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Published: 18 May 2024

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1

Facultés universitaires Saint-Louis. Centre de recherches en histoire du droit et des institutions. Sede vacante: La vacance du pouvoir dans l'Eglise du Moyen Âge. Bruxelles: Facultés universitaires Saint-Louis, 2001.

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2

Theutenberg, Bo Johnson. The Holy see, the order of Malta and international law. Skara: Johnny Hagberg and Skara stiftshistoriska sällskap, 2003.

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3

The wimp factor: Gender gaps, holy wars, and the politics of anxious masculinity. Boston: Beacon Press, 2004.

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4

Jr, Moore John, Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Office., and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute. Sea Grant Program., eds. Keeping afloat admist [sic] the gales of regulations, 28 March 1986: Proceedings of a conference held at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Sea Grant Advisory Service. Boston, Mass. (100 Cambridge St., Boston 02202): The Office, 1987.

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5

Bourget), Église catholique Diocèse de Montréal Évêque (1840-1876 :. Circulaire au clergé: Le premier de février de l'année dernière, j'adressai quelques mots au clergé réuni à l'évêché sur le projet d'un nouveau journal .. [S.l: s.n., 1986.

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6

Bourget), Église catholique Diocèse de Montréal Évêque (1840-1876 :. Circulaire au clergé: Vous gémissez comme moi, de l'étrange disposition du peuple par rapport au St. Père, et c'est vraiment à n'y rien comprendre que d'en voir un si grand nombre livré à un tel vertige .. [S.l: s.n., 1985.

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7

1799-1885, Bourget Ignace, ed. Circulaire au clergé: Dans une lettre du 10 juin dernier, S. Em. le card. Barnabo, préfet de la S. C. de prop. me transmettait le décret de la S.C. des rites du 26 avril 1834 .. [S.l: s.n., 1986.

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8

1799-1885, Bourget Ignace, ed. Circulaire au clergé: Le Résumé des conférences sur l'usure sera prêt, j'espère, à vous être expédié dans le cours de mai prochain .. [S.l: s.n., 1985.

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9

1799-1885, Bourget Ignace, ed. Circulaire au clergé: Je vous écris la présente encore sous les émotions d'une séparation d'autant plus sensible pour moi .. [S.l: s.n., 1986.

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10

1799-1885, Bourget Ignace, ed. Circulaire au clergé: Vous recevrez, avec la présente, le mandement de visite, sur lequel il me faut faire ici quelques observations .. [S.l: s.n., 1985.

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11

1799-1885, Bourget Ignace, ed. Circulaire au clergé: Je m'empresse de vous adresser ci-dessous la circulaire de Monseigneur l'archevêque de Québec, en date du 9 février courant, concernant le jeûne et l'abstinence .. [S.l: s.n., 1986.

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12

1799-1885, Bourget Ignace, ed. Circulaire au clergé: La mission de la Floride est l'objet de la présente .. [S.l: s.n., 1986.

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13

Église catholique. Diocèse de Montréal. Évêque (1840-1876 : Bourget). Circulaire au clergé: Vous recevrez bientôt l'écrit intitulé: "Monument de jubilé" mentionné dans la lettre pastorale de ce jour et de plus une circulaire aux communautés et une petite prière .. [S.l: s.n., 1985.

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14

Église catholique. Diocèse de Montréal. Évêque (1840-1876 : Bourget). Circulaire au clergé: Dans une lettre du 10 juin dernier, S. Em. le Card. Barnabo, préfet de la S.C. de la Prop. me transmettait le décret de la S.C. des rites du 26 avril 1834, concernant l'usage des livres liturgiques, imprimés sans permission de l'Ordinaire .. [S.l: s.n., 1985.

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15

1799-1885, Bourget Ignace, ed. Circulaire au clergé: Pour faciliter vos rapports dans les secours mutuels que vous vous portez, dans toute espèce de concours, je donne aux curés et missionnaires la permission de faire confesser et prêcher .. [S.l: s.n., 1985.

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16

1799-1885, Bourget Ignace, ed. Circulaire au clergé: En lisant la lettre pastorale ci-jointe, il vous sera facile de conclure qu'elle a été écrite pour protester en faveur de la liberté religieuse, qui est garantie à tant de titres à ce pays .. [S.l: s.n., 1986.

