Journal articles on the topic 'Home labor India'
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1
Chellikumar, J. A. Arul, and P. Paramasivam. "A Study on Problems Faced by Female Child Labor in Unorganized Sector of Palladam Taluk in Tirupur District." International Review of Business and Economics 1, no. 1 (2018): 46–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.56902/irbe.2018.1.1.1.
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Child labor in India is to be found in almost every sector of the informal economy. Despite India´s fast economic growth since the 1990s, many challenges remain for youth at risk, particularly the girl child. The Indian Girl Child who faces gender discrimination on various levels. Due to her lower status in the society, a girl child laborer is even more deprived. Child labor is still a prevalent issue in India. Gender is a crucial determinant of whether a child engages in labour. While child labour is an infringement of the rights of all children boys and girls alike girls often start working at an earlier age than boys, Girls also tend to do more work in the home than boys. Hence, this study focused on what are the problems faced by female child labor and their socio- economic conditions in Palldam taluk of Tirupur District of Tamilnadu.
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Banerjee, Supurna. "“Who Leaves Home If There is a Choice?”." Transfers 11, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 53–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2021.110205.
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The Dooars tea plantations in India were colonial enterprises set up through recruiting a migrant workforce from Central India. Against the background of the crisis in the Indian tea industry in the early 2000s, and the resulting migration of workers to the cities to join various casual workforces, this article questions the dualities in the framework of migration/displacement and aspiration/desperation. Through mapping the migration decisions of women workers from the plantations, the article traces the ways in which aspiration often follows from migration rather than predating it. Inheriting a history of displacement as migrant labor brought from Central India, the aspiration expressed is often that of belonging. The article then interrogates how the narratives of displacements feature in narratives of aspiration. The migration strategies are not uniform among all the women, but vary across their life stages and accordingly the possibilities and limitations post-migration differ.
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Tripathi, Tulika, and Nripendra Kishore Mishra. "Precarious Self-Employment in India: A Case of Home-Based Own Account Enterprises." Journal of Labor and Society 24, no. 1 (April 19, 2021): 133–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24714607-20212005.
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Abstract A new thrust towards self-employment is seen in India where more than half of the labor class is fending for itself outside the ambit of any kind of employment. Global production networks (gpn s) have changed the structure of the labor market and extended precarity to almost every part of work and world. This has created a labor class that is neither proletariat nor bourgeois but a petty producer integrated in gpn s through mediators called ‘contractors.’ These producers are basically laborers who have been pushed out of the factory system and forced into self-employment. The paper has studied the trajectory of non-agricultural home-based Own Account Enterprises (oae s); a classic case of petty producers across gender and caste lines in various sectors of industry using state-organized enterprise surveys conducted in 2010–2011 and 2015–2016. It has found a vast majority of oae s earning less than half the proposed minimum wage (pmv)—a threshold similar to the idea of living wages rates. The most distressed oae s are in manufacturing, especially, textile, garment, leather, and chemical industries. The over emphasis on self-employment is shrinking the space for labor movement particularly in the global South.
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Rai, Pronoy. "The geographies of intermediation: Labor intermediaries, labor migration, and cane harvesting in rural western India." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 52, no. 6 (February 5, 2020): 1221–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x20903728.
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In this paper, I explain the role of labor intermediaries in the weaving of capital–labor relations in capitalist agro-business. I do so by focusing on migration infrastructure or the vertical network of labor intermediaries who facilitate labor recruitment from migrant home villages and migrant labor disciplining on cane fields in rural western India, where the laborers are brought seasonally to harvest sugarcane. I show how the role of labor intermediaries cannot be understood by containing them within the villainous stereotypes associated with brokers. Intermediaries are embedded within the labor geographies of commodity production where capital accumulation requires the downward transferring of the risk of financial loss from capitalist agro-business to intermediaries and laborers. I collected data for this research by conducting interviews and focus-group discussions in the Yavatmal and Kolhapur districts of Maharashtra state in rural western India during summer 2014 and 2015–2016.
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Menon, Bindu, and T. T. Sreekumar. "“One More Dirham”: Migration, Emotional Politics and Religion in the Home Films of Kerala." Migration, Mobility, & Displacement 2, no. 2 (October 3, 2016): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/mmd22201615029.
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<p>This article explores the Islamic home-film movement in Kerala, India, a video film movement by amateur filmmakers of the Muslim Community. These films circulate in VCD and DVD format in retail outlets in both Kerala and the Gulf Council Countries (GCC). These films are important for their supporting group, Jamaat-e-islami, one of the most powerful Islamist groups in the South Asian countries of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, as they try to gain hegemony among Kerala’s Sunni Muslims through an alternative Islamic public culture. Home-films now circulate beyond their original audience of Muslim women in Kerala, among Keralite migrants in the Arab Gulf, who organize public screenings in social gatherings and labour camps. Indeed, the large-scale migration of labor to the GCC has led to a re-imagination of the moral geography of Kerala Muslim households to account for changing gender norms and family structures. The films, concerned with social reform among the Muslim Community of Kerala, also refract the experience of migration to the GCC, particularly in narrating an emotional landscape characterized by precarious conditions of labour, racialised hierarchy and the kafala (the specific employment system in many GCCs, that is a combination of a contract and patronage) through specific tropes of precarity and philosophy of risk in these films.</p>
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Mannov, Adrienne. "“Nowhere near Somalia, Mom”." Focaal 2021, no. 89 (March 1, 2021): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2021.890104.
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Just as containerized goods appear to flow seamlessly across the planet’s oceans, internationalized and standardized certificates present seafaring labor as uniform and seamless. But underneath these certificates are the intimate and unequal entanglements of local masculinity norms, age, and kinship ties that sustain the maritime labor supply chain. In this article, we follow how three young, male seafarers from eastern India find ways to contain piracy risks at work and poverty risks at home, and their sense of obligation as men, sons, husbands, and fathers. By delving into the unequal conditions for industrial male workers from the Global South, this article demonstrates how containerized maritime labor commodities are not uniform but are dependent upon economic inequality and intimate kinship ties to be productive.
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Münster, Daniel. "“Ginger is a gamble”." Focaal 2015, no. 71 (March 1, 2015): 100–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2015.710109.
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Responding to agrarian crisis at home, cash crop cultivators hailing from the South Indian district of Wayanad increasingly engage in the seasonal production of ginger in other states of India. This is a purely profit-based and unsustainable crop boom that takes a toll on both labor and the environment. This ethnographic analysis of speculative ginger cultivation situates this emerging economic complex in the regional political ecology, farming practices, individual farmers' hopes and aspirations, and in relation to the qualities of ginger as a cultivar. It argues that ginger is a special kind of boom crop and that its cultivation on large tracts of leased land is the manifestation of a moment of agrarian uncertainty and the neoliberalization of agriculture in South India coproduced by the properties of ginger. As a neoliberal boom crop, ginger exemplifies a regime of flexibilization of agrarian accumulation that has proved a profitable move for some, but has brought financial ruin and debt traps for many others.
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Boeri, Natascia. "Challenging the Gendered Entrepreneurial Subject: Gender, Development, and the Informal Economy in India." Gender & Society 32, no. 2 (January 11, 2018): 157–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891243217750119.
