Academic literature on the topic 'Horizontal nozzle orientation'
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Journal articles on the topic "Horizontal nozzle orientation"
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Nathaphan, Supphachai, and Worrasid Trutassanawin. "Effects of process parameters on compressive property of FDM with ABS." Rapid Prototyping Journal 27, no. 5 (May 28, 2021): 905–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-12-2019-0309.
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Purpose This work aims to investigate the interaction effects of printing process parameters of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) parts fabricated by fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology on both the dimensional accuracy and the compressive yield stress. Another purpose is to determine the optimum process parameters to achieve the maximum compressive yield stress and dimensional accuracy at the same time. Design/methodology/approach The standard cylindrical specimens which produced from ABS by using an FDM 3D printer were measured dimensions and tested compressive yield stresses. The effects of six process parameters on the dimensional accuracy and compressive yield stress were investigated by separating the printing orientations into horizontal and vertical orientations before controlling five factors: nozzle temperature, bed temperature, number of shells, layer height and printing speed. After that, the optimum process parameters were determined to accomplish the maximum compressive yield stress and dimensional accuracy simultaneously. Findings The maximum compressive properties were achieved when layer height, printing speed and number of shells were maintained at the lowest possible values. The bed temperature should be maintained 109°C and 120°C above the glass transition temperature for horizontal and vertical orientations, respectively. Practical implications The optimum process parameters should result in better FDM parts with the higher dimensional accuracy and compressive yield stress, as well as minimal post-processing and finishing techniques. Originality/value The important process parameters were prioritized as follows: printing orientation, layer height, printing speed, nozzle temperature and bed temperature. However, the number of shells was insignificant to the compressive property and dimensional accuracy. Nozzle temperature, bed temperature and number of shells were three significant process parameters effects on the dimensional accuracy, while layer height, printing speed and nozzle temperature were three important process parameters influencing compressive yield stress. The specimen fabricated in horizontal orientation supported higher compressive yield stress with wide processing ranges of nozzle and bed temperatures comparing to the vertical orientation with limited ranges.
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Clark, Alexander T., John F. Federici, and Ian Gatley. "Effect of 3D Printing Parameters on the Refractive Index, Attenuation Coefficient, and Birefringence of Plastics in Terahertz Range." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (November 8, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8276378.
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The refractive indices, attenuation coefficients, and level of birefringence of various 3D printing plastics may change depending on the printing parameters. Transmission terahertz time-domain spectroscopy was used to look for such effects in Copolyester (CPE), Nylon, Polycarbonate (PC), Polylactic acid, and Polypropylene. The thickness of each sample was measured using an external reference structure and time-of-flight measurements. The parameters varied were printer nozzle size, print layer height, and print orientation. Comparison of these parameters showed that a printer’s nozzle size and print layer height caused no change in real refractive index or attenuation coefficient. A change in printing orientation from vertical to horizontal caused an increase both in real refractive index and in attenuation coefficient. In vertically printed samples, the increase in birefringence was proportional to the increase in layer height and inversely proportional to nozzle size. There was no measurable intrinsic birefringence in the horizontally printed samples. These effects should be taken into account in the design of FDM 3D printed structures that demand tailored refractive indices and attenuation coefficients, while also providing a foundation for nondestructive evaluation of FDM 3D printed objects and structures.
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Xiang, Yongjing. "EFFECT OF THE COMBINED NOZZLE ORIENTATION AND TRUCK SPEED ON EFFICACY OF ULTRA-LOW-VOLUME SPRAY AGAINST CAGED AEDES ALBOPICTUS IN URBAN GAINESVILLE, FLORIDA." Journal of the Florida Mosquito Control Association 67, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/jfmca.v67i1.127635.
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A field study was conducted to evaluate the combined effect of nozzle orientation and vehicle travel speed on droplet dispersion and mosquito mortality of an adulticide applied from a truck mounted ULV sprayer in the City of Gainesville, Florida. Three multi-block areas with dense, medium, and sparse vegetation were selected for the study. Aqua-Reslin ® was applied in each area in the following treatment combinations: a) horizontal nozzle at 24 km/h travel speed, b) 45° upward orientation (standard) at 16 km/h, and c) 22.5° upward orientation at 24 km/h. Caged, three to five day old Aedes albopictus females were used in all evaluations. Spray deposition was determined at various locations inside each application area using Florida Latham Bonds droplet impingers. There was a significant difference in 24-h mortality among the 3 nozzle angle and speed treatment combinations, but not in the interaction between those combinations and application distance. The 22.5° nozzle combination resulted in the greatest mosquito mortality (88.3%) while the 45° combination resulted in the least mortality (63.1%). A significant difference in 24-h mortality among the 3 vegetation densities and application distances occurred with no significant interaction among these two parameters. The greatest Ae. albopictus mortality was recorded in the sparse (91.4%) and the lowest in the medium vegetation area (72.2%) at the maximum rate of 0.0015 lb./acre. Adulticide deposition was not significantly different among vegetation levels, but was significantly different among the distances and interactions of those parameters.