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17

Église catholique. Diocèse de Montréal. Évêque (1840-1876 : Bourget). Circulaire au clergé: Je vous envoie, comme je vous l'avais promis, le résumé de nos entretiens, durant notre dernière retraite, avec l'entière confiance que nous mettrons tous la meilleure volonté à la rendre pratique. Montréal: Plinguet et Laplante, 1985.

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18

Église catholique. Diocèse de Montréal. Évêque (1840-1876 : Bourget). Circulaire au clergé: Je vous continue, par la présente, les pouvoirs extraordinaires que je vous ai donnés jusqu'ici, pour les jours de concours non seulement, pour le reste de cette année, mais encore pour toute l'année prochaine (1895). [S.l: s.n., 1985.

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19

1799-1885, Bourget Ignace, ed. Circulaire au clergé: Vous recevrez, avec la présente, le mandement du 14 août dernier ... [S.l: s.n., 1986.

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20

Église catholique. Diocèse de Montréal. Évêque (1840-1876 : Bourget). Circulaire au clergé: Jusqu'à ce que le temps me permettre d'exécuter le projet de division du diocèse .. [S.l: s.n., 1985.

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21

1799-1885, Bourget Ignace, ed. Circulaire au clergé: Le mandement ci-joint est une nouvelle protestation contre l'invasion du reste des États pontificaux par l'Armée italienne .. [S.l: s.n., 1986.

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22

Église catholique. Diocèse de Montréal. Évêque (1840-1876 : Bourget). Circulaire au clergé: Je n'ai pas besoin de vous recommander d'insister auprès de vos paroissiens, pour les faire entrer dans les vues de l'église, par rapport au concile. [S.l: s.n., 1985.

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23

1799-1885, Bourget Ignace, ed. Circulaire au clergé: Les deux lettres ci-jointes sont le complément de celle du 10 mars dernier ... par rapport aux mauvais livres et aux mauvais journaux .. [S.l: s.n., 1985.

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24

1799-1885, Bourget Ignace, ed. Circulaire au clergé: Il a plu à N.S.P. le pape d'appeler tous les évêques de l'univers catholique autour de sa personne sacrée, pour célébrer le 18e anniversaire séculaire du martyre des bienheureux âpotres Pierre et Paul .. [S.l: s.n., 1986.

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25

Église catholique. Diocèse de Montréal. Évêque (1840-1876 : Bourget). Circulaire au clergé: Vous recevrez avec la présente les deux encycliques du jubilé avec le mandement qui les publie ... pour qu'il y ait uniformité dans vos travaux avant et pendant ce saint temps .. [S.l: s.n., 1985.

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26

1799-1885, Bourget Ignace, ed. Circulaire au clergé: Vous recevrez, avec la présente, la lettre pastorale, que je vous adressai hier, et que vous lirez au Prône .. [S.l: s.n., 1985.

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27

1799-1885, Bourget Ignace, ed. Circulaire au clergé: Vous recevrez, avec la présente, si déjà vous ne l'avez reçu, le mandement du 11 avril dernier, publiant le jubilé ... [S.l: s.n., 1986.

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28

1799-1885, Bourget Ignace, ed. Circulaire au clergé: Les souffrances de N.S.P. le pape sont, à nos yeux, une mine précieuse qu'il faut exploiter au profit de la loi de notre bon peuple ... [S.l: s.n., 1985.

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29

Église catholique. Diocèse de Montréal. Évêque (1840-1876 : Bourget). Circulaire au clergé: Je vous adresse ci-dessous le procès-verbal de la conférence des députés, tenue le premier du courant, avec le rapport du comité nommé pour discuter plus en détail les difficultés que présentait le projet de loi ... [S.l: s.n., 1985.

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30

1799-1885, Bourget Ignace, ed. Circulaire au clergé: De lugubres placards annonçant depuis quelque temps l'apparition d'un nouveau livre .. [S.l: s.n., 1986.