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The World Bank’s premise that “gender equality is good business” characterizes the current gender and economic development model. Policymakers and development practitioners promote and encourage women’s entrepreneurialism from the conviction that increasing women’s market-based opportunities is key to lifting women, their families, and communities out of poverty, resulting in the construction of a gendered entrepreneurial subject. Based on ethnographic fieldwork and interviews with home-based garment workers in Ahmedabad, India, this article questions the portrayal of women informal workers as entrepreneurs. Employing a social reproduction framework, I argue that the exploitative characteristics of informal work (i.e., paying for the costs of production and its temporal/spatial characteristic) are falsely interpreted as features of entrepreneurialism (i.e., investment and autonomy). Because work is completed in the worker’s own home, work and care become a mutual burden in which woman’s sense of providing for her family is impeded by both these roles. A feminist social reproduction framework of embodied labor links women’s responsibility for and contribution to family well-being with women’s marginalized economic position. Examining home-based work through this lens reveals the contradiction of the entrepreneurialism discourse.
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Sharma, Anuja, and A. M. Jose. "Internal Migration: Issues Prevailing in the NCT (National Capital Territory) of Delhi." VEETHIKA-An International Interdisciplinary Research Journal 6, no. 3 (September 8, 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.48001/veethika.2020.06.03.001.
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India is currently facing an issue of high internal migration. As per the Economic Survey of India, there were about 454 million internal migrants and has witnessed 9 million annual migrants between the year 2011 to 2016. Data shows among states, Delhi is witnessing major inflow of internal migrants and is now home to 8 million in-migrants and is one among the megacities of the world with population about 18.5 million in the year 2018 and is expected to grow to 38.94 million by 2030.It is important to note that these migrants do contribute to the development of the city and how their Speedy growth in population has increased the issues and challenges in form of Health, Education, Child labor and other social and economic issues with that affects a decent living to them. The paper aims to study the internal migration scenario in NCT of Delhi and the challenges and issues faced by migrants as discussed above. Secondary data (like research papers, publications and reports by government of India and Government of Delhi) was used to analyse the above mention issues. The findings highlight need to strengthen migrant policies and implementation of labor laws which could safeguard and benefit migrant population.
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Swaminathan, Padmini. "Precarious Existence and Deteriorating work Conditions for Women in India: Implications for Health." NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 17, no. 2 (August 2007): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104829110701700207.
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The Indian economy has experienced economic growth post-1991 but has demonstrated an inability to generate adequate employment and even less of “quality” employment for much of its labor force. This article is based on data collected from conversations with women workers on the theme of “women, work and health,” with an emphasis on, one, task allotment and working conditions in the household; and two, those related to conditions of work at the worksite and the gendered experience of such work. While narratives cannot establish causality between particular work environments and related adverse outcomes, they nevertheless provide crucial insights into what is likely to be blighting these women's lives. Advocates of women's work outside their home need to pay attention to both their remuneration for work and the costs to their health and well-being of such employment, so that policies aimed at employment generation also are sensitive to the adverse outcomes of such employment.
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Maneschi, Andrea. "The Tercentenary of Henry Martyn's Considerations upon the East-India Trade." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 24, no. 2 (June 2002): 233–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10427710220134385.
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Henry Martyn's Considerations Upon the East-India Trade, published anonymously in 1701, stands out as a major contribution to the field of political economy that took root in Britain in the eighteenth century, and to the demonstration of the gains from free trade (Martyn 1701). Martyn provided one of the earliest formulations (and by far the clearest) of what Jacob Viner termed the “eighteenth-century rule” for the gains from trade, that “it pays to import commodities from abroad whenever they can be obtained in exchange for exports at a smaller real cost than their production at home would entail” (Viner 1937, p. 440). The numerical examples that Martyn used to illustrate it went even beyond the case for free trade advanced seventy-five years later by Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations. Martyn's tract contains other remarkable insights that became important features of classical political economy, such as the nature and advantages of the division of labor, the dependence of the latter on the extent of the market, the workings of a market economy, the role of money, and the impact of international trade on resource allocation, on productivity, and on economic welfare.
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Shah, Nasra M. "Labour Migration from Asian to GCC Countries: Trends, Patterns and Policies." Middle East Law and Governance 5, no. 1-2 (2013): 36–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763375-00501002.
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The six oil-rich Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries are among the largest recipients of temporary labor migrants in the world today with non-nationals comprising about 47% of their population. The upward trend in labor migration to the region has been especially pronounced since the early 1980s. Asian workers from Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, the Philippines and Sri Lanka constitute the major stock of migrants. The proportion of Asian relative to Arab workers has increased over time with the former group comprising about 60-70% of foreign workers in some countries. Data on annual outflows from sending Asian countries shows a consistent upward trend in labor migration during the 1990s and 2000s. Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates are currently the largest recipients of Asian workers. A majority of migrants are male. However, the number of female workers has registered a consistent increase over time as a result of the rising demand for female domestic workers. Among the male workers, half or more are employed in unskilled occupations in the Gulf. The migration policies of the sending and receiving countries are at odds with each other. Sending countries aim to increase the outflows, primarily to enhance remittance receipts and curtail unemployment at home. Receiving countries aim to restrict migrant inflows and reduce migrant stock through concerted efforts towards nationalizing the labor force. Reconciliation of the above policies remains a challenge for the future.
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Ghose, S., and S. S. Datta. "What is India's Position in Implementing the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control? A Policy Analysis of the Tobacco Control Law and National Tobacco Control Program." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 235s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.94500.
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Background and context: The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) is the world's first public health treaty enacted under the World Health Organization (WHO). It is the biggest global initiative in tobacco control. India is a signatory to this treaty since 2004. India is home to 275 million tobacco users and is the second largest producer and user of tobacco products after China. The country is also known for widespread production and consumption of many smokeless forms of tobacco. India's progress in complying with the Framework Convention treaty had been inconsistent. While few states (provinces) are making significant progress, larger parts of the country struggles with gaps in the law, weak regulatory surveillance and overall noncompliance. The protobacco lobbies in India argue against the legislation by forecasting that banning tobacco production would lead to huge loss of employment and significant negative impact on the economy. These issues act as big deterrents to the country's tobacco control initiatives. Aim: There are very few published policy analyses on compliance with the FCTC treaty and identifying gaps in Indian tobacco control laws. This paper looks at India's tobacco use behavior, the national tobacco control laws, and its gaps and barriers. Strategy/Tactics: Using a policy triangle framework developed by Walt and Gilson (1994), it analyzes the national tobacco control policies and laws against the current scenario to identify areas of improvement and policy reform. Program/Policy process: The Indian tobacco control regulations and the National Tobacco Control Plan is evaluated in light of the WHO FCTC treaty to identify gaps and barriers to its implementation using published evidence. Outcomes: The analysis revels significant gaps and legal complexities that are currently being exploited by the tobacco industry as they continue to promote tobacco products and increase production capacity. There are also important ethical issues related to the use of child labor in tobacco trade in India. What was learned: This paper recommends to amend the Indian tobacco control law to address the gaps and implement a more stringent legislation commensurate to the tobacco use patterns and existing barriers. This also recognizes the political-economic aspects and reflects on the contextual variables and stakeholders that play a significant role in deciding the fate of tobacco production, use and control in India.
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Sujatha, Tetali, Veena Shatrugna, P. Vidyasagar, Nazeema Begum, K. S. Padmavathy, G. Chenna Krishna Reddy, and G. V. Narsimha Rao. "Timed Activity Studies for Assessing the Energy Expenditure of Women from An Urban Slum in South India." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 24, no. 2 (January 2003): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482650302400212.
