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Journal articles on the topic 'Holomorphic embedding load flow'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Rao, Bharath, Friederich Kupzog, and Martin Kozek. "Three-Phase Unbalanced Optimal Power Flow Using Holomorphic Embedding Load Flow Method." Sustainability 11, no. 6 (March 24, 2019): 1774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061774.

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Distribution networks are typically unbalanced due to loads being unevenly distributed over the three phases and untransposed lines. Additionally, unbalance is further increased with high penetration of single-phased distributed generators. Load and optimal power flows, when applied to distribution networks, use models developed for transmission grids with limited modification. The performance of optimal power flow depends on external factors such as ambient temperature and irradiation, since they have strong influence on loads and distributed energy resources such as photo voltaic systems. To help mitigate the issues mentioned above, the authors present a novel class of optimal power flow algorithm which is applied to low-voltage distribution networks. It involves the use of a novel three-phase unbalanced holomorphic embedding load flow method in conjunction with a non-convex optimization method to obtain the optimal set-points based on a suitable objective function. This novel three-phase load flow method is benchmarked against the well-known power factory Newton-Raphson algorithm for various test networks. Mann-Whitney U test is performed for the voltage magnitude data generated by both methods and null hypothesis is accepted. A use case involving a real network in Austria and a method to generate optimal schedules for various controllable buses is provided.

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2

Trias, Antonio. "HELM: The Holomorphic Embedding Load-Flow Method. Foundations and Implementations." Foundations and Trends® in Electric Energy Systems 3, no. 3-4 (2018): 140–370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/3100000015.

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3

Liu, Chengxi, Nan Qin, Kai Sun, and Claus Leth Bak. "Remote Voltage Control Using the Holomorphic Embedding Load Flow Method." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 10, no. 6 (November 2019): 6308–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2019.2901865.

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4

Basiri-Kejani, Mohsen, and Eskandar Gholipour. "Holomorphic Embedding Load-Flow Modeling of Thyristor-Based FACTS Controllers." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 32, no. 6 (November 2017): 4871–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2017.2682117.

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5

Shamseldein, M. "A Fast Holomorphic Embedding Power Flow Approach for Meshed Distribution Networks." International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 2022 (June 8, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9561385.

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This paper proposes a novel holomorphic embedding approach for solving the nonlinear power flow equation for meshed electric distribution networks with ZIP load model. In the proposed approach, bus voltages are modelled as holomorphic functions in the constant power injections and then expanded using Maclurin series. The Z-bus matrix is implicitly used to calculate Maclurin series coefficients for the expanded voltage functions in a recursive manner. The necessary and sufficient conditions for the convergence of expanded voltage functions are found. Performance evaluations show that the proposed approach solves the nonlinear power flow equations faster than the existing approaches when applied to 18-, 33-, 69-, 141-, 3239-, 5701-, and 6921-bus distribution network test cases.

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6

Sur, Ujjal, Amitava Biswas, Jitendra Nath Bera, and Gautam Sarkar. "A modified holomorphic embedding method based hybrid AC-DC microgrid load flow." Electric Power Systems Research 182 (May 2020): 106267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2020.106267.

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7

Keihan Asl, Dariush, Mohammad Mohammadi, and Ali Reza Seifi. "Holomorphic embedding load flow for unbalanced radial distribution networks with DFIG and tap-changer modelling." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 13, no. 19 (October 8, 2019): 4263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2018.6239.

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8

Freitas, Francisco Damasceno, Aluisio Cesar Santos, Luis Filomeno J. Fernandes, and Yussef G. I. Acle. "Restarted holomorphic embedding load-flow model based on low-order Padé approximant and estimated bus power injection." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 112 (November 2019): 326–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2019.04.051.

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9

Abbasi, Ali Reza. "Probabilistic Load Flow Based on Holomorphic Embedding, Kernel Density Estimator and Saddle Point Approximation Including Correlated Uncertainty Variables." Electric Power Systems Research 183 (June 2020): 106178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2019.106178.

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10

Rao, Bharath Varsh, Mark Stefan, Roman Schwalbe, Roman Karl, Friederich Kupzog, and Martin Kozek. "Stratified Control Applied to a Three-Phase Unbalanced Low Voltage Distribution Grid in a Local Peer-to-Peer Energy Community." Energies 14, no. 11 (June 4, 2021): 3290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113290.

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This paper presents control relationships between the low voltage distribution grid and flexibilities in a peer-to-peer local energy community using a stratified control strategy. With the increase in a diverse set of distributed energy resources and the next generation of loads such as electric storage, vehicles and heat pumps, it is paramount to maintain them optimally to guarantee grid security and supply continuity. Local energy communities are being introduced and gaining traction in recent years to drive the local production, distribution, consumption and trading of energy. The control scheme presented in this paper involves a stratified controller with grid and flexibility layers. The grid controller consists of a three-phase unbalanced optimal power flow using the holomorphic embedding load flow method wrapped around a genetic algorithm and various flexibility controllers, using three-phase unbalanced model predictive control. The control scheme generates active and reactive power set-points at points of common couplings where flexibilities are connected. The grid controller’s optimal power flow can introduce additional grid support functionalities to further increase grid stability. Flexibility controllers are recommended to actively track the obtained set-points from the grid controller, to ensure system-level optimization. Blockchain enables this control scheme by providing appropriate data exchange between the layers. This scheme is applied to a real low voltage rural grid in Austria, and the result analysis is presented.

