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Journal articles on the topic 'Horizontal range'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 30 May 2022
Last updated: 31 May 2022

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1

Morikawa, Daisuke, and Tatsuya Hirahara. "Signal frequency range necessary for horizontal sound localization." Acoustical Science and Technology 31, no. 6 (2010): 417–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1250/ast.31.417.

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2

Tanaka, Hiroki, Hiroshi Tamura, and Izumi Ohzawa. "Spatial range and laminar structures of neuronal correlations in the cat primary visual cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 112, no. 3 (August 1, 2014): 705–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00652.2013.

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Activities of nearby cortical cells show temporal correlation on many timescales. In particular, previous studies of primary visual cortex (V1) indicate precise correlation on a timescale of milliseconds and loose correlation on a timescale of tens of milliseconds. To characterize cortical organization of these correlations, we investigated their spatial extent, laminar organization, and dependence on receptive field (RF) similarities. By simultaneously recording neuronal activity across layers within a horizontal distance of 1.2 mm, we found that loose correlation was widely observed for neuronal pairs horizontally or vertically separated over the whole distance range regardless of the layers. The incidence of loose correlation tended to be lower in layer 4 than in other layers. Loose correlation also accompanied a consistent delay in firing that was monotonically related to the vertical, but not horizontal, distance between the paired neurons. In contrast, the spatial range in which precise correlation was observed was more limited, with its incidence dropping sharply within 0.4 mm in both vertical and horizontal directions for all layers. With these spatial ranges, precise correlation was typically observed for pairs of neurons in the same layers, while loose correlation was often present even for pairs of neurons in widely separated layers. Furthermore, precise correlation was predominantly seen for pairs with similar RF properties, whereas loose correlation was seen even in pairs showing dissimilar properties. Our results show that neuronal correlations in V1 show markedly different structures for horizontal and vertical dimensions depending on correlation timescales.
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3

Li, Nansong, Minghui Zhang, and Bo Gao. "Horizontal Correlation of Long-Range Bottom Reverberation in Shallow Sloping Seabed." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 4 (April 13, 2021): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9040414.

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The performance of active sonar detection systems is seriously affected by the reverberation at the bottom of the waveguide in shallow water. In order to improve the performance of active sonar detection, it is necessary to understand the horizontal correlation of shallow-water bottom reverberation in active towed-array processing technology. However, the current research on the spatial correlation of reverberation is mainly based on vertical correlation, little work has been done on the horizontal correlation characteristics of long-distance seabed reverberation, and there is no support from sea test data. In this paper, the coupled mode reverberation model is applied to the horizontal correlation, and is studied according to the receiving position, time, and frequency. The simulation results show that, for the long-range bottom reverberation, the lateral correlation is greater than the longitudinal correlation in the horizontal space. By introducing the adiabatic mode solution, the mathematical model of horizontal correlation in the range-dependent waveguide with depth is derived. The numerical results show that the influence of the seabed dip angle on the horizontal correlation should be considered and that the horizontal correlation is affected obviously by the propagation effects of the sloped sea floor. Finally, the experimental data processing and analysis are given and verify the correctness of the algorithm.
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4

Gedney, Larry. "Stress trajectories across the Northeast Alaska Range." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 75, no. 4 (August 1, 1985): 1125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0750041125.

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Abstract A single earthquake on the southeast portion of the Denali fault in 1981 and two earthquake swarms occurring in 1981 and 1984 on the northern flanks of the Alaska Range south of Fairbanks indicate that the axis of maximum horizontal compressive stress is oriented in a NW-SE direction in the region. This is in accord with earlier findings by Nakamura et al. (1980) that tectonic trends signal a similar orientation of maximum horizontal compressive stress trajectories here.
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Dijkstra, TH J. B. Kropmans, Stegenga, and De Bont. "Ratio between vertical and horizontal mandibular range of motion." Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 25, no. 5 (May 1998): 353–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.1998.00256.x.

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6

Whipple, F. J. W. "The horizontal range of vision as a meteorological observation." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 48, no. 202 (August 15, 2007): 85–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.49704820202.

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7

Gornati, S., M. Merlo, and N. Tingle. "Horizontal deflection processor for wide range self-adaptive monitor." IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 37, no. 3 (1991): 537–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/30.85564.

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8

Gifford, F. A. "Some Recent Long-Range Diffusion Observations." Journal of Applied Meteorology 34, no. 7 (July 1, 1995): 1727–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450-34.7.1727.

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Abstract Recent atmospheric cloud-spreading (relative diffusion) data from a variety of sources are combined to show that the horizontal spreading rate is approximately linear over a time range from 1 to 10 or more hours (20–200 or more km) of downwind cloud travel. This result agrees with earlier observational studies, in which the horizontal cloud standard deviation σy has consistently been found to vary as tp, where t is the downwind travel time and p is in the range 1–1.2. For the present dataset, σy is found to vary as t1.1. A recent theoretical prediction, p = 7/6, valid over the entire range of t, is very close to these observed values.
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9

Kimura, Y., and J. R. Herring. "Energy spectra of stably stratified turbulence." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 698 (March 27, 2012): 19–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.546.

