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Journal articles on the topic 'Homicide – Brazil'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Pereira, Débora V. S., Caroline M. M. Mota, and Martin A. Andresen. "The Homicide Drop in Recife, Brazil." Homicide Studies 21, no. 1 (July 24, 2016): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088767916634405.

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Studies in crime concentrations have focused primarily on North America with a rather restrictive set of crime types. In this article, we analyze the crime concentrations and spatial patterns of homicide in Recife, Brazil. Brazil’s homicide rates have remained stable but at high levels, approximately 30 homicides per 100,000. Some places have experienced notable decreases in homicide: In Recife, the capital of Pernambuco, there has been a drop in the homicide rate of 46.67%, 2000 to 2012. We analyzed the decline of homicides finding that it continues to be highly concentrated, but the decrease has not been uniform.
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2

Chainey, Spencer P., and Franklin Epiphanio Gomes de Almeida. "The Spatial Concentration and Dispersion of Homicide during a Period of Homicide Increase in Brazil." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 8 (August 7, 2021): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10080529.

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This study applies the principles of measuring micro-place crime concentration and the spatial dispersion of crime increase to the geographic unit of cities in Brazil. We identify that a small number of cities account for a large cumulative proportion of homicides, and that during a period of homicide increase 30 cities out of 5570 accounted for the equivalent national increase in homicides. The majority of the 30 cities were not established high homicide cities but instead were new emerging centers of homicide that neighbor high homicide cities. We suggest the findings can be used to better target effective programs for decreasing homicides.
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3

Wanzinack, Clóvis, Marcos Claudio Signorelli, Silvia Shimakura, Pedro Paulo Gomes Pereira, Mauricio Polidoro, Lilian Blanck de Oliveira, and Clóvis Reis. "Indigenous homicide in Brazil: geospatial mapping and secondary data analysis (2010 to 2014)." Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 24, no. 7 (July 2019): 2637–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232018247.23442017.

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Abstract This study aimed to describe a panorama of Indigenous homicide in Brazil, analysing the main characteristics and territorial distribution between 2010 and 2014. Demographic study of Indigenous population data obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics and Indigenous homicide data (2010-2014) from the Ministry of Health. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, victims’ characteristics, type of homicides and geographical distribution, which were then plotted on maps using ArcGIS. Findings revealed: 1) a national estimated average of Indigenous homicide rate of 22.5 per 100,000 Indigenous inhabitants per year; 2) a map showing where homicides were registered and the mean homicide rates for Brazilian regions and states, with highest rates in Roraima and Mato Grosso do Sul; 3) the main homicide method were sharp or penetrating objects; 4) Indigenous male homicide rate was 2.4 times higher than female, but Indigenous female rate was more than double that of non-Indigenous; 5) high homicide rates of Indigenous children (under 1-year-old) in areas of the states of Roraima and Amazonas. We advise careful consideration of Indigenous cultural beliefs to avoid errors of judgement, reflecting how Indigenous populations are at risk of homicide in some areas.
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4

Nadanovsky, Paulo, Roger Keller Celeste, Margo Wilson, and Martin Daly. "Homicide and impunity: an ecological analysis at state level in Brazil." Revista de Saúde Pública 43, no. 5 (October 2009): 733–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-89102009000500001.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess a new impunity index and variables that have been found to predict variation in homicide rates in other geographical levels as predictive of state-level homicide rates in Brazil. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional ecological study. Data from the mortality information system relating to the 27 Brazilian states for the years 1996 to 2005 were analyzed. The outcome variables were taken to be homicide victim rates in 2005, for the entire population and for men aged 20-29 years. Measurements of economic and social development, economic inequality, demographic structure and life expectancy were analyzed as predictors. An "impunity index", calculated as the total number of homicides between 1996 and 2005 divided by the number of individuals in prison in 2007, was constructed. The data were analyzed by means of simple linear regression and negative binomial regression. RESULTS: In 2005, state-level crude total homicide rates ranged from 11 to 51 per 100,000; for young men, they ranged from 39 to 241. The impunity index ranged from 0.4 to 3.5 and was the most important predictor of this variability. From negative binomial regression, it was estimated that the homicide victim rate among young males increased by 50% for every increase of one point in this ratio. CONCLUSIONS: Classic predictive factors were not associated with homicides in this analysis of state-level variation in Brazil. However, the impunity index indicated that the greater the impunity, the higher the homicide rate.
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Silva, Carlos, Silas Melo, Alex Santos, Pedro Almeida Junior, Simone Sato, Katarina Santiago, and Lucilene Sá. "Spatial Modeling for Homicide Rates Estimation in Pernambuco State-Brazil." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 12 (December 11, 2020): 740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9120740.

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Homicide rates have been increasing worldwide, especially in Latin America, where it is considered one of the most lethal of the continents. Despite that, the occurrence of homicides are not homogeneous in time and space on the continent or in the Brazilian cities. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to present a spatial analysis of homicides in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, between the years of 2016 and 2019, by the use of an exploratory analysis of spatial homicide data with five variables that could explain its occurrence. In addition to that, it was applied the Global and Local Moran’s Index, Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression, and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR), all implemented in the Geographic Information System (GIS) software. Thus, the distribution of clusters revealed a spatial autocorrelation for homicide rates, confirming a spatial dependence. This data also showed the polarization of the rate between the coast and the interior of the state of Pernambuco.
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6

Molnar Prates, Thierry, Rhafaella Karlla Costa Santana da Silva, and Anderson Moreira Aristides dos Santos. "Homicides in Alagoas - Brazil: A spatial analysis." Estudios económicos 40, no. 80 (December 28, 2022): 11–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.52292/j.estudecon.2023.3175.

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This paper aimed to identify the main factors that influence homicides in the state of Alagoas, Brazil. Therefore, we employed the Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) technique and estimated spatial models in order to fix spatial autocorrelation. Although several articles have explored this theme for other states in Brazil, we chose Alagoas, a small state in northeastern Brazil, since it lead the homicide ranking per 100 thousand inhabitants in 2010, at the time of the national census. The main results show that the higher the income concentration, the greater the number of poor and the lower the educational level, the higher the homicide rate.
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7

Oliveira, Elenice De Souza, Braulio Figueiredo Alves da Silva, Flavio Luiz Sapori, and Gabriela Gomes Cardoso. "Homicide and Drug Trafficking in Impoverished Communities in Brazil." International Journal of Law and Public Administration 3, no. 2 (September 10, 2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijlpa.v3i2.5008.

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Many studies demonstrate that homicides are heavily concentrated in impoverished neighborhoods, but not all socially disadvantaged neighborhoods are hotbeds of violence. Conducted in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, this study hypothesizes that the association between high rates of homicide and impoverished areas is influenced by the emergence of a specific type of street drug-dealing common to favelas (slums). The study applies econometric techniques to police data on homicides and drug arrests from 2008 to 2011, as well as 2010 Census data, to test its hypothesis. The findings provide insight into the development of crime prevention policies in areas of high social vulnerability.
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8

Cordeiro, Gauss M., Enivaldo Rocha, Dalson Figueiredo, Antônio Fernandes, Edwin M. M. Ortega, and Fábio Prataviera. "The beta and simplex regression models to explain homicides in state capitals of Brazil." Model Assisted Statistics and Applications 15, no. 3 (October 9, 2020): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/mas-200489.