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Time-disposition studies are necessary for computing energy requirements of populations. This study captures the rich information on the timed activity pattern of adult women from poor households engaged in home-based work. We studied 34 women beedimakers (cigarette makers), 21 tailors, and 34 homemakers. Data were collected by direct observation of the women's activities on a typical day. Time spent on related activities was pooled and classified as sleep, household work, child care, occupational work, and residual work. These were further categorized on the basis of our published work on the energy cost of women's activities and the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of occupational activities as sedentary, moderate, and heavy. Most of the household activities could be classified as moderate to heavy (> 2.2 times basal metabolic rate [BMR]). Childcare activities were distributed on a scale from sedentary to heavy, whereas occupational activities, such as beedimaking and tailoring, were sedentary (< 2.2 BMR). Homemakers spent significantly more time on moderate to heavy work (p < .05) than beedimakers and tailors. Women working for income spent only four to six hours on occupational work, which was possible because they reduced the time spent on heavy work (i.e., housework), and reduced the time on personal care. Still, more than 80% of women could not put in eight hours of paid work. Thus, women in the home-based sector constantly negotiate among time spent on heavy household work, child care, and occupational work in order to continue in the labor market.
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Bessone, Pedro, Gautam Rao, Frank Schilbach, Heather Schofield, and Mattie Toma. "The Economic Consequences of Increasing Sleep Among the Urban Poor." Quarterly Journal of Economics 136, no. 3 (April 8, 2021): 1887–941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjab013.
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Abstract The urban poor in developing countries face challenging living environments, which may interfere with good sleep. Using actigraphy to measure sleep objectively, we find that low-income adults in Chennai, India, sleep only 5.5 hours a night on average despite spending 8 hours in bed. Their sleep is highly interrupted, with sleep efficiency—sleep per time in bed—comparable to those with disorders such as sleep apnea or insomnia. A randomized three-week treatment providing information, encouragement, and improvements to home sleep environments increased sleep duration by 27 minutes a night by inducing more time in bed. Contrary to expert predictions and a large body of sleep research, increased nighttime sleep had no detectable effects on cognition, productivity, decision making, or well being, and led to small decreases in labor supply. In contrast, short afternoon naps at the workplace improved an overall index of outcomes by 0.12 standard deviations, with significant increases in productivity, psychological well-being, and cognition, but a decrease in work time.
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Bhoj, R. "An intensification of sustainable eco-friendly sisal fiber crafts in healthcare industry." CARDIOMETRY, no. 23 (August 20, 2022): 310–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18137/cardiometry.2022.23.310318.
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India’s rich cultural diversity and heritage provide a unique and huge resource for developing craft products. India is one of the important suppliers of handicrafts to the world market. The industry is mostly spread in rural and urban areas, highly labor-intensive, and cottage-based decentralized industry. Many artisans, on a part-time basis, are involved in the crafts work. In addition, many Governmental and non-governmental organizations are engaged creating income opportunities for these artisans. Few of them are engaged in women empowerment programs, developing training programs for women to make them self-reliant and independent learners. In today’s world, all are talking about sustainability. Many artisans are engaged in making eco-friendly and sustainable crafts from various natural materials when it comes to handicrafts. Natural fibers play a very important role in the production of the handicraft industry in India. The crafts like baskets, carpets, wall hangings, bottle holders, bags and accessories, home décor items, and many more are made using natural fibers like jute, banana, coir, sisal, bamboo, etc. The present paper will explain the procedures used for manufacturing these crafts using natural Sisal fiber. The data has been collected from various organizations for the process and methods used to manufacture these crafts. Producing a craft using natural material and eco-friendly processes helps in reducing the carbon footprint (the number of greenhouse gases, mostly CO2 released into the atmosphere by any activity) and makes the manufacturing process more environmentally friendly. Many Indian handicrafts and artisans have incorporated the ideology of eco-friendly fashion and contributing to reducing the environmental impact of these handcrafted products. Natural fibers are promoted in large quantities for making handicrafts. The growing popularity of fiber crafts is following the huge demand for Eco-friendly products throughout the world. Fibers extracted from bananas, sisal, Pina, and jute are mainly used to produce crafts.
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Srikant, Tripathi, Sharma Vasudev, Paliwal Vishal, and Srivastava Sandhya. "Portable electric crop cutter machine." i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering 15, no. 3 (2022): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jee.15.3.18684.
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This work is about a portable electric crop cutter machine that is made up of a very straightforward mechanism at a very low cost. Harvesting of the crop is one of the essential operations which call for a widespread quantity of labor. The availability and value of labor at some stage in the harvesting season are a severe problem. India is agriculture primarily based country that takes numerous sorts of crops. Nowadays diverse agricultural machines are accessible which are very expensive due to the current, it is not appropriate for poor farmers. To conquer the drawbacks of existing versions like pollution due to the fuel or gasoline and the fuel cost. The use of mechanical harvesting drives has been inflated in recent years. Farmers use reapers to harvest their crops however this means that especially combine; these are exorbitant making them unaffordable to most small-scale farmers. Now we introduced the solar-powered harvesting drive which is a two-wheel-drive the system used batteries to power the harvesting blades' motors and the solar panels are used to charge the batteries, batteries can also be charged from the home supply through the rectifier. This drive targets smallscale farmers who have an expanse of farm area of fewer than 5 acres. This solar-based machine will be beneficial for them. To cut back the expenses of farmers, these designs facilitate the farmer to reduce the production cost or assembly value and overcome the dependency on petroleum product.
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Foulkes, Nicol. "The Perils of Highly Skilled Mobility: Welfare, Risk, and Temporary Migration from the Nordic Region to India." Journal of Finnish Studies 17, no. 1-2 (March 1, 2014): 199–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/28315081.17.1.2.10.
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Abstract European welfare states were founded on the assumption that citizens in need of welfare protection were resident within the national territorial boundaries. Nowadays, jobs are often carried out, wholly or in part, abroad. Citizens and residents incur new social risks as their social and political rights in their home country often diminish as a result of the move. One example of this is what is referred to as international secondment—when, for instance, European firms send abroad employees from European offices to complete work assignments. Taking the example of secondment to India, this article investigates the extent to which both employees and their accompanying partners’ social rights are protected when they move outside of the European Union and the European Economic Area from their country of usual residence—in this case Denmark and Finland. This study is an analysis of how the social rights of seconded employees and their dependents, considered to be privileged migrants, are protected by the state. A key part of this analysis is the comparison of the pre-conditions for entitlement to basic social security while abroad. As well as illuminating the extent of the employees’ dependency on the company and the market for social protection, the findings indicate that temporary migrants incur new social risks (albeit to varying extents) depending on the country of origin, their labor market activity, and the conditions of the contract of employment with the sending company.
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Gaikwad, Rupali Atmaram, and Niranjan N. Chavan. "Study of cases of rupture uterus in a tertiary institute and its maternal and perinatal outcome." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 9 (August 28, 2017): 4023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20174056.
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Background: Uterine rupture is undoubtedly one of the most tragic events that can occur in a women’s life and tragedy becomes more grim when she is young. In India, in advanced cities the incidence of rupture preceded by obstructed labour is decreasing, in rural parts where there is inadequate care, lack of communication and transport, home deliveries by untrained dais incidence of rupture uterus is still high. So, the study is to evaluate the etiological factors, incidence, management modalities and maternal and perinatal outcome.Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study of 46 cases of rupture uterus and maternal and Perinatal outcome, in the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in government tertiary reference center.Results: Overall incidence of uterine rupture is 1 in 924. Out of 46 cases 07 (15.22%) were booked, and 39 (84.78%) were referred patients. The 20-30 years age group is the most vulnerable age group. Out of 44 rupture uterus during labor, 13 (22.72%) were spontaneous of intact uterus and 31(70.45%) were in scarred uterus. Subtotal abdominal hysterectomy was commonest modality of treatment used (28 out of 46 cases), followed by suturing of tear. There were 5 maternal deaths out of 46 patients, giving maternal mortality rate of 13.51%. Perinatal mortality rate still on higher side was 76.08%.Conclusions: Most cases of rupture uterus are preventable with good antenatal and intra-partum care. Our study shows that there has been a decline in the overall morbidity in cases of rupture uterus and so also the mortality rate (decreased from 24.3 to 13.51%).