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AbstractWe investigate homogeneous incompressible turbulence subjected to a range of degrees of stratification. Our basic method is pseudospectral direct numerical simulations at a resolution of $102{4}^{3} $. Such resolution is sufficient to reveal inertial power-law ranges for suitably comprised horizontal and vertical spectra, which are designated as the wave and vortex mode (the Craya–Herring representation). We study mainly turbulence that is produced from randomly large-scale forcing via an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process applied isotropically to the horizontal velocity field. In general, both the wave and vortex spectra are consistent with a Kolmogorov-like ${k}^{\ensuremath{-} 5/ 3} $ range at sufficiently large $k$. At large scales, and for sufficiently strong stratification, the wave spectrum is a steeper ${ k}_{\perp }^{\ensuremath{-} 2} $, while that for the vortex component is consistent with ${ k}_{\perp }^{\ensuremath{-} 3} $. Here ${k}_{\perp } $ is the horizontally gathered wavenumber. In contrast to the horizontal wavenumber spectra, the vertical wavenumber spectra show very different features. For those spectra, a clear ${ k}_{z}^{\ensuremath{-} 3} $ dependence for small scales is observed while the large scales show rather flat spectra. By modelling the horizontal layering of vorticity, we attempt to explain the flat spectra. These spectra are linked to two-point structure functions of the velocity correlations in the horizontal and vertical directions. We can observe the power-law transition also in certain of the two-point structure functions.
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10

ISHIKA, Takashige, and Chizuko NODA. "SENSORY ASSESSMENT OF HORIZONTAL VIBRATION OVER A WIDE FREQUENCY RANGE." Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) 63, no. 506 (1998): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aija.63.9_4.

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11

Buizza, Roberto. "Horizontal resolution impact on short- and long-range forecast error." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 136, no. 649 (April 21, 2010): 1020–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.613.

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12

Huang, Sijie, Jin Huang, Shujie Wang, Zhenwei Ma, and Shangyu Gu. "A new method for testing wide range horizontal field angle." MATEC Web of Conferences 355 (2022): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202235501015.

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In order to solve the problems of small measurement range, large error and low efficiency of laboratory optical field angle testing, a high-precision, easy -operating, high-efficient, and widely used horizontal field angle test method is proposed. It comes to a conclusion that the test method can reduce the experimental error through the analysis of the principle of the field of view error and the calculation of laboratory simulation. The simulation results show that for cameras with a field of view of more than 150 degrees, the measurement error can be reduced by 37 degrees, and when the field of view of the camera under test is close to 170 degrees, the method can reduce the measurement error by nearly 54 degrees. Meanwhile, a wide-range horizontal field angle measurement method is proposed. The camera under test is moved on the supporting mobile platform to image the target test board, and then the imaging target is read by reading the scale value on the test board calculates the angle of the camera under test. This method can effectively avoid the measurement error of the angle caused by the distance between the center of the lens surface and the center of the entrance pupil, so as to quickly obtain the angle of view test results, and improve the testing accuracy, and it is also suitable for cameras that measure a wide range of field angles (wide-angle camera or fisheye camera, etc.) to solve the problem of laboratory testing a wide range of horizontal field angles.
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13

Read, Jenny C. A., and Bruce G. Cumming. "Understanding the Cortical Specialization for Horizontal Disparity." Neural Computation 16, no. 10 (October 1, 2004): 1983–2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0899766041732440.

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Because the eyes are displaced horizontally, binocular vision is inherently anisotropic. Recent experimental work has uncovered evidence of this anisotropy in primary visual cortex (V1): neurons respond over a wider range of horizontal than vertical disparity, regardless of their orientation tuning. This probably reflects the horizontally elongated distribution of two-dimensional disparity experienced by the visual system, but it conflicts with all existing models of disparity selectivity, in which the relative response range to vertical and horizontal disparities is determined by the preferred orientation. Potentially, this discrepancy could require us to abandon the widely held view that processing in V1 neurons is initially linear. Here, we show that these new experimental data can be reconciled with an initial linear stage; we present two physiologically plausible ways of extending existing models to achieve this. First, we allow neurons to receive input from multiple binocular subunits with different position disparities (previous models have assumed all subunits have identical position and phase disparity). Then we incorporate a form of divisive normalization, which has successfully explained many response properties of V1 neurons but has not previously been incorporated into a model of disparity selectivity. We show that either of these mechanisms decouples disparity tuning from orientation tuning and discuss how the models could be tested experimentally. This represents the first explanation of how the cortical specialization for horizontal disparity may be achieved.
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14

Reyes-Puerta, Vicente, Yael Amitai, Jyh-Jang Sun, Itamar Shani, Heiko J. Luhmann, and Maoz Shamir. "Long-range intralaminar noise correlations in the barrel cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 113, no. 9 (May 2015): 3410–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00981.2014.

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Identifying the properties of correlations in the firing of neocortical neurons is central to our understanding of cortical information processing. It has been generally assumed, by virtue of the columnar organization of the neocortex, that the firing of neurons residing in a certain vertical domain is highly correlated. On the other hand, firing correlations between neurons steeply decline with horizontal distance. Technical difficulties in sampling neurons with sufficient spatial information have precluded the critical evaluation of these notions. We used 128-channel “silicon probes” to examine the spike-count noise correlations during spontaneous activity between multiple neurons with identified laminar position and over large horizontal distances in the anesthetized rat barrel cortex. Eigen decomposition of correlation coefficient matrices revealed that the laminar position of a neuron is a significant determinant of these correlations, such that the fluctuations of layer 5B/6 neurons are in opposite direction to those of layers 5A and 4. Moreover, we found that within each experiment, the distribution of horizontal, intralaminar spike-count correlation coefficients, up to a distance of ∼1.5 mm, is practically identical to the distribution of vertical correlations. Taken together, these data reveal that the neuron's laminar position crucially affects its role in cortical processing. Moreover, our analyses reveal that this laminar effect extends over several functional columns. We propose that within the cortex the influence of the horizontal elements exists in a dynamic balance with the influence of the vertical domain and this balance is modulated with brain states to shape the network's behavior.
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15

Lindborg, Erik. "Horizontal Wavenumber Spectra of Vertical Vorticity and Horizontal Divergence in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 64, no. 3 (March 1, 2007): 1017–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3864.1.

