Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Homéostasie – Système nerveux'
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Pieraut, Simon. "Homéostasie chlorure des ganglions rachidiens dorsaux et physiopathologie du système nerveux périphérique." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20121.
Full textPeripheral nerve injury induces cellular and molecular changes in order to produce functional regeneration. This phenomenon can conduct to post traumatic neuropathies that are responsible for chronic pain and ataxic comportment. During my thesis I have analysed the role of chloride homeostasis in an in vitro model of sensory neuron regeneration and in inflammatory pain. My work showed that sciatic nerve injury in adult mice induced a two-fold increase in the intracellular chloride concentrations of axotomized sensory neurons. I demonstrated that phosphorylation of the Na-K-Cl co-transporter NKCC1 was responsible for this increase. In addition, NKCC1 inhibition led to a decrease in the growth velocity of neurites of axotomized neurons, emphasizing a fundamental role of NKCC1 in the regeneration process. I also elucidated the intracellular signalling pathway leading to NKCC1 phosphorylation and showed a fundamental role of interleukine 6 in the activation of those pathways. In parallel studying inflammatory pain in a mouse model revealed that the rheumatoid arthritis affects chloride homeostasis in peripheral sensory neurons. This change in chloride homeostasis could take part in the induction of pain. Therefore, this work shows for the first time that chloride homeostasis participated in the mechanism of nerve regeneration and likely inflammatory pain process
Nieoullon, Vincent. "Micro-environnement et homéostasie tissulaire : implication de la molécule d'adhérence mCD24." Aix-Marseille 2, 2005. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2005AIX22087.pdf.
Full textLaperrousaz, Elise. "L'hydrolyse des lipoprotéines dans le Système Nerveux Central : un nouvel acteur dans la régulation de l'homéostasie énergétique." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC185.
Full textThe Central Nervous System (CNS) is a major actor in the energy balance regulation, integrating different nervous, hormonal or nutritional signals. The lipid metabolism plays an essential role especially in the detection of lipid signals. So, the enzymes taking part in it are involved in the regulation of these signals and their expression is crucial to the energy balance. The Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL), the key enzyme in triglycerides hydrolysis appeared to us as a target of choice as it is expressed in different brain structures like the hypothalamus or the hippocampus.The hypothalamus has long been known as a regulation center of food intake and so of the balance between entrance and expenditure of energy. It seemed interesting to focus more precisely on the role of hypothalamic LPL and its implication in the regulation of energy homeostasis.This dissertation’s main objective was to identify the effects of LPL deletion in the VMH, achieved by injection of an AAV2/9 expressing the Cre-recombinase in LPL lox/lox mice aged of 8 weeks. The decrease of LPL activity in the VMH leads to obesity development around 3 weeks post-injection and to the development of glucose intolerance, resistance to insulin and a decrease in locomotor activity.This phenotype is probably due to a transient decrease of ceramides synthesized by the CerS1 enzyme in the hypothalamus during the weeks post-injection and which disrupts the homeostatic signalling. The endocannabinoid system also seems to be involved in the onset of this phenotype.As the characteristics of this phenotype were reminiscent of a torpor state, we tried in a second part of work to reproduce it to study more precisely the links between torpor and brain lipases. We exposed animals to 4°C for 4 hours and studied the repercussions of this thermic stress on the central lipases genes and on circadian rhythm genes: we were able to highlight a modulation of the circadian rhythm. We also exposed to the cold VMH-LPL-depleted mice and established that this depletion in VMH-LPL modifies the thermogenesis of brown adipose tissue and so promotes the development of beige adipocytes.This work highlights for the first time the implication of hypothalamic LPL in the regulation of energy homeostasis and its role in adaptive response to cold exposure
Moullé, Valentine. "Détection centrale des lipides et contrôle nerveux de l'homéostasie énergétique : importance de l'hydrolyse des triglycérides par la lipoprotéine lipase ou du transport des acides gras par Fat/CD36." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077127.