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Guite, Jangkhomang. "Rite of passage in the Great War: The long march of Northeast Indian labourers to France, 1917–1918." Indian Economic & Social History Review 57, no. 3 (June 12, 2020): 363–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019464620930895.
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This article focuses on the little-known Indian Labour Corps (ILC) who hailed from the Northeast frontier of India during the Great War (WW1). It engages with the labour recruitment process, their collective experience during the long march to France, the nature of their work and life at the warzone camps, their heroic homecoming and subsequently, their life back into the heart of the hills. It argues that large numbers of hill people from the region joined the War as coolies with different perceptions, meanings and expectations closely connected to their warrior traditions. They enrolled into the ILC in large numbers for the coveted ‘ornaments’ of the hill ‘warrior’, which the War could offer to them upon their return home. Their war experiences engendered new ideas and practices, significantly reconfiguring their worldviews and their ‘homes’. Their experiences reflect the frontier dimensions of WW1.
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Cieślik, Andrzej, and Giang Hien Tran. "Determinants of outward FDI from emerging economies." Equilibrium 14, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 209–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/eq.2019.010.
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Research background: The last four decades have witnessed an upsurge of multi-nationals from emerging markets alongside a narrowed gap in growth prospects between developed and emerging economies. UNCTAD statistics show that FDI flows from emerging economies have gone steady since 1980 and occupied more than one fifth of global FDI stock in 2015. Japan led the reverse FDI trend when it started to invest abroad in the 1960s and 1970s. Two decades later, in the 1980s-1990s, the reverse FDI trend was continued by so-called Asian tigers, then recently by those rapidly-industrializing economies in Southeast Asia as well as China and India in East and South Asia.
Purpose of the article: The main goal of this paper is to contribute empirically to the study of the determinants of FDI outflows from emerging economies.
Methods: In order to derive empirically testable hypotheses this paper refers to theoretical Knowledge-Capital model developed by Markusen (2002). The model is estimated using the Poisson-Pseudo Maximum Likelihood estimation technique. The specific research hypotheses derived from the theory are verified using a panel dataset of 38 home emerging countries and 134 host countries over the period 2001–2012.
Findings & Value added: In this paper, we distinguish between horizontal and vertical reasons for FDI. Our estimation results support the hypothesis that main-stream theory of multinational enterprise can explain FDI flows from emerging economies, implying the significant roles of total market size, skilled-labor abundance, investment cost, trade cost as well as geographical distance between two countries.
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Isnarti, Rika. "Gerakan Silicon Valley Indian Professionals Association (SIPA) Dalam Membantu India Mengubah Brain Drain Menjadi Brain Circulation." Andalas Journal of International Studies (AJIS) 1, no. 1 (March 6, 2015): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/ajis.1.1.88-105.2012.
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India has a lot of skilled IT workers and most of them migrate to US. In migration studies, this situation is called brain drain. Migration of skilled workers from developing countries to developed countries. This research tries to analyze the movement of an Indian IT diaspora network in U.S, the Silicon Valley Indian Professionals Association (SIPA),which is trying to help India to reduce the impact of brain drain and to create brain circulation.This research is a library research and uses neogramscian framework.This research concluded that brain drain is one of commodification on skilled term. Today, commodification is not only for raw materials, but also skills. This situation faces by skilled labour when they migrate to developed countries and used to support the privillege of developed country. SIPA as Indian diaspora success to create brain circulation for India. SIPA seeks to transform the workers to work in India from early worked in the US, by increasing workers' technical knowledge, entrepreneurship, and understanding migrant contribution for home country or to India. Besides, SIPA also seeks to cooperate with Indian government created a comparative advantage for the IT industry in India.
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Siddiqui, Areej Aftab, and Parul Singh. "Institutional environment, competencies and firm export performance: A study of the emerging country." Corporate Ownership and Control 18, no. 2 (2021): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv18i2art14.
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The study is an attempt to examine the determinants and impact of export propensity and export intensity for firm-level performance in India. The factors determining export propensity are political stability, corruption, and competition from the informal sector while the determinants of export intensity in the present study are identified as a skill of the labour force, the technological capability of a firm, and foreign ownership of technology in a firm in India. A two-stage Heckman selection model has been advanced to investigate the linkage between the export performance of Indian firms with the home institutional environment and firm competencies. Firm-level data of approximately 8,000 Indian firms are used as available from the World Bank’s Enterprise Surveys (WBES) database. The results indicate that political stability and competition effect export propensity of Indian firms while export intensity is impacted by access to technology and employing skilled labour. The study has important theoretical implications in terms of understanding the exporting behaviour of firms. It indicates that the decision of firms to export and their export performance are interlinked. It is affirmed that export intensity is dependent on firm-specific competencies while institutions indirectly influence the decision of firms to export. The policy measures of Skill India and Make in India strongly favour increased access to the skilled labour force and strengthening the domestic industry which may lead to an increase in the export intensity of Indian firms. The recent institutional measures adopted favour a stable environment of doing business as well as providing firms opportunities to focus and leverage their competencies in the best possible manner. The current nascent steps of policy reforms need to be aggressively implemented for enhanced export capabilities of Indian firms
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Vartanyan, A. "International Student Migration: Regional Aspect." World Economy and International Relations 60, no. 2 (2016): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2016-60-2-113-121.
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The article provides a profound analysis of the main trends of international student migration for tertiary education, discusses the key factors influencing the choice of destination for studying abroad, and reveals the regional peculiarities of instruments for student migration regulation. The first part of the paper highlights the official statistics showing that in recent decades the world witnessed the steady increase in the number of international students, concentrating mainly in the USA and the European Union. Almost 48% of all international students in the world study in the European Union. This region also shows the highest internal student mobility. Among others, such countries as Austria, Luxemburg, Switzerland, Australia and New Zealand demonstrate the biggest shares of foreign students in the total number of university students. As for donor countries, the dynamics proves the major role of the Asia region, with a half of all international students originated from it. The largest number of foreign students come from China, India and South Korea. Nonetheless, the Asia region becomes a popular destination of student mobility nowadays. The second part of the article concerns different coordination policies of tertiary migration in the regional context. Mostly in developed countries, practices of attracting foreign students to study in professional programs and degree programs with a perspective to enter a national labor market after graduation become more and more popular. Postgraduate migration remains a priority. Most countries encourage job-searching for foreign graduate students, as they are considered to have a high-skill level, international views and an opportunity to live and work in a variety of socio-cultural conditions. Further analysis refers to the main factors determining the choice of destination for foreign students, which are: geographical proximity, language skills, cultural proximity, the cost of education, and a country's reputation in the field of higher education. The paper reveals the leading role of the EU in the developed intraregional educational mobility, the regional asymmetry of migration processes in other regions of the world, and Asian countries actively promoting temporary educational and labor migration to developed countries with incentives to return to a home-country in the future. In recent years, due to positive dynamics of the return migrants number, an interest in the creation of the returnees strategy grows as well as desire of developed and developing countries to benefit most from the return migration.
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Anderson, Clare. "Convicts, Commodities, and Connections in British Asia and the Indian Ocean, 1789–1866." International Review of Social History 64, S27 (March 26, 2019): 205–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859019000129.