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11

Ren, Yulun, Shenkai Xu, and Chengxi Liu. "A Non-iterative Optimal Power Flow Calculation Method in Power System." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2383, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2383/1/012067.

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The optimal power flow is very important in the study of power system, and it is of great significance for the economic operation of the power system to solve the active power output of the generator through the optimal power flow. In order to solve the problem that the traditional method is sensitive to the initial state and the large iteration times, this paper applies the holomorphic embedding method to solve the optimal power flow. By embedding holomorphic variables, the holomorphic embedding forms of constraints and KKT conditions are obtained. The power series coefficients of node voltage and generator active power output are calculated by non-iterative solution. Finally, the active power output of the generator is obtained by the method proposed in this paper, and then the lowest power generation cost of the system is calculated. Simulation results on IEEE study Case 3, Case 4, Case 30 and Case 39 verify the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed method.

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12

Kharade, Sonam, Sushama Wagh, and Navdeep Singh. "Unified Holomorphic Embedding Power Flow for Hybrid AC-DC Systems." International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology 69, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/22315381/ijett-v69i7p217.

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13

Rao, Shruti, Yang Feng, Daniel J. Tylavsky, and Muthu Kumar Subramanian. "The Holomorphic Embedding Method_newline Applied to the Power-Flow Problem." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 31, no. 5 (September 2016): 3816–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2015.2503423.

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14

Chiang, Hsiao-Dong, Tao Wang, and Hao Sheng. "A Novel Fast and Flexible Holomorphic Embedding Power Flow Method." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 33, no. 3 (May 2018): 2551–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2017.2750711.

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15

Wang, Tao, and Hsiao-Dong Chiang. "On the Holomorphic and Conjugate Properties for Holomorphic Embedding Methods for Solving Power Flow Equations." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 35, no. 4 (July 2020): 2506–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2019.2958870.

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16

Huang, Ying, Xiaomeng Ai, Jiakun Fang, Shichang Cui, Runfeng Zhong, Wei Yao, and Jinyu Wen. "Holomorphic embedding power flow modeling of autonomous AC/DC hybrid microgrids." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 145 (February 2023): 108549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2022.108549.

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17

Wu, Dan, and Bin Wang. "Holomorphic Embedding Based Continuation Method for Identifying Multiple Power Flow Solutions." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 86843–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2925384.

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18

Liu, Chengxi, Kai Sun, Bin Wang, and Wenyun Ju. "Probabilistic Power Flow Analysis Using Multidimensional Holomorphic Embedding and Generalized Cumulants." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 33, no. 6 (November 2018): 7132–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2018.2846203.

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19

Liu, Chengxi, Bin Wang, Fengkai Hu, Kai Sun, and Claus Leth Bak. "Online Voltage Stability Assessment for Load Areas Based on the Holomorphic Embedding Method." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 33, no. 4 (July 2018): 3720–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2017.2771384.

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20

Feng, Yang, and Daniel Tylavsky. "A Holomorphic embedding approach for finding the Type-1 power-flow solutions." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 102 (November 2018): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2018.04.029.

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21

Su, Chenbo, Chongru Liu, Siwen Jiang, and Yu Wang. "Probabilistic power flow for multiple wind farms based on RVM and holomorphic embedding method." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 130 (September 2021): 106843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2021.106843.

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22

Zhang, Tong, Zhigang Li, Qiuwei Wu, Shixian Pan, and Q. H. Wu. "Dynamic energy flow analysis of integrated gas and electricity systems using the holomorphic embedding method." Applied Energy 309 (March 2022): 118345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118345.

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23

Singh, Pradeep, and Rajive Tiwari. "Extended holomorphic embedded load-flow method and voltage stability assessment of power systems." Electric Power Systems Research 185 (August 2020): 106381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2020.106381.

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24

Pietzka, Daniel, Marco Schikorra, and A. Erman Tekkaya. "Embedding of Alumina Reinforcing Elements in the Composite Extrusion Process." Advanced Materials Research 43 (April 2008): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.43.9.

