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1

Faux, Cynthia M., and Terry Ryan Kane. "Honey Bees." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 37, no. 3 (November 2021): 559–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2021.06.015.

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2

CHACHAIN, NEBRASS FALEH, FAYHAA ABBOOD MAHDI AL-NADAWI, and RASHA SATTAM HAMEED. "Review Article: The Honey bees." Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 50, no. 4 (December 20, 2019): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.36872/lepi/v50i4/201089.

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3

Charara, Hayan. "Bees, Honeycombs, Honey." Prairie Schooner 90, no. 4 (2016): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/psg.2016.0075.

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4

Tôrres, Wedson de Lima, João Claudio Vilvert, Airton Torres Carvalho, Ricardo Henrique de Lima Leite, Francisco Klebson Gomes dos Santos, and Edna Maria Mendes Aroucha. "Quality of Apis mellifera honey after being used in the feeding of jandaira stingless bees (Melipona subnitida)." Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences 43 (November 6, 2020): e50383. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v43i1.50383.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical quality and bioactive compounds of Apis mellifera honey as well as the alterations in the quality of A. mellifera honey after being used in the feeding of Melipona subnitida colonies. A. mellifera honeys were collected in apiaries, homogenised and used as feed for M. subnitida bees for 30 days. Every five days, honey samples were collected and evaluated for physicochemical characteristics and bioactive compounds. The treatments consisted of natural honeys of A. mellifera and M. subnitida and honey of M. subnitida bee after being fed with A. mellifera honey (modified honey). M. subnitida bees, when fed with honey from A. mellifera, modified some of its characteristics, such as moisture, reducing sugars, diastase activity, colour and flavonoid content. Natural and modified honeys of A. mellifera were similar to each other and different from M. subnitida honey in terms of minerals, free acidity, electrical conductivity, phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Treatments were similar in terms of sucrose, insoluble matter, hydroxymethylfurfural and water activity. In general, the quality attributes of the modified honey were closer to the honey of A. mellifera than to the natural M. subnitida honey.
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5

Corbet, Sarah A., and A. Westgarth-Smith. "Cotoneasterfor bumble bees and honey bees." Journal of Apicultural Research 31, no. 1 (January 1992): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00218839.1992.11101254.

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6

Neff, Ellen P. "Iron and honey bees." Lab Animal 50, no. 4 (March 26, 2021): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41684-021-00752-9.

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7

Vignieri, Sacha. "From bees to honey." Science 358, no. 6359 (October 5, 2017): 76.3–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.358.6359.76-c.

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8

Chuttong, Bajaree, Ninat Buawangpong, and Michael Burgett. "Honey Bees and Coffee." Bee World 92, no. 3 (July 3, 2015): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0005772x.2015.1091230.

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9

Magesh, Vijayan, Zhen Zhu, Tianren Tang, Shaoe Chen, Li Li, Lidong Wang, Kalidindi Krishna Varma, and Yifan Wu. "Toxicity of Neonicotinoids to Honey Bees and Detoxification Mechanism in Honey Bees." IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology 11, no. 04 (April 2017): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/2402-110401102110.

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10

Rasmussen, Claus, Yoko L. Dupont, Henning Bang Madsen, Petr Bogusch, Dave Goulson, Lina Herbertsson, Kate Pereira Maia, et al. "Evaluating competition for forage plants between honey bees and wild bees in Denmark." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 28, 2021): e0250056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250056.

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A recurrent concern in nature conservation is the potential competition for forage plants between wild bees and managed honey bees. Specifically, that the highly sophisticated system of recruitment and large perennial colonies of honey bees quickly exhaust forage resources leading to the local extirpation of wild bees. However, different species of bees show different preferences for forage plants. We here summarize known forage plants for honey bees and wild bee species at national scale in Denmark. Our focus is on floral resources shared by honey bees and wild bees, with an emphasis on both threatened wild bee species and foraging specialist species. Across all 292 known bee species from Denmark, a total of 410 plant genera were recorded as forage plants. These included 294 plant genera visited by honey bees and 292 plant genera visited by different species of wild bees. Honey bees and wild bees share 176 plant genera in Denmark. Comparing the pairwise niche overlap for individual bee species, no significant relationship was found between their overlap and forage specialization or conservation status. Network analysis of the bee-plant interactions placed honey bees aside from most other bee species, specifically the module containing the honey bee had fewer links to any other modules, while the remaining modules were more highly inter-connected. Despite the lack of predictive relationship from the pairwise niche overlap, data for individual species could be summarized. Consequently, we have identified a set of operational parameters that, based on a high foraging overlap (>70%) and unfavorable conservation status (Vulnerable+Endangered+Critically Endangered), can guide both conservation actions and land management decisions in proximity to known or suspected populations of these species.
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11

Gegear, Robert J., and Terence M. Laverty. "Effect of a colour dimorphism on the flower constancy of honey bees and bumble bees." Canadian Journal of Zoology 82, no. 4 (April 1, 2004): 587–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z04-029.