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AbstractThis article explores the transportation of Indian convicts to the port cities of the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean during the period 1789 to 1866. It considers the relationship between East India Company transportation and earlier and concurrent British Crown transportation to the Americas and Australia. It is concerned in particular with the interconnection between convictism and enslavement in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean worlds. Examining the roots of transportation in South Asia in the repressive policies of the East India Company, especially in relation to its occupation of land and expropriation of resources, it moves on to discuss aspects of convicts’ lives in Moulmein, Singapore, Mauritius, and Aden. This includes their labour regime and their relationship to other workers. It argues that Indian convict transportation was part of a carceral circuit of repression and coerced labour extraction that was intertwined with the expansion of East India Company governance and trade. The Company used transportation as a means of removing resistant subjects from their homes, and of supplying an unfree labour force to develop commodity exports and to build the infrastructure necessary for the establishment, population, and connection of littoral nodes. However, the close confinement and association of convicts during transportation rendered the punishment a vector for the development of transregional political solidarities, centred in and around the Company's port cities.
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Gupta, Pallavi, and Falguni Pattanaik. "Time Use and Gender Inequality in India: Differences in Employment and Related, Unpaid Domestic, and Caregiving Activities." Journal of Time Use Research 1 (2023): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32797/jtur-2023-1.
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The objective of this study is to analyze time allocation by gender in ‘employment and related’, ‘unpaid domestic’, and ‘unpaid caregiving’ activities for the individuals representing work in public and private spheres in India. Employing Indian Time-use data 2019, this study examines time distribution of Indian men and women in these activities. Furthermore, the variation in intensity of time allocation due to socio-economic and demographic factors of individuals has been assessed using ordinary least square regression. The study reveals important gender inequalities prevail in the time spent for all the three-activity categories. Indian men devote considerable time in ‘employment and related’ activities whereas Indian women spend more time in the other two activities. The time spent in ‘unpaid domestic’ activities by Indian women is more for those who are less educated, socially marginalized, unemployed, and belong to poorer households whereas ‘unpaid caregiving’ activities are more intensive for women who are highly educated, socially marginalized, not in the labour force and have more children at home. Originality/value : the present study contributes to understanding the disproportionate burden of ‘employment and related’, ‘unpaid domestic’ and ‘unpaid caregiving’ activities and the intersectional dynamics that play a significant role in the allocation of time use across the gender lines using the latest data available in India.
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Samantroy, Ellina. "The Invisible Workers: Capturing Home-based Work in India." ANTYAJAA: Indian Journal of Women and Social Change 4, no. 2 (November 22, 2019): 181–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455632719880848.
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The present paper is contextualised within the backdrop of high informality and a declining female labour force participation in India. Women in India are predominantly in the informal sector engaged in various kinds of precarious employment including home based work that remains unaccounted and undercounted in National Accounting Statistics. Since the home based workers are not into a formal employment relationship and mostly work within the domains of the household, they largely remain outside the purview of social protection. The present paper provides an insight into home based work in India and tries to locate home based workers and their employment conditions vis a vis their location in various social groups. It also tries to understand the existing data gaps in capturing home based workers thereby attempting to locate the gender concerns in data sources for providing full visibility to the informal economy. The paper tries to provide policy recommendations for addressing the concerns associated with home-based workers and larger questions on reducing gendered vulnerabilities across social groups for a sustained labour market participation. The paper is based on secondary data from several governmental sources including the Census, National Sample Survey (NSS), Time Use Survey 1998–99 and the Economic Census.
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Roy, Vineeta Dutta. "Bayer CropScience, India." South Asian Journal of Business and Management Cases 2, no. 2 (December 2013): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277977913509175.
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The case is about Bayer, a multinational firm that finds itself facing stiff accusations in India and its home turf Germany when the acquisition of Indian seeds business leads it inadvertently to having the worst forms of child labour in its hybrid cotton seed production supply chain. A company with a strong brand identity and a clear human rights position that bans child labour in its own operations and does not tolerate it anywhere in its supply chain chooses to tackle the situation when exiting the business would have made a more convenient business decision. It designs a multifaceted programme the Bayer CropScience Child Care Programme with top level management commitment, a dedicated team and an independent budget. After striving for almost a decade with its implementation, the company achieves a practically zero child labour existent supply chain and a reputation of having turned around a difficult situation. The company now aspires to transform its successful Child Care Programme into a vehicle for delivering innovative solutions aimed at strengthening the rural economy and bringing about a socio-cultural change.
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Estupinan, Xavier, Sargam Gupta, Mohit Sharma, and Bharti Birla. "Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Labour Supply, Wages and Gross Value Added in India." Indian Economic Journal 68, no. 4 (December 2020): 572–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019466221999143.
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This article estimates the first-order supply shock through labour supply reduction associated with the containment measures taken by the Government of India to control COVID-19 spread. We provide the estimates for Lockdown 1.0 and Lockdown 2.0, from 25 March to 3 May 2020, when india had the highest stringency measures in the world. To get an extensive impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the labour market, we carry out an in-depth analysis of labour supply shocks by employment status, industry level and occupation. The workers impacted are those who work in a non-essential industry and are not able to work from home. To identify jobs that cannot be done from home, we use a novel approach and construct an occupation-based Remote Labour Index (RLI) for India. Using the PLFS (2017–2018) we find that 116.18 million (25% of the total employed) and 78.93 million (17% of total employed) workers were affected during Lockdown 1.0 and Lockdown 2.0, respectively. The expected monthly wage and income loss to workers is estimated to be Rs. 864.5 billion (2017–2018 prices). Further, the reduction of Gross Value Added (2012–2012 prices) is estimated at 14% compared to a no-COVID scenario. JEL Classification Codes: E01, J21, J22, J24, J33, J38
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Barman, Narayan, and Badsha Sarkar. "Women Beedi Workers of Cooch Behar, West Bengal: Accessibility of Welfare Programmes." Social Change 52, no. 4 (December 2022): 505–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00490857211068568.
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The labour market in India is largely unorganised in character, employing 93 per cent of the country’s labour force. India is a country where female work participation rate is very low, yet some specific sectors like beedi manufacturing have an overwhelming female work participation. Today, beedi manufacturing is a traditional and largely home-based industry in India in which 98 per cent of beedi workers are females. This article attempts to capture the accessibility of labour welfare programmes by female beedi workers in the Cooch Behar district of West Bengal. As a welfare state, the Government of India, along with the state government of West Bengal, has enacted several welfare schemes to protect the basic social needs of these women workers. But their backwardness, illiteracy combined with poverty, and a lack of administrative transparency appear to be major constraints in female beedi workers having any access to welfare programmes.
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Singh, Dr Sukhwinder. "Women Workers In Unorganized Sector: A Study Of Patiala City." Journal of Women Empowerment and Studies, no. 21 (December 23, 2021): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jwes.21.14.20.
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The term 'unorganised' is frequently used in the Indian context to refer to the large number of women and men working in various occupations. Home-based work (e.g., rolling papads and beedis), self-employment (e.g., selling vegetables), employment in household enterprises, small units, on land as agricultural workers, labour on construction sites and domestic work. The present study was designed with objective to identify the problem that women face as unorganised labour and to bring to light the plight of female workers in India. For this purpose 100 women stone crushers between the age range of 15 and 50 were selected from Patiala district. A self designed interview schedule was used to collect data and it was found that majority of the women are working in pathetic conditions and have low work satisfaction. They are not even allowed to take their decisions and are not aware of any help groups for their rights.
