids and transposons. Their exchange, enhanced by the use of tetracyclines, is observed between bacteria of the same or different species and genera as well. Thus, questions of reevaluating and global reducing of tetracyclines in human and animal healthcare and food production are extensively discussed.

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Crane, John, Mark Sutton, Muhammad Cheema, and Michael Olyer. "702. Zinc Blockade of SOS Response Inhibits Horizontal Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Enteric Bacteria." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 5, suppl_1 (November 2018): S253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy210.709.

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Abstract Background The SOS response is a conserved response to DNA damage that is found in Gram negative and Gram-positive bacteria. When DNA damage is sustained and severe, activation of error-prone DNA polymerases can induce a higher mutation rate then normally observed, which is called the mutator phenotype or hypermutation. We previously showed that zinc blocked the hypermutation response induced by quinolone antibiotics and mitomycin C in E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae (Bunnell BE, Escobar JF, Bair KL, Sutton MD, Crane JK (2017). Zinc blocks SOS-induced antibiotic resistance via inhibition of RecA in Escherichia coli. PLoS ONE 12(5): e0178303. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0178303.) In addition to causing copying errors in DNA replication, Beaber et al. showed that induction of the SOS response increased the frequency of horizontal gene transfer into Vibrio cholerae, an organism naturally competent at uptake of extracellular DNA. (Beaber JW, Hochhut B, Waldor MK. 2003. SOS response promotes horizontal dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes. Nature 427:72–74.) Methods. In this study, we tested whether induction of the SOS response could induce transfer of antibiotic resistance from Enterobacter cloacae into E. coli, and whether zinc could inhibit that inter-species transfer of antibiotic resistance. Results. Ciprofloxacin, an inducer of the SOS response, increased the rate of transfer of an extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) gene from Enterobacter into a susceptible E. coli strain. Zinc blocked SOS-induced horizontal transfer of §-lactamase into E. coli. Other divalent metals, such as iron and manganese, failed to inhibit these responses. Conclusion. In vitro assays showed that zinc blocked the ability of RecA to bind to ssDNA, an early step in the SOS response, suggesting the mechanism by which zinc blocks the SOS response. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Ip, Margaret, Shirley S. L. Chau, Fang Chi, Julian Tang, and Paul K. Chan. "Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Atypical Pneumococci and Oral Streptococci: Evidence of Horizontal Gene Transfer of Fluoroquinolone Resistance Determinants from Streptococcus pneumoniae." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 51, no. 8 (June 4, 2007): 2690–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00258-07.

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ABSTRACT Atypical strains, presumed to be pneumococcus, with ciprofloxacin MICs of ≥4.0 μg/ml and unique sequence variations within the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of the gyrase and topoisomerase genes in comparison with the Streptococcus pneumoniae R6 strain, were examined. These strains were reidentified using phenotypic methods, including detection of optochin susceptibility, bile solubility, and agglutination by serotype-specific antisera, and genotypic methods, including detection of pneumolysin and autolysin genes by PCR, 16S rRNA sequencing, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The analysis based on concatenated sequences of the six MLST loci distinguished the “atypical” strains from pneumococci, and these strains clustered closely with S. mitis. However, all these strains and five of nine strains from the viridans streptococcal group possessed one to three gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE genes whose QRDR sequences clustered with those of S. pneumoniae, providing evidence of horizontal transfer of the QRDRs of the gyrase and topoisomerase genes from pneumococci into viridans streptococci. These genes also conferred fluoroquinolone resistance to viridans streptococci. In addition, the fluoroquinolone resistance determinants of 32 well-characterized Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus oralis strains from bacteremic patients were also compared. These strains have unique amino acid substitutions in GyrA and ParC that were distinguishable from those in fluoroquinolone-resistant pneumococci and the “atypical” isolates. Both recombinational events and de novo mutations play an important role in the development of fluoroquinolone resistance.

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Escudero, Jose Antonio, Alvaro San Millan, Ana Catalan, Adela G. de la Campa, Estefania Rivero, Gema Lopez, Lucas Dominguez, Miguel Angel Moreno, and Bruno Gonzalez-Zorn. "First Characterization of Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Streptococcus suis." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 51, no. 2 (November 20, 2006): 777–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00972-06.

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ABSTRACT We have identified and sequenced the genes encoding the quinolone-resistance determining region (QRDR) of ParC and GyrA in fluoroquinolone-susceptible and -resistant Streptococcus suis clinical isolates. Resistance is the consequence of single point mutations in the QRDRs of ParC and GyrA and is not due to clonal spread of resistant strains or horizontal gene transfer with other bacteria.

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Yu, Tao, Xiaobing Jiang, Yu Liang, Yanping Zhu, Jinhe Tian, Hao Ying, Xuannian Wang, and Lei Shi. "Characterization and Horizontal Transfer of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes and Integrons in Bacteria Isolated from Cooked Meat Products in China." Journal of Food Protection 80, no. 12 (November 1, 2017): 2048–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-119.