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The intentional killing of one human being by its own kind is considered the worst of the crimes. Therefore, homicide prevention is a major concern for policy makers in both developing and developed countries. We propose regression modeling for the homicide rates in Brazil along with appropriately chosen distributions for these responses that are in agreement with the restriction of values to the unit interval. We adopt the beta and simplex regression models with systematic components for the mean and dispersion parameters to explain the homicide rates in 27 state capitals of Brazil from the following explanatory variables: time, Gini coefficient, municipal human development index (MHDI), illiteracy and poverty rates. We employ standard likelihood techniques, perform influence and residual analysis and calculate goodness-of-fit statistics to select the best regression to explain homicides rates in these capitals. We perform the computations in the R package. The main results suggest the following: the mean homicide rate is increasing over time; there is a negative correlation between MHDI and murder rate; the poverty has a quite small negative impact on the mean homicide rates in the beta regression. The Gini coefficient and the illiteracy and poverty rates explain the dispersion of the homicide rates.
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9

Martins, Anne Karolinne Menezes, and Marcus Vinicius Mariano de Souza. "VIOLÊNCIA HOMICIDA: uma análise dos índices de homicídios no núcleo Cidade Nova, Marabá (PA) nos anos de 2014 a 2016." Revista Cerrados 17, no. 01 (February 18, 2020): 131–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22238/rc2448269220191701131163.

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Violência e criminalidade estão se tornando elementos fundamentais para discussão acerca do espaço urbano no Brasil. A cidade de Marabá, assim como as demais cidades brasileiras, carrega em seu arcabouço histórico a materialização da violência em suas diversas faces. Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar e compreender os elevados índices de homicídios no núcleo Cidade Nova, nos anos de 2014 a 2016. Segundo o Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (IPEA) o município de Marabá está em 11º no ranking das cidades mais violentas do Brasil, e através de dados oficiais fornecidos pelo Comando de Policiamento Regional II (CPR II) foi possível identificar o crescimento demasiado dos índices de homicídios no núcleo Cidade Nova, visto que a cidade de Marabá é polinucleada contendo cinco núcleos (Marabá Pioneira, Cidade Nova, Nova Marabá, São Félix e Morada Nova), sendo que a Cidade Nova é o local que teve maior crescimento do índice de homicídios. A partir das análises foi possível espacializar a localização das ocorrências, o que mostrou a maior presença de homicídios nos bairros mais periféricos, bem como foi possível delimitar um perfil da violência homicida, correlacionando a espacialização com outras questões, como horário, meio utilizado e perfil das vítimas. Palavras-chave: Violência. Criminalidade. Homicídios. Marabá. Cidade Nova. HOMICIDAL VIOLENCE: an analysis of homicide rates in the New City nucleus, Marabá (PA) in the years 2014 to 2016 ABSTRACT Violence and crime are becoming fundamental elements for discussion about urban space in Brazil. The city of Marabá, like other Brazilian cities, carries within its historical framework the materialization of violence in its various faces. According to the Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA), the municipality of Marabá is in 11th place in the ranking of the most violent cities in Brazil. This study aims to analyze and understand the high homicide rates in the Cidade Nova nucleus, from 2014 to 2016. According to the Institute of Applied Economic Research , and through official data provided by the Regional Policing Command II (CPR II), it was possible to identify too much growth of homicide rates in the Cidade Nova nucleus, since the city of Marabá is polynucleate containing five nuclei (Marabá Pioneira, Cidade Nova, Nova Marabá, São Félix and Morada Nova), with the Cidade Nova being the one with the highest growth rate of homicide rates. From the analyzes, it was possible to spatialize the location of the occurrences, which showed the greater presence of homicides in the more peripheral neighborhoods, as well as it was possible to delimit a profile of homicidal violence, correlating the spatialization with other issues, such as time, means used and profile of the victims. Keywords: Violence. Criminality. Homicides. Marabá. Cidade Nova. VIOLENCIA HOMICIDA: un análisis de los índices de homicidios en el núcleo Cidade Nova, Marabá (PA) en los años 2014 a 2016 RESUMEN La violencia y la criminalidad se están convirtiendo en elementos fundamentales para la discusión sobre el espacio urbano en Brasil. La ciudad de Marabá, así como las demás ciudades brasileñas, lleva en su marco histórico la materialización de la violencia en sus diversas caras. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar y comprender los elevados índices de homicidios en el núcleo Ciudad Nova, en los años 2014 a 2016. Según el Instituto de Investigación Económica Aplicada (IPEA) el municipio de Marabá está en el 11º en el ranking de las ciudades más violentas de Brasil (CPR II) fue posible identificar el crecimiento demasiado de los índices de homicidios en el núcleo Cidade Nova, ya que la ciudad de Marabá es polinucleada que contiene cinco núcleos (Marabá Pionera, Cidade Nova, Nova Marabá, São Félix y Morada Nova), siendo que la Cidade Nova es el local que tuvo mayor crecimiento del índice de homicidios. A partir de los análisis fue posible espacializar la localización de las ocurrencias, lo que mostró la mayor presencia de homicidios en los barrios más periféricos, así como fue posible delimitar un perfil de la violencia homicida, correlacionando la espacialización con otras cuestiones, como horario, medio utilizado y perfil de las víctimas. Palabras clave: Violencia. Criminalidade. Homicidios. Marabá. Cidade Nova.
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10

Machado-Rios, Angelita, Murilo Martini, Kleber Cardoso-Crespo, Anderson Fraga-Morales, Pedro Vieira-Da Silva Magalhães, and Lisieux Elaine Borba-Telles. "Sociodemographic, criminal and forensic characteristics of a sample of female children and adolescents murdered in Brazil. 2010-2016." Revista de la Facultad de Medicina 67, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/revfacmed.v67n3.73245.

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Introduction: In Brazil, violence, regardless of the type, is the leading cause of death in adolescents and young adults.Objective: To describe the characteristics of the homicides in which female children and adolescents were the victims based on the autopsy reports recorded in the morgue of the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil.Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study in which 70 autopsy reports of girls and female adolescents who were killed between January 2010 and December 2016 were analyzed. The cases were evaluated according to the homicide motive or the homicide perpetrator, and five categories were established: drug trafficking related death, femicide, homicide perpetrated by a family member, death preceded by sexual violence, and death related to other transgressions.Results: There was a significant increase in the number of girls and female adolescents who were murdered between 2010 (n=7) and 2016 (n=19). Most of the homicides (64.2%) were related to drug, while femicide occurred in 15.7% of the cases. Homicides perpetrated by a family member, or preceded by sexual violence or related with other transgressions were less frequent as they occurred in 10%, 5.7% and 4.2% of the cases, respectively.Conclusion: Greater attention must be paid to the increase in the number of drug trafficking related homicides among female adolescents when creating and implementing relevant public policies.
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11

Costa, Flávia Azevedo de Mattos Moura, Ruth França Cizino da Trindade, and Claudia Benedita dos Santos. "Deaths from homicides: a historical series." Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem 22, no. 6 (December 2014): 1017–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-1169.3603.2511.

