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1

Buchwitz, Brian. "Chromosome segregation in the holocentric organism C. elegans /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/4996.

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2

Gil, Jr José. "Characterizing the 3D organization of holocentric chromosomes in Bombyx mori." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPSLS084.

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L'organisation du génome dans le noyau cellulaire a été observée et décrite dans différents organismes depuis plus de 140 ans. La plupart des organismes où cela a été fait sont monocentriques, c’est-à-dire dont les chromosomes n’ont qu’un seul centromère. Il a été montré que les centromères contraignent fortement l'architecture des chromosomes en interphase, et j'ai contribué lors de ma thèse à l’écriture d’une revue décrivant ce phénomène (Muller et al., 2019). Cependant, à travers l'Arbre de la Vie eucaryote, on peut trouver plusieurs exemples d'organismes qui sont holocentriques, c’est-à-dire qui ont plusieurs centromères distribués sur toute la longueur de leurs chromosomes. Pour étudier l'impact des centromères sur ce type de chromosomes, nous avons choisi comme organisme modèle le ver à soie, Bombyx mori. Bien que les chromosomes holocentriques de B. mori aient fait l'objet d'études décrivant l'organisation et la formation de leurs centromères et kinétochores (Cortes-Silva et al., 2020 ; Senaratne et al., 2021), l'organisation de leur génome reste à décrire. Ma thèse vise à caractériser l'organisation du génome de B. mori en utilisant des techniques basées sur le séquençage et des approches bioinformatiques sur deux systèmes expérimentaux.Dans la première partie de ma thèse, j'ai utilisé une combinaison de données Hi-C et ChIP-Seq d'embryons de B. mori pour identifier et caractériser les caractéristiques de l'organisation du génome. En utilisant les techniques Hi-C, j'ai produit des cartes de contact pour les 28 chromosomes de l'assemblage du génome de B. mori et j'ai pu montrer que les chromosomes de B. mori établissent des contacts peu fréquents entre eux, ce qui donne lieu à des territoires chromosomiques forts. J'ai ensuite combiné ces données Hi-C avec des ensembles de données ChIP-Seq correspondant à plusieurs marques épigénétiques de l'embryon de B. mori afin de définir et de caractériser les compartiments chromosomiques. Cette étude a révélé que les chromosomes de B. mori sont organisés en trois compartiments à l'échelle du génome : A, B et X. Les compartiments A et B de B. mori rappellent ceux décrits pour la première fois dans les chromosomes humains. Le compartiment X est composé de régions très compactes et pauvres en gènes qui n'interagissent ni avec les deux autres compartiments, ni avec des compartiments similaires sur le même chromosome. Ces résultats sont inclus dans une étude à laquelle j'ai participé et qui décrit l'organisation du génome des embryons de B. mori (Muller et al., en cours).Dans la deuxième partie de ma thèse, je me suis tourné vers les lignées cellulaires de B. mori afin de déterminer certains des facteurs contribuant à cette organisation du génome. Pour ce faire, j'ai utilisé l'ARN interférence pour perturber les centromères, les cohésines et les condensines, dont l'impact sur l'organisation du génome a été démontré chez d'autres organismes. J'ai acquis des données Hi-C, profilé différentes marques épigénétiques dans chaques conditions, et montré que les centromères et les complexes SMC jouent un rôle dans l'organisation du génome de B. mori, la cohésine et la condensine II ayant des effets opposés sur le repliement des chromosomes à courte et longue distance. Pour analyser correctement ces données, j'ai développé des outils bioinformatiques pour tenir compte de la nature holocentrique des chromosomes de B. mori. J'ai également eu l'occasion de mettre mes compétences en bioinformatiques au service d'une collaboration portant sur l'appariement méiotique des chromosomes de B. mori (Rosin et al., 2021). Ensemble, en utilisant Hi-C et ChIP-Seq et en effectuant l'analyse bioinformatique des deux, j'ai pu décrire pour la première fois l'organisation du génome de B. mori et caractériser les rôles des facteurs qui y contribuent
The genome’s organization within the cell nucleus has been observed and described in various different organisms for over 140 years. Most of the organisms where this has been done are monocentric, or organisms that have chromosomes with a single centromere. Studies have shown that centromeres strongly constrain the architecture of chromosomes in interphase and during my thesis, I contributed to a review describing this phenomenon (Muller et al., 2019). However, across the eukaryotic tree of life you can find several examples of organisms that are holocentric, or organisms that have centromeres distributed along the entire length of their chromosomes. To study the impact of centromeres on these types of chromosomes, we choose the silkworm, Bombyx mori, as our model organism. Although the holocentric chromosomes of B. mori have been subjects of studies describing the organization and formation of their centromeres and kinetochores (Cortes-Silva et al., 2020; Senaratne et al., 2021), their genome organization has yet to be described. My thesis aims at characterizing the genome organization of B. mori with the use of sequencing-based techniques and bioinformatic approaches on two experimental systems.In the first part of my thesis I used a combination of Hi-C and ChIP-Seq data from B. mori embryos to identify and characterize genome organizational features. Using Hi-C, I produced contact maps for all 28 chromosomes of the B. mori genome assembly and I was able to show that B. mori chromosomes make infrequent contacts between themselves resulting in strong chromosome territories. I then combined this Hi-C data with ChIP-Seq data sets corresponding to several B. mori embryo epigenetic marks in order to define and characterize chromosome compartments. This study revealed that B. mori chromosomes are organized into three genome-wide compartments: A, B and X. The A and B compartments in B. mori are reminiscent of those first described in human chromosomes. The X compartment is composed of highly compact, gene-poor regions that do not interact with the other two compartments, nor with like compartments on the same chromosome. These findings are included in a study that I was a part of describing the genome organization of B. mori embryos (Muller et al., in progress).In the second part of my thesis I turned to B. mori cell lines in order to determine some of the factors contributing to this genome organization. In order to do this, I used RNAi to perturb centromeres, cohesins and condensins which have been shown to have an impact on genome organization in other organisms. I acquired Hi-C data and profiled different epigenetic marks in each condition and show that centromeres and SMC complexes play a role in B. mori genome organization with cohesin and condensin II having opposite effects in short- and long-range chromosome folding. To properly analyze this data, I developed bioinformatic tools to account for the holocentric nature of B. mori chromosomes. I even had the chance to contribute my bioinformatic skill set to a collaboration studying meiotic pairing of B. mori chromosomes (Rosin et al., 2021). Taken together, using Hi-C and ChIP-Seq and performing the bioinformatic analysis of both, I was able to describe for the first time the genome organization of B. mori and characterize the roles of factors contributing to it
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3