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We assessed the flower constancy of Italian honey bees (Apis mellifera ligustica Spinelli, 1808) and bumble bees (Bombus impatiens Cresson, 1863) by presenting individual foragers with a mixed array of equally rewarding yellow and blue flowers after they were trained to visit each colour in succession. All honey bees showed a high degree of flower constancy to one colour and rarely visited the alternate colour, whereas most bumble bees indiscriminately visited both colours. Foraging rates (flowers visited per minute) and flower handling times did not differ between honey bee and bumble bee foragers; however, bumble bees tended to fly farther between consecutive flower visits and make fewer moves to nearest neighbouring flowers than honey bees. When bees were forced to specialize on one of two previously rewarding flower colours by depleting one colour of reward, honey bees required almost twice as many flower visits to specialize on the rewarding flower colour as bumble bees. Together, these results suggest that the relationship between individual flower constancy and colour differences is not a general behavioural phenomenon in honey and bumble bees, perhaps because of differences in the ability of each group to effectively manage multiple colours at the same time and location.
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12

Yuce, Baris, Michael Packianather, Ernesto Mastrocinque, Duc Pham, and Alfredo Lambiase. "Honey Bees Inspired Optimization Method: The Bees Algorithm." Insects 4, no. 4 (November 6, 2013): 646–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects4040646.

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13

Willingham, Ryan, Jeanette Klopchin, and James D. Ellis. "Robbing Behavior in Honey Bees." EDIS 2015, no. 2 (March 13, 2015): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-in1064-2015.

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Western honey bee workers can invade and steal honey/nectar from other colonies or sugar/corn syrup from feeders used to deliver syrup to other colonies. This is called “robbing” behavior. Robbing behavior typically involves the collection of nectar and honey, but not pollen or brood. Some beekeepers report that robbing bees may steal wax or propolis from other hives, but there is not much data available on this occurrence. Robbing behavior can escalate quickly from just a few bees robbing other colonies to a massive frenzy of bees robbing many colonies in an apiary. This 3-page fact sheet was written by Ryan Willingham, Jeanette Klopchin, and James Ellis, and published by the UF Department of Entomology and Nematology, February 2015. (Photo Credit: UF/HBREL) ENY-163/IN1064: Robbing Behavior in Honey Bees (ufl.edu)
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14

Brittain, Claire, Neal Williams, Claire Kremen, and Alexandra-Maria Klein. "Synergistic effects of non- Apis bees and honey bees for pollination services." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1754 (March 7, 2013): 20122767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2767.

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In diverse pollinator communities, interspecific interactions may modify the behaviour and increase the pollination effectiveness of individual species. Because agricultural production reliant on pollination is growing, improving pollination effectiveness could increase crop yield without any increase in agricultural intensity or area. In California almond, a crop highly dependent on honey bee pollination, we explored the foraging behaviour and pollination effectiveness of honey bees in orchards with simple (honey bee only) and diverse (non- Apis bees present) bee communities. In orchards with non- Apis bees, the foraging behaviour of honey bees changed and the pollination effectiveness of a single honey bee visit was greater than in orchards where non- Apis bees were absent. This change translated to a greater proportion of fruit set in these orchards. Our field experiments show that increased pollinator diversity can synergistically increase pollination service, through species interactions that alter the behaviour and resulting functional quality of a dominant pollinator species. These results of functional synergy between species were supported by an additional controlled cage experiment with Osmia lignaria and Apis mellifera. Our findings highlight a largely unexplored facilitative component of the benefit of biodiversity to ecosystem services, and represent a way to improve pollinator-dependent crop yields in a sustainable manner.
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15

Cabras, Paolo, M. Gisella Martini, Ignazio Floris, and Lorenzo Spanedda. "Residues of cymiazole in honey and honey bees." Journal of Apicultural Research 33, no. 2 (January 1994): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00218839.1994.11100854.

