Academic literature on the topic 'Homelands (South Africa) – Economic conditions'
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Journal articles on the topic "Homelands (South Africa) – Economic conditions"
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McIntyre, Angela, and Sheryl L. Hendriks. "Interpreting Food Security Research Findings With Rural South African Communities." Global Journal of Health Science 10, no. 5 (April 28, 2018): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v10n5p183.
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INTRODUCTION: The presence of concurrent childhood stunting and adult obesity observed in poor, rural, former homeland communities in South Africa appears to be explained by nutrition transition, but the factors shaping rural food security are still poorly understood. Localized constraints and capabilities are often overlooked by food security policies, strategies and programs. Grounding food security data in local contexts is often a missing step in the diagnosis of food insecurity.AIMS: This qualitative study aimed to engage members of poor rural communities in generating a more grounded, localized understanding of food insecurity.METHOD: Members of South Africa’s poorest rural communities were asked to validate and interpret food production, consumption and nutrition data from a three-year, multidisciplinary food security study, with the aid of graphic presentations to overcome literacy barriers.RESULTS: Interpretations of food security research findings by communities revealed unique local experiences and understandings of food insecurity.CONCLUSION: Engaging people in the joint diagnosis of their food security challenges generates information on the environmental, economic and cultural conditions that shape experiences of hunger and influence nutrition outcomes, which are not always captured by conventional food security analyses. More inclusive and participatory research could support the design of more effective food security interventions in marginalized rural communities.
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Bakker, Jan David, Christopher Parsons, and Ferdinand Rauch. "Migration and Urbanization in Post-Apartheid South Africa." World Bank Economic Review 34, no. 2 (July 30, 2019): 509–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhy030.
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Abstract Although Africa has experienced rapid urbanization in recent decades, little is known about the process of urbanization across the continent. This paper exploits a natural experiment, the abolition of South African pass laws, to explore how exogenous population shocks affect the spatial distribution of economic activity. Under apartheid, black South Africans were severely restricted in their choice of location, and many were forced to live in homelands. Following the abolition of apartheid they were free to migrate. Given a migration cost in distance, a town nearer to the homelands will receive a larger inflow of people than a more distant town following the removal of mobility restrictions. Drawing upon this exogenous variation, this study examines the effect of migration on urbanization in South Africa. While it is found that on average there is no endogenous adjustment of population location to a positive population shock, there is heterogeneity in the results. Cities that start off larger do grow endogenously in the wake of a migration shock, while rural areas that start off small do not respond in the same way. This heterogeneity indicates that population shocks lead to an increase in urban relative to rural populations. Overall, the evidence suggests that exogenous migration shocks can foster urbanization in the medium run.
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Gran, Thorvald. "Trust and Power in Land Politics in South Africa." International Review of Administrative Sciences 68, no. 3 (September 2002): 419–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020852302683008.
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Land politics is of high practical and symbolic importance in much of Africa. South Africa is no exception. Here it is investigated from two angles. First from a discussion of trust and a culture of trustworthiness as conditions for the functioning of modern institutions. Second from an interest in how the administrative level of communities and/or political cultures gives form to the relations between authority and subjects or, more generally, in modernity to the relation between state and society. Western South Africa was chosen for the investigation as there are no homelands. ‘Land-reformed’ communities in two provinces, Northern and Western Cape, are compared. The study showed (1) that the ANC’s land policy is increasingly an expression of a unified government–bureaucracy–modern economy élite; (2) that there are specific barriers to the formation of cultures of trustworthiness in institutions of authority (commercial farmers, lack of horizontal communication and the power of ethnicity), barriers blocking ‘embedded authorities’; and (3) that trust in government with respect to land policies is waning, despite progress in the redistribution of land.
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Thompson, Kirsten, Renee Van Eyden, and Rangan Gupta. "Identifying an index of financial conditions for South Africa." Studies in Economics and Finance 32, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 256–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sef-07-2013-0098.
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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to construct a financial conditions index (FCI) for the South African economy to enable the gauging of financial conditions and to better understand the macro-financial linkages in the country. The global financial crisis that began in 2007-2008 demonstrated how severe the impact of financial markets’ stress on real economic activity can be. In the wake of the financial crisis, policy-makers and decision-makers across the world identified the critical need for a better understanding of financial conditions, and more importantly, their impact on the real economy. Design/methodology/approach – The FCI is constructed using monthly data over the period 1966 to 2011, and is based on a set of 16 financial variables, which include variables that define the state of international financial markets, asset prices, interest rate spreads, stock market yields and volatility, bond market volatility and monetary aggregates. The authors explore different methodologies for constructing the FCI, including full sample and rolling-window principal components analysis. Furthermore, the authors investigate whether it is beneficial to purge the FCI of the real effects of inflation, economic growth and interest rates, and evaluate the performance of our constructed FCIs by comparing their ability to pick up turning points in the South African business cycle, and by running in-sample causality (forecast) tests. Findings – The authors find that the estimated FCIs are good predictors of economic activity; with the rolling-window FCI being the “best” performing index. Causality tests indicate that this FCI is a good in-sample predictor of industrial production growth and the Treasury Bill rate, but a weak predictor of inflation. Practical implications – The authors find that the resulting FCI can act as an “early warning system”. This, in turn, may serve to indicate that monetary policy should take broader financial conditions into account. Originality/value – This study offers three main contributions to the existing literature on financial conditions in South Africa: the authors construct an FCI over a sample period that is three decades longer than existing indices, the FCI of this paper comprises a wider coverage of financial variables than others and the authors make use of rolling-window estimation techniques that allow them to account for parameter instability and to capture the real-time constraints faced by a policymaker.
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Rogerson, Christian M., Holly Hunt, and Jayne M. Rogerson. "Safari lodges and local economic linkages in South Africa." Africanus: Journal of Development Studies 43, no. 1 (November 14, 2018): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/0304-615x/5061.
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The potential contribution of tourism to the wellbeing of rural communities is impacted by the development of local economic linkages. For development practitioners and policy makers the importance of evolving linkages between tourism and agriculture demands attention. This article provides an examination of the state of linkages in South Africa’s luxury safari lodge tourism sector. The results reveal the existence of only limited linkages between safari lodge accommodation providers and local agriculture. Current supply chains are mainly organised by intermediary supplier enterprises which source required food mainly from urban markets with only minimal local impacts. Linkages represent a vital potential mechanism through which to achieve the objectives of pro-poor tourism and a first step to maximise pro-poor impacts and avert polarization is to understand why such linkages rarely materialize and to identify the necessary conditions necessary for them to do so. South African policy frameworks for strengthening linkages must be informed by local evidence and draw from international experience.