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ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate antimicrobial resistance and the presence and transferability of corresponding resistance genes and integrons in bacteria isolated from cooked meat samples in the People's Republic of China. A total of 150 isolates (22 species belonging to 15 genera) were isolated from 49 samples. Resistance of these isolates to antimicrobials was commonly observed; 42.7, 36.0, and 25.3% of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline, streptomycin, and ampicillin, respectively. Multidrug resistance was observed in 41 (27.3%) of the isolates. Sixteen resistance genes, i.e., blaTEM-1 and blaCTX-M-14 (β-lactams), aac(3)-IIa (gentamicin), strA and strB (streptomycin), qnrB and qnrS (fluoroquinolone), sul1, sul2, and sul3 (sulfamethoxazole), cat1 and cat2 (chloramphenicol), and tetM, tetA, tetS, and tetB (tetracycline), were found in 54 isolates. One isolate of Pseudomonas putida carried qnrB, and sequence analysis of the PCR product revealed 96% identity to qnrB2. The qnr genes were found coresiding and were cotransferred with bla genes in two isolates. Twelve isolates were positive for the class 1 integrase gene, and four isolates carried the class 2 integrase gene. However, no class 3 integrase gene was detected. One isolate of Proteus mirabilis carried dfrA32-ereA-aadA2, and this unusual array could be transferred to Escherichia coli. Nonclassic class 1 integrons lacking qacEΔ1 and sul1 genes were found in 2 of the 12 intI1-positive isolates. Our results revealed the presence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in cooked meats and the presence and transferability of resistance genes in some isolates, suggesting that cooked meat products may act as reservoirs of drug-resistant bacteria and may facilitate the spread of resistance genes.

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Schjørring, Susanne, and Karen A. Krogfelt. "Assessment of Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance Transfer in the Gut." International Journal of Microbiology 2011 (2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/312956.

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We assessed horizontal gene transfer between bacteria in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. During the last decades, the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains and treatment failures of bacterial infections have increased the public awareness of antibiotic usage. The use of broad spectrum antibiotics creates a selective pressure on the bacterial flora, thus increasing the emergence of multiresistant bacteria, which results in a vicious circle of treatments and emergence of new antibiotic resistant bacteria. The human gastrointestinal tract is a massive reservoir of bacteria with a potential for both receiving and transferring antibiotic resistance genes. The increased use of fermented food products and probiotics, as food supplements and health promoting products containing massive amounts of bacteria acting as either donors and/or recipients of antibiotic resistance genes in the human GI tract, also contributes to the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains. This paper deals with the assessment of antibiotic resistance gene transfer occurring in the gut.

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Han, Xue, Peng Lv, Lu-Guang Wang, Fei Long, Xiao-Lin Ma, Chang Liu, Yu-Jie Feng, Ming-Feng Yang, and Xiang Xiao. "Impact of nano-TiO2 on horizontal transfer of resistance genes mediated by filamentous phage transduction." Environmental Science: Nano 7, no. 4 (2020): 1214–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9en01279f.

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Effendi, Mustofa Helmi. "PEMBUKTIAN HORIZONTAL TRANSFER OF RESISTANCE GENES MELALUI UJI SENSITIVITAS ANTIBIOTIKA PADA BAKTERI GENUS Staphylococcus DARI KASUS BOVINE MASTITIS." Berkala Penelitian Hayati 13, no. 2 (June 30, 2008): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.23869/bphjbr.13.2.200815.

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The experiment was carried out to show the evidence of horizontal transfer of resistance genes by antibiotics sensitivity test on bacteria of genus of Staphylococcus from bovine mastitic cases. The first step of the experiment was to prepare pure culture of Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase Negative Staphylococci. Milk samples were collected from mastitic cases at the afternoon milking time. Preparation of pure culture of isolates were confirmed by MS agar, hemolytic activity, catalase and coagulase test. Both isolates were tested by using antibiotics sensitivity test. The result showed that the both isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase Negative Staphylococci from Surabaya dairy herd were resistant against erythromycin antibiotic. Based on the result, it can be concluded that there was horizontal transfer of resistance genes between both isolates from same udder of dairy cows.

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Bello-López, J. Manuel, Omar A. Cabrero-Martínez, Gabriela Ibáñez-Cervantes, Cecilia Hernández-Cortez, Leda I. Pelcastre-Rodríguez, Luis U. Gonzalez-Avila, and Graciela Castro-Escarpulli. "Horizontal Gene Transfer and Its Association with Antibiotic Resistance in the Genus Aeromonas spp." Microorganisms 7, no. 9 (September 18, 2019): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7090363.