Anjos, Allison Kleiton dos [UNESP]. "Estrutura e evolução cariotípica em espécies da infraordem Cicadomorpha (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) baseadas na análise de DNAs repetitivos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/152488.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Os hemipteros da infraordem Cicadomorpha são representados por aproximadamente 30.000 espécies de insetos sugadores distribuídos mundialmente. Apesar de se destacarem por causarem muitos prejuízos na agricultura e pecuária pouco se sabe sobre a variabilidade genética e cromossômica desses animais que apresentam cromossomos holocentricos. Os DNAs repetitivos são uma ferramenta útil em estudos de diversificação cariotípica, organização e evolução dos genomas. Deste modo, este trabalho teve como objetivo contribuir com o conhecimento sobre a dinâmica dos cariótipos de representantes de Cicadomorpha e a organização de DNAs repetitivos, especificamente: I. analisar o cariótipo de espécies pertencentes a quatro famílias de Cicadomorpha, bem como caracterizar a heterocromatina constitutiva quanto a riqueza de pares de base; II. inferir a respeito da dinâmica evolutiva de famílias gênicas por meio do mapeamento cromossômico; III. analisar a organização cromossômica e testar a conservação interespecífica da sequência telomérica TTAGGn do pool de DNAs repetitivos obtidos (fração C0t) de espécies do gênero Mahanarva e das sequências teloméricas; IV. Analisar o satelitoma de Mahanarva quadripunctata e comparar os diferentes DNAs satélites de seu genoma com o de outras espécies do gênero visando entender a organização e evolução dos satDNAs neste grupo. Os dados obtidos revelam ampla variabilidade cromossômica entre as distintas famílias, causada principalmente por fusões cromossômicas, entretanto dentro de uma mesma família os cariótipos tendem a apresentar menos variações ao nível macrocromossômico. Embora os Cicadomorpha apresentem variabilidade em números diplóides a organização dos DNAs repetitivos é bastante conservada, mesmo em famílias distantes filogeneticamente, sugerindo estabilidade. Alguns dados foram analisados baseados na filogenia da infraordem, sendo sugerido os possíveis padrões ancestrais. Além disso, as possíveis causas da variabilidade em relação aos padrões modais são sugeridos. Os dados apresentados são um avanço no conhecimento da organização de DNAs repetitivos em Cicadomorpha, sendo para algumas sequências a primeira vez que se realiza algum estudo.
The hemipterans of the Cicadomorpha infraorder are represented by approximately 30.000 species of sucking insects distributed worldwide. Although they stand out by cause many damages in agriculture and livestock, they are poorly studied regarding the genetic and chromosomal variability of these animals that present holocentric chromosomes. Repetitive DNAs are a useful tools in studies of karyotypic diversification, organization and evolution of genomes. The aim of this work was to contribute with knowledge about the dynamics of the karyotypes of Cicadomorpha and the organization of repetitive DNAs, specifically: I. Analyze the karyotype of species belonging to four families of Cicadomorpha, as well as to characterize the constitutive heterochromatin regarding base pairs richess; II. Infer about the evolutionary dynamics of multigene families through the chromosomal mapping; III. Analyze the chromosomal organization and test the interspecific conservation of the telemetric repeat TTAGGn from the pool of repetitive DNA fraction (C0t fraction) of Mahanarva species and telomeric sequences; IV. Analyze the satellitome of Mahanarva quadripunctata and compare the different satellite DNAs of its genome with that from other species of the genus in order to understand the organization and evolution of satDNAs in this group. The data obtained reveal a wide chromosomal variability among the different families, caused mainly by chromosomal fusions, however within a same family the karyotypes tend to present less variations at the macro-chromosomal level. Although Cicadomorpha exhibit variability in diploid numbers, the organization of repetitive DNAs is highly conserved, even in phylogenetically distant families, suggesting stability. Some data were analyzed based on the phylogeny of the infraorder, suggesting possible ancestral patterns. In addition, the possible causes of variability relative to modal patterns are suggested. The data presented is an advance in the knowledge of the organization of repetitive DNAs in Cicadomorpha, being for some sequences the first time that some study is done.
FAPESP: 2014/06226-3.
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4