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BOB, U. "THE INTERSECTION OF GENDER. RACE AND CLASS: THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND SPATIAL IMPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION IN THE FORMER HOMELANDS OF SOUTH AFRICA." South African Geographical Journal 83, no. 3 (September 2001): 190–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2001.9713736.
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Meyiwa, Ayanda, and Mihalis Chasomeris. "Restructuring Port Governance in South Africa." Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences 9, no. 3 (December 3, 2016): 854–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jef.v9i3.74.
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South Africa’s (SA) ports do not have a clearly defined port doctrine. They have certain elements resembling the Anglo-Saxon port doctrine, others the Continental doctrine and still others the Asian port doctrine. Thus, SA encounters conflicting port objectives: it runs a complementary ports system where costs are not reflective of prices charged, and the revenues and costs allocated to various commodity types remain unjustified. This is against the backdrop of intra-port, inter-port and multimodal cross-subsidisation, which found justification in SA’s developmental objectives but has been viewed as unjustifiable under current economic conditions, giving rise to dissatisfaction among various port stakeholders regarding Transnet as a state-owned enterprise and Transnet National Ports Authority’s (TNPA) governance and pricing practices that have not been adequately addressed. Using content analysis, 18 stakeholders’ submissions on the 2013-2014 TNPA tariff application, 15 stakeholders’ submissions regarding the multi-year tariff application, and 16 submissions regarding the 2014-2015 tariff application were assessed. The focus was on finding links between challenges faced by stakeholders and whether solutions would be found through SA adopting a different port doctrine. The findings show that while the Asian doctrine is more aligned with SA’s developmental objectives, adoption of it may prove premature in view of the current and foreseeable economic conditions. The study shows that the local port system may not find a perfect fit into any of the known port models and established port doctrines, but, instead, that SA needs to articulate its own port doctrine.
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Khan, Pervaiz. "South Africa: from apartheid to xenophobia." Race & Class 63, no. 1 (July 2021): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03063968211020889.
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How to explain the violent xenophobic attacks in South Africa in recent years? Two militant South African activists, Leonard Gentle and Noor Nieftagodien, interviewed here, analyse the race/class bases for the anti-foreigner violence in terms of the echoes/reverberations of apartheid and the rise of neoliberalism. They argue that remnants of apartheid have endured through the reproduction of racial and tribal categories, which has contributed to the entrenchment of exclusionary nationalist politics and the fragmentation of black unity. South Africa’s specific history of capitalist development, the African National Congress’s embraces of neoliberalism, on the one hand, and rainbowism, on the other, have produced the underlying conditions of precarity and desperation that resulted in the normalisation of xenophobia. The unions, too, have failed to recognise the new shape of the ‘working class’. Gentle and Nieftagodien outline the need to contend with the broader social conditions, the global economic crisis, neoliberalism and the deep inequalities it engenders in order to counteract the rising tide of xenophobia and build working-class unity.
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Reichardt, M. "Siidafrika und seine Homelands, Strukturen und Probleme der “Getrennten Entwicklung”∗ ‘South Africa and its homelands: Structures and problems of “separate development’, by Axel J Halbach, IFO Institute for Economic Research, Munich, 1988." Development Southern Africa 5, no. 4 (November 1988): 585–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03768358808439431.
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Ngcamu, Bethuel Sibongiseni. "Disasters and vulnerabilities in the Foreman and Kennedy road informal settlements: Biographical influences." Journal of Governance and Regulation 1, no. 4 (2012): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgr_v1_i4_p3.
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As the towards the end of the homelands in the post-apartheid South Africa, there was a scramble of poverty stricken African black youth to the most severe vulnerable and disaster prone urban areas in search for formal job opportunities. The main purpose of this empirical study is to investigate the extent in which how the biographical profiles (age, gender, marital status, education levels, occupation (males and females), children and tenure) can influence vulnerability and disasters in these informal settlements. A quantitative research design was adopted and a survey method was used, whereby questionnaires were administered by the researcher to a population of 240, whereby, 140 questionnaires were completed generating a response rate of 63.6%. The findings of this study reveals that the majority of the respondents in the Foreman and Kennedy Road informal settlements are black, poverty stricken, unemployed and who are suffered economic difficulties that make them highly vulnerable to disasters. This study will act an advisory role to the decision-makers as the research findings shows that in the foreseeable future in South Africa, informal settlements will be an intergral feature of formal housing, which requires urban planners to include such settlements to housing planning.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Homelands (South Africa) – Economic conditions"
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Dasheka, Xolile Elson. "Local economic development in former homeland areas since 1994." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/3275.
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This study seeks to focus on the extent to which the newly formed Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality (MMM) in the Free State Province of South Africa has been able to close the socio-economic gap between the former homelands’ socio economic status and the current MMM such that the local development in former homeland areas post 1994 is scruitinised with the MMM serving as a unit of study for the scrutiny. A brief history of the three towns that form the Mangaung Metro Police such as Bloemfontein, Botshabelo and Thaba Nchu, the population statistics and economic sectors contributing to its economic environment will be provided. The study will also look into the historical background of Local Economic Development and practices in South Africa.
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Gwebu, Nomonde Nomfundo. "Estimating the value and economic contribution of agricultural production in the former homelands of South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60810.
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The value and economic contribution of agricultural production in the former homelands of South Africa has become increasingly important to measure because it is critical to our understanding of the role agriculture plays in household food security in these regions and the contribution by this section of the agricultural sector to the economy. Yet, two decades into the Democratic South Africa we still fail to consistently provide accurate estimates of this sectors value.
The fundamental premise of this dissertation is to estimate the value and economic contribution of agricultural production in the former homelands of South Africa so that the subsistence agricultural sector can be well understood in terms of its characteristics and its value. The main focus of this study is therefore placed on black subsistence farmers in the former homelands of South Africa, mostly because these areas are under great pressure to maintain food self-sufficiency.
The main hypothesis of this study is that, the value and economic contribution of agricultural production in the former homelands is significant when compared with the contribution by the commercial agricultural sector in South African. In order to test this hypothesis, three different data sets were analysed because none of these data sets individually provide exhaustive information for the purposes of this study. These data sets include primary data, such as the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) sample survey data from the OR Tambo District municipality conducted in 2015. The secondary data used in this study include the ARC sample survey 2013, the Income and Expenditure Survey (IES) 2010/2011 conducted by Statistics South Africa (Stats SA), and the National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) waves 1 to 3 conducted by the Southern African Labour Development Research Unit (SALDRU).