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OBJECTIVE: to describe mortality from homicides in Itabuna, in the State of Bahia.METHOD: study with hybrid, ecological and time-trend design. The mortality coefficients per 1,000 inhabitants, adjusted by the direct technique, proportional mortality by sex and age range, and Potential Years of Life Lost were all calculated.RESULTS: since 2005, the external causes have moved from third to second most-common cause of death, with homicides being responsible for the increase. In the 13 years analyzed, homicides have risen 203%, with 94% of these deaths occurring among the male population. Within this group, the growth occurred mainly in the age range from 15 to 29 years of age. It was ascertained that 83% of the deaths were caused by firearms; 57.2% occurred in public thoroughfares; and 98.4% in the urban zone. In 2012, the 173 homicides resulted in 7,837 potential years of life lost, with each death causing, on average, the loss of 45.3 years.CONCLUSIONS: mortality by homicide in a medium-sized city in Bahia reaches levels observed in the big cities of Brazil in the 1980s, evidencing that the phenomenon of criminality - formerly predominant only in the big urban centers - is advancing into the rural area of Brazil, causing changes in the map of violent homicide in Brazil.
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De Salles Dias, Maria, Amélia De Lima Friche, Sueli Mingoti, Dário Da Silva Costa, Amanda De Souza Andrade, Fernando Freire, Veneza De Oliveira, and Waleska Teixeira Caiaffa. "Mortality from Homicides in Slums in the City of Belo Horizonte, Brazil: An Evaluation of the Impact of a Re-Urbanization Project." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 1 (January 8, 2019): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010154.

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Background: Homicide rates in Brazil are among the highest worldwide. Although not exclusive to large Brazilian cities, homicides find their most important determinants in cities’ slums. In the last decade, an urban renewal process has been initiated in the city of Belo Horizonte, in Brazil. Named Vila Viva project, it includes structuring urban interventions such as urban renewal, social development actions and land regularization in the slums of the city. This study evaluates the project’s effect on homicide rates according to time and interventions. Methods: Homicide rates were analyzed comparing five slums with interventions (S1–S5) to five grouped non-intervened slums (S0), with similar socioeconomic characteristics from 2002 to 2012. Poisson regression model estimates the effect of time of observation and the effect of time of exposure (in years) to a completed intervention, besides the overall risk ratio (RR). Results: Using the time of observation in years, homicide rates decreased in the studied period and even more if considered cumulative time of exposure to a completed intervention for S1, S2, S3 and S4, but not for S5. Conclusions: Although the results of the effect of the interventions are not repeated in all slums, a downward trend in homicide rates has been found, which is connected to the interventions. New approaches could be necessary in order to verify the nexus between slum renewal projects and the reduction of homicide rates.
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Schorr, Manuela Teixeira, Renata Ramos Reichelt, Lucas Primo de Carvalho Alves, Bibiana de Borba Telles, Luana Strapazzon, and Lisieux Elaine de Borba Telles. "Youth homicide: a study of homicide predictor factors in adolescent offenders in custody in the south of Brazil." Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 41, no. 3 (September 2019): 292–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2018-0076.

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Abstract Objectives To assess the sociodemographic, psychiatric and criminal profile of adolescent offenders complying with temporary custody for homicide/homicide attempt and to compare it to that of the population of adolescents in custody for other crimes. Methods This cross-sectional study was based on the review of the medical records of 74 juvenile offenders in temporary custody at socioeducational agency Fundação de Atendimento Sócio-Educativo do Rio Grande do Sul. For the analysis, variables that presented p < 0.2 were included in multivariate adjustment through logistic regression. Results The sample comprised males only, mostly with white skin color (55.6 vs. 57.9% for homicidal and non-homicidal, respectively) and with a high prevalence of school failure (77.8 vs. 91.2%). There was a high prevalence of family history of delinquency (88 vs. 81%). Only years of study and belonging or not to a criminal organization remained statistically significant in the multivariate model. Conclusion The results show that having fewer years of study and denying belonging to a criminal organization are predictive factors of homicidal behavior in adolescent offenders (both with statistical relevance). The other variables were not statistically significant for this outcome. The present study may serve as a basis for further research, which may improve our understanding of risk factors for juvenile homicide.
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Pereira, Débora V. S., Caroline M. M. Mota, and Martin A. Andresen. "Social Disorganization and Homicide in Recife, Brazil." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 61, no. 14 (December 31, 2015): 1570–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x15623282.

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In this article, we investigate the determinants of homicide in Recife, Brazil, considering social disorganization theory. Using georeferenced homicide data, 2009-2013, and census data, we analyze homicide in Recife using a spatial regression technique that controls for spatial autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity at the census tract level. Overall, we find that homicide in Recife, Brazil, is characterized by social disorganization theory. Specifically, positive relationships are found for inequality, rented houses, and quantity of people, but negative relationships are found for income, literacy, percentage of married people, water supply, public illumination, the percentage of women responsible for the house, and population density. Overall, we find that social disorganization theory provides an instructive framework for understanding homicide in Recife, Brazil. However, there are specific contexts to Brazil that are different from North American contexts.
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Sousa, Geziel dos Santos de, Francismeire Brasileiro Magalhães, Isabelle da Silva Gama, Maria Vilma Neves de Lima, Rosa Lívia Freitas de Almeida, Luiza Jane Eyre de Souza Vieira, and José Gomes Bezerra Filho. "Social determinants and their interference in homicide rates in a city in northeastern Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia 17, suppl 2 (2014): 194–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4503201400060016.

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OBJECTIVE: This paper aims to analyze the possible relationship between social determinants and homicide mortality in Fortaleza (CE), Brazil. METHOD: To investigate whether the rate of mortality by homicides is related to social determinants, an ecological study with emphasis on spatial analysis was conducted in the city of Fortaleza. Social, economic, demographic and sanitation data, as well as information regarding years of potential life lost, and Human Development Index were collected. The dependent variable was the rate of homicides in the period 2004 to 2006. In order to verify the relationship between the outcome variable and the predictor variables, we performed a multivariate linear regression model. RESULTS: We found associations between social determinants and the rate of mortality by homicides. Variables related to income and education were proven determinants for mortality. The multiple regression model showed that 51% of homicides in Fortaleza neighborhoods are explained by years of potential life lost, proportion of households with poor housing, average years of schooling, per capita income and percentage of household heads with 15 or more years of study. The coefficients for years of potential life lost and households with poor housing were positive. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that the mortality by homicide is associated with high levels of poverty and uncontrolled urbanization, which migrates to the peripheries of urban centers.
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Sousa, Carlos Augusto Moreira de, Cosme Marcelo Furtado Passos da Silva, and Edinilsa Ramos de Souza. "Determinants of homicides in the state of Bahia, Brazil, in 2009." Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia 17, no. 1 (March 2014): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1415-790x201400010011eng.