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Matts, Olga, Hussein Hammoud, Alexey Sova, Zineb Bensaid, Guillaume Kermouche, Helmut Klöcker, Cédric Bosch, and Nathalie Texier-Mandoki. "Influence of Cold Spray Nozzle Displacement Strategy on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cu/SiC Composites Coating." Key Engineering Materials 813 (July 2019): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.813.110.
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In this work an influence of cold spray nozzle displacement parameters on the properties of copper-silicon carbide cold spray deposits is considered. In particular the influence of nozzle traverse speed and distance between deposited tracks on the coating porosity and behavior during compressive tests was analyzed. It was shown that cold spraying at low nozzle traverse speed leads to formation of thick tracks with quasi-triangular cross-section. As a consequence, the particle impact angle on the sides of spraying track increases that. Thus, the particle deformation at impact on the track periphery becomes insufficient and local porosity value rises. Increase of nozzle traverse speed allows increasing coating density and mechanical properties due to amelioration of particle deformation conditions. Compressive tests revealed significant anisotropy of mechanical properties of copper-silicon carbide cold spray deposits. In particular, compressive strength measured in vertical direction (perpendicular to the substrate) was significantly higher than one measured in horizontal plane (parallel to substrate). This anisotropy could be explained by the orientation of particle deformation pattern during impact.
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Ding, Ling, Wei Lu, Jiaqi Zhang, Chuncheng Yang, and Guofeng Wu. "Preparation and Performance Evaluation of Duotone 3D-Printed Polyetheretherketone as Oral Prosthetic Materials: A Proof-of-Concept Study." Polymers 13, no. 12 (June 11, 2021): 1949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13121949.
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Literature has reported the successful use of 3D printed polyetheretherketone (PEEK) to fabricate human body implants and oral prostheses. However, the current 3D printed PEEK (brown color) cannot mimic the vivid color of oral tissues and thus cannot meet the esthetical need for dental application. Therefore, titanium dioxide (TiO2) and ferric oxide (Fe2O3) were incorporated into PEEK to prepare a series of tooth-color and gingival-color PEEK composites in this study. Through color measurements and mechanical tests, the color value and mechanical performance of the 3D printed PEEK composites were evaluated. In addition, duotone PEEK specimens were printed by a double nozzle with an interface between tooth-color and gingival-color parts. The mechanical performance of duotone PEEK with two different interfaces (horizontal and vertical) was investigated. With the addition of TiO2 and Fe2O3, the colors of 3D printed PEEK composites become closer to that of dental shade guides. 3D printed PEEK composites generally demonstrated superior tensile and flexural properties and hence have great potential in the dental application. In addition, duotone 3D printed PEEK with a horizontal interfacial orientation presented better mechanical performance than that with a vertical one.
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Chand, Aneesh A., Kushal A. Prasad, Ellen Mar, Sanaila Dakai, Kabir A. Mamun, F. R. Islam, Utkal Mehta, and Nallapaneni Manoj Kumar. "Design and Analysis of Photovoltaic Powered Battery-Operated Computer Vision-Based Multi-Purpose Smart Farming Robot." Agronomy 11, no. 3 (March 11, 2021): 530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11030530.
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Farm machinery like water sprinklers (WS) and pesticide sprayers (PS) are becoming quite popular in the agricultural sector. The WS and PS are two distinct types of machinery, mostly powered using conventional energy sources. In recent times, the battery and solar-powered WS and PS have also emerged. With the current WS and PS, the main drawback is the lack of intelligence on water and pesticide use decisions and autonomous control. This paper proposes a novel multi-purpose smart farming robot (MpSFR) that handles both water sprinkling and pesticide spraying. The MpSFR is a photovoltaic (PV) powered battery-operated internet of things (IoT) and computer vision (CV) based robot that helps in automating the watering and spraying process. Firstly, the PV-powered battery-operated autonomous MpSFR equipped with a storage tank for water and pesticide drove with a programmed pumping device is engineered. The sprinkling and spraying mechanisms are made fully automatic with a programmed pattern that utilizes IoT sensors and CV to continuously monitor the soil moisture and the plant’s health based on pests. Two servo motors accomplish the horizontal and vertical orientation of the spraying nozzle. We provided an option to remotely switch the sprayer to spray either water or pesticide using an infrared device, i.e., within a 5-m range. Secondly, the operation of the developed MpSFR is experimentally verified in the test farm. The field test’s observed results include the solar power profile, battery charging, and discharging conditions. The results show that the MpSFR operates effectively, and decisions on water use and pesticide are automated.