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31

1799-1885, Bourget Ignace, ed. Circulaire au clergé: La St. Jean-Baptiste a coutume de resserrer les biens qui unissent ici la religion et la patrie .. [S.l: s.n., 1986.

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32

1799-1885, Bourget Ignace, ed. Circulaire au clergé: La présente est pour vous annoncer officiellement qu'il a plu à Sa Majesté Pie IX de régler ce qui suit .. [S.l: s.n., 1985.

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33

1799-1885, Bourget Ignace, ed. Circulaire au clergé: Les lettres que je reçois de Rome font instance pour que nous vous opposions de toutes nos forces aux mariages entre cousins germains .. [S.l: s.n., 1985.

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34

Stummvoll, A. Alexander. Living Tradition: Catholic Social Doctrine and Holy See Diplomacy. Wipf & Stock Publishers, 2018.

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35

Stummvoll, A. Alexander. Living Tradition: Catholic Social Doctrine and Holy See Diplomacy. Wipf & Stock Publishers, 2018.

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36

A Living Tradition: Catholic Social Doctrine and Holy See Diplomacy. Cascade Books, 2018.

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37

Alter, Rolf. Addressing the Policy Challenge. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817062.003.0012.

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Countries worldwide recognise the need for further efforts to develop robust and comparable policy-relevant evidence on government performance that can feed into the policy-making cycle. Despite this consensus and the growing quantity of data along with technological advances, many governments still have trouble generating, collecting, synthesising, and using evidence to inform decisions. This chapter looks at both the supply and demand sides of policy-related evidence to highlight some of the challenges faced by evidence producers and users as well as some of the solutions that have emerged and seem to hold potential. The search for appropriate indicators to monitor and evaluate open government initiatives provides a practical example of how the challenges can be dealt with. From the discussion arise a number of recommendations for improving governance indicators, the evidence on which they are based, and the way their findings can be put to use.

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38

Johnson, Robin A., and Norman Walzer. Local Government Innovation. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216186809.

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Nationally recognized scholars and practitioners examine opportunities in which services traditionally provided by local governments are offered by the private sector though a contract or are transferred to a private business completely. Many large U.S. cities have contracted services for many years. With the movement to rightsize governments in recent years there has been renewed interest by local governments in similar ventures. Privatization, in its many forms, is now seen as a viable alternative to traditional ways of providing public services and can bring substantial benefits to residents. With greater accountability being demanded and pressures on local officials to hold the line on or reduce taxes, efforts to find innovative service delivery methods will probably increase. Cities, such as Atlanta, Indianapolis, and Charlotte, are examples showing that contracts with private businesses can work to benefit all parties. Local officials must move ahead cautiously, and not all attempts at privatization or contracting have succeeded. Some cities, after an evaluation, have decided to provide services with municipal employees. The main issues underlying privatization decisions will be addressed conceptually so that practitioners and academics benefit from a review of the current thinking on the issues. At the same time, exemplary practices and case studies are included so that readers can understand how privatization and managed competition have been implemented in local governments. Special attention is paid to administrative questions that may arise during the implementation process. For example, ways in which cities have worked with employees who fear displacement because of the privatization process are described. The book breaks new ground by including references to recent innovations in public-private partnerships and describing how privatization may evolve in the future.

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39

Cressy, David. England's Islands in a Sea of Troubles. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856603.001.0001.

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This book deals with the peculiarities, privileges, and anomalies of England’s offshore communities, and their relationship to the central state from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries. Drawing on a wide range of manuscripts and printed sources, it shows how the Channel Islands, the Isles of Scilly, the Isle of Wight, the Isle of Man, Anglesey, and lesser island communities maintained distinctive cultural patterns and constitutional legacies, alongside deep involvement in the affairs of the nation. As outliers of English power, the islands were coveted by England’s enemies, yet often neglected by English regimes. They were smugglers’ haunts, pirate havens, and locales of shipwreck, as well as places of religious and political infighting. Differences of language, heritage, distance, and maritime isolation made them difficult to govern. In England’s civil war, they were divided and contested, some serving as refuges for defeated cavaliers, and suffering siege and conquest. Regimes from Charles I to James II used these islands to hold political prisoners, and Charles I himself experienced a year of confinement on the Isle of Wight. Examination of how governments handled difficulties and distractions at the insular margins, and how islanders coped with the centralizing demands of the state, sheds light on the dynamics and application of power across the early modern period. Taking their measure entails an innovative engagement with legal, social, political, constitutional, religious, military, maritime, and economic history.