Spence, Jennifer M. "Repetitive DNA in aphids : its nature, chromosomal distribution and evolutionary significance." Thesis, University of Reading, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298517.

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5

Heckmann, Stefan [Verfasser], Gunter [Akademischer Betreuer] Reuter, Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Houben, and Neil [Akademischer Betreuer] Jones. "Structure and regulation of centromeres in mono‐ and holocentric chromosomes : [kumulative Dissertation] / Stefan Heckmann. Betreuer: Gunter Reuter ; Andreas Houben ; Neil Jones." Halle, Saale : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt, 2013. http://d-nb.info/103488137X/34.

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6

Bardella, Vanessa Bellini [UNESP]. "Análise citogenética molecular em túbulos seminíferos de triatomíneos (Triatominae, Heteroptera)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/92476.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Os heterópteros apresentam a meiose cística nos túbulos seminíferos. Esses possuem o cisto espermatogonial envolto pelas células císticas, as quais desenvolvem a função de nutrição das células em divisão celular. Quanto às características citogenéticas, esses insetos apresentam cromossomos holocinéticos, baixa variabilidade cariotípica e meiose invertida dos cromossomos sexuais. No presente trabalho foram caracterizadas as células císticas quanto a sua localização, ultraestrutura e citogenética e, também, foram analisados os aspectos citogenéticos de quatro espécies do gênero Triatoma. Foram utilizadas as técnicas de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, citogenética convencional (orceína e AgNOR), bandamento C CMA3/DAPI e a técnica de hibridização in situ fluorescente (FISH), com sonda de DNAr 45S de Drosophila melanogaster. Os resultados indicaram que a célula cística envolve um cisto espermatogonial e apresenta um grande núcleo com invaginações citoplasmáticas. Em todas as espécies foram observados vários graus de ploidia da célula cística. Triatoma infestans e T. infestans melanosoma apresentaram vários blocos heterocromáticos com a periferia CMA3 + e o interior DAPI+. Associada às bordas dos blocos heterocromáticos foram observados os segmentos de DNAr 45S, além da presença de vários nucléolos em cada núcleo. Triatoma matogrossensis, T. rubrovaria e T. brasiliensis apresentaram apenas um bloco heterocromático com as mesmas características, com exceção de T. brasiliensis, que apresentou em algumas células vários blocos CMA3 + dispersos. Nessas espécies foi observado apenas um nucléolo com similaridade na localização dos sítios de DNAr. Quanto aos aspectos citogenéticos, todas as espécies apresentaram 2n = 20A + XY, com decréscimo do tamanho relativo dos cromossomos. Em T. infestans melanosoma os cromossomos foram...
Heteroptera, or true bugs, exhibit meiosis in their seminiferous tubules. They posses the spermatogonial cysts that are enclosed by cyst cells, which develop the nutritional function of the cells during cell division. In terms of cytogenetic characteristics, these insects possess holokinetic chromosomes, low karyotype variability, and inverted meiosis in the sex chromosomes. In this study, cyst cells from four species of the genus Triatoma were characterized by their location, superstructure, and cytogenetic makeup. Electronic transmission microscopy techniques were used, as well as conventional cytogenetic techniques (Orcein and AgNOR), C-banding with CMA3 and DAPI banding, and Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) with a 45S DNA probe of Drosophila melanogaster. The results indicated that the the spermatogonial cyst is enclosed by the cyst cell, and that the cyst cell possesses a large nucleus with cytopasmic invaginations. In all species studied, varying degrees of ploidy were observed in the cyst cells. Triatoma infestans and T. infestans melanosoma presented with various heterochromatic blocks, with CMA3 + at the periphery and DAPI+ at the interior. Segments of rDNA 45S were found along the edges of the heterochromatic blocks, along with the presence of various nucleoli in each nucleus. Triatoma matogrossensis, T. rubrovaria and T. brasiliensis presented with only one heterochromatic block with the same characteristics (with the exception of T. brasiliensis, which presented with various dispersed CMA3 + blocks). In these species, only one nucleolus that was similar to the localization of the rDNA sites was found. All species presented with 2n = 20A + XY, with a decrease in size relative to the chromosomes. In the case of T. infestans melanosoma, the chromosomes were split into groups based on their relative sizes. The heterochromatin of this species presented... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Pires, Weverson Luciano [UNESP]. "Estudo citogenético comparativo entre Triatoma maculata e triatoma pseudomaculata (Triatominae, Heteroptera)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/92478.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Os triatomíneos são vetores do protozoário Typanosoma cruzi, agente etiológico da moléstia de Chagas. Esses insetos são hematófagos e pertencem à ordem Heteroptera e à família Reduviidae. Disseminada por grandes extensões do Brasil e de outros países latinoamericanos, a doença de Chagas representa um grave e importante problema de saúde pública, caracterizando limitações e dificuldades aos tratamentos. Isso ocorre devido à precariedade apresentada pela vida dos contingentes humanos mais expostos à infecção. Atualmente, a parasitose tem grande participação entre as doenças cardíacas na América do Sul. Segundo a Organização Mundial de Saúde, estima-se que, até a década de 90, por volta de 20 milhões de indivíduos estavam infectados pelo Trypanosoma cruzi nas áreas endêmicas. Dados atuais revelam que o número de pessoas infectadas foi reduzido para 9,8 milhões graças à intensa erradicação desses insetos. No entanto, a vigilância deve continuar, pois é fundamental para se evitar novos casos. Citogeneticamente, o interesse sobre os triatomíneos está em seus cromossomos holocêntricos e no processo incomum da meiose, cuja segregação dos sexuais é pós-reducional. O número básico de cromossomos nos triatomíneos é de 2n=22. No presente trabalho foi analisado a espermatogênese de duas espécies do gênero Triatoma (Triatoma maculata e Triatoma pseudomaculata), com ênfase aos seguintes aspectos: fases da espermatogênese; estrutura cromatínica e dos cromossomos meióticos e acompanhamento do ciclo nucleolar. Essas espécies estão distribuídas principalmente nos estados do Nordeste brasileiro e são consideradas potencialmente vetores do T. cruzi. As espécies analisadas foram cedidas pelo insetário do Serviço Especial de Saúde de Araraquara (SESA), pertencente ao Departamento de Epidemiologia da Faculdade de Saúde Pública da USP. Os...
The triatomines are vectors of the protozoan Typanosoma cruzi, etiological agent of Chagas' disease. These insects are hematophages that belong to the order Heteroptera and to the family Reduviidae. Disseminated through large portions of Brazil and of other Latin American countries, Chagas' disease represents a grave and important public health problem, characterizing limitations and difficulties in treatments. This occurs due to the precariousness presented by life contingent to humans most exposed to the infection. Currently, parasitosis presents high participation among cardiac diseases in South America. According to the World Health Organization, it is estimated that, until the 1990s, approximately 20 million individuals were infected by Trypanosoma cruzi in endemic areas. Current data reveal that the number of persons infected was reduced to 9.8 million by virtue of intense eradiaction of these insects. Nevertheless, vigilance must continue, since it is fundamental to avoiding new cases. Cytogenetically, the interest in triatomines is in its holocentric chromosomes and in its uncommon meiosis process, whose sexual segregation is post-reductional. The basic number of chromosomes in triatomines is 2n=22. The present work analyzed the spermatogenesis of two species of the genus Triatoma (Triatoma maculata and Triatoma pseudomaculata), with emphasis on the following aspects: spermatogenesis phases; structure of chromatin and of meiotic chromosomes and accompaniment of the nucleolar cycle. These species are distributed principally in the states of northeastern Brazil and are considered potential vectors for T. cruzi. The species analyzed were supplied by the insectary of the Special Health Service of Araraquara (SESA), belonging to the Department of Epidemiology in the School of Public Health at USP. The organs studied were...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Bardella, Vanessa Bellini. "Análise citogenética molecular em túbulos seminíferos de triatomíneos (Triatominae, Heteroptera) /." São José do Rio Preto : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/92476.