The Gross Margin (GM) analysis approach was used in this study to estimate the economic contribution of agricultural production. In interrogating the NIDS waves and IES 2010/2011 data sets, two types of variables which can be used to estimate the economic contribution of agricultural production are provided. The first type of variables are the self-reported values of agricultural goods consumed from home production, which are found in both the NIDS and IES datasets. The second type of variables are quantities of agricultural goods harvested and the value of sales from home production, found in the NIDS datasets.
The variables to estimate the economic contribution of agricultural production would appear to be the self-reported values of agricultural goods consumed from home production. Using the NIDS data the estimated value of consumption from home production in current prices was R207 million based on wave 1 data, R80,5 million based on wave 2 data, and R529 million based on wave 3 data. Using the IES data the estimated value of production for home consumption in current prices was R359 million in 2010/2011. In investigating the 2010/2011 figures estimated in this study several issues arise with regard to the number of agriculturally active households and the value of agricultural goods consumed from home production. The most important issue, is that self-reported values of agricultural goods consumed by households introduce an added source of inequality to the measurement of output. According to the UNSD (2005), households can inaccurately assign values to self-produced goods because of a lack of information about local market prices. In order to avoid this source of inequality in the measurement of the agricultural sectors contribution, estimates of the economic contribution of agricultural production were pursued, based on local market prices.
It was determined that only the NIDS and the ARC data sets have variables to directly estimate the economic contribution of agricultural production based on the GM approach. The variables include: quantities of crop and livestock goods harvested and the value of sales from own production. Using the ARCs data it was estimated that the annual GM per household per year in 2012 prices was R1 985.32 based on the 2013 data and R8 892.85 based on the 2015 data. Using the NIDS waves 1 and 3 data, it was estimated that the annual GM per household was R1 017.85 based on wave 1 data and R3 535.42 based on wave 3 data in 2012 prices. The NIDS wave 2 data set does not provide farm input cost and livestock production variables. As a result, it was only possible to estimate the annual Gross Farm Income (GFI) per household which was R1 973 in 2010/2011 in 2012 prices. The latter results are somewhat consistent with the ARC 2013 and 2015 figures, although not directly comparable. The Agricultural Research Council-Department of Rural Development and Land Reform (ARC-DRDLR) project introduced in the OR Tambo District municipality has played a key role in terms of changing the mind-set of farmers. Therefore, programmes such as the ARC-DRDLR project should be introduced with more vigour. Such programmes should, however, not undermine subsistence households consumption type activates.Dissertation (MSc (Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
MSc (Agric)
Unrestricted
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Pratt, Amy D. "Rural women and economic survival strategies in the former Bantustans a case study from the Northwest Province, South Africa /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=673.
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Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 1999.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 109 p. : ill., maps (some col.) Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 97-107).
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Sadie, J. L. (Johannes L. ). 1918. "The economic demography of South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51963.
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Thesis (DCom)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: It is remarkable that population, which is at the centre of the economic problem - the Wealth if not the Poverty of Nations - has received scant attention in economic research in South Africa. Which is probably why we can have a NEW - so designated in the Draft Report - population policy propounded by government (in 1997) which manifests little appreciation of the economics of population. This dissertation is an attempt to demonstrate why the void should be filled and to bring to light specific topics within the broader subject matter that could be fruitfully researched. The demographic scene in South Africa lends itself to a telling demonstration of the economic effects of population movements by way of contrasting the experience of the high fertility, youthful Black population - with a total fertility rate of around 37 after having been 6,75 in the 1950s - and that of the demographically older non-Blacks, among whom the Whites exhibit a fertility level way below the replacement rate of 2,1, while that of the Asians (Indians) and Coloureds has almost reached that rate. Since the former has a share of more than a dominant three-quarters in the aggregate South African population, the emphasis is inevitably on the economic consequences of rapid population growth and its attendant demographic magnitudes: fertility, mortality, migration, age and sex composition, spatial distribution and, what is called "economic quality" of the population as manifested in its supply of enterprise. The analysis is presented in the traditional supply and demand paradigm. Supply is examined by linking demographic forces to the five factors of production whose co-operation is responsible for the generation of the national product: entrepreneurship, (ordinary) labour, natural resources, technology and capital. The population has to generate an adequate supply of entrepreneurs, and the two human factors of production have to have one or more of the non-human factors at their disposal to accommodate the population economically. Proliferating human numbers can be destructive of natural resources, and in conflict with the formation of capital, the accumulation of technology and their potential economic welfare-enhancing operation. The demand aspects are analysed by linking on to the four macro demand components in the national accounts system: Household consumption, Government consumption, Investment (visa- vis saving) and foreign trade. Some of the issues discussed are: the stability deriving from a population elasticity of demand close to 1,0; the comparative significance of the population versus the affluence factor; the role of high fertility in the acquisition, at the election polls, of economic power via political power, and its consequences for the diversion of demand; the capital absorbed in "demographic investments"; and the significance of the South African factor endowment for its foreign trade. From the above analyses conclusions could be drawn about econormc growth, poverty, unemployment and the economic value of a life. In human populations, in sub-Saharan Africa at least, quantity is the adversary of quality.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dit is merkwaardig dat Bevolking, wat aan die middelpunt staan van die Rykdom van Volkere indien nie van die Armoede nie, so weinig aandag in die ekonomiese literatuur van Suid-Afrika geniet. Dit is waarskynlik waarom die regering in 1997 'n NUWE bevolkingsbeleid - so gespesifiseer in die konsepwitskrif - kan voorstel wat weinig aanduiding toon van 'n waardering vir die Ekonomie van Demografiese tendense. Hierdie dissertasie is 'n poging om te demonstreer waarom die leemte gevul moet word, en om spesifieke onderwerpe, binne die breëre raamwerk, vir verdere ondersoek aan die lig te bring. Die demografiese toneel in Suid-Afrika leen homself tot 'n treffende demonstrasie van die ekonomiese gevolge van demografiese tendense by wyse van 'n kontrastering van die ondervinding van die snelgroeiende, jeugdige Swart bevolking - met 'n totale fertiliteitsyfer (TFS) van nagenoeg 3.7, nadat dit gedurende die vyftigerjare 6,75 was - en dié van die demografies-ouer nie-Swart bevolking, onder wie die Blankes, met 'n TFS wat reeds ver benede verplasingskoers van 2,1 is, en Asiërs (Indiërs) en Kleurlinge wat alreeds byna daardie peil bereik het. Aangesien eersgenoemde etniese groep ook nog 'n oorheersende aandeel van meer as driekwart in die totale SA bevolkingsgrootte het, is dit onvermydelik