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Abstract The author shows that the horizontal two-point correlations of vertical vorticity and the associated vorticity wavenumber spectrum can be constructed from previously measured velocity structure functions in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. The spectrum has a minimum around k = 10−2 cycles per kilometer (cpkm) corresponding to wavelengths of 100 km. For smaller wavenumbers it displays a k−1 range and for higher wavenumbers, corresponding to mesoscale motions, it grows as k1/3. The two-point correlation of horizontal divergence of horizontal velocity and the associated horizontal spectrum is also constructed. The horizontal divergence spectrum is of the same order of magnitude as the vorticity spectrum in the mesoscale range and show similar inertial range scaling. It is argued that these results show that the mesoscale motions are not dominated by internal gravity waves. Instead, the author suggests that the dynamic origin of the k1/3 range is stratified turbulence. However, in contrast to Lilly, the author finds that stratified turbulence is not a phenomenon associated with an upscale energy cascade, but with a downscale energy cascade.
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16

Wang, Dong Hui, and Wen Xiang Liu. "User Range Error Analysis of Multiple Satellite Navigation System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 411-414 (September 2013): 926–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.411-414.926.

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User range error (URE) is widely used to measure the effects of satellite orbit error and clock error on user positioning. A detailed calculation method of URE was brought forward including the partitions of the ground coverage of the MEO satellites and the calculation methods of the projection parameters of URE. The different URE performance of multiple Satellite navigation system was analyzed. Simulation results show that the radial direction projection parameters are basically the same, but the horizontal direction projection parameters are different among GPS, Galileo and BDS. The higher the satellite orbit, the smaller the horizontal direction projection parameters.
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17

YASHIN, I. I., M. B. AMELCHAKOV, N. S. BARBASHINA, A. G. BOGDANOV, D. V. CHERNOV, V. V. KINDIN, R. P. KOKOULIN, et al. "OBSERVATION OF UHECRs IN HORIZONTAL FLUX." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 29 (November 20, 2005): 6937–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05030521.

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Preliminary results of muon bundle studies in of zenith angle range θ ≥ 60° and multiplicities by means of coordinate detector DECOR are discussed. Estimates of muon bundle characteristics at large zenith angles obtained with CORSIKA code demonstrate the ability of such not large detector as NEVOD-DECOR complex to perform cosmic ray studies in a very wide energy range from 1011 eV to more than 1017 eV.
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18

Kang, Minseok, and Chulsang Yoo. "Determining the Effective Range of Radar Horizontal Reflectivity-Rainfall Intensity Relationship." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 20, no. 2 (April 30, 2020): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2020.20.2.13.

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This study evaluated the applicability of the reflectivity-rainfall (Z-R) relationship using horizontal reflectivity. We reviewed the derivation procedure of the Z-R relationship and transformed the equation to estimate the parameters of drop size distribution from the observational data. The parameters of drop size distribution were estimated for the paired data of horizontal reflectivity and rainfall rate observed at the Gwanaksan and Biseulsan radar stations by applying this equation. Subsequently, the representative values of these estimated parameters were used to derive the Z-R relationship. Finally, we evaluated the performance of the Z-R relationship for representing the observed horizontal reflectivity-rainfall intensity data. It was observed that the difference between the theoretical estimation and the observed data increases as the radar reflectivity decreases. Moreover, the results confirmed that the Z-R relationship based on the assumption of exponentially distributed drop size distribution may not be applicable for all reflectivity ranges.
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19

Ganbaatar, Sanjaa. "Horizontal tensional stress and mountain development : In example of Gilbert Range and Khuren Khanan Range, Mongolia." Mongolian Geoscientist, no. 48 (July 4, 2019): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mgs.v0i48.1145.