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Orientador: Maria Tercília Vilela de Azeredo Oliveira
Banca: Hermione Elly Melara de Campos Bicudo
Banca: Patricia Pasquali Parise Maltempi
Resumo: Os heterópteros apresentam a meiose cística nos túbulos seminíferos. Esses possuem o cisto espermatogonial envolto pelas células císticas, as quais desenvolvem a função de nutrição das células em divisão celular. Quanto às características citogenéticas, esses insetos apresentam cromossomos holocinéticos, baixa variabilidade cariotípica e meiose invertida dos cromossomos sexuais. No presente trabalho foram caracterizadas as células císticas quanto a sua localização, ultraestrutura e citogenética e, também, foram analisados os aspectos citogenéticos de quatro espécies do gênero Triatoma. Foram utilizadas as técnicas de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, citogenética convencional (orceína e AgNOR), bandamento C CMA3/DAPI e a técnica de hibridização in situ fluorescente (FISH), com sonda de DNAr 45S de Drosophila melanogaster. Os resultados indicaram que a célula cística envolve um cisto espermatogonial e apresenta um grande núcleo com invaginações citoplasmáticas. Em todas as espécies foram observados vários graus de ploidia da célula cística. Triatoma infestans e T. infestans melanosoma apresentaram vários blocos heterocromáticos com a periferia CMA3 + e o interior DAPI+. Associada às bordas dos blocos heterocromáticos foram observados os segmentos de DNAr 45S, além da presença de vários nucléolos em cada núcleo. Triatoma matogrossensis, T. rubrovaria e T. brasiliensis apresentaram apenas um bloco heterocromático com as mesmas características, com exceção de T. brasiliensis, que apresentou em algumas células vários blocos CMA3 + dispersos. Nessas espécies foi observado apenas um nucléolo com similaridade na localização dos sítios de DNAr. Quanto aos aspectos citogenéticos, todas as espécies apresentaram 2n = 20A + XY, com decréscimo do tamanho relativo dos cromossomos. Em T. infestans melanosoma os cromossomos foram... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Heteroptera, or "true bugs", exhibit meiosis in their seminiferous tubules. They posses the spermatogonial cysts that are enclosed by cyst cells, which develop the nutritional function of the cells during cell division. In terms of cytogenetic characteristics, these insects possess holokinetic chromosomes, low karyotype variability, and inverted meiosis in the sex chromosomes. In this study, cyst cells from four species of the genus Triatoma were characterized by their location, superstructure, and cytogenetic makeup. Electronic transmission microscopy techniques were used, as well as conventional cytogenetic techniques (Orcein and AgNOR), C-banding with CMA3 and DAPI banding, and Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) with a 45S DNA probe of Drosophila melanogaster. The results indicated that the the spermatogonial cyst is enclosed by the cyst cell, and that the cyst cell possesses a large nucleus with cytopasmic invaginations. In all species studied, varying degrees of ploidy were observed in the cyst cells. Triatoma infestans and T. infestans melanosoma presented with various heterochromatic blocks, with CMA3 + at the periphery and DAPI+ at the interior. Segments of rDNA 45S were found along the edges of the heterochromatic blocks, along with the presence of various nucleoli in each nucleus. Triatoma matogrossensis, T. rubrovaria and T. brasiliensis presented with only one heterochromatic block with the same characteristics (with the exception of T. brasiliensis, which presented with various dispersed CMA3 + blocks). In these species, only one nucleolus that was similar to the localization of the rDNA sites was found. All species presented with 2n = 20A + XY, with a decrease in size relative to the chromosomes. In the case of T. infestans melanosoma, the chromosomes were split into groups based on their relative sizes. The heterochromatin of this species presented... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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9