dat die nadruk sal val op die ekonomiese gevolge van snelle bevolkingsgroei met die daarmee samehangende demografiese groothede: fertiliteit, mortaliteit, migrasie, leeftyd- en geslagsamestelling, geografiese verspreiding en ook "ekonomiese kwaliteit" soos dit in die aanbod van ondernemerskap gemanifesteer word. Die analise word in die tradisionele vraag en aanbod paradigma aangebied. Aanbod word ontleed deur demografiese faktore te koppel met die vyf produksiefaktore waarvan die samewerking vir die skepping van die nasionale produk verantwoordelik is: ondernemers, arbeid, natuurlike hulpbronne, tegnologie en kapitaal. Die bevolking moet 'n voldoende aantalondernemers verwek, en die twee menslike produksiefaktore benodig die bystand van een of meer van die niemenslike faktore, om die bevolking ekonomies te kan akkommodeer. Vermenigvuldigende mensegetalle kan vernietigend inwerk op natuurlike hulpbronne en kan in konflik verkeer met kapitaalvorming en tegnologie-akkumulasie en hul ekonomiese welsynsbevorderende werking. Die vraag-aspekte word analiseer deur aan te sluit by die vier makro vraagkomponente in die nasionale boekhoudingstelsel : huishoudelike verbruik, regeringskonsumpsie, belegging (vis-a-vis besparing) en buitlandse handel. Aangeleenthede wat onder die loep geneem word, sluit, onder andere, die volgende in: stabiliteit wat voorspruit uit 'n bevolkingselastisiteit van vraag wat nagenoeg 1 is; die vergelykende invloed van ekonomiese oorvloed teenoor die menslike getallefaktor; die rol van hoë fertiliteit in die verkryging van ekonomiese mag deur middel van die stembus en sy gevolge vir die omleiding van vraag; die kapitaal wat in "demografiese beleggings" geabsorbeer word; en die betekenis van die Suid-Afrikaanse produksiefaktorbegunstiging vir sy internasionale handel. Uit bogenoemde ontledings kan gevolgtrekkinge gemaak word ten opsigte van ekonomiese groei, armoede, werkloosheid en die ekonomiese waarde van 'n menselewe. In menslike bevolkings - minstens sover dit sub-Sahara-Afrika betref - staan kwantiteit in 'n adversatiewe houding teenoor kwaliteit.
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Daniels, Sinclair Lonwabo. "The impact of economic downturn on black economic empowerment and banks." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1505.
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The purpose of this treatise is to ascertain the impact of economic downturn on Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) and Banks. This has been sparked by the huge speculations in the market as to what will happen to BEE and how will the banks cope in general with the impact of this scourge. It is imperative to understand the influence of the 2008+ economic downturn on socio-economic reconstruction and development in South Africa and the black economic empowerment and its funding mechanisms. The treatise has two phases the, namely the theoretical phase and a bit of narrative phase. In the theoretical phase the research study interrogates what the literature review reveals about the economic downturn, BEE as well as performances of different banks across the world. This shows the economic impact that the banks have had to endure during the economic downturn. This resulted in stock markets losing their value. The dividend earners were significantly affected including a sizeable number of BEE companies. The BEE companies are perceived to be too reliant on debt on to finance their deals and this treatise will look at various options of financing a BEE deal and what is deem to the most suited financing structure. The narrative phase involves semi-structured interviews that were conducted in order to ascertain the real impact that South African were faced with and how they have managed to steer clear of the turbulent waters. This also looked at how the BEE consultant views the current occurrences in the market.
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Conference, Southern African Catholic Bishops'. "Economic justice in South Africa: a pastoral statement." Southern African Catholic Bishops' Conference, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/68823.
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The Introduction to the statement explains that its aim is to contribute to the search for a more just, equitable and sustainable economic dispensation. It reminds people that, as a nation, we have overcome the horrors of apartheid and made significant progress towards peace and stability. However, we are sitting on an economic time-bomb; if we do not strive for economic justice we must expect a deepening of our social problems such as crime, lawlessness, poverty and unemployment. The second section considers the Church's Prophetic Duty to speak out and to bring Gospel values to bear on political, economic and social matters. A second transformation is needed: massive, and overwhelmingly positive, political change has occurred, but the same has not yet happened in the economy, with the result that the majority of our people still have little chance of fulfilling their reasonable hopes for a better life. Section three turns to the question of Discerning Economic Justice. It is asserted that every economy has a moral quality which makes it possible for us to pass judgements as to whether or not it is a just economy. In order to make such judgements the presence or absence of various factors must be assessed, including poverty, unemployment, discrimination, materialism and environmental degradation. Next, the statement deals briefly with Economic Structure. The fact that economies are complex, and that most people are unfamiliar with economic terminology, results in many people feeling powerless. They believe that, as individuals, they have no influence over, or responsibility for, the way an economy operates. Some of the negative consequences of such a belief are mentioned, and it is pointed out that we have a moral duty to make the correct choices, even in complex matters. Section four, Christian Economic Values, offers some guidelines for those striving to make these choices. The section summarises some of the main concepts and principles developed by the Church as ways of making concrete the commandment to 'love your neighbour as yourself'. These include the common good, solidarity, the option for the poor, the common destiny of goods, and the integrity of creation. The South African Economy is analysed in section six, according to the criteria mentioned in section three. Poverty, unemployment, materialism, greed, the lack of women's economic empowerment, debt and corruption are among the features identified as contributing to economic injustice in our country. But the gap between rich and poor is singled out as the defining characteristic of our economy, with millions of South Africans surviving, like Lazarus, on crumbs from the rich man's table. No country's economy exists in isolation, free from outside influences. Therefore, in section seven, some attention is given to The World Economy, especially to aspects which affect South Africa. The point is made that international factors can act as powerful constraints on moves towards economic justice at home, without their being, however, an excuse for a lack of effort in this direction. When statements such as the present one are published, people have a right to expect the authors to make specific and practical recommendations. This is attempted in section eight, What Can Be Done? The major role-players in the economy are identified and various steps are suggested for each of them; these range from fiscal initiatives to encourage job-creation, through changes to personal taxation and measures to improve productivity and training, to the promotion of the interests of the unemployed. However, it is conceded that even the most enlightened economic measures will not be able to withstand selfish and destructive attitudes. The question of people's attitudes to each other and to economic choices is therefore addressed, with particular emphasis being placed on the role of the religious community in this regard. By way of Conclusion the statement points out that economic justice is demanded not just by the poor and by forthcoming generations, but by God. In striving for a just economy we are carrying forward Jesus' great task of bringing fullness of life to all people.2nd ed
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Nach, Marida Nephertiti. "Determinants of economic growth in South Africa: an economic analysis of the Keynesian macroeconomic model." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/12459.
