Academic literature on the topic 'Hoplologie'

Sabres in the context of research on historical weapons – a contribution to the history of Polish hoplology This article is an attempt to provide a comprehensive view on the history of hoplology in relation to the most popular type of weapon used in the old Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the sabre. The research history addresses the issue of modern weapons, which is motivated by the emergence of various types of sabre at that time. Research on old weapons, inspired primarily by collectors, museologists and members of academia, traditionally uses a range of methods developed by history, art history, archaeology and art restoration. Such research can also enter the field of sociology and cultural studies, provided that we take into account the fact that weapons, sabres in particular, symbolized social standing. The variety of issues, which are generally confined to the above mentioned concepts, also translates into the historiographic sphere. Because of that, it may be surprising that Polish literature on historical weapons only dates back to the second half of the 19th century. However, collectors had shown interest in military items much earlier. The first part of the article presents the most important private collections of weapons from the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century, with particular focus on the almost entirely preserved collection of Izabela Czartoryska, who founded the first museum in Poland. This layout is the starting point for presenting academic interest in military items, divided into the pre- and post-war periods.

Sabres in the context of research on historical weapons – a contribution to the history of Polish hoplology This article is an attempt to provide a comprehensive view on the history of hoplology in relation to the most popular type of weapon used in the old Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the sabre. The research history addresses the issue of modern weapons, which is motivated by the emergence of various types of sabre at that time. Research on old weapons, inspired primarily by collectors, museologists and members of academia, traditionally uses a range of methods developed by history, art history, archaeology and art restoration. Such research can also enter the field of sociology and cultural studies, provided that we take into account the fact that weapons, sabres in particular, symbolized social standing. The variety of issues, which are generally confined to the above mentioned concepts, also translates into the historiographic sphere. Because of that, it may be surprising that Polish literature on historical weapons only dates back to the second half of the 19th century. However, collectors had shown interest in military items much earlier. The first part of the article presents the most important private collections of weapons from the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century, with particular focus on the almost entirely preserved collection of Izabela Czartoryska, who founded the first museum in Poland. This layout is the starting point for presenting academic interest in military items, divided into the pre- and post-war periods.

L'objet de ce travail est d'enquêter les dynamiques relatives à l'introduction et à la diffusion des protections individuelles corporelles en Égypte au cours des XVIIIe, XIXe et XXe dynasties. Le mot “introduction” est le terme le plus approprié pour définir le phénomène parce que cette typologie d'équipement militaire n'est pas une innovation technologique égyptienne. Au contraire, l'armure est apparue à la fin de l'Âge de bronze, suivant l'expansion progressive des Khurrites-Mitanniens dans la région du Moyen-Orient et s'est répandue successivement dans les zones limitrophes, Égypte inclus. En effet, le développement pendant trois siècles d'hégémonie mitannienne d'une nouvelle façon de faire la guerre, centrée sur l'utilisation massive des chars à deux roues, attelés de deux chevaux, a stimulé l'adoption d'un équipement défensif corporel qui permettait aux guerriers d'avoir les mains libres pour combattre et pour conduire leurs véhicules. On peut donc affirmer que l'armure a apporté la meilleure réponse au besoin de protection des équipages des chars sur les champs de bataille.Contrairement à d'autres armes et équipements étrangers, tels que l'épée khopesh, l'arc composite et le char de guerre, les casques et les cuirasses n'ont pas été énormément pris en compte, ni par l'idéologie royale ni dans le cadre des croyances religieuses. Seuls les textes ramessides consacrés à la bataille de Qadesh et au siège de la ville syrienne de Dapour citent d'ailleurs le corset, à propos du Pharaon combattant, alors que les mentions d'armures concernant une divinité ou un culte sont actuellement insuffisantes pour pouvoir tirer des conclusions convaincantes.Notamment, une grande attention a été portée au recueil des témoignages et à l'elaboration d'un corpus structuré autour de trois sections consacrées respectivement aux evidences iconographiques, archéologiques et lexicographiques. Sur la base des données recueillies, nous avons essayé de parvenir à avoir une perspective la plus précise possible sur les modalités d'introdution et de diffusion des casques et des armures, sur leur impact sur la conduite de la guerre et sur leur éventuel rôle dans le cadre de l'idéologie. De plus, la manière de conduire le raisonnement, que nous avons privilégié dans ce travail, a impliqué non seulement le recours récurrent à la comparaison des évidences égyptiennes avec les témoignages contemporaines provenant du Proche-Orient et de l'Égée mais aussi l'introduction dans le texte d'excursus et digressions consacrés à l'équipement défensif relatif à des époques qui ne rentrent pas dans le cadre limité du Nouvel Empire
The objective of this work is to examine the dynamics related to the introduction and diffusion of protective clothing in Egypt, during 18th, 19th and 20th dynasty. The word “introduction” represents the best term to define this phenomenon because this type of military equipment is not an Egyptian technological innovation. Contrariwise, armours appeared at the end of the Bronze Age, following the gradual Khurri-Mitanian expansion in the Middle East, and then spread throughout the surroundingg territories, including Egypt. The development, during three centuries of Mitanian supremacy, of a new way to fight, based on the employ of masses of war chariots, encouraged indeed the adoption of a type of personal defence equipment that was intended to enable the warriors to have both hands free, for fighting and driving vehicles. So we can assert that the armour represented, for members of chariot crews, the best answer to the need of personal protection on the battlefield.Unlike other foreign weapons and equipment, such as the khopesh sword, the composite bow and the chariot, helmets and armours have been extensively adopted as attribute neither in the pharaonic ideology nor within the contex of the religious beliefs. Actually, only the ramesside texts related to the battle of Qadesh and to the siege of the Syrian town of Dapur mention corslets in strict relation to the fighting Pharaoh, whereas the references to armours associated to a specific deity or worship are currently inadequate to achieve convincing results.I have paid particular attention to the survey of evidences and to the creation of a corpus organized in three sections dedicated to the iconographic, archaeological and lexicographic attestations, respectively. On the basis of the collated information, I have tried to develop the most accurate perspective on the way in which the helmet and the cuirass were introduced and propagated, on their impact on warfare and on their possible role in ideology. Moreover, in this work my preferred approach implied not only the recurring recourse to the comparison between Egyptian evidences and the contemporary attestations coming from the Middle-East and the Aegean region, but also the introduction in the text of some excursus and digressions about the defensive equipment related to ages that fall outside the restricted chronological limits of New Kingdom

Part importante de l'armement préhistorique pour les périodes récentes (quantitativement et qualitativement), l'archerie représente un objet d'étude riche en développements problématiques. A l'aube de l'introduction progressive de la métallurgie dans les usages techniques, il est intéressant de saisir le ou les processus de transferts mis en œuvre. Transition chronologique (Néolithique/Age du bronze), transition matérielle (types de pièces produites et types de matériaux employés) et transition comportementale sont ainsi envisagées pour parvenir à préciser le statut de cet armement dans les sociétés concernées. En nous basant sur la caractérisation de la panoplie de l'archer, sur l'identification des contextes de fabrication, sur la reconnaissance des champs fonctionnels (utilisations et usagers) et sur l'analyse archéo-balistique des vestiges de traumatismes par flèches dans le cadre de violences interhumaines, il en résulte un ensemble exhaustif qui renouvelle sensiblement la perception de cet armement dans le temps et dans les usages.