Full textAmong nutrients, we were interested in the role of lipids on hypothalamus. It exist some neuronal populations within the hypothalamus which can detect and be regulated by fatty acids (FA). Two proteins were studied : lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and CD36. Results show that a 30% decrease of hypothalamic LPL activity im mice LPL VMH ~7~ induce two opposite phenotypes : 50% of mice have a body weight gain less important than control (-5%) without food intake modification ; 50% of mice are extremely obese with a decrease of food intake. All mice present a locomotor activity decrease. In rat infused 10 min with a heparinized-lipid emulsion (ILH) in the carotid artery toward brain, food intake is significantly decreased until 5h after infusion (-71%) compared to control group. Insulin sensitivity is also strongly decreased. The effect on food intake depends on the FA entry into cells via CD36 and their acylation by Acyl-coA synthase. This thesis work shows for the first time 1- the importance of hypothalamic TG hydrolysis by LPL on nervous control of energy homeostasis and 2- to better understand the central FA detection by CD36
Arnaud, Alexis. "Développement postnatal du dialogue microbiote – cellules épithéliales intestinales – système nerveux entérique : applications à la maladie de Hirschsprung." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1B017.
Full textHirschsprung’s disease (HD) is a congenital malformation due to the absence of enteric nervous system’s ganglionic cell causing neonatal obstruction. Its morbidity is partly due to Hirschsprung’s associated enterocolitis (HAEC) whose pathophysiology remains unknown. Disruption of intestinal homeostasis could be the cause. We studied the postnatal maturation of intestinal homeostasis in healthy piglets (PIGLET study), set up an animal model of aganglionnosis (BAC study) and analyzed fecal microbiota in a cohort of HD patients (MICROPRUNG study). Our results showed that the various actors of intestinal homeostasis co-develop with variations depending on age and intestinal location in healthy piglets. Induced aganglionnosis of the rectosigmoid was associated with increased intestinal permeability, profound remodelling of tight junctions’ expression and modifications of the microbiota. Finally, the faecal microbiota of HD patients was different between HD with or without HAEC. A global microbiota composition cluster was found in patients below 2 years of age whatever their HAEC status. Abundance of bacteria families that are particularly involved in IBDs was increased in HAEC patients. This work confirms that aganglionnosis could be the first step towards a cascade of events leading to an intestinal homeostasis disruption, with a major role of the microbiota in HAEC onset. The decrease of HAEC frequency after 2 years of age could be linked to microbiota maturation with age
Brousseau, Valérie. "Glucuronidation et sulfatation du 24S-Hydroxycholestérol : rôles complémentaires dans le contrôle de l'homéostasie de ce marqueur du métabolisme neuronal." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27932.
Full text24S-hydroxycholesterol (24S-OH) is an oxidized derivative of cholesterol detected in the human plasma. It acts as a Liver-X-Receptor (LXR) agonist and its plasmatic levels have also proposed as potential biomarkers for several neurodegenerative diseases. Circulating 24S-OH levels are influenced by its hepatic elimination but the enzymatic processes involved in its conjugation in the liver have only received limited attention. After analysis of human plasma samples by LC-MS/MS, the 24S-hydroxycholesterol-3 sulfate, 24S-hydroxycholesterol-24 glucuronide and 24S-hydroxycholesterol-3 sulfate, 24-glucuronide were identified. The enzymes responsible for their formation in the liver are identified as UGT1A4 and SULT2A1. In addition, while the sulfated derivative shows a LXR agonist activity, glucuronidated derivatives are inactive. These results indicate that 24S-OH glucuronidation and sulfation affect differently its biological activity. Since UGT1A4 is regulated by LXRα, it can be envisioned that 24S-OH hepatic metabolism is controlled by a feedback loop.
Hernandez, Charlotte. "Contribution de la polarité cholinergique du système nerveux autonome à la pathogenèse de l’hépatocarcinome : implications en pharmacologie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LYO10175.