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A country’s performance is commonly measured by its Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The Gross Domestic Product in Developing Countries (DCs) can be seen confusing and unbalanced, with regular and unconditional falls and booms. This study aims at examining the factors that affect the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Developing Countries (DCs) whereby South Africa is being selected as a representative. An econometric analysis of the Keynesian model is adopted to test the South African Gross Domestic Product (GDP) over a decade (10 years). The methodology conducted uses quarterly time series data from the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) where the South African Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is modelled as a function of consumption expenditure, domestic investment, government spending and export/import of the country. This is in order to determine which of these factors best explain South African economic growth dynamics. The variables in the model are tested for stationary and the result shows that the variables become stationary at 1st difference, except for consumption which become stationary at 2nd difference. The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) results confirm that consumption, investment, government spending and net export all have a positive impact on Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The findings suggest that the South African Gross Domestic Product is mainly influenced by consumption, followed by investment. In the recommendation context, the study recommends that South Africa should continue to maintain price stability while at the same time endeavour to attract more investment to the country. Moreover, Developing Countries need to maintain a fiscal discipline without necessarily losing sight of the international dynamics. For further areas of studies, the study recommends more analysis on macroeconomic policies that are comprehensive and can cover all aspects related to the Keynesian model of economic growth. Finally, it is necessary to remind that the findings and recommendations drawn from the study are limited to the concept of South Africa and are based only on the results from the empirical analysis conducted.
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Feddersen, Maura. "Exports and economic growth in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1012029.
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Various studies conclude that accelerated economic growth and development are necessary in South Africa to make a significant contribution towards reducing high levels of unemployment, inequality and poverty. Moreover, in theories of economic growth the export sector is frequently accorded a special role in encouraging faster economic growth, which is often supported by empirical evidence. Nonetheless, a question that remains unresolved is whether higher export growth leads to higher economic growth in South Africa and what particular role exports may play within the overall economic growth process of the country. This study applies Johansen’s cointegration procedure, impulse response functions, variance decomposition analysis and Granger causality tests to shed light on the channels through which export growth may impact South Africa’s economic growth rate. Quarterly time series data ranging from 1975q1 to 2012q4 is employed in the study’s empirical tests. The empirical results lend support to the idea that the role of exports in the economic growth process fundamentally lies in their ability to encourage investment and capital formation. While export growth supports higher economic growth in the short-run, it does not have the same effect in the long-run. Nonetheless, with export growth supporting faster capital formation in South Africa, and capital formation, in turn, significantly increasing economic growth in the long-run, the impetus to growth stemming from exports has been found to lie in the channel to capital formation. On the basis of the empirical results, not only are exports a critical requirement of higher investment, but they are also anticipated to play a prominent role in lifting the balance of payments constraint that would make investment-led growth possible in the first place. Overall, a strategy of export-led growth that does not explicitly emphasise the export-capital-growth connection is likely to fall short of reflecting the dynamics contained within the exports-growth relationship in South Africa.
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Policy, Department of Economic. "Discussion document on economic policy." Department of Economic Policy, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/66691.
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This document has been prepared for debate within the ranks of the ANC. It does not represent an agreed policy, but rather seeks to contribute to a democratic process of formulating our movement's economic policy. The movement believes that economic policy should address itself to the demands and needs of the majority of the people, and active discussion and debate is essential if they are to have a more prominent place. The ANC has long recognised the necessity for political liberation and constitutional changes to be accompanied by socioeconomic transformation. The Freedom Charter proclaimed the necessity for the people to share in the countries wealth, for the land to be distributed to those who work it, for there to housing, security and comfort for all, and for the doors of learning and culture to opened. The constitutional guidelines also recognised the need for economic restructuring to be part of the process of constitutional change."This document has been prepared for debate within the ranks of the ANC". -- Introduction
"DEP workshop, Harare, 20-23 September 1990."
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Simpson, Ralph Arthur. "Government intervention in the Malaysian economy, 1970-1990: lessons for South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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This study examined the role the Malaysian government played in developing the Malaysian economy as a means to eliminating poverty and inequality and explored the lessons South Africa can learn from Malaysia's development experience. Under British colonial rule Malaysia developed a divided multi-ethnic society characterised by gross inequality and high levels of poverty. Jolted by the 1969 race riots and in a major departure from the laissez-faire economic policy, the government embarked on the New Economic Policy in 1970. This ambitious twenty-year social engineering plan ushered in greater state intervention in the economy. It greatly reduced poverty among indigenous Malays and made substantial progress towards achieving inter-ethnic economic parity.
Books on the topic "Homelands (South Africa) – Economic conditions"
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Media and dependency in South Africa: A case study of the press and the Ciskei "homeland". Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Center for International Studies, Africa Studies Program, 1985.
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Flint, David. South Africa. Austin, TX: Raintree Steck-Vaughn, 1997.
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Binns, Tony. South Africa. Austin, TX: Raintree Steck-Vaughn Publishers, 2002.
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Contemporary South Africa. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.
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Butler, Anthony. Contemporary South Africa. 2nd ed. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
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M, Smith David. Apartheid in South Africa. 2nd ed. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
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M, Smith David. Apartheid in South Africa. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
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Francis, Wilson. Uprooting poverty in South Africa. New York, NY: Hunger Project, 1989.
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The new South Africa. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000.
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Flood, Tania. Women in South Africa. Bellville, South Africa: University of Western Cape, Gender Equity Unit, 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Homelands (South Africa) – Economic conditions"
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Gumata, Nombulelo, and Eliphas Ndou. "The Interaction Between Credit Conditions, Monetary Policy and Economic Activity." In Bank Credit Extension and Real Economic Activity in South Africa, 181–208. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43551-0_8.
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Gumata, Nombulelo, and Eliphas Ndou. "Credit Conditions and the Amplification of Exchange Rate Depreciation and Other Unexpected Macroeconomic Shocks." In Bank Credit Extension and Real Economic Activity in South Africa, 209–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43551-0_9.
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Gumata, Nombulelo, and Eliphas Ndou. "Does an Increase in Government Debt Threaten Economic Growth Recovery Via Tightening Credit Conditions?" In Achieving Price, Financial and Macro-Economic Stability in South Africa, 181–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66340-7_12.
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Gumata, Nombulelo, and Eliphas Ndou. "Credit Conditions and the Amplification of Macro-economic Responses to Unexpected Shocks: Implications for Monetary Policy." In Achieving Price, Financial and Macro-Economic Stability in South Africa, 45–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66340-7_4.
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Gumata, Nombulelo, and Eliphas Ndou. "Do Capital Inflows Relieve Banks’ Credit Constraints and Boost Credit Growth? Evidence from Credit Conditions and Bank Credit Risk." In Achieving Price, Financial and Macro-Economic Stability in South Africa, 35–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66340-7_3.