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Valk, Reimara, Mandy Van der Velde, Marloes Van Engen, and Betina Szkudlarek. "Warm welcome or rude awakening?" Journal of Indian Business Research 7, no. 3 (August 17, 2015): 243–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jibr-09-2014-0064.
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Purpose – The purpose of this exploratory, empirical study is to gain insight into repatriation experiences and repatriate turnover intention of employees from India and The Netherlands who either were or had been on international assignments in the respective countries. Design/methodology/approach – Interviews were conducted with 25 Dutch and 30 Indian international assignees (IAs) and repatriates in both India and The Netherlands. Thematic analysis resulted in four themes: met and unmet expectations of career advancement opportunities; knowledge transfer and labour marketability; economic growth versus economic recession and alternative employment opportunities; and boundaryless careers: adventure and entrepreneurship. Findings – Repatriate expectations about the use of knowledge, skills and abilities gained in the host country moderate the relationship between the macro-economic situation of the home country and repatriate attrition/retention, such that met expectations of Indian respondents decreased their intention to leave the organisation, even in a conducive macro-economic context with ample alternative employment opportunities. Unmet expectations of Dutch respondents increased their intention to leave the organisation, even in an unfavourable macro-economic context with few alternative employment opportunities. Research limitations/implications – The sample of Indian and Dutch IAs and repatriates may limit generalisation of the findings to samples from other countries with distinct cultural contexts and macro-economic conditions. Practical implications – Global organisations that set realistic expectations about re-entry career opportunities for repatriates, facilitate knowledge transfer after repatriation, and adequately respond to boundaryless career ambitions of repatriates, can reduce repatriate turnover intention and attrition. Originality/value – This study shows that repatriate attrition versus retention is embedded in the macro-economic context of the home country, leading to three types of career mobility upon completion of an international assignment: intra-organisational mobility; organisational boundary-crossing; and geographical boundary crossing.
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Chattopadhyay, Suchismita. "The Pandemic of Productivity." Anthropology in Action 28, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/aia.2021.280109.
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Initially with the massive outbreak of COVID-19, physical distancing in the form of stay-at-home campaigns made the headlines. The most stringent lockdown period in India was envisaged by the privileged class as a productive time at home. I show that the home as a space of leisure and intimacy is also a site of caste and gender privilege that upholds the social division of labour. By looking at both the work of home and the work from home, I problematise the notion of productivity from home and argue for a renewed understanding of what constitutes work and what constitutes home as an intimate space.
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Sinha, Nitin. "The Idea of Home in a World of Circulation: Steam, Women and Migration through Bhojpuri Folksongs." International Review of Social History 63, no. 2 (July 23, 2018): 203–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859018000184.
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AbstractThe historical juncture of the 1840s to 1860s witnessed three developments: first, the introduction of the new means of communication (steamships and railways); second, new industrial and plantation investments in and outside of India, creating demand for labour; and third, the expansion of a print culture that went beyond the urban elite domain to reflect the world of small towns and villages. In this constellation of social, economic, and technological changes, this article looks at the idea of home, construction of womanhood and the interlaced lifecycles of migrant men and non-migrant women in a period of Indian history marked by “circulation”. Moving away from the predominant focus on migrant men, the article attempts to recreate the social world of non-migrant women left behind in the villages of northern and eastern India. While engaging with the framework of circulation, the article calls for it to be redesigned to allow histories of mobility and immobility, male and female and villages and cities to appear in the same analytical field. Although migration has been reasonably well explored, the issue of marriage is inadequately addressed in South Asian migration studies. “Separated conjugality” is one aspect of this, and the displacement of young girls from their natal home to in-laws’ is another. Through the use of Bhojpuri folksongs, the article brings together migration and marriage as two important social events to understand the different but interlaced lifecycles of gendered (im)mobilities.
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Sharma, Jeevan R., Anurag Sharma, and Anuj Kapilashrami. "COVID-19 and the Precarity of Low-income Migrant Workers in Indian Cities." Society and Culture in South Asia 7, no. 1 (January 2021): 48–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2393861720975618.
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Indian cities attract a considerable number of low-income migrants from marginal rural households experiencing difficult economic, political and social conditions at home. Based on fieldwork in Jalandhar and Guwahati, this article focuses on the precarity of low-income migrants in Indian cities. It argues that the concept of precarity, used in the context of migrant labour, should be extended to capture multiple and reinforcing forms of vulnerability, examining the relationship between structural inequalities, including difficult conditions at home, exclusion from public services and poor access to justice. It puts forward a proposition that the widespread media representations of migrant workers returning home in the context of COVID-19 are not simply a result of the sudden outbreak of the coronavirus but that these journeys must be seen as part of the history of the circulatory system of labour.
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Hameed, Sameena. "India’s Labour Agreements with the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries: An Assessment." International Studies 58, no. 4 (October 2021): 442–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00208817211055344.
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Despite the Indian government's proactive initiatives and reforms in the labour laws in the host countries, the welfare of Indian workers in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries remains compromised. The Indian workers continue to face exploitation, often left stranded or forced to return home penniless. In line with best global practices, India’s Bilateral Labour Agreements (BLAs) and Memorandum of Understanding (MoUs) with all the GCC countries need to make specific reference to the host countries' labour laws and facilitate bilateral coordination in the governance of the full migration cycle. Special focus is needed in the construction sector, where a vast majority of low-skilled Indian workers are employed. The article examines the effectiveness of India’s BLAs and MoUs with the GCC countries in protecting the low-skilled Indian workers in the region.
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Bhuta, Aishwarya, and Mridula Muralidharan. "Not All Time Is Money: Women’s Burden of Unpaid Work." ANTYAJAA: Indian Journal of Women and Social Change 5, no. 2 (December 2020): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/24556327211012843.
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Since the 1990s, India has been witnessing a downward trend in female labour force participation (FLFP). Feminist economists have argued that the invisible labour of unpaid household work is quintessential for the social reproduction of the labour force. Time-use statistics can be useful for estimating the value of unpaid work and lead policy responses towards increasing FLFP. This study analyses the report on Time Use in India-2019 to draw insights from data on women’s disproportionate burden of unpaid domestic and caregiving services. It is argued that this has implications for their participation in the labour market. The patriarchal structure of the family pushes the onus of domestic labour on women. This confines them to home-based, poorly remunerated and informal work, or excludes them from the labour market. Interventions in the form of generating non-agricultural job opportunities in rural areas, establishing infrastructural support mechanisms in workplaces and encouraging female education and employment can not only stimulate FLFP but also help to address the crisis of jobless growth.
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Chattopadhyay, Saayan, and Sushmita Pandit. "Freedom, Distribution and Work from Home: Rereading Engels in the Time of the COVID-19-Pandemic." tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society 19, no. 1 (November 27, 2020): 140–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v19i1.1225.
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The aim of this paper is to understand the emerging practices of work from home drawing from the works of Friedrich Engels. Situating the rising debate on work from home, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, this article revisits some of the texts by Friedrich Engels to understand the issues of distribution, freedom, necessity and work. The idea of work from home becomes especially critical in the context of a developing country like India, with its limited access to digital infrastructure, inadequate work-space at home, and precarious work conditions. However, the digital network and devices play a pivotal role under these conditions and often offer a promise of “new freedom” and flexibility. It is not just the middle-class professionals, but several other dimensions of work and labour are implicated within the idea of work from home under sudden economic and social disruption. The new organisation of production, assisted by capitalism, forges new relations of production, and new predicaments and Engels's thoughts on freedom, work and the condition of the working class become increasingly relevant to understand these shifts, particularly in neoliberal, developing country like India under nationwide lockdown.