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40

Sacred Law In The Holy City: The Khedival Challenge To The Ottomans As Seen From Jerusalem, 1829-1841 (Ottoman Empire and Its Heritage). Brill Academic Publishers, 2004.

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41

Heine, Steven. Traditions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190637491.003.0001.

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Chapter 1 provides an overview of major trends and movements leading up to and contributing to the successful transmission of the Chinese Chan tradition to Japan while considering methodological problems that arise in conducting research on East Asian religion and culture in the post–World War II era. Set against the historical context of Song-dynasty China and Kamakura-era Japan, the chapter shows how and when Zen took hold in Japan with the rise of the shogun government by highlighting the differences between Chinese and Japanese societies during the period of transplantation. The chapter also explains current methods and scholarly developments involving the study of Zen by various leading researchers on both sides of the Pacific.

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42

Fox, Jonathan, and Lev Topor. Why Do People Discriminate against Jews? Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197580349.001.0001.

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This book provides a new and innovative approach to answering the age-old question of why people discriminate against Jews. The authors argue that anti-Semitism and discrimination are distinct concepts. While anti-Semitism is a negative attitude toward Jews, discrimination is a negative real-world action taken against Jews. From this perspective, one can hold anti-Semitic beliefs but not discriminate, while another can discriminate against Jews but be less anti-Semitic in general. In this context, anti-Semitism is seen as a potential cause of discrimination against Jews, but not the only one. This book examines anti-Jewish discrimination using a two-pronged approach. First, it combines and integrates ideas and theories from classic studies of anti-Semitism with social science theories on the causes of discrimination. For example, social science theories developed to explain how governments justify discrimination against Muslims can help explain the processes that lead to discrimination against Jews. Similarly, conspiracy theories, a major topic in the anti-Semitism literature, are relatively unexplored in the social science literature as a potential instigator of discrimination. Second, the authors use previously unavailable data on discrimination against Jews in 76 countries with significant Jewish minority populations to analyze the patterns and causes of discrimination. They find that government-based discrimination against Jews is below average, but societal discrimination is higher against Jews than most other religious minorities. They focus on three potential causes: religious causes, anti-Zionism, and belief in conspiracy theories about Jewish power and world domination. While all of these factors cause discrimination against Jews, conspiracy theories are the strongest predictors.

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43

Wallace, Patricia Ward. Politics of Conscience. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400698521.

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Margaret Chase Smith was the most influential woman in the history of American politics. Her goal was to be a United States senator, not a woman senator, and she succeeded by overcoming gender, not by championing it. Smith began her political career as Maine's daughter and demonstrated nationally the New England virtues of honesty, hard work, frugality, and reticence. She became America's heroine when she courageously confronted Senator Joe McCarthy at the height of his power with her Declaration of Conscience speech. In her statement she championed the American right to criticize, to hold unpopular beliefs, and to practice free speech. Associating herself with the politics of conscience, Smith won three more terms in the Senate and sat on the powerful Armed Services, Appropriations, Space, Government Operations, and Intelligence committees. Altogether, she was in Congress 32 years and by the time her career ended she had established an enduring prototype for female and minority politicians. This biography of Margaret Chase Smith is the first historical treatment of Smith to use her voluminous private papers as well as extensive interviews with Smith and her colleagues in Congress. As Maine's daughter, Smith was frugal, hard-working, reticent, and caustic. At age thirty-two she married, in scandal, state-politician Clyde Smith with whom she had been involved since she was sixteen and who was twenty-one years her senior. Smith came to Washington when Clyde was elected to Congress and, against his wishes, she became his secretary. When Clyde died in office in 1940, Smith played the widow's game and successfully ran for his seat. In the House during World War II, Smith sat on the powerful Naval Affairs Committee and, tutored by committee counsel Bill Lewis, developed a national constituency, the military, which in turn allowed her to better serve Maine's interests. Lewis directed Smith's first Senate campaign in 1948 when she won an upset victory by an astonishing margin. Overnight she became the darling of the Republican party, the heroine of women everywhere, and the only woman in the United States Senate. Immediately, she became embroiled with Joseph McCarthy and courageously confronted him with her Declaration of Conscience speech four years before a Senate majority censored him. Associating herself with politics of conscience, Smith was elected to three more terms and sat on the powerful Armed services, Appropriations, Space, Government Operations, and Intelligence committees. America's heroine was a political icon by the time she was defeated in 1972 at the age of seventy-four.