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Gumata, Nombulelo, and Eliphas Ndou. "Heightened Foreign Economic Policy Uncertainty Shock Effects on the South African Economy: Transmission via Capital Flows, Credit Conditions and Business Confidence Channels." In Capital Flows, Credit Markets and Growth in South Africa, 97–117. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30888-9_6.
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Saayman, Andrea, and Melville Saayman. "The valuation of elephant sightings in protected areas." In The elephant tourism business, 191–203. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245868.0016.
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Abstract The research presented in this chapter determines the value that tourists on safari in protected areas in South Africa attach to elephant sightings and the relative importance of the elephant sighting compared with the other species in the Big Five. The study also determines whether tourists take the increased poaching of elephants - also in South Africa - into account when revealing their choice. Using information from five surveys conducted at different parks in South Africa from 2011 to 2013 and again in 2019, the elephant was found to be the fourth preferred species in the Big Five. The exception is Addo Elephant National Park, where the elephants are the second most preferred species. To determine the value that tourists attached to a sighting, contingent valuation was used. Although approximately a quarter to a third of respondents indicated positive amounts for a sighting across the years, the mean willingness to pay (WTP) reflects the scarcity of the species. The elephant is relatively abundant in all the parks and, in many instances, much easier to spot than the leopard or lion. It is therefore not surprising that the mean valuation of a sighting is much lower than that of the leopard and lion throughout all the years. Although tougher economic conditions in the country also influence WTP, it was found that tourists to South Africa's National Parks do not yet take the increased poaching of elephants into account when revealing their choice, nor in their valuation.
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Van Jaarsveld, Leentjie. "SCHOOL PRINCIPAL LEADERSHIP IN REMOTE SOUTH AFRICA: A LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT CHALLENGE." In Advances in Education and Educational Trends Series, 301–9. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021ead24.
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To understand the circumstances under which principals in remote areas exercise their leadership and management, an investigation was conducted in the Northern Cape province, South Africa. This province is characterised by small towns with few residents. The infrastructure is not up to par, and in some cases, the socio-economic conditions are extremely poor. Unemployment is a big problem in the villages. The uniqueness of this study lies in the fact that after 1994, with the abolition of apartheid, the farmers withdrew their children from the schools and no longer supported the schools as before. As a result, the principals experienced many more challenges. The study followed a qualitative, phenomenological design from the interpretivist paradigm. The sample consisted of ten principals. Semi-structured interviews were conductedwith the principals. The inductive data analysis process was used. The required ethical clearance was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of the North-West University and the Department of Education of the province. The results reveal that principals in remote areas, in the absence of technology, infrastructure, and support bases, have to use their skills creatively, and they need the support of the community, teachers, school management, and governing body.
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Hongoh, Joseph. "Interventions and the Limits of the Responsibility to Protect: Regional Organisations and the Global South." In Rethinking Humanitarian Intervention in the 21st Century, 192–215. Edinburgh University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474423816.003.0009.
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In Chapter Eight, Sovereignty versus Responsibility to Protect, Joseph Hongoh argues that the struggle in navigating the tension surrounding sovereignty as responsibility to protect actually obscures rather than enables productive engagements with the concept and practice of intervention. Referring to case studies from Africa, Hongoh suggests that integrating regional organizations (ROs) within the international-regional-national axes of R2P potentially restricts the broader conception of intervention. In undertaking this examination, he begins by providing an alternative reading of sovereignty as a responsibility. In this regard, he demonstrates how regional organizations in Africa have perennially engaged with the questions of sovereignty, responsibility, protection and human solidarity within the broader frames of political and economic empowerment and emancipation. In the last two sections of his chapter, Hongo shows how the broader conception of intervention has the potential effect of producing transnational sovereignty, and in ways that are not imagined within R2P. The result, he suggests, may lead to implementation of R2P within the conditions of sovereignty that are determined by ROs.
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Weatherall, D. J. "Disorders of the synthesis or function of haemoglobin." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, 4420–45. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199204854.003.220507_update_003.
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The inherited disorders of haemoglobin are the commonest single-gene disorders in the world. They cause much morbidity and mortality in those individuals who are severely affected, and place a major burden on health services in some places, in particular the Mediterranean region, sub-Saharan Africa, and South-East Asia, when economic conditions improve and infant and childhood death rates fall. Mass migrations of populations from high-incidence areas for the haemoglobin disorders, together with the general ease of international travel, means that these conditions are being seen with increasing frequency in parts of the world where they have not been recognized previously....
Conference papers on the topic "Homelands (South Africa) – Economic conditions"
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Mokoena, Alice, and Gregory Alexander. "A REFLECTION ON GENDER ACHIEVEMENT IN SCIENCES’ RURAL SCHOOL SETTINGS OF MULTICULTURAL SOUTH AFRICA." In International Conference on Education and New Developments. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021end033.
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The participation of learners in science is important to a country’s socio-economic development impediments, therefore, the argument is that the girl learner should be increasingly encouraged to perform well in STEM related subjects (STATS SA). UNESCO indicates 35% women representative in STEM as students in higher education globally, whilst less than 40% of South Africa’s scientists, engineers and technologists are women. This situation also relates to the South African education system, particularly in rural schools where girl learners are outperformed by boy learners in STEM, especially, in subjects such as Life Sciences and Physical Sciences. The purpose of this reflective paper is to ascertain the factors prohibiting excellent achievement of females in sciences in rural high schools of South Africa. The data has been gathered from numerous documents such as national and provincial analysis of result, examination and assessment directorate analysis and the district statistics in solidifying our investigation as couched by document analysis. Based on our observations and experiences of the conditions prevailing in rural high schools and less participation of female learner access in STEM, suggestions are put forth as to how their performance can be improved. The investment thereof in the body of knowledge will be to fulfil the concern not only of the country but the world at large when the number of female participants increase in STEM.
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Miriello, Davide, Michael Walker, Loris Canizares, Aaron Smith, and Dominique Roddier. "Design and Inclusion of a Desalination System in a Floating Offshore Wind Farm." In ASME 2019 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2019-95024.
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Abstract This paper investigates the techno-economic feasibility of integrating a desalination system to an offshore wind farm. The first part of the paper involves a proposal for the design of a desalination system fitted inside the WindFloat Atlantic hull. Taking into account of the power, footprint, volume and weight requirements of the desalination system, the desalination capacity is chosen to be 10,000 m3/d per platform2. A 3D model of the system is also presented. The second part of the paper focuses on the development of an economic model that gives as output the levelized cost of water (LCOW) for the studied technology. At first, a methodology to estimate capital expenditure (Capex) and operational expenditure (Opex) of an offshore desalination system with the above-mentioned characteristics is presented. Then, three locations with high wind speeds and with frequent exposure to droughts (Gran Canaria, California and South Africa) are chosen and the model is applied. Particularly interesting results are found for Gran Canaria, isolated system with favorable conditions (high electricity price, high water production cost and good offshore wind resource).