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PURPOSE: To carry out a study of association between socioeconomic and demographic factors and homicides in general population, in the state of Bahia, in 2009. METHODS: This is an ecological study. The data were collected from the database of the Information System about Mortality of the Ministry of Health, from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics and the Institute of Applied Economic Research. The Global Moran index was calculated for the detection of spatial autocorrelation, and the Local Moran index was calculated for the detection of spatial Clusters. The transformation in the variable answer (homicides rates) was performed and it was shaped using the Conditional Autoregressive Model. RESULTS: The data showed spatial autocorrelation. Two clusters of municipalities with high rates of homicides were identified, one located predominantly in the Greater Metropolitan Region of Salvador and the other in the South Region of Bahia, especially Eunápolis and Lauro de Freitas, which had the highest rates. The Average Residents Variables, local GDP and the Percentage of Illiteracy presented an inverse association with homicide rates, and the variables Firjan's municipal development index of work and income. Enrolment in high school and the Average of Bolsa Família were directly associated. CONCLUSIONS: The urbanization process, in most cases, not controlled by the State, in most cases, made the cities bigger and with better socioeconomic conditions, attraction centers for people with different socioeconomic levels, increasing the social inequality among the residents of these regions, with parallel increase in homicide rates.
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Bando, Daniel Hideki, and David Lester. "An ecological study on suicide and homicide in Brazil." Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 19, no. 4 (April 2014): 1179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232014194.00472013.

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The objective was to evaluate correlations between suicide, homicide and socio-demographic variables by an ecological study. Mortality and socio-demographic data were collected from official records of the Ministry of Health and IBGE (2010), aggregated by state (27). The data were analyzed using correlation techniques, factor analysis, principal component analysis with a varimax rotation and multiple linear regression. Suicide age-adjusted rates for the total population, men and women were 5.0, 8.0, and 2.2 per 100,000 inhabitants respectively. The suicide rates ranged from 2.7 in Pará to 9.1 in Rio Grande do Sul. Homicide for the total population, men and women were 27.2, 50.8, and 4.5 per 100,000, respectively. The homicide rates ranged from 13.0 in Santa Catarina to 68.9 in Alagoas. Suicide and homicide were negatively associated, the significance persisted among men. Unemployment was negatively correlated with suicide and positively with homicide. Different socio-demographic variables were found to correlate with suicide and homicide in the regressions. Suicide showed a pattern suggesting that, in Brazil, it is related to high socioeconomic status. Homicide seemed to follow the pattern found in other countries, associated with lower social and economic status.
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Machado, Daiane Borges, Keltie McDonald, Luis F. S. Castro-de-Araujo, Delan Devakumar, Flávia Jôse Oliveira Alves, Lígia Kiss, Glyn Lewis, and Mauricio L. Barreto. "Association between homicide rates and suicide rates: a countrywide longitudinal analysis of 5507 Brazilian municipalities." BMJ Open 10, no. 11 (November 2020): e040069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040069.

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ObjectiveTo estimate the association between homicide and suicide rates in Brazilian municipalities over a period of 7 years.DesignWe conducted a longitudinal ecological study using annual mortality data from 5507 Brazilian municipalities between 2008 and 2014. Multivariable negative binomial regression models were used to examine the relationship between homicide and suicide rates. Robustness of results was explored using sensitivity analyses to examine the influence of data quality, population size, age and sex on the relationship between homicide and suicide rates.SettingA nationwide study of municipality-level data.ParticipantsMortality data and corresponding population estimates for municipal populations aged 10 years and older.Primary and secondary outcome measuresAge-standardised suicide rates per 100 000.ResultsMunicipal suicide rates were positively associated with municipal homicide rates; after adjusting for socioeconomic and demographic factors, a doubling of the homicide rate was associated with 22% increase in suicide rate (rate ratio=1.22, 95% CI: 1.13 to 1.33). A dose–response effect was observed with 4% increase in suicide rates at the third quintile, 9% at the fourth quintile and 12% at the highest quintile of homicide rates compared with the lowest quintile. The observed effect estimates were robust to sensitivity analyses.ConclusionsMunicipalities with higher homicide rates have higher suicide rates and the relationship between homicide and suicide rates in Brazil exists independently of many sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors. Our results are in line with the hypothesis that changes in homicide rates lead to changes in suicide rates, although a causal association cannot be established from this study. Suicide and homicide rates have increased in Brazil despite increased community mental health support and incarceration, respectively; therefore, new avenues for intervention are needed. The identification of a positive relationship between homicide and suicide rates suggests that population-based interventions to reduce homicide rates may also reduce suicide rates in Brazil.
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Aburto, José Manuel, Julia Calazans, Bernardo Lanza Queiroz, Shammi Luhar, and Vladimir Canudas-Romo. "Uneven state distribution of homicides in Brazil and their effect on life expectancy, 2000–2015: a cross-sectional mortality study." BMJ Open 11, no. 2 (February 2021): e044706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044706.

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ObjectiveTo determine cause-specific and age-specific contributions to life expectancy changes between 2000 and 2015, separately by state and sex in Brazil, with a focus on homicides.DesignRetrospective cross-sectional demographic analysis of mortality.Setting and populationBrazilian population by age, sex and state from 2000 to 2015.Main outcome measureUsing mortality data from the Brazilian Mortality Information System and population estimates from the National Statistics Office, we used death distribution methods and the linear integral decomposition model to estimate levels and changes in life expectancy. We also examine how multiple causes of death, including those attributable to homicides and amenable/avoidable mortality, contributed to these changes from 2000 to 2015.ResultsBetween 2000 and 2015, life expectancy in Brazil increased from 71.5 to 75.1 years. Despite state-level variation in gains, life expectancy increased in almost all states over this period. However across Brazil, homicide mortality contributed, to varying degrees, to either attenuated or decreased male life expectancy gains. In Alagoas in 2000–2007 and Sergipe in 2007–2015, homicides contributed to a reduction in life expectancy of 1.5 years, offsetting gains achieved through improvements due to medically amenable causes. In the period 2007–2015, male life expectancy could have been improved by more than half a year in 12 of Brazil’s states if homicide mortality had remained at the levels of 2007.ConclusionsHomicide mortality appears to offset life expectancy gains made through recent improvements to mortality amenable to medical services and public health interventions, with considerable subnational heterogeneity in the extent of this phenomenon. Efforts combating the causes of homicides can increase life expectancy beyond what has been achieved in recent decades.
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Nogueira, Mário Círio, Ana Luísa Soares Costa, Juliana Lopes de Oliveira Reis, and Ítalo Pereira. "Association between racial residential segregation and homicide mortality in municipalities in Minas Gerais, Brazil." Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 27, no. 9 (September 2022): 3637–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232022279.06982022en.

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Abstract This article aims to evaluate the association between racial residential segregation and homicide mortality in the state of Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil. We conducted an ecological study in which the units of analysis were municipalities in MG. The outcome was homicide deaths between 2008 and 2012 and the exposure variable was residential segregation measured using the racial interaction index, calculated using data from the 2010 Demographic Census. The covariables were per capita family income and the Gini index. The variables were presented in tables and thematic maps and associations were measured using Bayesian hierarchical models. The results of the model adjusted for per capita family income showed a negative association between the racial interaction index and homicide mortality (coefficient=-1.787; 95%CI=-2.459; -1.119). Homicide mortality was lower in municipalities with higher levels of racial interaction.
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Leites, Gabriela Tomedi, Stela Nazareth Meneghel, and Vania Noemi Hirakata. "Female homicide in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia 17, no. 3 (September 2014): 642–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4503201400030006.