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44

Woods, Philip. The Governor of Burma and his Critics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190657772.003.0003.

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This chapter looks at the much-criticized role of the Governor of Burma, Sir Reginald Dorman-Smith, who took over in May 1941. Although the correspondents were restrained in their criticisms of the governor while the campaign was progressing, some of them did not hold back in their later books, which were subject to much less censorship. The focus of criticism was on civil defense arrangements in Rangoon, on Dorman-Smith’s supposed influence on military strategy, on his failure to implement martial law in the city, and to recognize the extent of Burmese “fifth column” activity. It is argued that some of these criticisms resulted from the slowness to establish an effective public relations set-up in Burma. This left the journalists without proper information of the progress of the war and antagonized some of them by restricting their movements and strictly censoring their dispatches. This meant that there was a failure to explain the Government of Burma’s case effectively until after the retreat was over.

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45

Unveiling the neurotechnology landscape. Scientific advancements innovations and major trends. UNESCO, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54678/ocbm4164.

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Scanning neurotechnology: what is being developed, where and by whom? Neurotechnology's developments hold profound implications for human identity, autonomy, privacy, behavior, and well-being, i.e. the very essence of what it means to be human. Since 2013, government investments in this field have exceeded $6 billion. Private investment has also seen significant growth, with annual funding experiencing a 22-fold increase from 2010 to 2020, reaching $7.3 billion and totaling $33.2 billion. This investment has translated into a 35-fold growth in neuroscience publications between 2000-2021 and 20-fold growth in innovations between 2000-2020, as proxied by patents. However, not all are poised to benefit from such developments, as big divides emerge. Over 80% of high-impact neuroscience publications are produced by only 10 countries, while 70% of countries contributed fewer than 10 such papers over the period considered. Similarly, six countries only hold 87% of IP5 neurotech patents. This report targets policy makers, researchers, patent analysists, scientists, technology enthusiasts, ethicists, and anyone interested in the intersection of neuroscience, technology, and society. This report sheds light on the neurotechnology ecosystem, that is, what is being developed, where and by whom, and informs about how neurotechnology interacts with other technological trajectories, especially Artificial Intelligence. The report underscores the need for evidence in support of policy making and calls for the ethical governance of neurotechnology, to ensure that its development and deployment respects human rights, fundamental freedoms and human dignity, safeguarding individuals and societies.

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46

Moja, Teboho, and Samuel Kehinde Okunade. African Science Granting Councils. African Minds, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47622/9781928502791.

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This book delves into the research-policy nexus as it relates to development in Africa. It does so by examining four country-cases – Botswana, Cote d’Ivoire, Kenya and Zambia – while referring to South Africa as a possible exemplar case. The book reaffirms that the majority of governments in Africa spend less than one per cent of their GDP on research and development (R&D) despite the commitment to raise their research funding levels contained in the Lagos Plan of Action (1980). Hence, reliance on external funding for research persists on the continent. To manage research engagements and public funds, Science Granting Councils (SGCs) have been established. These institutions are held account- able for how public funds are spent and how the research they fund contributes to the advancement of society. To-date, the SGCs and researchers have demonstrated in various ways how funded research contributes to the advancement of society. However, there appear to be differences in opinion amongst key stakeholders in terms of what constitutes research priorities as well as expectations in terms of the returns on research investments made. This book brings to the fore the importance of research and its outcome on societal development, and reveals the stake that African governments hold in the process. The book encourages African governments to show greater commitment to providing funding for research on the continent. This is critical if governments are to assume a lead role in the continent’s development agenda. It would also set the stage for partnerships with other stakeholders, including industry and funding organisations. Researchers are also encouraged to work closely with the SGCs to ensure the valorisation of research products for societal benefit. This has a potential to unlock more funding for research in Africa which, in turn, would drive the development of the continent.