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Stephen, Don, Gary Baldwin, and Conrad Kienzle. "Optimisation of Turbine Plant as Part of an Integrated Retrofit Project." In ASME 2007 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2007-22128.
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In 2006 Eskom awarded a contract for the retrofitting of the boiler and turbine plant on 6 350MWe units in South Africa. The object of the project is to ensure that the continuous unit rating is increased to 400MWe whilst retaining as much of the existing plant as possible. In addition the plant life will be extended by twenty years. The optimisation process began with the development of various thermodynamic options which would allow a range of power increases. These were then integrated into an economic model which allowed the best option to be identified. In general, a key objective while retrofitting plant is to limit the extent of plant to be changed while still being able to meet the newly defined plant operation conditions, thus allowing for full utilisation of the current assets. This paper details the process followed in the development of the turbine plant retrofit solution. Particular attention is given to the successful Contractor’s Integrated Retrofit Project philosophy, which allows for full optimisation and integration of new components into the plant, while giving assurance of the suitability of the retained equipment.
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Guédez, Rafael, Monika Topel, Inés Conde Buezas, Francisco Ferragut, Irene Callaba, James Spelling, Zhor Hassar, Carlos David Pérez-Segarra, and Björn Laumert. "A Methodology for Determining Optimum Solar Tower Plant Configurations and Operating Strategies to Maximize Profits Based on Hourly Electricity Market Prices and Tariffs." In ASME 2015 9th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2015 Power Conference, the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2015 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2015-49237.
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The present study analyses the influence that market conditions have on determining optimum molten salt solar tower plants with storage that maximize profits (in terms of plant configuration, sizing and operation) for a location in South Africa. Three different scenarios based on incentive programs and local wholesale electricity prices are considered. A multi-objective optimization modeling approach was followed, showing the trade-off curves between minimizing investment and maximizing profits when varying critical sizerelated parameters (such as nameplate capacity, solar multiple and storage capacity) together with power-cycle design and operating specifications including dynamic start-up curves and different storage dispatchability strategies. Results are shown by means of a comparative analysis between optimal plants found for each scenario, highlighting the value that storage has under the current two-tier tariff scheme, and the relevance of designing a suitable policy for technology development. Lastly, a final analysis is performed with regards of the indicators used for economic evaluation of power plants, by comparing the differences between optimum designs found when using the levelized cost of electricity solely as performance indicator instead of cash-flows and profit-based indicators, such as the internal rate of return.
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Jappie, Naziema. "HIGHER EDUCATION: SUSTAINING THE FUTURE OF STUDENTS DURING A PANDEMIC." In International Conference on Education and New Developments. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021end128.
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The COVID-19 challenge is unprecedented; its scale still is not fully understood. Universities in the South Africa do have plans in place to continue the academic year in 2021 but have no idea to what extent education will resume to normal face to face activity. Although the future is unpredictable, given the uncertainty in the epidemiological and economic outlooks, universities have to ensure quality and sustainability for the medium and long-term implications for teaching, learning, the student experience, infrastructure, operations, and staff. Amongst the range of effects that COVID-19 will have on higher education this year, and possibly into future years, admission arrangements for students is one of the biggest. It is also one of the most difficult to manage because it is inherently cross sector, involving both schools and higher education. There is no template in any country of how to manage education during the pandemic. However, there are major concerns that exist, in particular, regarding the impact on learners from low income and disadvantaged groups. Many are vulnerable and cannot access the digital platform. Post 1994, the South African government placed emphasis on the introduction of policies, resources and mechanisms aimed at redressing the legacy of a racially and ethnically fragmented, unjust, dysfunctional and unequal education system inherited from apartheid. Many gains were made over the past two decades especially, in higher education, two of which were access and funding for the disadvantaged students to attend university. However, the pandemic in 2020 disrupted this plan, causing the very same disadvantaged students to stay at home without proper learning facilities, poor living conditions or no access to devices and data. The paper argues that the tensions and challenges that dominated the Covid-19 digital educational reform have resulted in a significant paradigm shift focused on out of classroom experiences as expressed in the new ways of teaching and learning and possibly leaving certain groups of students behind. Consideration is given to three broad areas within higher education in South Africa. Firstly the current dilemma of teaching and learning, secondly, the access or lack thereof to the digital platform and challenges facing students, and the thirdly, the issue of admission to higher education. All three areas of concern represent the degree to which we face educational disruption during the pandemic.
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Porter, Patrick C., and Andrew J. Patrick. "Retrofitting Crack Arrestors on a Pipeline Converted From Liquid to Gas Service." In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27011.
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PETRONET undertook to evaluate the conversion of two liquid pipelines designed and constructed under ASME B31.4 to gas service under ASME B31.8. In a liquid pipeline, a rupture will result in small length of pipe (3 m–10 ft.) opening to release product and pressure. The same failure mechanism in a pipeline with gas service can be far more damaging. Under certain combinations of product, pressure, temperature and material, a rupture can result in a running fracture that can travel for miles. The releasing energy from the compressed gas can sustain the fracture mechanism until some barrier or material change can absorb the energy and allow the fracture to arrest. This can be the critical decision point in any planned service conversion. If the pipe material and operating conditions indicate that a running fracture may develop, then either the pipe has to be replaced or an arrest mechanism installed. The economics usually preclude pipe replacement so it becomes critical to develop a method of retrofitting suitable arrest units economically and safely. Clock Spring® Crack Arrestors have proven to be an economical solution to this challenge. This paper presents a case study of the conversion of a 457 mm (18-inch) pipeline, designed and constructed in accordance with ASME B31.4 for liquid service, to gas operation under ASME B31.8. The pipeline is located in South Africa and is operated by PETRONET. The use of Clock Spring® Crack Arrestors saved million dollars over pipe replacement and was a key issue in the economic justification of the conversion.
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Heard, R. G. "The Ultimate Solution: Disposal of Disused Sealed Radioactive Sources (DSRS)." In ASME 2010 13th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2010-40029.