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Bahr, Joachim, Julian Schirmer, and Marcus Reichenberger. "Functional Printing of Silver Nano Ink on Injection Molded Polymeric Substrates." Applied Mechanics and Materials 805 (November 2015): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.805.139.
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Over the last decades ink-jet printing has developed in many applications. The direct writing of materials such as silver (for conductive circuits) or polymers (for insulation or second layer) is an attractive method to reduce costs and save raw materials. In this article we investigate the geometrical and electrical properties of conductive circuit lines on thermoplastic substrates, depending on the printing parameters such as line width, orientation of the lines and density of the printed drops (dots per inch = dpi)First the surface of the substrates is scanned by a confocal laser scanner. The substrates (size 60mm x60 mm) are subdivided in 80 x 80 parts with a side length of 0.8mm. The 2D roughness (Sa) of these little parts is calculated and as a result the locally solved roughness of the substrates is determined. Homogeneity and surface quality of the surfaces can be evaluated.On the different polymeric substrates conductors (length 25mm) are printed with a printing head with 16 nozzles and with different orientations (parallel, horizontal and in an angle of 45° to the movement of the printing head). Also different dpi numbers (600, 900 and 1200) are used and the line width in the bit pattern is increased from 1 pixel to 5 pixels. The line width in μm depending on the line width in pixel is measured. The quality of the printed lines is quantified by calculating the deviation of the printed lines to a “perfect straight line” with the same width. The resistivity of the conducting lines and the reliability of the process are determined.
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Baxter, Clarence, Julie-Anne Carroll, Brendan Keogh, and Corneel Vandelanotte. "Seeking Inspiration: Examining the Validity and Reliability of a New Smartphone Respiratory Therapy Exergame App." Sensors 21, no. 19 (September 28, 2021): 6472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21196472.
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Background: Clinically valid and reliable simulated inspiratory sounds were required for the development and evaluation of a new therapeutic respiratory exergame application (i.e., QUT Inspire). This smartphone application virtualises incentive spirometry, a longstanding respiratory therapy technique. Objectives: Inspiratory flows were simulated using a 3 litre calibration syringe and validated using clinical reference devices. Syringe flow nozzles of decreasing diameter were applied to model the influence of mouth shape on audible sound levels generated. Methods: A library of calibrated audio inspiratory sounds was created to determine the reliability and range of inspiratory sound detection at increasing distances separating the sound source and smartphones running the app. Results: Simulated inspiratory sounds were reliably detected by the new application at higher air inflows (high, medium), using smaller mouth diameters (<25 mm) and where smartphones were held proximal (≤5 cm) to the mouth (or at distances up to 50 cm for higher airflows). Performance was comparable for popular smartphone types and using different phone orientations (i.e., held horizontally, at 45° or 90°). Conclusions: These observations inform future application refinements, including prompts to reduce mouth diameter, increase inspiratory flow and maintain proximity to the phone to optimise sound detection. This library of calibrated inspiratory sounds offers reproducible non-human reference data suitable for development, evaluation and regression testing of a therapeutic respiratory exergame application for smartphones.
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T, Nagesh Kumar, M. Anantachar, M. Veerangouda, KV Prakash, S. Nadagouda, BG Koppalkar, Sushilendra Advi Rao, M. Murali, and V. Raghavendra. "Development and evaluation of a tractor-operated automatic gun sprayer for cotton crop." African Entomology 30 (September 19, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2254-8854/2022/a13587.