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Results of analysis of schematic geological cross section constructed using satellite image interpretation and 1:200 000 scale geological map through the Tavan Zagiin Khooloi, Gilbert Range, Dund Goliin Khooloi and Khuren Khanan Range are represented in this paper. Our results show that within the above mentioned mountain ranges decollement faults formed due to S to N trending tensional tectonic stress and, moreover, numerous thrust and back-thrust faults formed perpendicular to them. SW-NE, N-S trending tensional stresses are dominant in the western part of Mongolia and northwestern part of China. Interaction forces opposing them are the circumstances of forming new thrust faults in the Tavan Zagiin Khooloi and Dund Goliin Khooloi. Along the existing thrust faults, the Gilbert Range and Khuren Khanan Range were formed. Mountain blocks were uplifted due to the back-thrust faults and crustal thickening took place. As a result of horizontal tensional stress, the mountain development and shortening occurred. Хэвтээ чиглэлтэй хүчний үйлчлэл ба уул үүсэх хөдөлгөөн: Гилбэртийн нуруу, Хүрэн ханангийн нурууны жишээн дээр Хураангуй: Таван загийн хоолой, Гилбэртийн нуруу, Дунд голын хоолой, Хүрэн ханангийн нурууг хамарсан, тэдгээрт хөндлөн буюу өргөргийн дагуу чиглэлтэй геологийн тойм зүсэлтийг сансрын зургийн тайлал, 200000 масштабтай геологийн зургууд ашиглан хийсэн ажлын үр дүнг энд үзүүлсэн болно. Геологийн тойм зүсэлтээр дээрх нэр бүхий газруудад У-Х хэвтээ чиглэлтэй шахах тектоник хүчний үйлчлэлээс үүссэн деколлемент хагарал, түүнд хөндлөн чиглэлтэй үүсч буй олон тооны тохролтот болон эсрэг тохролтот хагарлуудын үйлчлэл хэрхэн нөлөөлж байгааг тайлбарласан үр дүнг толилуулж байна. Манай орны баруун хагас, Хятадын баруун хойд хэсэгт БУ-ЗХ, У-Х чиглэсэн хэвтээ чиглэлтэй тектоник хүч, харин түүний эсрэг үйлчлэх тулах хүчнүүдийн харилцан үйлчлэлээс үүдэн Таван загийн хоолой, Дунд голын хоолойд шинээр тохролууд үүсч байгаа бол Гилбэрт, Хүрэн ханангийн нуруунд өмнө нь үүссэн тохролуудын дагуу хавтангууд бие биенийхээ дээгүүр давхралдах, эсрэг тохролтот хагарлаар хавтангууд дээш шахагдан гарснаар уул, нурууд улам өндөрсөж, тасралтат хавтан улам зузаарч байна. Хэвтээ чиглэлтэй шахах хүчний үйлчлэлийн үр дүнд агшилт явагдаж, өөр хоорондоо ойртож, өндөрсөж байна. Түлхүүр үг: тохролтот хагарал, эсрэг тохролтот хагарал, Таван загийн хоолой, Дунд голын хоолой
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20

Zhang, Chengqian, Peng Zhao, Jun Xie, Neng Xia, and Jianzhong Fu. "Enlarging density measurement range for polymers by horizontal magneto-Archimedes levitation." Polymer Testing 67 (May 2018): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2018.03.008.

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21

Ballard, Megan S. "Effects of environmental uncertainty on source range estimates from horizontal multipath." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 136, no. 4 (October 2014): 2120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4899634.

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22

Movshon, J. A., J. R. Cavanaugh, and W. Bair. "The role of horizontal intracortical connections in "long-range" spatial interactions." Journal of Vision 2, no. 10 (December 1, 2002): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/2.10.101.

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23

Bressloff, Paul C. "Spatially periodic modulation of cortical patterns by long-range horizontal connections." Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena 185, no. 3-4 (November 2003): 131–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2789(03)00238-0.

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24

Prince, S. J. D., B. G. Cumming, and A. J. Parker. "Range and Mechanism of Encoding of Horizontal Disparity in Macaque V1." Journal of Neurophysiology 87, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 209–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00466.2000.

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The responses of single cortical neurons were measured as a function of the binocular disparity of dynamic random dot stereograms for a large sample of neurons ( n = 787) from V1 of the awake macaque. From this sample, we selected 180 neurons whose tuning curves were strongly tuned for disparity, well sampled and well described by one-dimensional Gabor functions. The fitted parameters of the Gabor functions were used to resolve three outstanding issues in binocular stereopsis. First, we considered whether tuning curves can be meaningfully divided into discrete tuning types. Careful examination of the distributions of the Gabor parameters that determine tuning shape revealed no evidence for clustering. We conclude that a continuum of tuning types is present. Second, we investigated the mechanism of disparity encoding for V1 neurons. The shape of the disparity tuning function can be used to distinguish between position-encoding (in which disparity is encoded by an interocular shift in receptive field position) and phase-encoding (in which disparity is encoded by a difference in the receptive field profile in the 2 eyes). Both position and phase encoding were found to be common. This was confirmed by an independent assessment of disparity encoding based on the measurement of disparity sensitivity for sinusoidal luminance gratings of different spatial frequencies. The contributions of phase and position to disparity encoding were compared by estimating a population average of the rate of change in firing rate per degree of disparity. When this was calculated separately for the phase and position contributions, they were found to be closely similar. Third, we investigated the range of disparity tuning in V1 as a function of eccentricity in the parafoveal range. We find few cells which are selective for disparities greater than ±1 ° even at the largest eccentricity of ∼5 °. The preferred disparity was correlated with the spatial scale of the tuning curve, and for most units lay within a ±π radians phase limit. Such a size-disparity correlation is potentially useful for the solution of the correspondence problem.
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Ballard, Megan S. "Estimates of source range using horizontal multipath in continental shelf environments." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 134, no. 5 (November 2013): 4080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4830907.

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Godin, Oleg A., Alexander G. Voronovich, and Valery U. Zavorotny. "Random horizontal refraction at long‐range sound propagation in the ocean." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 116, no. 4 (October 2004): 2535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4785118.