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The borehole disposal concept (BDC) was first presented to ICEM by Potier, J-M in 2005 [1]. This paper repeats the basics introduced by Potier and relates further developments. It also documents the history of the development of the BDC. For countries with no access to existing or planned geological disposal facilities for radioactive wastes, the only options for managing high activity or long-lived disused radioactive sources are to store them indefinitely, return them to the supplier or find an alternative method of disposal. Disused sealed radioactive sources (DSRS) pose an unacceptable radiological and security risk if not properly managed. Out of control sources have already led to many high-profile incidents or accidents. One needs only to remember the recent accident in India that occurred earlier this year. Countries without solutions in place need to consider the future management of DSRSs urgently. An on-going problem in developing countries is what to do with sources that cannot be returned to the suppliers, sources for which there is no further use, sources that have not been maintained in a working condition and sources that are no longer suitable for their intended purpose. Disposal in boreholes is intended to be simple and effective, meeting the same high standards of long-term radiological safety as any other type of radioactive waste disposal. It is believed that the BDC can be readily deployed with simple, cost-effective technologies. These are appropriate both to the relatively small amounts and activities of the wastes and the resources that can realistically be found in developing countries. The South African Nuclear Energy Corporation Ltd (Necsa) has carried out project development and demonstration activities since 1996. The project looked into the technical feasibility, safety and economic viability of BDC under the social, economic, environmental and infrastructural conditions currently prevalent in Africa. Implementation is near at hand with work being done in Ghana with support from the IAEA. Here the site selection is complete and studies are being carried out to test the site parameters for inclusion into the safety assessment.
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Ellefmo, Steinar Løve, Martin Ludvigsen, and Erik Kristian Thon Frimanslund. "Full Cycle Resource Evaluation of SMS Deposits Along the Arctic Mid Ocean Ridge." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-62525.
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Several hydrothermal vent sites have been discovered along the portion of the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge (AMOR) inside the extended Norwegian continental shelf (NCS). Seafloor massive sulfide (SMS) deposits are associated with these hydrothermal vent sites. These deposits contain significant amounts of valuable metals, such as copper, zinc, gold, and silver. Loki’s Castle is one of the most promising sites along the AMOR, with two 20–30 m high and 100 m wide mound-shaped SMS deposits. It is located at a water depth of 2,400 m. A production system concept is proposed for a deep-sea mining operation at Loki’s Castle based on the Nautilus Minerals’ Solwara 1 project. The overall cost structure and design of the Nautilus’ concept is in this study regarded feasible in AMOR in spite of the difference between the operating environment for the two locations. As the only relevant operational experience is De Beers’ shallow-water diamond mining off the coast of South Africa and Namibia, most of the environmental criteria used are taken from offshore drilling. Based on the net operating time, and accounting for scheduled maintenance and waiting-on-weather time, an estimate for annual average production rate and an annual production volume are estimated. Significant downtime is expected in January and July. Significant uncertainties are associated with early phases of projects. Probabilistic cost, grade and price estimates allow dealing quantitatively with uncertainties by giving input variables as probability distributions. Monte Carlo simulations are in this study run for different sets of variables, and the resulting key performance indicators are given as distributions. This paper adapts and presents a methodology normally used to assess technological and economic feasibilities of oil and gas projects. The methodology is adapted to the assessment of deep-sea mining projects and is illustrated through the assessment of the case based on Loki’s Castle ore characteristics and technologies planned for the Solwara 1 project with a cost structure adjusted according to AMOR conditions. Costs for processing, refining, waste disposal and logistics after ore arrival at onshore port is not included. The ore uncertainties are huge and the resources are with the present deposit knowledge speculative. Therefore, this study do not attempt to define any reserves.
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Esch, Markus, Bernd Ju¨rgens, Antonio Hurtado, Dietrich Knoche, and Wolfgang Tietsch. "State of the Art of Helium Heat Exchanger Development for Future HTR-Projects." In Fourth International Topical Meeting on High Temperature Reactor Technology. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/htr2008-58146.
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In Germany two HTR nuclear power plants had been built and operated, the AVR-15 and the THTR-300. Also various projects for different purposes in a large power range had been developed. The AVR-15, an experimental reactor with a power output of 15 MWel was operated for more than 20 years with excellent results. The THTR-300 was designed as a prototype demonstration plant with 300 MWel and should be the technological basis for the entire future reactor line. The THTR-300 was prematurely shut down and decommissioned because of political reasons. But because of the accompanying comprehensive R&D program and the operation time of about 5 years, the technology was proved and essential operational results were gained. The AVR steam generator was installed above the reactor core. The six THTR heat exchangers were arranged circularly around the reactor core. Both heat exchanger systems have been operated successfully and furthermore acted as a residual heat removal system. The technology knowledge and experience gained on these existing HTR plants is still available at Westinghouse Electric Germany GmbH since Westinghouse is one of the legal successors of the former German HTR companies. As a follow-up project of THTR, the HTR-500 was developed and designed up to the manufacturing stage. For this plant additionally to the 8 steam generators, two residual heat removal heat exchangers were foreseen. These were to be installed in a ring around the reactor core. All these HTRs were designed for the generation of electricity using a steam cycle. Extensive research work has also been done for advanced applications of HTR technology e.g. using a direct cycle within the HHT project or generating process heat within the framework of the PNP project. Because of the critical attitude of the German government to the nuclear power in the past 20 years in Germany there was only a very limited interest in the further development of the HTR technology. As a consequence of the German decision, at the beginning of the 90s, to phase out nuclear power completely, research and funding of further development of HTR reactor design was also cut down. Today’s HTR reactor designs, such as the PBMR in South Africa, use a direct cycle with a gas turbine. This technology is also based on the THTR technology and PBMR is a licensed party. For the HTR-PM in China and the future oil sand projects powered by HTR’s in Canada and Siberia however the use of steam generators is required. Westinghouse and Dresden University cooperate in the field of steam generator technology for HTR reactors. The existing know-how for HTR is based on a huge pool of knowledge gained by the past German HTR projects mentioned above and consists especially of the design methodology, the mechanical layout and material issues for helium heated steam generators. The project team consists of experienced specialists who have worked on HTR projects in the past and of young graduate engineers. Main goal of the project is to analyze the existing know-how and to adjust it to the state of the art. As a first step, the existing design and its methodology is being analyzed and the different points of improvement are identified. The final step of the program is the description of a new methodology which fulfills the severe requirements of the customer and all of the actual licensing conditions. One of the reasons why this project has been launched is that the requirements of life expectancy for HTR components increase and the material limits will be reached, especially at high temperatures. This implies that the design of helix heat exchangers has to allow inservice inspections; this was not a requirement for the previous THTR design. Methodologies for in-service inspections already had been developed, but they are not sufficient for today’s tube lengths and have to be adapted. Another example, based on operating experience, is using reheaters to increase the efficiency is not recommended today. Using supercritical steam conditions to increase the efficiency should be investigated instead. In general, the economic benefit has to be balanced against the additional costs resulting from better material and more complex manufacturing.