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This study aimed to assess the female homicide rate due to aggression in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, using this as a "proxy" of femicide. This was an ecological study which correlated the female homicide rate due to aggression in Rio Grande do Sul, according to the 35 microregions defined by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), with socioeconomic and demographic variables access and health indicators. Pearson's correlation test was performed with the selected variables. After this, multiple linear regressions were performed with variables with p < 0.20. The standardized average of female homicide rate due to aggression in the period from 2003 to 2007 was 3.1 obits per 100 thousand. After multiple regression analysis, the final model included male mortality due to aggression (p = 0.016), the percentage of hospital admissions for alcohol (p = 0.005) and the proportion of ill-defined deaths (p = 0.015). The model have an explanatory power of 39% (adjusted r2 = 0.391). The results are consistent with other studies and indicate a strong relationship between structural violence in society and violence against women, in addition to a higher incidence of female deaths in places with high alcohol hospitalization.
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Ceccato, Vânia, Robert Haining, and Tulio Kahn. "The Geography of Homicide in São Paulo, Brazil." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 39, no. 7 (July 2007): 1632–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a38283.

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The authors investigate geographical patterns of homicide in São Paulo, Brazil. The geography of crime in developing world cities has been an underresearched area in part because of the lack of good-quality, geocoded offence data. In the case of São Paulo the availability of a new digital police dataset has provided the opportunity to improve our understanding of its crime patterns. The authors report the testing of hypotheses about the spatial variation in homicide rates. This variation is explained by poverty, situational conditions determined by differences in land use, and processes that indicate links with the geography of drug markets and the availability of firearms.
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Oliveira, Adriano, and Flávia Barros Souza. "A TAXA DE HOMICÍDIO EXPLICA A ESCOLHA DO ELEITOR?" Revista Observatório 5, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 478–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.20873/uft.2447-4266.2019v5n1p478.

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Taxas de homicídios explicam o desempenho eleitoral de governadores candidatos à reeleição? Este trabalho analisa a relação entre as taxas de homicídios e a reeleição de governadores no Brasil no período de 1998 a 2014. A pesquisa toma como premissas a compreensão das escolhas do eleitor a partir da racionalidade de suas ações e suas emoções, considerando que o mesmo está inserido num determinado contexto e percorre uma trajetória eleitoral. A pesquisa trabalha com a hipótese de que quanto maior a taxa de homicídio no Estado, menor o número de governadores reeleitos durante o período. Utilizamos da estatística descritiva para apresentar os dados e testes estatísticos para comprovar a hipótese apresentada. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Comportamento do eleitor, taxa de homicídio, reeleição. ABSTRACT Do Homicide Rates Explain the Electoral Performance of Reelection Governors? This study analyzes the relationship between homicide rates and reelection of governors in Brazil from 1998 to 2014. The research assumes the understanding of voters' choices based on the rationality of their actions and their emotions, considering that the same is inserted in a specific context and goes through an electoral trajectory. The research works with the hypothesis that the higher the homicide rate in the State, the lower the number of governors reelected during the period. We used the descriptive statistics to present the data and statistical tests to prove the hypothesis presented. KEYWORDS: Voter behavior, homicide rate, reelection. RESUMEN ¿Las tasas de homicidios explican el desempeño electoral de gobernadores candidatos a la reelección? Este trabajo analiza la relación entre las tasas de homicidios y la reelección de gobernadores en Brasil en el período de 1998 a 2014. La investigación toma como premisas la comprensión de las elecciones del elector a partir de la racionalidad de sus acciones y sus emociones, considerando que el mismo, se inserta en un determinado contexto y recorre una trayectoria electoral. La investigación trabaja con la hipótesis de que cuanto mayor es la tasa de homicidio en el Estado, menor el número de gobernadores reelegidos durante el período. Utilizamos la estadística descriptiva para presentar los datos y pruebas estadísticas para comprobar la hipótesis presentada. PALABRAS CLAVE: Comportamiento del elector, tasa de homicidio, reelección.
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De Avila, Thiago Pierobom. "Facing Domestic Violence Against Women in Brazil: Advances and Challenges." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v7i1.397.

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This article aims to offer a critical overview of the Brazilian legal framework for confronting domestic violence against women. Intimate partner homicides are epidemic in Brazil: there are four deaths of women per day. In 2006, the Maria da Penha Law (MPL) introduced integrated polices and transformed criminal procedures to deal with the complexities of gender violence. Reforms included the establishment of The House of Brazilian Women, women-only police stations, specialised courts, intervention orders, interdisciplinary experts, and perpetrator programs. In 2015, a new law created the crime of femicide, designed to prevent ‘honor killings’ defenses in cases of intimate partner homicide and to avoid impunity. Despite law reform, structuring and articulating the network of services remains a challenge. The MPL led to great social change in Brazil regarding awareness of the violence against women, facilitating a broader discussion about gender equality.
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Stępka, Leszek. "The Availability of Firearms and Levels of Homicideand Suicide Perpetrated with Their Use." Comparative Law Review 27 (December 22, 2021): 367–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/clr.2021.016.

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The paper reviews the literature with a view to answering the question as to whether the easier availability of firearms affects the level of homicides and suicides with their use. The author compared Polish and other similar laws where the access to firearms is strictly regulated, as against systems where the availability of firearms is facilitated, either owing to liberal laws (Colombia, Brazil, Switzerland) or to Constitutional guarantees (USA, Mexico). The comparison revealed a correlation between the availability of firearms and levels of homicide and suicide by firearms.
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Souza, Edinilsa Ramos de, and Maria Luiza Carvalho de Lima. "The panorama of urban violence in Brazil and its capitals." Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 11, no. 2 (June 2006): 363–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-81232006000200014.

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This article presents a descriptive epidemiological analysis of accidents and violence in Brazil and in the Brazilian capitals in recent years. The data used were made available by several sources: the Mortality Information System and the Hospital Information System of the Ministry of Health; the National Safety Department of the Ministry of Justice and the National Department of Transit of the Ministry of the Cities. The population data for the years 2002 and 2003 were made available by the DATASUS of the Ministry of Health. The authors emphasize some already known aspects: the high homicide rates and high death rates due to traffic accidents, the concentration of these events in the population of young black males and the complexity and multiplicity of determinants of these phenomena. The text points to a new scenery involving the spreading of homicides to neighbor communities of metropolitan areas and to the inner regions of the States. They further verify higher morbidity than mortality rates. It calls attention to Porto Velho, Macapá, Vitória, Rio de Janeiro and Cuiabá with the highest indicators for intentional violence - high rates of homicides and injuries - and to Palmas, with high death rates from traffic accidents and non-fatal victims per 10 thousand vehicles.
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Souza, Tiago Oliveira de, Liana Wernersbach Pinto, and Edinilsa Ramos de Souza. "Spatial study of homicide rates in the state of Bahia, Brazil, 1996-2010." Revista de Saúde Pública 48, no. 3 (June 2014): 468–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-8910.2014048005201.