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27

Zhang, Qiangqiang, Xiaoxuan Chen, Chuan Xu, Hong Zhao, Xing Zhang, Guohong Zeng, Ying Qian, et al. "Horizontal gene transfer allowed the emergence of broad host range entomopathogens." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 16 (April 4, 2019): 7982–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1816430116.

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The emergence of new pathogenic fungi has profoundly impacted global biota, but the underlying mechanisms behind host shifts remain largely unknown. The endophytic insect pathogen Metarhizium robertsii evolved from fungi that were plant associates, and entomopathogenicity is a more recently acquired adaptation. Here we report that the broad host-range entomopathogen M. robertsii has 18 genes that are derived via horizontal gene transfer (HGT). The necessity of degrading insect cuticle served as a major selective pressure to retain these genes, as 12 are up-regulated during penetration; 6 were confirmed to have a role in penetration, and their collective actions are indispensable for infection. Two lipid-carrier genes are involved in utilizing epicuticular lipids, and a third (MrNPC2a) facilitates hemocoel colonization. Three proteases degraded the procuticular protein matrix, which facilitated up-regulation of other cuticle-degrading enzymes. The three lipid carriers and one of the proteases are present in all analyzed Metarhizium species and are essential for entomopathogenicity. Acquisition of another protease (MAA_01413) in an ancestor of broad host-range lineages contributed to their host-range expansion, as heterologous expression in the locust specialist Metarhizium acridum enabled it to kill caterpillars. Our work reveals that HGT was a key mechanism in the emergence of entomopathogenicity in Metarhizium from a plant-associated ancestor and in subsequent host-range expansion by some Metarhizium lineages.
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Ballard, Megan S. "Estimation of source range using horizontal multipath in continental shelf environments." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 134, no. 4 (October 2013): EL340—EL344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4820459.

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Baek, Seungdae, Youngjin Park, Woochul Choi, and Se-Bum Paik. "Cortical long-range horizontal connectivity for parsimonious coding of natural image." IBRO Reports 6 (September 2019): S280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibror.2019.07.869.

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30

Fiedler, R., and J. O. Murphy. "Preferred Horizontal Scale for Thermal Convection." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 6, no. 4 (1986): 439–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323358000018336.

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AbstractLinear stability theory for Rayleigh-Benard convection shows that for a specified Rayleigh number, greater than some critical value, only a finite range of horizontal wave numbers support convective instability in a horizontal layer of fluid heated from below. However, it is not possible to predict the preferred horizontal scale of established motions from this approach although it is clear from observations, particularly of the solar surface, that a preferred cell size does prevail. In an endeavour to establish a preferred horizontal scale appropriate non-linear modal equations have been integrated forward in time, initially incorporating a discrete band of wave numbers equally spaced across the range that supports convection, for a specific Rayleigh number. The horizontal resolution was improved in subsequent integrations by first deleting modes that had substantially decayed and then introducing new modes on a finer horizontal mesh in the vicinity of what appeared to be the evolutionary dominant mode. Finally, the multimode integrations were continued in time until the evolution of a dominant horizontal mode from within the restricted range was evident. Both the model characteristics and numerical scheme adopted placed limits on the degree of horizontal refinement that could be undertaken with confidence.
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31

Nwanjika, CO, CU Onuegbu, and DO Amaefule. "EMPIRICAL STUDY OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF AFZELIA AFRICANA SEED UNDER COMPRESSIVE LOADING." Nigerian Journal of Technology 36, no. 3 (June 30, 2017): 973–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i3.42.

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Afzelia Africana seeds were subjected to quasi-static parallel plate compression test, using Monsanto Tensometer. The loading orientations were horizontal, vertical and edge-to-edge loading positions at four different moisture content levels of 10.6%, 12.8%, 15.2% and 18.4% wet basis (wb). Slight variations were observed in the means of the physical characteristics at varying moisture content in the range of 10.6% to 18.4%. Loading position was shown to have significant effect on all the mechanical properties studied. The rupture force increased with increase in moisture content in horizontal and vertical loading but did not show consistent trend in variation when loaded on the edges. This value was 155.68N for vertical loading, 139.27 N for horizontal loading and 81.0 N for edge-to-edge loading. Hardness ranged from 6.97 to 6.92 N/mm for horizontal loading, 6.92 to 6.67N/mm for edge-loading and 6.99 to 6.93N/mm for vertical loading respectively in the moisture content range of 10.6 to 18.4% for all cases. Rupture energy varied from 104 to 416.33 N-mm on horizontal loading, 59.96to 241.82 on edge-loading and 190.125 to 419.171 Nmm on vertical loading respectively for the same range of moisture content. Toughness varied from 43.758 to 8.865 N-m/mm, 23.563 to 5.370 and 44.667 to 16.349 N-m/mm for horizontal loading, edge-edge orientation, and vertical loading respectively, for moisture content range of 10.6 to 18.4%.Modulusof Elasticity dropped from 35.657 to 28.133 N/mm2 for horizontal loading, from 51.443 to 14.59 for edge-to-edge loading and 38.087 to 41.04 N/mm2for vertical loading in the range of moisture content of 10.6 to 18.4% respectively. The data generated in this study can be applied when estimating the energy and force needed for shelling the seeds and in making useful suggestions on the loading condition that will demand the least energy for the operation and shelling. The physical properties are also useful in process design and analysis.  http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i3.42
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32

Ishikawa, Hirohiko. "Evaluation of the Effect of Horizontal Diffusion on the Long-Range Atmospheric Transport Simulation with Chernobyl Data." Journal of Applied Meteorology 34, no. 7 (July 1, 1995): 1653–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450-34.7.1653.