Full textThe functions of the autonomic nervous system have been described for several decades. However, its role in the cellular biology of innervated tissues has only recently been the subject of sustained interest, particularly in cancerology. The afferent and efferent fibers of this system innervate peripheral organs and help maintain the homeostasis of the organism. They are involved in the processes of development, repair and regeneration. All these phenomena, in turn, have been documented as being associated with cancer. New evidence suggests that cancer cells take advantage of the pathological innervation associated with cancer to promote disease initiation and progression. Indeed, the autonomic nervous system plays an important role in the development of various tumors located in physiologically innervated organs such as the pancreas, ovaries and uterus, notably by regulating the proliferation, differentiation, migration and dissemination of cancer cells. As an innervated organ, the liver's pathophysiology is also conditioned by the autonomic nervous system. However, few detailed studies have documented the role of autonomic nerve fibers in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its progression. This thesis explored the regulation of the autonomic nervous system in the onset and progression of liver cancer, and the consequences of its modulation, with the aim of identifying potential new therapeutic strategies based on the level of knowledge and safety of drugs targeting this major physiological function for decades. To achieve this, we used clinical, rat and mouse samples, as well as primary cells, spheroids, primary hepatocytes and different cell lines. Using immunofluorescence, we highlighted the presence of neuronal markers and, more specifically, the colocalization of an immature marker and a cholinergic marker in the capsule and tumor mass of clinical samples. At the protein level, we showed that these same markers correlated with disease onset and progression in clinical and rat samples. Using bioinformatics data, we stratified HCCs into adrenergic and cholinergic groups using a neuronal score defined by a mathematical approach. From this stratification, we identified cholinergic tumors as correlated with TP53 mutations (p ≤ 0.05), shorter progression-free interval and overall survival than adrenergic tumors. Furthermore, they were correlated with more pathogenic molecular features (such as, proliferative transcriptomic signatures, less differentiated, AFP-rich, associated with higher mitotic functions), as well as with features defining the proliferative class of HCC (aggressive HCC) unlike adrenergic tumors. Finally, by pharmacologically inhibiting the cholinergic pathway with muscarinic antagonists and their nicotinic controls in vitro, we observed a decrease in anchorage-independent cell growth as well as synergy with the tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) sorafenib and lenvatinib, while preserving hepatocyte functions in the primary cells tested. Overall, our work suggests that cholinergic polarity is unfavorably implicated in the pathogenicity of hepatocellular carcinoma, and therefore constitutes a legitimate target of future therapeutic interest
El, Hajj Aseel. "Rôle du LSR dans la régulation de l’homéostasie du cholestérol dans le système nerveux central." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0317.
Full textCholesterol is a crucial lipid in the central nervous system (CNS) and its strict regulation ensures proper neuronal development and function. Cholesterol is synthesized in the CNS by glial cells which produce and secrete cholesterol to meet neuronal needs. Lipoproteins and their receptors are key elements of this intercellular transport: where the latter recognize, bind and endocytose lipoproteins containing cholesterol. The lipolysis stimulated lipoprotein receptor (LSR) is the most recently discovered receptor in the CNS. It is a multimeric protein complex that undergoes conformational changes during the binding of free fatty acids, thus revealing a binding site which recognizes apolipoproteins B and E. Complete inactivation of the LSR gene is lethal at embryonic level, probably due to a leaky blood brain barrier. In addition, studies in LSR +/- mice have revealed a change in the distribution of cholesterol and cognitive functions. Our first goal was to perform LSR profiling at the tissue and cell level. Our results revealed a differential expression of the LSR subunits. In vitro studies in primary cell cultures have shown that LSR is highly expressed in different regions of the CNS, both in glial and neuronal cells. Our hypothesis was that a strong expression of LSR in glial cells could play a role in controlling the synthesis of cholesterol, by limiting the cholesterol circulating in the extracellular fluid of the brain. To verify this hypothesis, we have developed an inducible Cre-lox system specifically targeting glial cells. Behavioral phenotyping demonstrated a deficit in olfactory function which has an impact on the social memory of these animals. Although no visual problems were detected, the object recognition test showed that the visual memory was affected. Additionally, Y and Barnes mazes tests revealed an impacted short- and long-term memory. Our results suggest that specific inactivation of LSR in glial cells impairs animal memory, affecting spatial and social memory. Interestingly and similarly to AD, the early signs monitored olfactory deficits. Using a strategy combining behavioral phenotyping, immunostaining and biochemical analysis of specific markers of synaptic plasticity, this model could also be used to determine the role of LSR in brain cognition and cholesterol trafficking in the CNS, and could provide the means to validate LSR as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of damage caused by lipid storage and the development of neurodegenerative diseases in the aging brain
Chevallier, Aline. "Etude du rôle du récepteur aux hydrocarbures aromatiques ou AhR dans le développement et l’homéostasie du système nerveux de la souris C57BL/6J." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05P638/document.