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Extruded aluminum profiles are essential for lightweight constructions in contemporary transport and automotive applications. The reinforcement of such aluminum-based profiles with high-strength materials offers a high potential for weight reduction and an improvement of functional and mechanical properties. In comparison to conventional composite extrusion using fiber or particle reinforced billets, the alternatively developed process for the embedding of endless reinforcing elements provides enormous advantages regarding extrusion forces, load-adapted reinforcement, and tool abrasion. In this extrusion process with conventional billets, modified tools with portholes are used to position reinforcing elements from outside the pressing tool and to embed them into the material flow during the pressing operation. This composite extrusion process is part of the research work started in 2003 and carried out within the scope of the Collaborative Research Center SFB/TR10. To increase the potential of composite extrusion with endless reinforcing elements, the manufacture of composite extrusion profiles with high-strength non-metallic alumina wires is planned. Due to the wires’ specific properties, e.g. high stiffness, their deflection behavior must be analyzed to guarantee a stable feeding-in process. In this paper the specific behavior of alumina reinforcing elements regarding the feeding-in process is analyzed by experimental investigations. The main influencing factors are determined and a process window is deduced.

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25

Mu, He-Qing, Qin Hu, Hou-Zuo Guo, Tian-Yu Zhang, and Cheng Su. "Uncertainty Quantification of Load Effects under Stochastic Traffic Flows." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 19, no. 01 (December 20, 2018): 1940009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455419400091.

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Load effect characterization under traffic flow has received tremendous attention in bridge engineering, and uncertainty quantification (UQ) of load effect is critical in the inference process. Bayesian probabilistic approach is developed to overcome the unreliable issue caused by negligence of uncertainty of parametric and modeling aspects. Stochastic traffic load simulation is conducted by embedding the random inflow component into the Nagel–Schreckenberg (NS) model, and load effects are calculated by stochastic traffic load samples and influence lines. Two levels of UQ are performed for traffic load effect characterization: at parametric level of UQ, not only the optimal parameter values but also the associated uncertainties are identified; at model level of UQ, rather than using a single prescribed probability model for load effects, a set of probability distribution model candidates is proposed, and model probability of each candidate is evaluated for selecting the most suitable/plausible probability distribution model. Analytic work was done to give closed-form solutions for the expression involved in both parametric and model UQ. In the simulated examples, the efficiency and robustness of the proposed approach are firstly validated, and UQ are performed to different load effect data achieved by varying the structural span length under the changing total traffic volume. It turns out that the uncertainties of load effects are traffic-specific and response-specific, so it is important to conduct UQ of load effects under different traffic scenarios by using the developed approach.

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26

Chou, I. Hsin, Hsueh Wei Hsiao, Chih Chieh Ma, and I. Tao Lung. "Multi-Agent Design for the Micro-Grid Demonstration Project." Advanced Materials Research 918 (April 2014): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.918.165.

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A Micro-Grid (MG) is an energy community having various Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) such as diesel engines, micro turbines, solar power, wind power, fuel cells and energy storage devices. The multi-agent architecture offers a hierarchical structure is very suitable for managing multi-individual and heterogeneous DERs in the MG environment. This paper proposes a Agent-based Demand and Supply Control Framework (AD-SCF) which merges with the existing MG Energy Management System (EMS). Moreover, the AD-SCF adopts the embedding of sensors that can provide environmental and DERs information to EMS. It enhances the exchanges information EMS with the other key elements to determine the best optimal controls on power flow, load dispatch and scheduling in MG.

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27

Wang, Jia-Quan, Zhen-Chao Chang, Jian-Feng Xue, Zhi-Nan Lin, and Yi Tang. "Experimental Investigation on the Behavior of Gravelly Sand Reinforced with Geogrid under Cyclic Loading." Applied Sciences 11, no. 24 (December 20, 2021): 12152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112412152.

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In view of the dynamic response of geogrid-reinforced gravel under high-speed train load, this paper explores the dynamic characteristics of geogrid-reinforced gravel under semi-sine wave cyclic loading. A number of large scale cyclic triaxial tests were performed on saturated gravelly soil reinforced with geogrid to study the influence of the number of reinforcement layers and loading frequencies on the dynamic responses of reinforced gravelly sand subgrade for high speed rail track. The variation of cumulative axial and volumetric strains, excess pore pressure and resilient modulus with number of loading cycles, loading frequency, and reinforcement arrangement are analyzed. The test results reveal that the cumulative axial strain decreases as the number of reinforcement layers increases, but increases with loading frequency. The resilience modulus increases with the number of reinforcement layers, but decreases as the loading frequency increases. The addition of geogrid can reduce the excess pore water pressure of the sample, but it can slightly enhance the rubber mold embedding effect of the sand sample. As the loading frequency increases, the rubber mold embedding effect gradually weakens.

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28

Huo, Xiaofeng, Xiuzhi Shi, Xianyang Qiu, Hui Chen, Jian Zhou, Shian Zhang, and Dijun Rao. "Study on Rock Damage Mechanism for Lateral Blasting under High In Situ Stresses." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11 (May 28, 2021): 4992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11114992.