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The evolution of multidrug resistant bacteria to the most diverse antimicrobials known so far pose a serious problem to global public health. Currently, microorganisms that develop resistant phenotypes to multiple drugs are associated with high morbidity and mortality. This resistance is encoded by a group of genes termed ‘bacterial resistome’, divided in intrinsic and extrinsic resistome. The first one refers to the resistance displayed on an organism without previous exposure to an antibiotic not involving horizontal genetic transfer, and it can be acquired via mutations. The latter, on the contrary, is acquired exclusively via horizontal genetic transfer involving mobile genetic elements that constitute the ‘bacterial mobilome’. This transfer is mediated by three different mechanisms: transduction, transformation, and conjugation. Recently, a problem of public health due to implications in the emergence of multi-drug resistance in Aeromonas spp. strains in water environments has been described. This is derived from the genetic material transfer via conjugation events. This is important, since bacteria that have acquired antibiotic resistance in natural environments can cause infections derived from their ingestion or direct contact with open wounds or mucosal tissue, which in turn, by their resistant nature, makes their eradication complex. Implications of the emergence of resistance in Aeromonas spp. by horizontal gene transfer on public health are discussed.

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Frosini, Sian Marie, Ross Bond, Alex J. McCarthy, Claudia Feudi, Stefan Schwarz, Jodi A. Lindsay, and Anette Loeffler. "Genes on the Move: In Vitro Transduction of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes between Human and Canine Staphylococcal Pathogens." Microorganisms 8, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): 2031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8122031.

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Transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) between people and pets, and their co-carriage, are well-described. Potential exchange of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes amongst these staphylococci was investigated in vitro through endogenous bacteriophage-mediated transduction. Bacteriophages were UV-induced from seven donor isolates of canine (MRSP) and human (MRSA) origin, containing tet(M), tet(K), fusB or fusC, and lysates filtered. Twenty-seven tetracycline- and fusidic acid- (FA-) susceptible recipients were used in 122 donor-recipient combinations (22 tetracycline, 100 FA) across 415 assays (115 tetracycline, 300 FA). Bacteriophage lysates were incubated with recipients and presumed transductants quantified on antimicrobial-supplemented agar plates. Tetracycline resistance transduction from MRSP and MRSA to methicillin-susceptible S. pseudintermedius (MSSP) was confirmed by PCR in 15/115 assays. No FA-resistance transfer occurred, confirmed by negative fusB/fusC PCR, but colonies resulting from FA assays had high MICs (≥32 mg/L) and showed mutations in fusA, two at a novel position (F88L), nine at H457[Y/N/L]. Horizontal gene transfer of tetracycline-resistance confirms that resistance genes can be shared between coagulase-positive staphylococci from different hosts. Cross-species AMR transmission highlights the importance of good antimicrobial stewardship across humans and veterinary species to support One Health.

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Katharios-Lanwermeyer, S., M. Rakic-Martinez, D. Elhanafi, S. Ratani, J. M. Tiedje, and S. Kathariou. "Coselection of Cadmium and Benzalkonium Chloride Resistance in Conjugative Transfers from Nonpathogenic Listeria spp. to Other Listeriae." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 21 (August 17, 2012): 7549–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02245-12.

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ABSTRACTResistance to the quaternary ammonium disinfectant benzalkonium chloride (BC) may be an important contributor to the ability ofListeriaspp. to persist in the processing plant environment. Although a plasmid-borne disinfectant resistance cassette (bcrABC) has been identified inListeria monocytogenes, horizontal transfer of these genes has not been characterized. NonpathogenicListeriaspp. such asL. innocuaandL. welshimeriare more common thanL. monocytogenesin food processing environments and may contribute to the dissemination of disinfectant resistance genes in listeriae, includingL. monocytogenes. In this study, we investigated conjugative transfer of resistance to BC and to cadmium from nonpathogenicListeriaspp. to other nonpathogenic listeriae, as well as toL. monocytogenes. BC-resistantL. welshimeriandL. innocuaharboringbcrABC, along with the cadmium resistance determinantcadA2, were able to transfer resistance to other nonpathogenic listeriae as well as toL. monocytogenesof diverse serotypes, including strains from the 2011 cantaloupe outbreak. Transfer among nonpathogenicListeriaspp. was noticeably higher at 25°C than at 37°C, whereas acquisition of resistance byL. monocytogeneswas equally efficient at 25 and 37°C. When the nonpathogenic donors were resistant to both BC and cadmium, acquisition of cadmium resistance was an effective surrogate for transfer of resistance to BC, suggesting coselection between these resistance attributes. The results suggest that nonpathogenicListeriaspp. may behave as reservoirs for disinfectant and heavy metal resistance genes for other listeriae, including the pathogenic speciesL. monocytogenes.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Horizontal transfer of resistance genes'

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