SILVA, André Seco Marques da. "Estrutura centromérica e adaptações meióticas em espécies holocêntricas do gênero rhynchospora (cyperaceae)." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/17687.

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Cromossomos holocêntricos são caracterizados pela ausência de constrição primária e apresentam normalmente a proteína centromérica CENH3 distribuída ao longo de um eixo em cada cromátide. Embora muitos organismos com cromossomos monocêntricos apresentem sequências de DNA centroméricas específicas e associadas com a CENH3, nenhuma sequência centromérica havia sido identificada em organismos com cromossomos holocêntricos até o momento. Além disso, vários estudos reportam adaptações meióticas em espécies com cromossomos holocêntricos. Sendo observada em alguns casos uma inversão da ordem dos eventos meióticos (meiose invertida ou pós-reducional). Assim, o presente trabalho objetivou estudar a organização centromérica e a meiose de espécies com cromossomos holocêntricos do gênero Rhynchospora (Cyperaceae). Foi realizada uma análise citogenômica da organização e composição dos holocentrômeros de Rhynchospora pubera (2n = 10), sendo reportada a primeira descoberta de sequências centroméricas em espécies com cromossomos holocêntricos. Foi observado que os holocentrômeros de R. pubera são compostos principalmente por arranjos de DNA satélite (Tyba) e retroelementos centroméricos (CRRh) distribuídos pelo genoma. A análise detalhada da sucessão dos eventos meióticos de R. pubera e R. tenuis (2n = 4) reportou uma prófase inicial semelhante a de monocêntricos. No entanto, foi verificado que as cromátides-irmãs separam para polos opostos durante a anáfase I e os homólogos segregam somente durante a meiose II, comprovando uma meiose invertida para ambas as espécies. Curiosamente, durante a meiose de R. pubera foi observado uma organização diferencial dos centrômeros. Ao contrário do observado em mitose, durante meiose não foi observado a formação de holocentrômeros em forma de linha, sendo, na verdade, observado estruturas centroméricas aglomeradas. O restabelecimento de holocentrômeros em forma de linha se deu durante a primeira mitose do pólen.
Holocentric chromosomes are characterized by the absence primary constriction and normally show the centromeric protein CENH3 distributed along the axis of each chromatid. Although many monocentric organisms show centromere-specific DNA sequences associated to CENH3, no centromeric sequences had been identified in any holocentric organism so far. Furthermore, many studies report meiotic adaptations in holocentric species. In some cases is observed an inversion of the order of meiotic events. This type of meiosis has been named of inverted or post-reductional meiosis and would be exclusive of holocentric organisms. Thus, the present work aimed to study the centromere organization and meiosis of holocentric species of the genus Rhynchospora (Cyperaceae). A cytogenomic analysis of the composition and organization of the holocentromeres of Rhynchospora pubera (2n = 10) has been performed, being reported the first centromeric sequences from a holocentric species. It was observed that the holocentromeres of R. pubera are composed mainly by arrays of satellite DNA (Tyba) and centromeric retrotransposons (CRRh) distributed genomewide. The detailed analysis of the succession of meiotic events of R. pubera and R. tenuis (2n = 4) demonstrated an early meiotic prophase similar to that of monocentric. However, it was verified that sister chromatids separate to opposite poles during anaphase I, while homologs only segregate at meiosis II. These results prove the inverted meiosis for both species. Curiously, it was observed during meiosis of R. pubera a differential organization of centromere units. In contrast to the observed in mitosis, during meiosis we did not observed the formation of line-like holocentromeres, being in fact observed the formation of cluster-like holocentromeres. The reestablishment of a line-like holocentromere occurred during the first pollen mitosis.
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10