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Ravindran, Bharathi, and Rupashree Baral. "Factors Affecting the Work Attitudes of Indian Re-entry Women in the IT Sector." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 39, no. 2 (April 2014): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920140205.
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India has witnessed increased participation of women in all sectors of the labour market. However, the career path of Indian women is not a continuous one. Despite the overflowing career prospects, women continue to quit their jobs. Some re-enter after taking a break, while others are forever lost to the labour markets. Those women, who re-enter the workforce find difficulty in gaining back their career momentum because of the demands they face at work and home. Organizations are increasingly valuing these re-entry women's talent and are therefore taking initiatives to bring them back to workforce and retain them by providing several workplace support systems such as flexible timings and work-from-home options. Consequently, a number of studies have empirically examined the relationships between such organizational supports and job attitudes of employees. But, there are very few studies that have analysed the moderating role of perceived work and family demands in these relationships particularly for re-entry women. Although there are a few studies on re-entry women in other socio-cultural contexts, hardly any study is found in the Indian context. Barely anything is known about the main reasons for career exit and career re-entry and the factors, challenges, barriers, and opportunities at the individual, family, and organizational levels for women who decide to join back employment after a career break. Further, lack of qualitative research prevents the emergence of new ideas regarding re-entry women. Studies on examining the jobrelated attitudes of re-entry women are also limited. The current study aims at examining the effect of organizational factors like policy support, diversity climate, work-family culture, and organizational justice on the attitudes of re-entry women like career satisfaction, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and career commitment. Responses were collected from the re-entry women in Indian IT organizations through a survey questionnaire. Findings indicate that the career outcomes and attitudes of Indian re-entry women are directly related to organizational factors. Organizations are therefore suggested to provide the right kind of support to these women by revising their policies and making the workplace environment and culture more supportive and inclusive for women returners.
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Imideeva, Irina V. "EMPLOYMENT OF MONGOLIAN CITIZENS IN OUTSIDE COUNTRIES: STATUS AND REASONS." Today and Tomorrow of Russian Economy, no. 105-106 (2021): 38–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.26653/1993-4947-2021-105-106-04.
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This article examines the processes of emigration of Mongolian citizens and their problems, including during a pandemic. Research and analysis were carried out in relation to the choice of the country of permanent or temporary residence, gender and age ratio, reasons for emigration, and living conditions. Today the trend is as follows, including during a pandemic, thousands of people move from one country to another and from one region to another, changing cities and places of residence for the sake of well-being, decent wages, in search of better living conditions. However, personal safety, the safety of families and children began to be felt more during the pandemic, this became the reason for the majority of citizens to return home. It has been 20 years since Mongolian citizens began to freely move around the world, for example, according to official data, at the end of 2020, more than 101 thousand Mongolians live and work abroad, one third of which are in South Korea. In the years before the pandemic, the number of Mongols living and working in other countries grew steadily, but due to a number of reasons, including the pandemic, some citizens began to return to their homeland. For example, on the part of employers, there are violations of labor contracts, living conditions, etc. The government of Mongolia has taken a number of measures to return its citizens to their homeland. So, to date, this figure is more than 40 thousand people, leaving work, study, treatment, residence abroad. In this regard, the subject of this research is the study of the emigration process of Mongolian citizens in the context of past periods. The purpose of studying this direction is to study and identify the main difficulties and problems of the emigration process over a twenty-year period and present a comprehensive analysis. Thus, the relevance of this study is to study and clarify the nature of the reasons for the departure of Mongolian citizens from the country. The study and analysis of the emigration of the population has been facilitated to this day by various reasons, such as environmental, political, economic, social, cultural and others. The methodological part of the study included the use of sampling methods, the use of methods for collecting and analyzing data, as well as empirical research. The study of the number of emigrating citizens was carried out in the period from 2010 to 2020, the data of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Mongolia, the official population census and the property fund of the country were compared. Depending on the country of residence, the largest number of people study in India, China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Japan, Germany and Ireland, and leave for permanent residence in Poland, Great Britain and the USA. In countries such as South Korea, the Czech Republic and Hungary, they work more under contracts. Turkey, South Korea, Sweden, Czech Republic, Switzerland and Poland are chosen as self-employment. The studied population group was studied in relation to travel purposes, including: training, permanent residence, contract work, work on a business trip, self-employment, living with family members, etc. The largest number of respondents leave for study, in 2020 their number was 35.8 percent, in second place is self-employment. In terms of the ratio of men and women living abroad, 80 percent are women. Due to the lack of a complete information field, a system for the movement of Mongolian citizens, it is difficult to determine the complete provision on international migration and their employment. There is no assessment of international migration and its situation in general. There is a very general number of different sources on labor migration, where only the total number of Mongols living and working abroad is indicated. Thus, a more transparent system is needed for the formal collection of information on external labor migration, and these are the tasks of emigration, including information on working and living conditions, problems, difficulties and consequences of migration, using them to analyze and develop further political regulation. Thus, we will determine the economic, social, environmental, political and social goals of the emigration outflow of the population. It is worth paying attention to the official and complete collection of data in this area. As suggestions and recommendations, it is necessary to establish an official information base for the governing bodies regarding the international migration of Mongolian citizens.
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Whalen, Kevin. "Indian School, Company Town." Pacific Historical Review 86, no. 2 (May 1, 2017): 290–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2017.86.2.290.
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During the early twentieth century, administrators at Sherman Institute, a federal Indian boarding school in Riverside, California, sent hundreds of students to work at Fontana Farms, a Southern California mega-ranch. Such work, they argued, would inculcate students with values of thrift and hard work, making them more like white, Protestant Americans. At Fontana, students faced low pay, racial discrimination, and difficult working conditions. Yet, when wage labor proved scarce on home reservations, many engaged the outing system with alacrity. In doing so, they moved beyond the spatial boundaries of the boarding school as historians have imagined it, and they used a program designed to erase native identities in order to carry their cultures forward into the twentieth century.
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Moosvi, Shireen. "Women, poverty and work in colonial rural India: The Dufferin Inquiry, 1887–88." Studies in People's History 7, no. 2 (December 2020): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2348448920951521.
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The survival of the original reports of officials engaged in the Dufferin Inquiry (1887–88) from what is now Uttar Pradesh, enables us to have detailed descriptions of the extent of poverty in India’s countryside at that time. The details cover conditions of women, including their share in both domestic and field labour. One can infer the state of gender relations from these descriptions, with bride-price rather than dowry as the prominent institution. We are also able to see how caste customs also shaped women’s access to the labour market outside the home.
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Sidorova, Svetlana. "DHOBI’S ITCH: DOMESTIC SERVANTS AND HYGIENE IN THE ENGLISH HOMES OF COLONIAL INDIA." Vostokovedenie i Afrikanistika, no. 1 (2021): 149–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/rva/2021.01.06.
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One of the characteristic features of the colonial administration of India was scientifically grounded practicality, which in fact resulted in the active introduction at all levels of life of modern technologies and the accompanying material support (tools, devices, equipment) in order to increase the level of production and rationalize the labor process. The wheelbarrow is a generalized image of European garden tools, zealously imposed by the owners of the adjoining the bungalow plots on their servants-gardeners and not always willingly accepted by them, and often completely rejected or used for other purposes. For the British, the useless tools in the hands of the Indians became the reason to consider their servants lazy and careless and often transfer this characteristic to the entire subordinate people. Sources for the paper are manuals and guidebooks on gardening published in India in the second half of the 19th century, and memoirs in which the owners of the gardens described specific scenes from their own life. The analysis of these texts allows, through the attitude to the tools of labor of various participants in the plant growing process, to identify the mechanism of encounter (imposition - rejection) of two material (in this case, horticultural) cultures, each of which was burdened with ideas about practicality, rationalism, benefit, well-being and etc.