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47

Barnhurst, Kevin G. Realism Could Rekindle Hope. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040184.003.0021.

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This chapter considers the question of whether there is hope for mainstream news. One source of optimism is that news practitioners have managed to hold on through a century of tough transitions, a tenacity that also makes news an apt case study of current transformations. Another is that news organizations have been creative. Despite the usual view that legacy media fail to innovate, concrete evidence shows their contributions to the digital boom. But the main cause for hope may spring from the contradictions of news, which seem to have stymied the lofty strain of twentieth-century modernism without rejecting the down-to-earth strain from nineteenth-century realism. The modernist focus on big-picture explanations from big-name practitioners at big-time media undermines the enduring cultural idea that news provides many small encounters with the human condition. The realist reporting of what happens to the little guy at places nearby has remained an attraction for audiences online and on mobile social media, and a factor pushing government and political action.

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48

Broyde, Michael J. Regulation of Arbitration Law in the United States. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190640286.003.0007.

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This chapter surveys the main limitations placed upon private arbitration processes by the FAA and various state statutes in contemporary American arbitration law. These limits focus on three aspects of the arbitration process. First, arbitration law imposes various requirements on the formation of arbitration agreements. The chapter then explains how a different set of limitations is needed to govern religious arbitration, including the remedies that a religious court can impose, proposing that with only a few exceptions in the area of child custody, religious arbitration should be limited to resolving matters through financial awards. Secular society must hold tightly onto the keys of coercive governmental authority, and even given contractual permission, religious arbitration should be allowed no significant force. Second, great thought needs to be put into the question of what areas of law are outside the scope of arbitration, as we do not wish to have multiple standards.

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49

Welsh, Mary Sue. A Silent Exit. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037368.003.0013.

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This chapter describes Stoki's All-American Youth Orchestra. As the war began to overtake Europe in 1939, and German and Italian influence threatened to take hold in South America, the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra and performers from La Scala made tours through South America, winning friends for their respective countries. Alarmed, the Roosevelt administration wanted to counter those successes by sending U.S. cultural emissaries to Latin America. However, little government money was available to finance such projects. Stokowski stepped up to offer one solution to the dilemma. What better way to challenge the cultural impact that the Berlin Philharmonic and La Scala made on South America and counter the propaganda then circulating about the Hitler Youth Movement than by forming an orchestra of fresh-faced and highly talented young Americans as goodwill emissaries? To do this, he proposed to form an orchestra of young people from all over the United States. It would forge cultural ties with South Americans through the universal language of music and the charm of youth. Stoki also chose thirteen players from the Philadelphia Orchestra and set them strategically within his new ensemble to provide a backbone of expertise for the final product so that it could be brought together quickly. One of them was harpist Edna Phillips.

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50

Clark, Christopher J. Gaining Voice. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190933562.001.0001.

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This book adopts a multifaceted approach to study of black state legislators across the country. Using the descriptive representation framework, multiple facets of black representation are studied. Black seat share is the primary facet considered, and it is measured as the proportion of seats held by blacks in the state legislature. The black representation ratio measures the black seat share relative to the black population share. Parity exists when blacks are represented in the state legislature at a rate that matches their population share. Legislative black caucuses are also studied in this work, representing the institutionalization of the black presence in state legislatures. The first half of the book shows that while black people are critical for explaining black representation in state legislatures, that institutional and non-racial demographic factors also account for the black seat share, black representation ratio, and emergence of state legislative black caucuses. A “demographics is destiny” explanation insufficiently accounts for blacks gaining voice in state legislatures. The second half the book considers the consequences of black representation in state government. On the one hand, a greater black presence increases education spending, black political involvement, and liberalizes black public opinion. On the other hand, an increased black presence is linked with less liberal welfare policy, in particular in places where Democrats hold the majority of state legislative seats. Thus, an increased black presence in the legislature can be seen as a double-edged sword.

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