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A 3D numerical model was presented to investigate the blast-induced damage characteristics of highly stressed rock mass. The RHT (Riedel, Hiermaier, and Thoma) model in LS-DYNA was used to simulate the blast-induced damage and its parameters were calibrated by a physical model test. Based on the calibrated numerical model, the influences of confining pressure and free surface span on the blast-induced damage characteristics were investigated. The results show that under uniaxial loading, the crater volume increases with confining pressure increases. The uniaxial static load can change the optimal burden and the critical embedding depth of charge. In stressed rock, the variation law of the crater shape affected by radial tensile fractures is opposite to that affected by reflected tensile fractures. Under the biaxial static load, the crater volume of the borehole placed on the side of the max static load is greater than the other side. The explosion crater can be improved by increasing the free surface span on the same side. Finally, it is suggested that the blasting efficiency can be improved by preferentially detonating the charge on the side of the max static load, and then the charge on the other side can be detonated with a wider free surface span.

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29

Schanze, Edmundo, Gilberto Leiva, Miguel Gómez, and Alvaro Lopez. "Numerical Study of the Seismic Response of an Instrumented Building with Underground Stories." Applied Sciences 11, no. 7 (April 2, 2021): 3190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11073190.

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Engineering practitioners do not usually include soil-structure interactions in building design; rather, it is common to model and design foundations as embedded joints with joint–based reactions. In some cases, foundation structures are modeled as rigid bodies, embedding the first story into lower vertical elements. Given that the effects of underground floors on the seismic response are not generally included in current building design provisions, it has been little explored in the literature. This work compares and analyzes models to study the effects of different underground stories modeling approaches using earthquake vibration data recorded for the 16–story Alcazar building office in downtown Viña del Mar (Chile). The modeling expands beyond an embedded first story structure to soil with equivalent springs, representing soil-structure interaction (SSI), with varying rigid soil homogeneity. The building was modeled in a finite element software considering only dead load as a static load case because the structure remained in the framing stage when the monitoring system was operating. The instruments registered 72 aftershocks from the 2010 Maule Earthquake, and this study focused on 11 aftershocks of different hypocenters and magnitudes to collect representative information. The comparisons between empirical records and models in this study showed a better fit between the model and the real vibration data for the models that do consider the SSI using horizontal springs attached to the retaining walls of the underground stories. In addition, it was observed that applying a stiffness reduction factor of 0.7 to all elements in deformation verification models for average-height buildings was suitable to analyze the behavior under small earthquakes; better results are obtained embedding the structure in the foundation level than embedding in the street level; the use of horizontal springs with Kuesel’s model with traction for the analysis of the structure yields appropriate results; it is necessary to carefully select the spring constants to be used, paying special attention to the vertical springs. Even though the results presented herein indicate that the use of vertical springs to simulate the SSI of the base slab can result in major differences concerning the real response, it is necessary to obtain more data from instrumentation across a wider variety of structures to continue to evaluate better design and modeling practices. Similarly, further analyses, including nonlinear time-history and high-intensity events, are needed to best regulate building design.

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30

Troschitz, Juliane, Benjamin Gröger, Veit Würfel, Robert Kupfer, and Maik Gude. "Joining Processes for Fibre-Reinforced Thermoplastics: Phenomena and Characterisation." Materials 15, no. 15 (August 8, 2022): 5454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15155454.

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Thermoplastic composites (TPCs) are predestined for use in lightweight structures, especially for high-volume applications. In many cases, joining is a key factor for the successful application of TPCs in multi-material systems. Many joining processes for this material group are based on warm forming the joining zone. This results in a change of the local material structure characterised by modified fibre paths, as well as varying fibre contents, which significantly influences the load-bearing behaviour. During the forming process, many different phenomena occur simultaneously at different scales. In this paper, the deformation modes and flow mechanisms of TPCs during forming described in the literature are first analysed. Based on this, three different joining processes are investigated: embedding of inserts, moulding of contour joints, and hotclinching. In order to identify the phenomena occurring in each process and to describe the characteristic resulting material structure in the joining zones, micrographs as well as computed tomography (CT) analyses are performed for both individual process stages and final joining zones.

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31

Balaraman, Sujatha, and N. Kamaraj. "Congestion Management Using Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization Technique." International Journal of Swarm Intelligence Research 1, no. 3 (July 2010): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jsir.2010070104.

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This paper proposes the Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization (HPSO) method for solving congestion management problems in a pool based electricity market. Congestion may occur due to lack of coordination between generation and transmission utilities or as a result of unexpected contingencies. In the proposed method, the control strategies to limit line loading to the security limits are by means of minimum adjustments in generations from the initial market clearing values. Embedding Evolutionary Programming (EP) technique in Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm improves the global searching capability of PSO and also prevents the premature convergence in local minima. A number of functional operating constraints, such as branch flow limits and load bus voltage magnitude limits are included as penalties in the fitness function. Numerical results on three test systems namely modified IEEE 14 Bus, IEEE 30 Bus and IEEE 118 Bus systems are presented and the results are compared with PSO and EP approaches in order to demonstrate its performance.

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32

Agiollo, Andrea, and Andrea Omicini. "Load Classification: A Case Study for Applying Neural Networks in Hyper-Constrained Embedded Devices." Applied Sciences 11, no. 24 (December 15, 2021): 11957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112411957.