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16

Kyle, Britteny, and Jeffrey R. Applegate. "Honey Bees and Humane Euthanasia." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 37, no. 3 (November 2021): 569–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2021.06.011.

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17

Bandgar, Pratiksha Sanjay, Kajal Appasaheb Pondkule, and Vitthalrao B. Khyade. "Fascinating Communication in Honey Bees." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 7, no. 09 (September 10, 2018): 3704–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.709.460.

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18

Mata, Maria Eugénia. "As Bees Attracted to Honey." Journal of Transport History 29, no. 2 (September 2008): 173–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/tjth.29.2.2.

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19

Søvik, Eirik, Jennifer L. Cornish, and Andrew B. Barron. "Cocaine Tolerance in Honey Bees." PLoS ONE 8, no. 5 (May 31, 2013): e64920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0064920.

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20

Rinderer, Thomas E. "Africanized Honey Bees and Agromedicine." Journal of Agromedicine 2, no. 1 (May 15, 1995): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j096v02n01_07.

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21

Beer, Katharina, and Guy Bloch. "Circadian plasticity in honey bees." Biochemist 42, no. 2 (March 31, 2020): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio04202002.

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Circadian rhythms of about a day are ubiquitous in animals and considered functionally significant. Honey bees show remarkable circadian plasticity that is related to the complex social organization of their societies. Forager bees show robust circadian rhythms that support time-compensated sun-compass navigation, dance communication and timing visits to flowers. Nest-dwelling nurse bees care for the young brood around the clock. Here, we review our current understanding of the molecular and neuroanatomical mechanisms underlying this remarkable natural plasticity in circadian rhythms.
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22

de Brito Sanchez, M. G. "Taste Perception in Honey Bees." Chemical Senses 36, no. 8 (May 26, 2011): 675–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjr040.

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23

Oldroyd, Benjamin P. "What's Killing American Honey Bees?" PLoS Biology 5, no. 6 (June 12, 2007): e168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0050168.

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24

Stead, N. "SENSING NOVELTY IN HONEY BEES." Journal of Experimental Biology 216, no. 11 (May 15, 2013): i—ii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.088229.

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25

Gould, James L. "Pattern learning by honey bees." Animal Behaviour 34, no. 4 (August 1986): 990–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-3472(86)80157-9.

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26

Gould, James L. "Landmark learning by honey bees." Animal Behaviour 35, no. 1 (February 1987): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-3472(87)80207-5.

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27

Haberl, Michael, and Diethard Tautz. "Sperm usage in honey bees." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 42, no. 4 (April 24, 1998): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002650050436.

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28

Visscher, P. K., and R. Dukas. "Survivorship of foraging honey bees." Insectes Sociaux 44, no. 1 (March 1, 1997): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000400050017.

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29

Passino, Kevin M., Thomas D. Seeley, and P. Kirk Visscher. "Swarm cognition in honey bees." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 62, no. 3 (September 19, 2007): 401–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-007-0468-1.

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30

Chittka, Lars, and Karl Geiger. "Can honey bees count landmarks?" Animal Behaviour 49, no. 1 (January 1995): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(95)80163-4.

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31

Requier, Fabrice, and Robin M. Crewe. "Learning from Wild Honey Bees." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 34, no. 11 (November 2019): 967–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2019.08.002.

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32

Dornhaus, Anna, and Lars Chittka. "Why do honey bees dance?" Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 55, no. 4 (February 1, 2004): 395–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-003-0726-9.

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33

Chantawannakul, Panuwan, and Brian N. Dancer. "American foulbrood in honey bees." Bee World 82, no. 4 (January 2001): 168–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0005772x.2001.11099524.

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34

Oldroyd, Benjamin P., and Piyamas Nanork. "Conservation of Asian honey bees." Apidologie 40, no. 3 (May 2009): 296–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009021.

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35

Menzel, R. "Associative learning in honey bees." Apidologie 24, no. 3 (1993): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:19930301.

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36

Neff, Ellen P. "Honey bees & brain waves." Lab Animal 49, no. 5 (April 24, 2020): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41684-020-0541-1.

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37

Morse, Roger A., Thomas W. Culliney, Walter H. Gutenmann, Cheryl B. Littman, and Donald J. Lisk. "Polychlorinated biphenyls in honey bees." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 38, no. 2 (February 1987): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01606673.

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38

Forsgren, Eva. "European foulbrood in honey bees." Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 103 (January 2010): S5—S9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2009.06.016.