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Abstract The effect of horizontal diffusion on the long-range transport simulation is examined with a Lagrangian particle transport model. The transport of radioactivity released from Chernobyl is simulated by the model with different values of horizontal diffusivity. The computed concentrations are statistically compared with measured concentration. The best simulation is found when the magnitude of the horizontal diffusivity is between 3.3 × 104 and 1.0 × 105 m2 s−1. The performance of empirical formulas of horizontal diffusion, in which mean-square displacement σy is specified as a function of time, is also examined. A part of measured concentrations, which are relatively low concentrations, cannot be explained by transport and diffusion only. It is shown that these measured concentrations can be explained by resuspension of deposited radioactivity.
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33

Crookes, Kate, and William G. Hayward. "Face Inversion Disproportionately Disrupts Detection of Vertical versus Horizontal, Not Long-Range versus Short-Range, Spatial Relations." i-Perception 2, no. 4 (May 2011): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/ic237.

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34

Steinberg, Daniel, Asher Bender, Ariell Friedman, Michael Jakuba, Oscar Pizarro, and Stefan Williams. "Analysis of Propulsion Methods for Long-Range AUVs." Marine Technology Society Journal 44, no. 2 (March 1, 2010): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.44.2.3.

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AbstractUnderwater gliders use a buoyancy engine and symmetric wings to produce lift. During operation, gliders follow a saw-tooth trajectory, making them useful vehicles for profiling ocean chemistry. By operating at low speeds with low hotel loads, gliders achieve a high endurance. Man-portable, propeller-driven autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are capable of level flight and can also follow terrain to yield high-quality benthic imagery. These platforms typically operate at high speeds with high hotel loads resulting in relatively low endurance. Although both vehicles are used to collect oceanographic data, constraints on how these vehicles are used differentiate the nature of data they collect. This article examines whether one method of propulsion can provide an intrinsic advantage in terms of horizontal range at low speed, regardless of sampling design. We employ first-principle analysis that concludes that either class of vehicle can be designed to achieve the same horizontal transit performance regardless of speed. This result implies that the choice of propulsion method should be driven exclusively by the application and operational requirements.
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35

Ja¨rmark, Bernt. "A Short-Range Air Combat Study." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 111, no. 4 (December 1, 1989): 619–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3153103.

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A short-range aerial duel with infrared missiles is the purpose with this study. The problem is solved numerically with a modified differential dynamic programming method. A new ingredient in the solution technique has to be implemented in the algorithm. This originates from the complex launch condition of the missiles. The paper emphasizes the game problem and the theoretical extension of the method. A simple case in the horizontal plane will be illustrated, which however is no limitation as a numerical method is used.
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36

Murphy, J. O., and J. M. Lopez. "Evolution of a Horizontal Scale for Magnetoconvection." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 7, no. 2 (1987): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323358000022025.

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AbstractThe non-linear modal equations governing magnetoconvection in a fluid layer have been integrated forward in time incorporating a discrete spectrum of horizontal wave numbers, distributed within the range supporting convection. By progressively deleting some of the decaying modes and introducting additional modes within the range of growth it is possible to establish the evolution, or otherwise, of a preferred horizontal scale, which determines the horizontal cell size of the convective motions. Further, the influence of the magnetic field strength on cell extent can also be determined.
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37

Ou, Zhe, Cong Xin Chen, Hua Fu, and Yi Chao Zhou. "Study on the Value Range of Horizontal Ground Stress in Initial Geostress Field Based on the Generalized Hoek - Brown Criterion." Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (July 2014): 334–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.334.

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On the conditions that assuming vertical ground stress and horizontal ground stress are both principal stress, a calculation model of horizontal ground stress value range with depth change in initial geostress field is built by formula derivation, according to the Generalized Hoek-Brown failure criterion, and the reasonability of the calculation model is verified by the geostress measured value. The results show that, there is a good consistency at the distribution range of horizontal ground stress calculated value and horizontal ground stress measured value, it is proved that the the calculation model is reasonable. The calculation model gives new methods and thinking for evaluation of the initial geostress field.
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38

McCauley, Robert D., Mark G. Meekan, and Miles J. G. Parsons. "Acoustic Pressure, Particle Motion, and Induced Ground Motion Signals from a Commercial Seismic Survey Array and Potential Implications for Environmental Monitoring." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 6 (May 25, 2021): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9060571.

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An experimental marine seismic source survey off the northwest Australian coast operated a 2600 cubic inch (41.6 l) airgun array, every 5.88 s, along six lines at a northern site and eight lines at a southern site. The airgun array was discharged 27,770 times with 128,313 pressure signals, 38,907 three-axis particle motion signals, and 17,832 ground motion signals recorded. Pressure and ground motion were accurately measured at horizontal ranges from 12 m. Particle motion signals saturated out to 1500 m horizontal range (50% of signals saturated at 230 and 590 m at the northern and southern sites, respectively). For unsaturated signals, sound exposure levels (SEL) correlated with measures of sound pressure level and water particle acceleration (r2= 0.88 to 0.95 at northern site and 0.97 at southern) and ground acceleration (r2= 0.60 and 0.87, northern and southern sites, respectively). The effective array source level was modelled at 247 dB re 1µPa m peak-to-peak, 231 dB re 1 µPa2 m mean-square, and 228 dB re 1 µPa2∙m2 s SEL at 15° below the horizontal. Propagation loss ranged from −29 to −30log10 (range) at the northern site and −29 to −38log10(range) at the southern site, for pressure measures. These high propagation losses are due to near-surface limestone in the seabed of the North West Shelf.
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39

GODIN, OLEG A. "A 2-D DESCRIPTION OF SOUND PROPAGATION IN A HORIZONTALLY-INHOMOGENEOUS OCEAN." Journal of Computational Acoustics 10, no. 01 (March 2002): 123–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218396x02001425.