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OBJECTIVE To analyze the spatial distribution of homicide mortality in the state of Bahia, Northeastern Brazil. METHODS Ecological study of the 15 to 39-year old male population in the state of Bahia in the period 1996-2010. Data from the Mortality Information System, relating to homicide (X85-Y09) and population estimates from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics were used. The existence of spatial correlation, the presence of clusters and critical areas of the event studied were analyzed using Moran’s I Global and Local indices. RESULTS A non-random spatial pattern was observed in the distribution of rates, as was the presence of three clusters, the first in the north health district, the second in the eastern region, and the third cluster included townships in the south and the far south of Bahia. CONCLUSIONS The homicide mortality in the three different critical areas requires further studies that consider the socioeconomic, cultural and environmental characteristics in order to guide specific preventive and interventionist practices.
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Ingram, Matthew C., and Marcelo Marchesini da Costa. "A Spatial Analysis of Homicide Across Brazil’s Municipalities." Homicide Studies 21, no. 2 (September 7, 2016): 87–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088767916666603.

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Examining homicide across Brazil’s 5,562 municipalities, we find that violence nearby has a positive effect on local violence (diffusion effect), violence exerts an unusual negative spatial effect in small clusters of communities in northeastern Brazil, and a prominent poverty-reduction program (Bolsa Família [BF]) has mixed effects. The spatial dimensions of violence complement existing non-spatial research on violence in Brazil, and the results regarding BF offer a spatial complement to research on conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs, clarifying the sources of violence in Latin America’s largest country and shedding light on the content and geographic targeting of violence reduction policies.
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Loureiro, Paulo R. A., Tito Belchior Silva Moreira, and Roberto Ellery. "The relationship between political parties and tolerance to criminality." International Journal of Social Economics 44, no. 12 (December 4, 2017): 1871–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-04-2016-0115.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impacts of left Brazilian political parties and partisan disruption on the homicide rate in Brazil. Design/methodology/approach The authors use panel data for the states between the years 1980 and 2011. The database used is an unbalanced panel covering a sample of 27 Brazilian states over 32 years, 1980-2011, totaling about 855 observations. Findings It is estimated that these two political factors are sources that have connection to the increased level of violence in Brazil. These analyses provide several important results. First, partisan disruption is associated with a higher homicide rate, compared to non-partisan disruption. The results from the panel also suggest that left-parties in government have a positive impact on homicide, compared to non-left-parties. Research limitations/implications Information regarding premeditated homicides (CID-BR-9 database) is available for all Brazilian states, and may be tabulated from the same micro-data at any level of aggregation. Some of the well-known problems regarding the choice of this variable are as follows. First, deaths resulting from wounds are sometimes included in the statistics whether wounds were intentionally inflicted or not. In addition, some incidents end up not being registered because certain deaths are not reported. This tends to occur more frequently in rural areas. Fortunately, this second problem does not appear to be too significant, as under-registry of deaths due to external causes is much lower than the amount resulting from natural causes (see, e.g. Cano and Santos, 2000). In addition, this problem may be controlled if under-registry remains stable over time by applying fixed effects to the panel data. Practical implications The main Brazilian political parties diverge on the causes of crime and how criminals should be punished. For example, in Brazil, the minimum age for one individual to be punished with imprisonment is 18 years old. Practices crimes for young people between 12 and 18 implies only in socio-educational measures. Given the high level of violence in Brazil, there is a bill being debated in the parliament that proposes to reduce the age to 16 years. Based on the research, 90 percent of the population approves the reduction of age to 16 years. However, the majority of parliament is opposed to changing the law. In general, the more conservative parties are favorable to changing the law. Social implications These divergent postures can be associated with the ideological essence or to belief system of each political party. Political parties have the potential capacity of changing crime trends through economic and social policies as well as by applying stronger sanctions against crime. Given the law enforcement system, the cycle of crime in Brazil may be related to the profile of the political party elected. Originality/value The authors assume the hypothesis that the current Brazilian multi-partisan system has an incentive system in which politicians do not respond adequately to the basic wishes of voters. Among such desires, the authors emphasize public safety. This paper evaluates the empirical effect of partisan disruption on homicide rate.
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Gawryszewski, Vilma Pinheiro, and Eugênia Maria Silveira Rodrigues. "The burden of injury in Brazil, 2003." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 124, no. 4 (2006): 208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31802006000400007.

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CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Since 1980, injuries have been the second biggest cause of death among the Brazilian population. This study aimed to analyze national data on fatal injuries and nonfatal injury hospitalization in Brazil, for 2003. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a population-based descriptive study, Brazil, 2003. METHODS: Data from 126,520 fatal injuries and 733,712 nonfatal injuries seen at public hospitals were analyzed. The data were stratified by sex, age, intent and injury mechanism. Raw and age- and sex-specific rates were calculated per 100,000 individuals. RESULTS: The raw injury mortality rate was 71.5/100,000 (122.6/100,000 for male and 22.0/100,000 for female). For fatal injuries, the proportions of unintentional and intentional injuries were equal (44.3% and 46.9%, respectively). Homicides were the leading cause, 40.3% overall (28.8/100,000), followed by transport-related deaths, 26.2% overall (17.0/100,000). For nonfatal injuries, the rate was 414.8/100,000 and unintentional injuries were predominant (88.9%). Overall, the leading cause was unintentional falls, accounting for 42.6% of victims treated in public hospitals (176.8/100,000). Transport-related injuries were second: 15.0% overall; 62.0/100,000. Fractures comprised 46.7% of principal diagnoses at hospitals. The injury types in the fatal and nonfatal datasets varied according to sex and age. The highest rates were found among young males and elderly people. CONCLUSIONS: Injury prevention activities need to be developed. To prevent deaths, homicide has to be addressed. Among hospitalized cases, falls are the most important problem. Traffic-related injuries play an important role in morbidity and mortality.
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Szwarcwald, C. L., F. I. Bastos, F. Viacava, and C. L. de Andrade. "Income inequality and homicide rates in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil." American Journal of Public Health 89, no. 6 (June 1999): 845–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.89.6.845.

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Ingram, Matthew C., and Marcelo Marchesini da Costa. "Political geography of violence: Municipal politics and homicide in Brazil." World Development 124 (December 2019): 104592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.06.016.

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Viana, Luiz Antonio Chaves, Maria da Conceição Nascimento Costa, Jairnilson Silva Paim, and Ligia Maria Vieira-da-Silva. "Social inequalities and the rise in violent deaths in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil: 2000-2006." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 27, suppl 2 (2011): s298—s308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2011001400016.

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An ecological study was carried out using information zones as units of analysis in order to assess the evolution of socio-spatial inequalities in mortality due to external causes and homicides in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil, in 2000 and 2006. The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE) and the City Health Department (Secretaria Municipal de Saúde) provided the data sources, and causes of death were reviewed and reclassified based on reports from the Institute of Legal Medicine (Instituto Médico Legal). The information zones were classified into four social strata according to income and schooling. The ratio between mortality rates (inequality ratio) was calculated and confirmed a rise of 98.5% in the homicide rate. In 2000, the risk of death due to external causes and murders in the stratum with the worst living conditions was respectively 1.40 and 1.94 times greater than in the reference stratum. In 2006 these figures were 2.02 and 2.24. The authors discuss the implications for inter-sectoral public policies, based on evidence from the study's findings.
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Boaz, Danielle N. "Between “Essential Services” and Culpable Homicide." Journal of Law, Religion and State 8, no. 2-3 (December 16, 2020): 129–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22124810-2020008.