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A tractor-operated automatic gun sprayer was developed for the cotton crop. The unit consists of frame structure, spray tank, horizontal triplex pump, control valves, spray gun nozzle, pressure gauge, strainer, hydraulic agitator and actuating mechanism. The power to drive the HTP pump was taken from the tractor power take off (PTO) through a belt and pulley. The actuating mechanism consists of motor and worm gear reduction. Two motors with 0.5 kW each (12 V dc) were used to provide oscillation motion to spray guns and motors get power from the tractor battery. The rotation angle of the spray gun is 30° horizontally. Provision was also made to fold the spray boom while in transport. The spray pattern could be adjusted based on the application of chemicals. This study was conducted to determine the suitable nozzle orientation (0, 15 and 30° downwards) to field crops. The orientation of the spray nozzle was maintained by using the metal protractor. The laboratory experiments were carried out by using the actual cotton plant. The best nozzle orientation for maximum droplet density and droplet size as 15° downward. Leaf hopper [Amrasca biguttula (Ishida)] and aphids [Aphis gossypii (Glover)] control in the cotton crop after 7th day of spraying dinotefuran insecticide from the automatic gun sprayer and conventional tractor-operated gun sprayer was 87, 86 and 58 %, and 50 %, respectively. The total cost required to fabricate the sprayer was US$ 1008. The cost of operation of the tractor operated automatic gun sprayer was found to be US$ 4.7/ ha.
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Jayswal, Ajay, and Sabit Adanur. "Effect of heat treatment on crystallinity and mechanical properties of flexible structures 3D printed with fused deposition modeling." Journal of Industrial Textiles, December 27, 2021, 152808372110649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15280837211064937.
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Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is a widely used 3D printing technique, which works based on the principle of melted polymer extrusion through nozzle(s) and depositing them on a build plate layer by layer. However, products manufactured with this method lack proper mechanical strength. In this work, 2/1 twill weave fabric structures are 3D printed using poly (lactic) acid (PLA). The ultimate tensile strength in the warp and weft directions and the modulus (stiffnesses) are measured for non-heat-treated (NHT) samples. The printed samples were heat-treated (HT) to improve the strength and stiffness. The variation in ultimate tensile strength is statistically insignificant in warp direction at all temperatures; however, the tensile strength in weft direction decreased after heat treatment. The modulus in warp direction increased by 31% after heat treatment while in the weft direction it decreased after heat treatment. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests showed the highest crystallinity at 125°C. The properties of the twill fabrics were compared with a standard dog-bone (DB) specimen using uniaxial tensile tests, Differential scanning calorimetry tests, and optical microscope (OM). For dog-bone specimens, the maximum values of crystallinity, ultimate tensile strength, and modulus were found to be at 125°C. The maximum crystallinity percentages are higher than that of the NHT samples. The ultimate tensile strength of NHT DB specimen 3D printed in horizontal orientation improved after heat treatment. The ultimate tensile strength of DB samples in vertical directions increased after heat treatment as well. The stiffness increased in both directions for DB samples.
Conference papers on the topic "Horizontal nozzle orientation"
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Meikle, T. L., E. D. Johnson, M. A. Gray, N. L. Glunt, and J. D. Burr. "Simulation and Evaluation of Thermal Stratification in a Sloped Surge Nozzle Correlated With Plant Measurements." In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57700.
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Thermal stratification is a common phenomenon in the surge lines of Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR). The stratification temperature difference (ΔT) and cyclic action severities are most prevalent during the heatup and cooldown operations of a PWR, when the system ΔT between the pressurizer and the Reactor Coolant System (RCS) hot leg is the greatest and system inventory fluctuations are highest. This paper describes the computer simulation of thermal stratification loading in a surge line nozzle connected to the RCS hot leg to correlate to unusual behavior of plant sensor data in the hot leg and the subsequent development of a monitoring model to account for thermal stratification effects in the transient and fatigue evaluation performed in the online monitoring system. What makes this particular investigation unique is the geometry of the nozzle of interest. In many PWRs, the surge line and the surge line hot leg nozzle are horizontal at the hot leg connection. This particular nozzle is oriented at an upward angle before the attached surge line piping bends into a horizontal configuration. This orientation required a more detailed treatment of the stratification effects than has been typically developed for horizontal nozzles, with respect to both the orientation and the potentially detrimental effects of increased cyclic behavior indicated by nearby temperature sensors. This investigation combined Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling of the system to correlate the plant data with a detailed stress model that will enable the fatigue usage factor calculation in the plant’s online transient and fatigue monitoring system.
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Chen, Dong-Fang, Da-Wei Tang, and Xue-Gong Hu. "Effect of Microgrooved Surface and Surface Orientation on Spray Cooling Heat Transfer." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-10497.