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The application of Artificial Intelligence to the industrial world and its appliances has recently grown in popularity. Indeed, AI techniques are now becoming the de-facto technology for the resolution of complex tasks concerning computer vision, natural language processing and many other areas. In the last years, most of the the research community efforts have focused on increasing the performance of most common AI techniques—e.g., Neural Networks, etc.—at the expenses of their complexity. Indeed, many works in the AI field identify and propose hyper-efficient techniques, targeting high-end devices. However, the application of such AI techniques to devices and appliances which are characterised by limited computational capabilities, remains an open research issue. In the industrial world, this problem heavily targets low-end appliances, which are developed focusing on saving costs and relying on—computationally—constrained components. While some efforts have been made in this area through the proposal of AI-simplification and AI-compression techniques, it is still relevant to study which available AI techniques can be used in modern constrained devices. Therefore, in this paper we propose a load classification task as a case study to analyse which state-of-the-art NN solutions can be embedded successfully into constrained industrial devices. The presented case study is tested on a simple microcontroller, characterised by very poor computational performances—i.e., FLOPS –, to mirror faithfully the design process of low-end appliances. A handful of NN models are tested, showing positive outcomes and possible limitations, and highlighting the complexity of AI embedding.

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33

Chen, Xiaobi, Guanghua Xu, Sicong Zhang, Xun Zhang, and Zhicheng Teng. "Building Networks with a New Cross-Bubble Transition Entropy for Quantitative Assessment of Mental Arithmetic Electroencephalogram." Applied Sciences 12, no. 21 (November 3, 2022): 11165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122111165.

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The complex network nature of human brains has led an increasing number of researchers to adopt a complex network to assess the cognitive load. The method of constructing complex networks has a direct impact on assessment results. During the process of using the cross-permutation entropy (CPE) method to construct complex networks for cognitive load assessment, it is found that the CPE method has the shortcomings of ignoring the transition relationship between symbols and the analysis results are vulnerable to parameter settings. In order to address this issue, a new method based on the CPE principle is proposed by combining the advantages of the transition networks and the bubble entropy. From an interaction perspective, this method suggested that the node-wise out-link transition entropy of the cross-transition network between two time series is used as the edge weight to build a complex network. The proposed method was tested on the unidirectional coupled Henon model and the results demonstrated its suitability for the analysis of short time series by decreasing the influence of the embedding dimension and improving the reliability under the weak coupling conditions. The proposed method was further tested on the publicly available EEG dataset and showed significant superiority compared with the conventional CPE method.

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34

Juraeva, Makhsuda, and Dong-Jin Kang. "Mixing Performance of the Modified Tesla Micromixer with Tip Clearance." Micromachines 13, no. 9 (August 23, 2022): 1375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13091375.

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A passive micromixer based on the modified Tesla mixing unit was designed by embedding tip clearance above the wedge-shape divider, and its mixing performance was simulated over a wider range of the Reynolds numbers from 0.1 to 80. The mixing performance was evaluated in terms of the degree of mixing (DOM) at the outlet and the required pressure load between inlet and outlet. The height of tip clearance was varied from 40 μm to 80 μm, corresponding to 25% to 33% of the micromixer depth. The numerical results show that the mixing enhancement by the tip clearance is noticeable over a wide range of the Reynolds numbers Re < 50. The height of tip clearance is optimized in terms of the DOM, and the optimum value is roughly h = 60 μm. It corresponds to 33% of the present micromixer depth. The mixing enhancement in the molecular diffusion regime of mixing, Re ≤ 1, is obtained by drag and connection of the interface in the two sub-streams of each Tesla mixing unit. It appears as a wider interface in the tip clearance zone. In the intermediate range of the Reynolds number, 1 < Re ≤ 50, the mixing enhancement is attributed to the interaction of the flow through the tip clearance and the secondary flow in the vortex zone of each Tesla mixing unit. When the Reynolds number is larger than about 50, vortices are formed at various locations and drive the mixing in the modified Tesla micromixer. For the Reynolds number of Re = 80, a pair of vortices is formed around the inlet and outlet of each Tesla mixing unit, and it plays a role as a governing mechanism in the convection-dominant regime of mixing. This vortex pattern is little affected as long as the tip clearance remains smaller than about h = 70 μm. The DOM at the outlet is little enhanced by the presence of tip clearance for the Reynolds numbers Re ≥ 50. The tip clearance contributes to reducing the required pressure load for the same value of the DOM.

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35

Allouche, Mohamed, Tarek Frikha, Mihai Mitrea, Gérard Memmi, and Faten Chaabane. "Lightweight Blockchain Processing. Case Study: Scanned Document Tracking on Tezos Blockchain." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (August 3, 2021): 7169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11157169.