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Effects of horizontal refraction on underwater sound propagation in deep and shallow water are considered within geometrical acoustics and adiabatic normal modes approximations. Several distinct formulations of the adiabatic approximation have been proposed in the literature on modal propagation. These formulations differ in the predicted values of mode amplitudes and, hence, in their reciprocity and energy-conserving properties. The formulations are compared with respect to their accuracy and domain of validity, assuming small and smooth variation of mode propagation constants characteristic of underwater acoustic waveguides. Perturbation theory for horizontal (modal) rays is used in the analysis. An approximate expression for the adiabatic mode amplitude in 3-D problems is derived which requires environmental information only along the source-receiver radial and which has greater accuracy than previous formulations. It is shown that the uncoupled azimuth approximation, also known as the N × 2-D approximation, overestimates travel times of ray arrivals as well as phases of adiabatic normal modes in a horizontally-inhomogeneous ocean. The travel time and phase biases rapidly increase with the value of cross-range environmental gradients and propagation range. Simple and explicit expressions for leading-order corrections to the travel time and the phase are found in terms of path-averaged cross-range environmental gradients. Implications on applicability of the uncoupled azimuth approximation for sound propagation modeling in a horizontally-inhomogeneous ocean are discussed. A perfect-wedge model of the coastal ocean is chosen to illustrate the importance of the travel-time and phase biases due to horizontal refraction.
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40

Stensrud, David J., and Jidong Gao. "Importance of Horizontally Inhomogeneous Environmental Initial Conditions to Ensemble Storm-Scale Radar Data Assimilation and Very Short-Range Forecasts." Monthly Weather Review 138, no. 4 (April 1, 2010): 1250–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009mwr3027.1.

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Abstract The assimilation of operational Doppler radar observations into convection-resolving numerical weather prediction models for very short-range forecasting represents a significant scientific and technological challenge. Numerical experiments over the past few years indicate that convective-scale forecasts are sensitive to the details of the data assimilation methodology, the quality of the radar data, the parameterized microphysics, and the storm environment. In this study, the importance of horizontal environmental variability to very short-range (0–1 h) convective-scale ensemble forecasts initialized using Doppler radar observations is investigated for the 4–5 May 2007 Greensburg, Kansas, tornadic thunderstorm event. Radar observations of reflectivity and radial velocity from the operational Doppler radar network at 0230 UTC 5 May 2007, during the time of the first large tornado, are assimilated into each ensemble member using a three-dimensional variational data assimilation system (3DVAR) developed at the Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms (CAPS). Very short-range forecasts are made using the nonhydrostatic Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) model from each ensemble member and the results are compared with the observations. Explicit three-dimensional environmental variability information is provided to the convective-scale ensemble using analyses from a 30-km mesoscale ensemble data assimilation system. Comparisons between convective-scale ensembles with initial conditions produced by 3DVAR using 1) background fields that are horizontally homogeneous but vertically inhomogeneous (i.e., have different vertical environmental profiles) and 2) background fields that are horizontally and vertically inhomogeneous are undertaken. Results show that the ensemble with horizontally and vertically inhomogeneous background fields provides improved predictions of thunderstorm structure, mesocyclone track, and low-level circulation track than the ensemble with horizontally homogeneous background fields. This suggests that knowledge of horizontal environmental variability is important to successful convective-scale ensemble predictions and needs to be included in real-data experiments.
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41

Yang, Qing, Ya Ke Wu, and Zhao Yang. "Application of Wind Profiler Radar in Guided Missile Range Experiment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 713-715 (January 2015): 668–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.713-715.668.

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The high altitude meteorological data is the basic parameters for weapon system trajectory calculation, firing ballistic correction, and ballistic standardization. Measurement range weapon testing is essential to evaluate the final results, so it is accurate or not will directly influence the test. This paper outlines the wind profiler radar in guided missile range experiment and the necessity of working mechanism, and gives the testing environment of radar range test application and erection of wind profiles and parameter setting, finally derived horizontal wind speed measurement precision, theoretical radial velocity measurement accuracy, as well as the theoretical horizontal wind. Making the range test of wind profiler radar measured data can fit the fast and the theoretical solution of data, in order to test application range stroke profile radar has a more comprehensive understanding, and application of more mature and rational.
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42

Banks, M. S., and B. T. Backus. "Conflicts with Extraretinal and Monocular Cues Cause the Small Range of the Induced Effect." Perception 26, no. 1_suppl (August 1997): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v970170.