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Shipra, Kumari. "Impact Assessment on Rural Women through Mushroom Cultivation Training Programme." International Journal of Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology 1, no. 1 (December 30, 2013): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.47856/ijaast.2013.v01i1.001.
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Rural women play a vital role in farm and home system. She contributes substantially in the physical aspect of farming, livestock management, post-harvest and allied activities. Women contribute 50-60% of labour in farm production in India. There is evidence to suggest that if agriculture were focused on women, outputs could increase by as much as 10-20%, the ecological balance could be restored, and food security of communities improved.
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Shipra, Kumari. "Impact Assessment on Rural Women through Mushroom Cultivation Training Programme." International Journal of Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology 1, no. 1 (December 30, 2013): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.47856/ijaast.2021.v01i1.001.
Full textAbstract:
Rural women play a vital role in farm and home system. She contributes substantially in the physical aspect of farming, livestock management, post-harvest and allied activities. Women contribute 50-60% of labour in farm production in India. There is evidence to suggest that if agriculture were focused on women, outputs could increase by as much as 10-20%, the ecological balance could be restored, and food security of communities improved.
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MUKHOPADHYAY, Dr DEBASIS, and Dr Asim K. Karmakar. "Migrant Labourers and Remittances Flow to India." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 10, no. 3 (October 10, 2014): 1996–2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijmit.v10i3.1662.
Full textAbstract:
Remittances are defined as the money transmitted from one place to another. Although remittances can also be sent in-kind, the term remittances usually refers to cash transfers. Migrant worker remittances are the part of total remittance flows that is transmitted by migrant workers, usually to their families or friends back home. Remittances are an important and stable source of income for households, in particular in developing countries. Analytical studies have shown that the flow of remittances is the least influenced by economic downturn and remains a stable source of income. Remittances have been identified as the third pillar of development as their volume is second to foreign direct investment and higher than overseas development assistance.Under the altruistic view, the migrant sends remittances home because he cares about the well being of his / her family in the home country, and the remittance satisfies the immigrants concern for the welfare of his family. Opposite to the altruistic motive is the immigrant who sends remittances to the home country mainly for economic reasons and financial self-interest. This paper tries to focus on choice between formal and informal channels which depends on a variety of factors, including the efficiency, the level of charges and exchange rates, the availability of facilities for transferring funds, the prevalence of political risks and the degree of flexibility in foreign exchange rules. It also put an insight into the size and frequency of total remittance flows determined by several factors, such as: the number of migrant workers, wage rates, economic activity in the host country/region and in the sending country/region, exchange rates, political risk, facilities for transferring funds, marital status, level of education of the migrant, whether or not accompanied by dependents, years since out migration, household income level, relative interest rate between labour-sending and receiving and peeps into its effect on the BOP of the country.
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Satyogi, Pooja. "Perverse Economies of Intimate and Personal Labour." Anthropology in Action 28, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/aia.2021.280108.
Full textAbstract:
In India, the ‘unlock’ period has allowed some domestic workers to return to work; this comes amidst government advisories of greater risk of contagion generally. Drawing on ethnographic work with women domestic workers in the city of Delhi, the article delineates how formalities of social distancing and mask-wearing have begun to inflect personalised labour relationships in ways that entrench existing hierarchies enabled by caste practices. This can be evidenced from a doubling of the idea of contagion – a culturally polluted person rendered even more pestilential because of contagion, but whose service/s are, nonetheless, needed to disinfect the space of the employer’s home. With no data set available for assessing whether caste has been a variable in the spread of the coronavirus pandemic, anthropology will have to take up the responsibility of demonstrating that the latter is indeed a social phenomenon.
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Buat, Camille. "Segmented Possibilities: Migrant life Histories of Hindustani Workers in Post Colonial India." International Labor and Working-Class History 97 (2020): 134–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014754792000006x.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractStarting in the late 19 th century, workers from north India came to constitute the backbone of the urban and industrial labour force in Calcutta and neighboring mill municipalities. As they settled in and around the colonial metropolis, these Hindustani workers maintained strong connections with their rural homes. One generation after the other, they reproduced this dual settlement over the following decades. This bi-local structure of labour circulation, which linked village and city through the constant coming and going of men and women, progressively broke down from the late 20 th century onwards, following the closure of the large textile, engineering and paper industries which underpinned the economic vitality of the Calcutta region. The article sketches out the history of this socio-spatial configuration over the second half of the 20 th century, through the life histories of two migrant Hindustani workers. Born around 1940, Siraj Prajapati and Mohan Lal both spent the greater part of their working lives in Calcutta's industrial suburbs. Siraj, a potter by caste, was engaged in the artisanal production tea-cups in Howrah. Born into one of the most marginalized sections of north Indian society, Mohan managed to train as a mason, and was employed in the Titagarh Paper Mill through the 1960s and 70s. Both have now settled back in their respective villages of eastern Uttar Pradesh. Teasing out the contradictory ways in which both men frame their life trajectories, the article contributes a micro-perspective to the social history of rural-urban migration in post-colonial north India.
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Anjali Anwar, Ira, Michaelanne Thomas, Kentaro Toyama, and Julie Hui. "Gig Platforms as Faux Infrastructure: A Case Study of Women Beauty Workers in India." Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 6, CSCW2 (November 7, 2022): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3555134.
Full textAbstract:
In order to sustain everyday life in India during pandemic induced lockdowns, home service gig platforms materialized to provide essential services for urban society. As unemployment worsened, these gig platforms also emerged as key sources of paid work for gig workers, with some platforms promising an unusual degree of health and financial support for their gig workforce. Through semi-structured interviews, we examine how women beauty workers engaged with the infrastructural promise extended by home service gig platforms during the pandemic. While gig platforms promoted the potential of stable income and social security in the context of the Global South, we investigate the reality behind this image. We find that various breakdowns, from miscommunication around localized travel restrictions to limited platform helpline access, introduces day-to-day unpredictability for gig workers, hindering access to paid work as well as other platform extended benefits. We suggest that home service gig platforms actually serve as 'faux infrastructure,' in which the privatized logics work to enclose public value, while pushing the burden of access onto gig workers who must perform additional, often unpaid labors, in order to fill last-mile service gaps.
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Badrinathan, Sumitra, Deepaboli Chatterjee, Devesh Kapur, and Neelanjan Sircar. "Partisan Disagreement: The Role of Media, Personal Networks and Gender in Forming Political Preferences." Urbanisation 6, no. 1_suppl (September 2021): S141—S157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/24557471211043644.
Full textAbstract:
In this article, we seek to understand the role of media and non-media personal networks in generating the opportunity for women to express political preferences that are different from men within the household—what we call partisan disagreement—using a survey of over 6,000 households in the Indian urban clusters of Patna and Dhanbad. We demonstrate a significant gender gap in both mobile phone ownership and media access among working age women. Due to low media access among women, we find that partisan disagreement is most likely when women have access to personal networks outside of the household, either due to employment or an opportunity to travel outside the home. For instance, women engaged in agricultural labour are 8 to 9 percentage points more likely to demonstrate partisan disagreement than unemployed women. While access is still low among women, men and women display similar patterns of social media usage. We suggest that this is due to the fact that social media can be consumed privately without family interference and highlight the potential of social media to reduce gender gaps in media access as mobile phone penetration and levels of education grow in India.