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39

Aronstein, K. A., and K. D. Murray. "Chalkbrood disease in honey bees." Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 103 (January 2010): S20—S29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2009.06.018.

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40

Goller, F., and H. E. Esch. "Waggle dances of honey bees." Science of Nature 77, no. 12 (December 1990): 594–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01133734.

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41

Michelsen, D. Broder, and Go¨tz H. U. Braun. "Circling behavior in honey bees." Brain Research 421, no. 1-2 (September 1987): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(87)91269-8.

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42

Mortensen, Ashley N., Bryan Smith, and James D. Ellis. "Social Organization of Honey Bees." EDIS 2015, no. 9 (December 1, 2015): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-in1102-2015.

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A honey bee colony is a superorganism, which means that together its members function like a single animal. Bees within a colony work together like the cells in a human body. They warm the colony in the winter by vibrating their wings to generate heat and cool it in the summer by ferrying in droplets of water and fanning air over them. Worker bees fan air into and out of the colony entrance in distinct inhalations and exhalations. Colonies reproduce by swarming to create new daughter colonies that in turn thermoregulate, breathe, and reproduce just as a single autonomous animal does. In three pages this fact sheet explains the intricate caste system and age-based division of labor that allows colonies of humankind’s best-loved pollinators to function and thrive. Written by Ashley N. Mortensen, Bryan Smith, and James D. Ellis, and published by the Entomology and Nematology Department, November 2015. ENY-166/IN1102: The Social Organization of Honey Bees (ufl.edu)
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43

Walters*, S. Alan, and Bradley H. Taylor. "Influence of Honey Bees on Pumpkin Yields in Illinois." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 866A—866. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.866a.

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Most small pumpkin growers in Illinois have traditionally relied upon natural insect pollinators to achieve fruit set and development. Many growers fail to understand the importance of pollination and are not aware of the potential benefits of using honey bee colonies to improve pollination and subsequent fruit set of pumpkin. Therefore, a study was conducted over the 2000 and 2001 growing seasons to measure the effectiveness of honey bee colonies on jack-o-lantern pumpkin production. Yields (kg·ha-1) of several cultivars (e.g., `Appalachian' and `Howden') almost doubled when honey bee colonies were present during flowering. Pumpkin weights with the inclusion of honey bees averaged 31,547 kg·ha-1 compared to 22,353 kg·ha-1 for those without honey bees. However, the number of pumpkins per ha was not as drastically influenced by the addition of honey bees; total pumpkin fruits per ha averaged 1,896 with honey bees as compared to 1,704 without honey bees. These results indicate that there were sufficient natural pollinators to induce pumpkin fruit set under field conditions during the study, but fruit size can be significantly increased with the addition of a strong honey bee colony during flowering. Since pumpkins are generally sold on a weight basis, growers should realize greater revenues with the inclusion of honey bee colonies in pumpkin fields.
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44

Gemeda, Tolera Kumsa, Youquan Shao, Wenqin Wu, Huipeng Yang, Jiaxing Huang, and Jie Wu. "Native Honey Bees Outperform Adventive Honey Bees in Increasing Pyrus bretschneideri (Rosales: Rosaceae) Pollination." Journal of Economic Entomology 110, no. 6 (November 6, 2017): 2290–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/tox286.

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45

Lavine, B. K., David A. Carlson, Douglas Henry, and Peter C. Jurs. "Taxonomy based on chemical constitution: Differentiation of Africanized honey-bees from European honey-bees." Journal of Chemometrics 2, no. 1 (January 1988): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180020105.

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46

Al Naggar, Yahya, Markus Brinkmann, Christie M. Sayes, Saad N. AL-Kahtani, Showket A. Dar, Hesham R. El-Seedi, Bernd Grünewald, and John P. Giesy. "Are Honey Bees at Risk from Microplastics?" Toxics 9, no. 5 (May 15, 2021): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9050109.