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Experiments were performed to investigate the flow structure and boiling heat transfer characteristics of water spray cooling on flat and microgrooved surfaces using a high-speed camera and a microscope. The heaters were made of cooper, with surface size of 2.0cm×7.4cm. Three orientations of the heater surfaces were selected: horizontal upward-facing, vertical, and horizontal downward-facing. A full-cone spray nozzle was placed normal to these heated surfaces. The heat transfer was directly measured using thermocouples within the heater. The experimental results show the bubble’s growth, coalescence along/between microgrooves, and break-up as wall heat flux reaches some higher values. It was found that the heat transfer for microgrooved surface is generally higher than that of flat surface at a given flow rate with the same surface orientation. The thermal performance of vertical microgrooved surface was highest at low temperatures; the thermal performance of the horizontal upward-facing was highest at higher wall temperature. The heat transfer performance for the horizontal downward-facing microgrooved surface had the highest critical heat flux (CHF).
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Mohammadi, K., W. Heidemann, and H. Mu¨ller-Steinhagen. "Semi-Analytical Calculation of the Inlet Zone Performance of Ideal Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers." In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-22276.
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A semi-analytical model is presented for the evaluation of the performance factor of the inlet zone of an E type shell and tube heat exchanger without leakage flows. The performance factor is defined as the ratio of dimensionless heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops of both vertical and horizontal baffle orientation and therefore facilitates the decision between horizontal and vertical baffle orientation of shell and tube heat exchangers. The model allows the calculation of the performance factor of the inlet zone as a function of the baffle cut, the shell-side Reynolds number at the inlet nozzle and the Prandtl number of the shell-side fluid. The application of the model requires the knowledge of the performance factor of water at baffle cut equal to 24% of the shell inside diameter. For the development of the model a numerical data basis is used due to the lack of experimental data for shell and tube heat exchangers with different baffle orientations. The numerical data are obtained from CFD calculations for steady state conditions within a segmentally baffled shell and tube heat exchanger following the TEMA standards. Air, water and engine oil with Prandtl numbers in the range of 0.7 to 206 are used as shell-side fluids. The semi-analytical model introduced for the performance factor predicts the CFD results with a relative absolute error less than 5%. The presented model has to be validated with further experimental data and/or numerical results which explain the effect of baffle orientation on the shell-side heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop in order to check the general applicability.
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Lin, Lanchao, and Quinn Leland. "Multi-Nozzle Spray Cooling in a Closed Loop." In ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajtec2011-44597.
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A closed two-phase loop system was developed that combined with a multi-nozzle spray cooling unit for the cooling of high heat flux power sources. The fluid circulation was sustained by a magnetic gear pump operating with an ejector pump unit. The motive flow of the ejector shared the pumping liquid flow with the multi-nozzle spray. The use of the ejector stabilized the circulation of the two-phase flow. A multi-nozzle plate with 48 miniature nozzles was designed to generate an array of 4×12 sprays. A closed loop spray cooling experimental setup with a cooling area of 19.3 cm2 was built. The spray nozzle to target distance was 10 mm. Water and FC-72 were used as the working fluids. Spray cooling experiments were performed in three orientations of the spray target surface, namely (a) horizontal facing upward, (b) vertical, and (c) horizontal facing downward. The thermal performance of the horizontal facing downward surface was the best. A comparison with the thermal performance data for a smaller cooling surface area of 2.0 cm2 was made.
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Zeguai, S., S. Chikh, O. Rahli, and L. Tadrist. "Co-Current Air-Water Two Phase Flow Patterns in Horizontal and Vertical Circular Tube Under Various Inlet Conditions." In ASME 2011 9th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2011-58270.
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An experimental apparatus is setup to analyze a co-current air-water two phase flow in a 3 mm inner diameter tube with horizontal and vertical orientations. Air is axially injected through a nozzle of 260 μm of inner diameter. Air and water flow rates are accurately controlled at the inlet, covering a range of apparent velocities JL = 0.00118 to 0.0786 m/s, JG = 0.002 to 3.538 m/s for the horizontal tube and JL = 0.00078 to 0.0589 m/s, JG = 0.003 to 3.538 m/s for the upward flow. A fast camera with 250 fps is utilized to visualize the flow patterns. The experiments showed that the flow structures are very sensitive to inlet conditions. Within the covered range of velocities, several flow patterns were observed, namely bubbly flow, bubbly-slug transition flow, slug flow, slug-annular transition flow, annular flow, wavy annular flow and annular flow with dry zones. In the bubbly flow regime, a particular bubbly helical flow is observed before the dispersed bubbly flow.