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To bridge the current gap between the Blockchain expectancies and their intensive computation constraints, the present paper advances a lightweight processing solution, based on a load-balancing architecture, compatible with the lightweight/embedding processing paradigms. In this way, the execution of complex operations is securely delegated to an off-chain general-purpose computing machine while the intimate Blockchain operations are kept on-chain. The illustrations correspond to an on-chain Tezos configuration and to a multiprocessor ARM embedded platform (integrated into a Raspberry Pi). The performances are assessed in terms of security, execution time, and CPU consumption when achieving a visual document fingerprint task. It is thus demonstrated that the advanced solution makes it possible for a computing intensive application to be deployed under severely constrained computation and memory resources, as set by a Raspberry Pi 3. The experimental results show that up to nine Tezos nodes can be deployed on a single Raspberry Pi 3 and that the limitation is not derived from the memory but from the computation resources. The execution time with a limited number of fingerprints is 40% higher than using a classical PC solution (value computed with 95% relative error lower than 5%).

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36

Perween, Shaheen, Muhammad Fahad, and Maqsood A. Khan. "Systematic Experimental Evaluation of Function Based Cellular Lattice Structure Manufactured by 3D Printing." Applied Sciences 11, no. 21 (November 8, 2021): 10489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112110489.

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Additive manufacturing (AM) has a greater potential to construct lighter parts, having complex geometries with no additional cost, by embedding cellular lattice structures within an object. The geometry of lattice structure can be engineered to achieve improved strength and extra level of performance with the advantage of consuming less material and energy. This paper provides a systematic experimental evaluation of a series of cellular lattice structures, embedded within a cylindrical specimen and constructed according to terms and requirements of ASTMD1621-16, which is standard for the compressive properties of rigid cellular plastics. The modeling of test specimens is based on function representation (FRep) and constructed by fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology. Two different test series, each having eleven test specimens of different parameters, are printed along with their replicates of 70% and 100% infill density. Test specimens are subjected to uniaxial compressive load to produce 13% deformation to the height of the specimen. Comparison of results reveals that specimens, having cellular lattice structure and printed with 70% infill density, exhibit greater strength and improvement in strength to mass ratio, as compared to the solid printed specimen without structure.

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Brischetto, Salvatore, and Roberto Torre. "3D Stress Analysis of Multilayered Functionally Graded Plates and Shells under Moisture Conditions." Applied Sciences 12, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12010512.

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This paper presents the steady-state stress analysis of single-layered and multilayered plates and shells embedding Functionally Graded Material (FGM) layers under moisture conditions. This solution relies on an exact layer-wise approach; the formulation is unique despite the geometry. It studies spherical and cylindrical shells, cylinders, and plates in an orthogonal mixed curvilinear coordinate system (α, β, z). The moisture conditions are defined at the external surfaces and evaluated in the thickness direction under steady-state conditions following three procedures. This solution handles the 3D Fick diffusion equation, the 1D Fick diffusion equation, and the a priori assumed linear profile. The paper discusses their assumptions and the different results they deliver. Once defined, the moisture content acts as an external load; this leads to a system of three non-homogeneous second-order differential equilibrium equations. The 3D problem is reduced to a system of partial differential equations in the thickness coordinate, solved via the exponential matrix method. It returns the displacements and their z-derivatives as a direct result. The paper validates the model by comparing the results with 3D analytical models proposed in the literature and numerical models. Then, new results are presented for one-layered and multilayered FGM plates, cylinders, and cylindrical and spherical shells, considering different moisture contents, thickness ratios, and material laws.

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Luna-Jiménez, Cristina, Ricardo Kleinlein, David Griol, Zoraida Callejas, Juan M. Montero, and Fernando Fernández-Martínez. "A Proposal for Multimodal Emotion Recognition Using Aural Transformers and Action Units on RAVDESS Dataset." Applied Sciences 12, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12010327.

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Emotion recognition is attracting the attention of the research community due to its multiple applications in different fields, such as medicine or autonomous driving. In this paper, we proposed an automatic emotion recognizer system that consisted of a speech emotion recognizer (SER) and a facial emotion recognizer (FER). For the SER, we evaluated a pre-trained xlsr-Wav2Vec2.0 transformer using two transfer-learning techniques: embedding extraction and fine-tuning. The best accuracy results were achieved when we fine-tuned the whole model by appending a multilayer perceptron on top of it, confirming that the training was more robust when it did not start from scratch and the previous knowledge of the network was similar to the task to adapt. Regarding the facial emotion recognizer, we extracted the Action Units of the videos and compared the performance between employing static models against sequential models. Results showed that sequential models beat static models by a narrow difference. Error analysis reported that the visual systems could improve with a detector of high-emotional load frames, which opened a new line of research to discover new ways to learn from videos. Finally, combining these two modalities with a late fusion strategy, we achieved 86.70% accuracy on the RAVDESS dataset on a subject-wise 5-CV evaluation, classifying eight emotions. Results demonstrated that these modalities carried relevant information to detect users’ emotional state and their combination allowed to improve the final system performance.