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Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous and persistent pollutants, and have been detected in a wide variety of media, from soils to aquatic systems. MPs, consisting primarily of polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyacrylamide polymers, have recently been found in 12% of samples of honey collected in Ecuador. Recently, MPs have also been identified in honey bees collected from apiaries in Copenhagen, Denmark, as well as nearby semiurban and rural areas. Given these documented exposures, assessment of their effects is critical for understanding the risks of MP exposure to honey bees. Exposure to polystyrene (PS)-MPs decreased diversity of the honey bee gut microbiota, followed by changes in gene expression related to oxidative damage, detoxification, and immunity. As a result, the aim of this perspective was to investigate whether wide-spread prevalence of MPs might have unintended negative effects on health and fitness of honey bees, as well as to draw the scientific community’s attention to the possible risks of MPs to the fitness of honey bees. Several research questions must be answered before MPs can be considered a potential threat to bees.
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47

Hawthorne, S. "AFRICANIZED HONEY BEES FOUND IN ARIZONA." Pediatrics 94, no. 1 (July 1, 1994): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.94.1.117.

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Washington, DC, July 13, 1993—Africanized honey bees have been found in Arizona, the second state where the "killer bees" have migrated into this country, according to the Agriculture Department. A swarm was found in a state Department of Agriculture trap 2 miles north of Sasabe, AZ. The bees were destroyed. The fierce and unmanageable bees are descendants of honey bees imported from Africa to Brazil in 1956. They have been spreading north and south from Brazil since their release in 1957. They tend to sting with less provocation and in greater numbers than other honey bees. They migrated for the first time into the United States in 1990, near Hildago, TX, in the Rio Grande Valley. They have also entered the country on ships.
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48

Ng, Wen-Jie, Nam-Weng Sit, Peter Aun-Chuan Ooi, Kah-Yaw Ee, and Tuck-Meng Lim. "The Antibacterial Potential of Honeydew Honey Produced by Stingless Bee (Heterotrigona itama) against Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria." Antibiotics 9, no. 12 (December 5, 2020): 871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9120871.

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Scientific studies about the antibacterial effects of honeydew honey produced by the stingless bee are very limited. In this study, the antibacterial activities of 46 blossom and honeydew honeys produced by both honey bees and stingless bees were evaluated and compared. All bacterial isolates showed varying degrees of susceptibility to blossom and honeydew honeys produced by the honey bee (Apis cerana) and stingless bee (Heterotrigona itama and Geniotrigona thoracica) in agar-well diffusion. All stingless bee honeys managed to inhibit all the isolates but only four out of 23 honey bee honeys achieved that. In comparison with Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli was found to be more susceptible to the antibacterial effects of honey. Bactericidal effects of stingless bee honeys on E. coli were determined with the measurement of endotoxins released due to cell lysis. Based on the outcomes, the greatest antibacterial effects were observed in honeydew honey produced by H. itama. Scanning electron microscopic images revealed the morphological alteration and destruction of E. coli due to the action of this honey. The combination of this honey with antibiotics showed synergistic inhibitory effects on E. coli clinical isolates. This study revealed that honeydew honey produced by H. itama stingless bee has promising antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria, including antibiotic resistant strains.
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49

Greenleaf, S. S., and C. Kremen. "Wild bees enhance honey bees' pollination of hybrid sunflower." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103, no. 37 (August 29, 2006): 13890–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0600929103.

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50

Hristov, Peter, Rositsa Shumkova, Nadezhda Palova, and Boyko Neov. "Honey bee colony losses: Why are honey bees disappearing?" Sociobiology 68, no. 1 (February 22, 2021): 5851. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v68i1.5851.

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The Western honey bee (Apis mellifera L., Hymenoptera: Apidae) is a species of crucial economic, agricultural and environmental importance.In the last ten years, some regions of the world have suffered from a significant reduction of honey bee colonies. In fact, honey bee losses are not an unusual phenomenon, but in many countries worldwide there has been a notable decrease in honey bee families. The cases in the USA, in many European countries, and in the Middle East have received considerable attention, mostly due to the absence of an easily identifiable cause.It has been difficult to determine the main factors leading to colony losses because of honey bees’ diverse social behavior. Moreover, in their daily routine, they make contact with many agents of the environment and are exposed to a plethora of human activities and their consequences. Nevertheless, a number of different factors are considered to be contributing to honey bee losses, and recent investigations have established some of the most important ones, in particular, pests and diseases, bee management, including bee keeping practices and breeding, the change in climatic conditions, agricultural practices, and the use of pesticides. The global picture highlights the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor as a major factor in colony loss. Last but not least, microsporidian parasites, mainly Nosema ceranae, also contribute to the problem.Thus, it is obvious that many factors are involved in honey bee colony losses globally. Increased monitoring and scientific research should throw new light on the factors involved in recent honey bee colony losses.This review focuses on the main factors which have been found to have an impact on the increase in honey bee colony losses.
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