Full textThe AhR is a basic helix-loop-helix Per/ARNT/Sim family (bHLH-PAS) transcription factor which is activated by many diverse compounds including polyphenols and aromatic hydrocarbons such as 2,3,7,8 TétraChloroDibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD). Initially, the AhR was described as a ubiquitous xenobiotic-activated transcription factor which promotes the elimination of xenobiotics by regulating the expression of genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism. However, mouse AhR knockout models have demonstrated that the AhR also regulates other normal physiological functions. In particular, functioning of the nervous system of mammals, previously unexplored in this respect, might depend upon the activity of the AhR. We, thus, performed behavioral and gene expression studies in AhR-/- mice to discover these functions. We, first, found that AhR-/- mice exhibit an oculomotor deficit which is characterized by spontaneous horizontal pendular eye movements that are probably due to a deficit in the visuo-motor circuitry. Second, we found that the cerebellar gene expression profiles of AhR-/- as compared to AhR+/+ mice resembled those of AhR+/+ mice treated with TCDD (the ligand with the highest affinity for the AhR). This suggests that TCDD disrupts some normal physiological functions of the AhR in the nervous system. Third, AhR-/- mice and AhR+/+ treated with TCDD both develop liver fibrosis. This further suggests a role for the AhR in normal liver function. In conclusion, this study reveals new physiological functions for the AhR in the mouse nervous system and describes a new model of pendular nystagmus. Moreover, the results also provide novel research perspectives in the field of neurotoxicology
Dumon, Camille. "Contrôle de l'homéostasie du chlore par la leptine dans l'hippocampe : une nouvelle fonction neurotrophique pour un facteur périphérique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0017/document.
Full textThis dissertation tackles the general study of external cues (sensory inputs, neuronal activity, neurotrophins, and peripheral factors) controlling early central nervous system development. Our specific aim was to establish the role of leptin in shaping GABAergic developmental sequence, from a depolarizing to an hyperpolarizing action of GABA (D/I shift). Using acute hippocampal slices of newborn rodents, we have shown that this shift was abolished in leptin deficient (ob/ob) mice and in leptin receptor deficient (db/db) mice. In these mice the D/I shift occur as early as post-natal day 3, whereas in wild-type (WT) mice it takes place during the second post-natal week. Using newborn ob/ob mice and neuronal cultures we show that this GABAergic transmission impairment was due a precocious expression of the chloride extruder KCC2. In vivo we have also demonstrated that leptin injections were sufficient to restore the WT phenotype. Finally, we have evaluated how hyperleptinemia associated to maternal obesity alter chloride homeostasis in the offspring of high fat fed mothers. This work establishes therefore the involvement of leptin in the control of chloride homeostasis during development, and will help the management of neurodevelopmental disorders in which altered chloride-homeostasis is part of the pathogenic mechanism. Overall, this dissertation proposes that a peripheral factor, leptin, acts as a relay between the environment and the central nervous system to ensure the proper development of the latter
Salazar, Ariza Juan Felipe. "Development of chelating materials for localized metal extraction in neurodegenerative diseases." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LYO10293.
Full textMetal homeostasis in the brain plays a crucial role in the health of the central nervous system. Current research on neurodegenerative diseases suggests that metal dyshomeostasis actively contributes to the pathogenesis and progression of conditions such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Excess of free metals in the brain can have deleterious effects, including oxidative damages through the production of oxygene reactive species (ROS), inflammation, and disruption of biological processes due to altered protein and enzyme conformations. Systemic metal dyshomeostasis has traditionally been treated with chelation therapy or phlebotomy. However, this approach presents several challenges for treating brain metal excesses, such as the need for high chelator doses, which can lead to adverse effects, and the non-localized nature of chelation combined with the difficulty to pass the blood brain barrier (BBB). Many neurodegenerative diseases currently lack effective cures. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to develop a chelating material capable of providing localized and specific metal extraction in particular for iron. To achieve this goal, several functional polymers were synthesized by grafting chelating. These polymers were then used to develop various chelating materials (gels, xerogels, fibers), which were thoroughly characterized to assess their mechanical properties and specific chelating efficacy. Finally, in vivo applications of these materials were evaluated to explore their potential as novel treatments for localized metal extraction in neurodegenerative diseases
Vinera, Jennifer. "Rôle des récepteurs périphériques aux endocannabinoïdes dans la régulation de la prise alimentaire." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1339.
Full textNetzer, Florence. "Contrôle des réflexes cardiovasculaires pendant la réaction de défense : rôle du noyau cunéiformis et des neurones sérotoninergiques bulbaires." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05P645.