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Abstract On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared covid-19—the disease caused by the novel coronavirus—a global pandemic. As this coronavirus spread throughout the world, most countries implemented restrictions on public gatherings that greatly limited religious communities’ ability to engage in collective worship. Some religious leaders objected to these regulations, opining that faith would spare their congregants from illness or that their religious freedom is paramount to public health. Meanwhile, growing numbers of covid-19 infections were being traced back to religious leaders or gatherings. This article explores how governments have balanced freedom of worship and public health during the 2020 pandemic. Through the comparison of controversies in South Korea, India, Brazil and the United States, it highlights the paradoxes in debates about whether to hold religious communities accountable for the spread of this highly contagious and deadly disease.
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Lotufo, P. A., and I. M. Bensenor. "Income inequality and male homicide rates: Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1996-2007." European Journal of Public Health 19, no. 6 (June 17, 2009): 602–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckp078.

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Valença, Alexandre M., Antonio E. Nardi, Isabella Nascimento, Flávio Jozef, and Mauro V. Mendlowicz. "Homicide by a Forensic Female Sample in Brazil: A Preliminary Study." Journal of Forensic Sciences 59, no. 3 (February 6, 2014): 790–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12373.

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Ceccato, Vânia. "Homicide in São Paulo, Brazil: Assessing spatial-temporal and weather variations." Journal of Environmental Psychology 25, no. 3 (September 2005): 307–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2005.07.002.

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38

Cruz, Manoel Jerônimo Moreira, Lana Carolina Sena Pena, Olga Maria Fragueiro Otero, Maria Orquídia Teixeira Neves, and Manuel Vitor Portugal Gonçalves. "Are there geogenic relationships for Lithium between geology, geochemical anomalies and low levels of violence in the region of Guanambi, State of Bahia, NE Brazil? / Existem relações geográficas para o Lítio entre geologia, anomalias geoquímicas e baixos níveis de violência na região de Guanambi, Estado da Bahia, NE do Brasil?" Brazilian Journal of Development 8, no. 4 (April 29, 2022): 32155–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.34117/bjdv8n4-616.

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Lithium has been applied for therapeutic purposes in the treatment of mental health disorders, such as bipolar affective disease, in the prevention of behaviour changes, and may be related, to some extent, to the reduction of suicide and violence. In Brazil, the main occurrences of lithium are found in the east/northeast region. In the Guanambi domains, in south-central Bahia, until recently, there were no references to lithium occurrences. The geology of the region is characterized by the monzo-syenitic batholith of Guanambi and its associated late intrusions (2.05Ga), where important manifestations of a pneumatolithic character are described. There are also evaporitic levels, interspersed with carbonate members of the São Francisco Supergroup (Bambuí Group - 650Ma). The Geological Survey of Brazil (CPRM) carried out an extensive geochemical survey, sampling and analysing water, sediments and soils. The geostatistical treatment and interpretation of these data revealed the existence of lithium anomalies in the Guanambi domains, in sites that spatially overlap the rocks of the Guanambi batholith and the carbonate rocks of the Bambuí Group. According to Atlas da Violência (2019), in Guanambi the homicide rate was 30.8 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants, that is, it is lower than the average homicide rate in Brazil (31.6 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants), or the average rate in Bahia (48.8 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants). The relationships between lithium and health can be addressed by medical geochemistry. This article is relevant to the community of geoscientists and health planners, whose objective is to investigate the hypothesis put forward of the effective relationship between geogenic lithium levels and the homicide rate in these sites in the State of Bahia.
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Faria, Antonio Hot Pereira de, and Diego Filipe Cordeiro Alves. "MURDER AND DRUG TRAFFICKING SPATIAL DEPENDENCE." Mercator 19, no. 2020 (December 15, 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4215/rm2020.e19019.

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This paper analyzes the correlation between drug trafficking and homicides in the city of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais - Brazil, to identify the spatial relationship between these phenomena in the urban environment. Based on data from the police reports in the period of 2007 to 2016, the spatial patterns of these criminal typologies and their spatial association were evaluated. The data were grouped on a 500-meter square grid, showing the main hot spots for the two types of crimes, as well as their recurrence. To complement the analysis, an indicator was proposed based on the assumptions of Ousey and Lee (2002), who describe the pre-existing social conditions for the relationship between drug trafficking and homicides to be established. From the methodology adopted, it was possible to verify the spatial association between the two criminal classifications, as well as the tendency for clusters of cells with a high incidence of crimes to be formed. There was also an association between the empirical data and those regions of the city where the pre-existing social conditions that encourage the association between drug trafficking and homicides are present, reinforcing the idea that the illegal drug market is a contingent cause of lethal violence. Keywords: Violence. Homicide, Drug Trafficking, Spatial Analysis, Spatial correlation.
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Loureiro, Paulo R. A., Tito B. S. Moreira, Antônio Nascimento, and Roberto Ellery. "Does the political party in the government increase intentional homicide in Brazil?" Review of Development Economics 22, no. 2 (February 11, 2018): 706–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rode.12362.

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Silva, Daniel Portela Aguiar da, Marizélia Rodrigues Costa Ribeiro, Maria dos Remédios Freitas Carvalho Branco, Márcio Thadeu Silva Marques, Joelson dos Santos Almeida, Jamesson Amaral Gomes, and Antônio Augusto Moura da Silva. "Deaths, crimes and violence not classified as a crime among children and adolescents in Maranhão, Brazil (2014 to 2020)." Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 28, no. 2 (February 2023): 421–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232023282.08342022en.

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Abstract This study compares temporal trends in violent deaths of children and adolescents and analyzes differences in incidents of violence classified and not classified as a crime. We analyzed data from the Mortality Information System and State of Maranhão Public Security Department for the period 2014 to 2020. Child and adolescent were defined as aged 0-11 and 12-17 years old, respectively. Types of violence were organized according to the groups, subgroups, and types of crimes set out in Brazil’s penal code. A total of 1,326 deaths and 8,187 incidents of violence were reported, both of which were more frequent in adolescents. The most frequent types of violence in children and adolescentes, respectively, were: abduction of incapable persons (p < 0.001), abandonment of incapable persons (p = 0.045), rape of vulnerable persons (p = 0.003); homicides (p < 0.001), crimes against individual freedom (p = 0.004), crimes against sexual freedom (p < 0.001), psychological violence (p = 0.034). Domestic violence with bodily harm was more frequent in girls (p < 0.001), while severe bodily harm (p=0.002), homicide (p < 0.001), and harassment (p < 0.001) were more frequent in boys. The findings reveal differences over time in deaths and incidents of violence classified and not classified as crime among both children and adolescents.
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OLIVEIRA, Maria da Conceição Andrade de, Elvio Luís Ramos VIEIRA, Marcel Rolland Ciro da PENHA, Eduardo Henriques de MELO, and Arnaldo de França CALDAS JUNIOR. "Characterization of women victims of violent death in a metropolitan area of Northeast Brazil." RGO - Revista Gaúcha de Odontologia 63, no. 4 (December 2015): 439–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1981-863720150003000102883.