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Naik Dessai, Sanket Suresh, and Varuna Eswer. "Embedded Software Testing to Determine BCM5354 Processor Performance." International Journal of Software Engineering and Technologies (IJSET) 1, no. 3 (December 1, 2016): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijset.v1i3.4577.

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Efficiency of a processor is a critical factor for an embedded system. One of the deciding factors for efficiency is the functioning of the L1 cache and Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB). Certain processors have the L1 cache and TLB managed by the operating system, MIPS32 is one such processor. The performance of the L1 cache and TLB necessitates a detailed study to understand its management during varied load on the processor. This paper presents an implementation of embedded testing procedure to analyse the performance of the MIPS32 processor L1 cache and TLB management by the operating system (OS). The implementation proposed for embedded testing in the paper considers the counting of the respective cache and TLB management instruction execution, which is an event that is measurable with the use of dedicated counters. The lack of hardware counters in the MIPS32 processor results in the usage of software based event counters that are defined in the kernel. This paper implements embedding testbed with a subset of MIPS32 processor performance measurement metrics using software based counters. Techniques were developed to overcome the challenges posed by the kernel source code. To facilitate better understanding of the testbed implementation procedure of the software based processor performance counters; use-case analysis diagram, flow charts, screen shots, and knowledge nuggets are supplemented along with histograms of the cache and TLB events data generated by the proposed implementation. In this testbed twenty-seven metrics have been identified and implemented to provide data related to the events of the L1 cache and TLB on the MIPS32 processor. The generated data can be used in tuning of compiler, OS memory management design, system benchmarking, scalability, analysing architectural issues, address space analysis, understanding bus communication, kernel profiling, and workload characterisation.

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Gómez-Vilda, Pedro, Andrés Gómez-Rodellar, Daniel Palacios-Alonso, Victoria Rodellar-Biarge, and Agustín Álvarez-Marquina. "The Role of Data Analytics in the Assessment of Pathological Speech—A Critical Appraisal." Applied Sciences 12, no. 21 (November 2, 2022): 11095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122111095.

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Pathological voice characterization has received increasing attention over the last 20 years. Hundreds of studies have been published showing inventive approaches with very promising findings. Nevertheless, methodological issues might hamper performance assessment trustworthiness. This study reviews some critical aspects regarding data collection and processing, machine learning-oriented methods, and grounding analytical approaches, with a view to embedding developed clinical decision support tools into the diagnosis decision-making process. A set of 26 relevant studies published since 2010 was selected through critical selection criteria and evaluated. The model-driven (MD) or data-driven (DD) character of the selected approaches is deeply examined considering novelty, originality, statistical robustness, trustworthiness, and clinical relevance. It has been found that before 2020 most of the works examined were more aligned with MD approaches, whereas over the last two years a balanced proportion of DD and MD-based studies was found. A total of 15 studies presented MD characters, whereas seven were mainly DD-oriented, and four shared both profiles. Fifteen studies showed exploratory or prospective advanced statistical analysis. Eighteen included some statistical validation to avail claims. Twenty-two reported original work, whereas the remaining four were systematic reviews of others’ work. Clinical relevance and acceptability by voice specialists were found in 14 out of the 26 works commented on. Methodological issues such as detection and classification performance, training and generalization capability, explainability, preservation of semantic load, clinical acceptance, robustness, and development expenses have been identified as major issues in applying machine learning to clinical support systems. Other important aspects to be taken into consideration are trustworthiness, gender-balance issues, and statistical relevance.

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Buranbayeva, Aigerim, Askar Zhussupbekov, Assel Sarsembayeva, and Abdulla Omarov. "Evaluation of the Structural Health Monitoring Results of the Applied Fiber Optics in the Pile-Raft Foundations of a High-Rise Building." Applied Sciences 12, no. 22 (November 18, 2022): 11728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122211728.

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Fiber optics are increasingly being used in structural health monitoring applications. In addition to the well-known advantages, they most reliably transmit the stress–strain condition of the structure in the long term. This article presents the results of structural health monitoring on the embedding of fiber optics in the upper layer of the raft over the entire area of a high-rise building in Astana city (Kazakhstan), including the 75-storey 320 m block R. Temperature and strain data were collected constantly via a distributed fiber optic strain sensing system (DFOSS). The analysis of strains in fiber optic chainage indicated that the compression strains were observed over the entire area of the building, with values from −20 to −40 µε and with progression of the compression loaded up to −80 µε along the core wall closer to the eastern facade of the building. Tension strains were concentrated along the extreme axes of the building, with a predominance in the southern part of the R block, as well as in the immediate vicinity of the columns, in a range of −20 to −40 µε, with separate spots from −40 to −60 µε. Individual patches of tension strains near the columns have been explained by the increased deflection of the raft under the application of a concentrated load (columns). Fiber optic monitoring results at the time of testing did not exceed the permitted values for high-rise building operation; however, they characterized the general picture of the strain in the raft plane and made it possible to determine the initiation of cracks in concrete at an early stage.