Full textThe cardiovascular reflexes are regulatory mechanism devoted to maintain constant blood pressure. During the stress reactions the cardiovagal component of the reflexes are inhibited. Activation of the dorsolateral periaqueductal grey (dlPAG) induces the defence reaction and the inhibition of the reflex bradycardia thought activation of the 5-HT3, NK1 and GABAA receptors in the NTS. Our experiment showed that the B3 group was the origin of serotonin released in the NTS during the defence reaction. We found that the nucleus cuneiformis (Cnf) is involved in this cardiac reflex modulation following the same pathway. In addition we found massive afferents from the Cnf reached the dlPAG
Chamignon, Célia. "Identification de souches bactériennes à potentiel probiotique dans la diminution des hyperperméabilités intestinales et détermination de leur(s) mécanisme(s) d’action." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASA011.
Full textThe gastro-intestinal tract represents the largest interface between the human body and its environment. It is a multilayer system composed of mucus and epithelial cells that establish and regulate barriers, while directly connecting to the immune system. This interface allows fluxes of water and nutriments and prevents from the entry of antigens and pathogens. Thus, it is the first line of defense. The regulation of the permeability occurs through the paracellular pathway, which is supported by the epithelial complex of junctional proteins. The gut microbiota also plays a key role in the regulation of the immune and metabolic systems and also, in the protection against pathogens. The continuous cross-talks between the intestinal barrier and the microbiota are essential to maintain the intestinal integrity and therefore the global homeostasis in healthy conditions. Nowadays, most of the chronic syndromes and diseases, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) but also metabolic or behavioral disorders, are associated with an increase of the gut permeability also called “leaky gut syndrome”. Indeed, the consequence of the hyperpermeability is a flow increase of water and nutriments across the intestinal barrier but also of pathogens or toxins, among others, promoting an immune response and inflammation. Many studies also associated changes in the gut microbiota composition, dysbiosis, with chronic diseases. The beneficial effects of probiotic strains are increasingly demonstrated from in vitro experimentations to clinical trials and these studies demonstrated that they can be used in both the prevention and treatment of these disorders. We aimed to better decipher the interactions between the intestinal epithelial components and the probiotic bacteria in the pathophysiological context of intestinal chronic disorders. To do that, we first designed an in vitro screening of over fifty strains, from different genus, based on trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of two types of human intestinal epithelial cell lines, Caco-2 and T84. With these models, six Lactobacillus strains were selected and we better characterized their probiotic properties (adhesion ability, biofilm stability, neurotransmitter production and enzyme activity). We further evaluated the effect of four of them in in vivo models of chronic low-grade inflammation and neonatal maternal separation using C57BL/6J mice. Finally, we determined the implication of the bacterial strains in the modulation of the gut permeability, through the study of the complex of cellular junctional proteins
Tawbeh, Ali. "Dysfonctionnement peroxysomal dans les cellules microgliales BV-2 : vers une meilleure compréhension du processus neurodégénératif dans l'adrénoleucodystrophie liée à l'X." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UBFCI010.
Full textMicroglia act as the immune sentinel of the central nervous system and play a crucial role in maintaining its homeostasis. Peroxisomes, essential organelles in cellular metabolism, mainly orchestrate the breakdown of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). The accumulation of VLCFAs is a marker of peroxisomal diseases, the most common of which is X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), a rare and complex neurodegenerative disease in which microglia are thought to play an important role. The inactivation of peroxisomal genes in BV-2 microglial cells had shed light on a yet unexplored relationship between peroxisomal activity and microglial plasticity. Specifically, knocked-out genes included those encoding the very long-chain fatty acid transporters ABCD1 and ABCD2, as well as the peroxisomal β-oxidation-limiting enzyme ACOX1. Transcriptomic and functional analysis of the mutant cells revealed a disease-associated microglial signature close to that found in the most common neurodegenerative diseases. The peroxisomal defect impacts lipid metabolism in the broad sense, lysosomal and autophagic functions, as well as the response to lipopolysaccharide stimulation, including the inflammatory response and redox homeostasis. The functions of phagocytosis and antigen presentation to T lymphocytes are also altered. In addition, secretions from these mutant microglial cells induce the death of neuronal and oligodendrocyte cell lines and modify the morphology and function of neurons. Although these results need to be confirmed in primary microglia, they support the hypothesis of a major and early role for microglia in the neurodegenerative cascade observed in X-ALD and validate microglia and the molecules they secrete as a therapeutic target in peroxisomal leukodystrophies
Guadagno, Éric. "Implication du dystroglycan et des protéines associées dans le ciblage des canaux potassiques, Kir4.1, et des canaux aqueux, AQP4, au niveau des astrocytes." Thèse, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/15018.
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