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Objective: To analyze the frequency, body topographic local and the instruments used in women with violent death in the city of Recife and the metropolitan area and in the years from 2000 to 2009. Methods: Data collection was performed at the Institute of Forensic Medicine Persivo Antonio Cunha-PE from March to October 2010. Through a study, of chronological approach, necropsy reports in women residing in the Metropolitan Region of Recife-PE in the years 2000 to 2009 were selected. We analyzed the frequency of deaths, the type of instruments used and the topographic location of the lesion. Statistical analysis used the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test, at the significance level of 5%. Results: The frequency distribution showed that the homicide was the 1st reason and represented 36.2% of the total mortality. The accident was the second most common cause with 30.2% followed by the suicides with 5.7%. Regarding the body topographic location, polytrauma presented 29.1% of the occurrences followed by the craniofacial complex with 26.3%. Within the complex craniofacial, the head was the most affected with 27.4%. The face corresponded to 4.2% of the cases. The type of instrument of more incidence was the blunt with 36%, followed by blunt-stabbing with 27%. Conclusion: The homicides demonstrate the magnitude of external causes as cause of premature death among women. The head and neck region is closely linked to the cases of violence against women.
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Machado, Daiane Borges, Julia Moreira Pescarini, Luís Fernando Silva Castro de Araújo, and Maurício Lima Barreto. "Austerity policies in Brazil may affect violence related outcomes." Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 24, no. 12 (December 2019): 4385–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320182412.07422019.

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Abstract Economic crisis is often managed with austerity policies. These measures seem to burden the population disproportionately, with the poorer being more affected. This paper aims to investigate health outcomes performance after the recent Brazilian crisis and gauge whether that pattern also emerged. Public domain data from 2010 to 2017 was used, and it was found that suicide and homicide rates increased after 2014, while mortality by road traffic injuries decreased at the same time. Furthermore, these trends were exacerbated in the North and Northeast regions and in the municipalities with the poorest quintiles of Human Development Index (HDI). The austerity policies followed by the Brazilian economic crisis may have influenced the mortality trends due to external causes, with a possible stronger impact in the North and Northeast regions and among less developed municipalities.
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HOELSCHER, KRISTIAN. "Institutional Reform and Violence Reduction in Pernambuco, Brazil." Journal of Latin American Studies 49, no. 4 (October 10, 2017): 855–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x17000748.

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AbstractIf institutions are important for regulating violence, can institutional reforms make societies less violent? This article examines the north-east Brazilian state of Pernambuco primarily between 2007 and 2013, proposing that patterns of declining lethal violence can be explained by changes in both the accountability and effectiveness of formal state institutions and informal social norms. Drawing on two months of qualitative fieldwork, findings suggest that social and political mobilisation enabled a political coalition to initiate substantial changes under the Pacto pela Vida (Pact for Life) public-security programme, which improved the legitimacy and operational effectiveness of the criminal justice system, and coincided with a marked reduction in homicide rates. While showing that these reforms were central in reducing lethal violence in Pernambuco between 2007 and 2013, the article concludes by discussing the challenges of policy continuity in light of increasing rates of lethal violence since 2014.
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Feltran, Gabriel, Cecilia Lero, Marcelli Cipriani, Janaina Maldonado, Fernando de Jesus Rodrigues, Luiz Eduardo Lopes Silva, and Nido Farias. "Variations in Homicide Rates in Brazil: An Explanation Centred on Criminal Group Conflicts." Dilemas: Revista de Estudos de Conflito e Controle Social 15, Especial 4 (2022): 349–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/dilemas.v15esp4.52509.

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46

Cardia, Nancy, Sergio Adorno, and Frederico Z. Poleto. "Homicide Rates and Human Rights Violations in Sao Paulo, Brazil: 1990 to 2002." Health and Human Rights 6, no. 2 (2003): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4065428.

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47

Peres, Maria Fernanda Tourinho, and Amy Nivette. "Social disorganization and homicide mortality rate trajectories in Brazil between 1991 and 2010." Social Science & Medicine 190 (October 2017): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.08.013.

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48

Peres, MFT, JF Almeida, C. Ruotti, and MB Nery. "Homicide fall in São Paulo municipality, Brazil: the role of public security indicators." Injury Prevention 18, Suppl 1 (October 2012): A144.2—A144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2012-040590j.12.

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Walker, Blake Byron, Cléssio Moura de Souza, Enrique Pedroso, Ryan S. Lai, Paige Hunter, Jessy Tam, Isaac Cave, David Swanlund, and Kevan Guilherme Nóbrega Barbosa. "Towards a Situated Spatial Epidemiology of Violence: A Placially-Informed Geospatial Analysis of Homicide in Alagoas, Brazil." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24 (December 11, 2020): 9283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249283.

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This paper presents an empirically grounded call for a more nuanced engagement and situatedness with placial characteristics within a spatial epidemiology frame. By using qualitative data collected through interviews and observation to parameterise standard and spatial regression models, and through a critical interpretation of their results, we present initial inroads for a situated spatial epidemiology and an analytical framework for health/medical geographers to iteratively engage with data, modelling, and the context of both the subject and process of analysis. In this study, we explore the socioeconomic factors that influence homicide rates in the Brazilian state of Alagoas from a critical public health perspective. Informed by field observation and interviews with 24 youths in low-income neighbourhoods and prisons in Alagoas, we derive and critically reflect on three regression models to predict municipal homicide rates from 2016–2020. The model results indicate significant effects for the male population, persons without elementary school completion, households with reported income, divorced persons, households without piped water, and persons working outside their home municipality. These results are situated in the broader socioeconomic context, trajectories, and cycles of inequality in the study area and underscore the need for integrative and contextually engaged mixed method study design in spatial epidemiology.
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de Mello-Santos, Carolina, José Manoel Bertolote, and Yuan-Pang Wang. "Suicide trends and characteristics in Brazil." International Psychiatry 3, no. 1 (January 2006): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600001417.

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Brazil is the largest and most populous country in South America (in 2002 the population was approximately 175 million). Although life expectancy in Brazil has increased, suicide and other forms of injury-related mortality, such as homicide and accident, have increased as a proportion of overall mortality (Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 1984; Brazil Ministry of Health, 2001). The suicide rate in Brazil (3.0–4.0 per 100 000 inhabitants) is not considered high in global terms (World Health Organization, 1999). Nevertheless, it has followed the world tendency towards growth: during 1980–2000, the suicide rate in Brazil increased by 21%. Elderly people present the highest suicide rates in absolute numbers, but the alarming finding in the Brazilian data is that the youth population is increasingly dying by suicide (Mello-Santos et al, 2005). This statistic partially confirms a forecast by Diekstra & Guilbinat (1993) that the number of deaths by suicide would dramatically increase over the next decades, mainly in developing countries, including Latin America. In these regions, socio-economic factors (such as an increase in divorce and unemployment and a decrease in religiosity) increase the risk of self-harm. We discuss the reasons for the low suicide rate in Brazil and highlight the socio-economic factors affecting its increase among the youth population in particular.
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