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Tunzi, Michele, Matthieu Ruysschaert, Svend Svendsen, and Kevin Michael Smith. "Double Loop Network for Combined Heating and Cooling in Low Heat Density Areas." Energies 13, no. 22 (November 20, 2020): 6091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13226091.

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This study investigated a double loop network operated with ultra-low supply/return temperatures of 45/25 °C as a novel solution for low heat-density areas in Denmark and compared the proposed concept with a typical tree network and with individual heat pumps to each end-users rather than district networks. It is a pump-driven system, where the separate circulation of supply and return flow increased the flexibility of the system to integrate and displace heating and cooling energy along the network. Despite the increased use of central and local water pumps to operate and control the system, the simulated overall pump energy consumption was 0.9% of the total energy consumption. This was also an advantage at the design stage as the larger pressure gradient, up to 570 Pa/m, allowed minimal pipe diameters. In addition, the authors proposed the installation of electrically heated vacuum-insulated micro tanks of 10 L on the primary side of each building substation as a supplementary heating solution to meet the comfort and hygiene requirements for domestic hot water (DHW). This, combined with supply water circulation in the loop network, served as a technical solution to remove the need for bypass valves during summer periods with no load in the network. The proposed double loop system reduced distribution heat losses from 19% to 12% of the total energy consumption and decreased average return temperatures from 33 °C to 23 °C compared to the tree network. While excess heat recovery can be limited due to hydraulic issues in tree networks, the study investigated the double loop concept for scenarios with heat source temperatures of 30 °C and 45 °C. The double loop network was cost-competitive when considering the required capital and operating costs. Furthermore, district networks outperformed individual heat pump solutions for low-heat density areas when waste heat was available locally. Finally, although few in Denmark envisage residential cooling as a priority, this study investigated the potential of embedding heating and cooling in the same infrastructure. It found that the return line could deliver cold water to the end-users and that the maximum cooling power was 1.4 kW to each end-user, which corresponded to 47% of the total peak heat demand used to dimension the double loop network.

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Heidarifar, Majid, Panagiotis Andrianesis, and Michael Caramanis. "Holomorphic Embedding Load Flow Method in Three-Phase Distribution Networks with ZIP Loads." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2022, 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2022.3219769.

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Ortega, Juan, Tulio Molina, Juan Carlos Muñoz, and Sebastian Oliva H. "Distributed slack bus model formulation for the holomorphic embedding load flow method." International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 30, no. 3 (January 9, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2050-7038.12253.

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Molina, Tulio, Juan Ortega, and Juan Muñoz. "HELMpy, Open Source Package of Power Flow Solvers, Including the Holomorphic Embedding Load Flow Method (HELM), Developed on Python 3." Journal of Open Research Software 9 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/jors.310.

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Huang, Ying, Xiaomeng Ai, Jiakun Fang, Wei Yao, and Jinyu Wen. "Holomorphic embedding approach for VSC-based AC/DC power flow." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, November 18, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2020.1227.

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Du, Nianchun, Fei Tang, Qingfen Liao, Chenxu Wang, Xin Gao, Jiarui Xie, Jian Zhang, and Runzhao Lu. "Hosting Capacity Assessment in Distribution Networks Considering Wind–Photovoltaic–Load Temporal Characteristics." Frontiers in Energy Research 9 (November 25, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2021.767610.

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Under the background of clean and low-carbon energy transformation, renewable distributed generation is connected to the distribution system on a large scale. This study proposes a probabilistic assessment method of hosting capacity considering wind–photovoltaic–load temporal characteristics in distribution networks. First, based on time series of wind, photovoltaic, and load demands, a discretization–aggregation technique is introduced to generate and filter extreme combinations. The method can effectively reduce the scenarios that need to be evaluated. Then a holomorphic embedding method considering generation and load scaling directions is proposed. The holomorphic function of voltage about an embedding variable is established, and it is analytically expanded in the form of series. The hosting capacity restrained by the voltage violation problem is calculated quickly and accurately. Finally, the proposed stochastic framework is implemented to evaluate hosting capacity involving renewable energy types, penetration levels, and locations. The hosting capacity of single energy and hybrid wind–solar renewable energy systems is evaluated from the perspective of probability analysis. The results verify the outstanding performance of the hybrid wind–solar energy system in improving the hosting capacity.

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Huang, Ying, Xiaomeng Ai, Jiakun Fang, Wei Yao, Runfeng Zhong, and Jinyu Wen. "Holomorphic Embedding Power Flow Modeling of Autonomous AC/DC Hybrid Microgrids." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3995118.

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Huang, Ying, Xiaomeng Ai, Jiakun Fang, Shichang Cui, Runfeng Zhong, Wei Yao, and Jinyu Wen. "Holomorphic Embedding Power Flow Algorithm for Isolated AC Microgrids with Hierarchical Control." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2021, 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3139347.

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Morgan, Mohammed Y., M. F. Shaaban, H. F. Sindi, and H. H. Zeineldin. "A Holomorphic Embedding Power Flow Algorithm for Islanded Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2022, 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2022.3149924.

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