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A vertical magnifier before one eye causes the induced effect: an apparent rotation of frontal surfaces toward that eye. The rotation required to restore apparent frontoparallelism grows linearly up to ∼4% magnification, but plateaus at 8%. We examined the cause of the plateau. Horizontal disparities (quantified by horizontal size ratios, HSRs) are ambiguous indicators of surface slant. Various retinal and nonretinal signals can allow veridical slant estimation from HSR, sensed eye position, vertical disparities (vertical size ratios, VSRs), and monocular cues. Vertical or horizontal magnification of one eye's image alters the natural relationships among HSR, VSR, eye position, and monocular cues. We argue that the induced-effect plateau is caused by conflicts between these means of estimating slant. A plateau is not observed in the geometric effect because some of the conflicts do not occur with horizontal magnification. Two experiments were designed to test this hypothesis. When strong monocular cues were present, plateaux occurred at ∼8% magnification in the induced, but not the geometric effect. When monocular slant cues were made useless, induced-effect plateaux were abolished. Even with strong monocular cues present, plateaux in the induced effect were eliminated when eye position was consistent with the vertical magnification in the retinal images. The smaller range of the induced effect can only be understood from consideration of all the signals involved in slant estimation.
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43

Uchikune, Masashi. "The Evaluation of Horizontal Whole-Body Vibration in the Low Frequency Range." Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 21, no. 1 (June 2002): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/02630920260374961.

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International Standard ISO 2631 gives the reaction to horizontal vibration for the occupant of a building, a public transport system, the oscillations of the ocean and so on. These effects have not yet been evaluated by physiological methods as the criterion curves in the Standard are based on psychological evaluations of comfort and discomfort, rather than physiological investigations. Physiological and psychological effects of low frequency horizontal vibration on the whole-body were as follows: Changes in the autonomic nervous system were observed, in which the system tended to change from the state of predominance of the parasympathetic nervous system to that of the sympathetic nervous system, when the frequency exceeded the range 0.2 to 0.4Hz, typically around 0.3Hz.
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44

Chang, Song Tao, Nan Zhao, Zhi Yuan Sun, Yao Yu Zhang, and Yi Chen. "The Approximate Calculation of Atmospheric Path Radiance in close Range and Horizontal Direction." Applied Mechanics and Materials 303-306 (February 2013): 416–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.303-306.416.

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Atmospheric path radiance is the key factor in the accuracy of objective radiation measurement. In the traditional radiation character measurements, under the help of the atmospheric observation equipment, MODTRAN and other software likewise, the indeterminacy rate could be around 10~20%, it is highly restricts the measurement accuracy of objective radiation. For this reason, it is quite significant to develop the study of measure and calculation in path radiance. The approximate calculation formula for path radiance in close range and horizontal direction is expressed in this article; it is compared with the results of MODTRAN and measurement in experiment. It is revealed that the accuracy of software is 7.8%, and the formula is 4.9%, which could demonstrate the validity of the approximate calculation formula in close range and horizontal direction. In this article, in the process of deducing and experiment, the validity of the approximate calculation formula in close range and horizontal direction is fully proved, which supply a new method in approximate calculation of path radiance for objective radiation measurement.
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45

Du, Jin-Yan, Zong-Wei Liu, and Lian-Gang Lü. "Range Localization of a Moving Source Based on Synthetic Aperture Beamforming Using a Single Hydrophone in Shallow Water." Applied Sciences 10, no. 3 (February 3, 2020): 1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10031005.

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To localize a moving source in shallow water with a single hydrophone, a passive range localization method based on synthetic aperture beamforming is proposed. First, the horizontal wavenumber spectrum excited by the source is obtained by synthetic aperture beamforming. Then, according to the theoretical derivation (when the integration time is short, the maximum value of the horizontal wavenumber spectrum is related to the average horizontal wavenumber and the radial velocity of the source), the radial velocity can be obtained after obtaining the average horizontal wavenumber. Finally, in the case where there is a closest point of approach (CPA), the range can be recovered from estimation of the range and time of CPA, and from the constant source speed alone the linear track by fitting the source velocity with the model of radial velocity. The only a priori information required is the sound velocity in water. The processing results using simulated data and SWellEx-96 experimental data show that the proposed method can effectively estimate the range of a moving source in shallow sea.
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46

Taylor, J. "Horizontal transfer in the phytopathogenic fungal genus Leptosphaeria and host-range expansion." Trends in Microbiology 3, no. 5 (May 1995): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0966-842x(00)88922-2.

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47

Gilbert, Kenneth E., Xiao Di, and Santosh Parakkal. "Horizontal wave number spectra of atmospheric acoustic fields in range‐dependent environments." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 123, no. 5 (May 2008): 3152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2933168.

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48

Mehrabi, Rahim, Ali H. Bahkali, Kamel A. Abd-Elsalam, Mohamed Moslem, Sarrah Ben M'Barek, Amir Mirzadi Gohari, Mansoor Karimi Jashni, Ioannis Stergiopoulos, Gert H. J. Kema, and Pierre J. G. M. de Wit. "Horizontal gene and chromosome transfer in plant pathogenic fungi affecting host range." FEMS Microbiology Reviews 35, no. 3 (May 2011): 542–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2010.00263.x.

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49

Avramov, I. D. "Gigahertz range resonant devices for oscillator applications using shear horizontal acoustic waves." IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control 40, no. 5 (September 1993): 459–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/58.238096.

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50

Shinar, J. "Zeroth-order feedback strategies for medium-range interception in a horizontal plane." Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics 8, no. 1 (January 1985): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.19928.

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