Pires, Weverson Luciano. "Estudo citogenético comparativo entre Triatoma maculata e triatoma pseudomaculata (Triatominae, Heteroptera) /." São José do Rio Preto : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/92478.

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Orientador: Maria Tercília Vilela de Azeredo Oliveira
Banca: Alba Regina de Abreu Lima Catelani
Banca: Lilian Castiglioni
Resumo: Os triatomíneos são vetores do protozoário Typanosoma cruzi, agente etiológico da moléstia de Chagas. Esses insetos são hematófagos e pertencem à ordem Heteroptera e à família Reduviidae. Disseminada por grandes extensões do Brasil e de outros países latinoamericanos, a doença de Chagas representa um grave e importante problema de saúde pública, caracterizando limitações e dificuldades aos tratamentos. Isso ocorre devido à precariedade apresentada pela vida dos contingentes humanos mais expostos à infecção. Atualmente, a parasitose tem grande participação entre as doenças cardíacas na América do Sul. Segundo a Organização Mundial de Saúde, estima-se que, até a década de 90, por volta de 20 milhões de indivíduos estavam infectados pelo Trypanosoma cruzi nas áreas endêmicas. Dados atuais revelam que o número de pessoas infectadas foi reduzido para 9,8 milhões graças à intensa erradicação desses insetos. No entanto, a vigilância deve continuar, pois é fundamental para se evitar novos casos. Citogeneticamente, o interesse sobre os triatomíneos está em seus cromossomos holocêntricos e no processo incomum da meiose, cuja segregação dos sexuais é pós-reducional. O número básico de cromossomos nos triatomíneos é de 2n=22. No presente trabalho foi analisado a espermatogênese de duas espécies do gênero Triatoma (Triatoma maculata e Triatoma pseudomaculata), com ênfase aos seguintes aspectos: fases da espermatogênese; estrutura cromatínica e dos cromossomos meióticos e acompanhamento do ciclo nucleolar. Essas espécies estão distribuídas principalmente nos estados do Nordeste brasileiro e são consideradas potencialmente vetores do T. cruzi. As espécies analisadas foram cedidas pelo insetário do Serviço Especial de Saúde de Araraquara (SESA), pertencente ao Departamento de Epidemiologia da Faculdade de Saúde Pública da USP. Os...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The triatomines are vectors of the protozoan Typanosoma cruzi, etiological agent of Chagas' disease. These insects are hematophages that belong to the order Heteroptera and to the family Reduviidae. Disseminated through large portions of Brazil and of other Latin American countries, Chagas' disease represents a grave and important public health problem, characterizing limitations and difficulties in treatments. This occurs due to the precariousness presented by life contingent to humans most exposed to the infection. Currently, parasitosis presents high participation among cardiac diseases in South America. According to the World Health Organization, it is estimated that, until the 1990s, approximately 20 million individuals were infected by Trypanosoma cruzi in endemic areas. Current data reveal that the number of persons infected was reduced to 9.8 million by virtue of intense eradiaction of these insects. Nevertheless, vigilance must continue, since it is fundamental to avoiding new cases. Cytogenetically, the interest in triatomines is in its holocentric chromosomes and in its uncommon meiosis process, whose sexual segregation is post-reductional. The basic number of chromosomes in triatomines is 2n=22. The present work analyzed the spermatogenesis of two species of the genus Triatoma (Triatoma maculata and Triatoma pseudomaculata), with emphasis on the following aspects: spermatogenesis phases; structure of chromatin and of meiotic chromosomes and accompaniment of the nucleolar cycle. These species are distributed principally in the states of northeastern Brazil and are considered potential vectors for T. cruzi. The species analyzed were supplied by the insectary of the Special Health Service of Araraquara (SESA), belonging to the Department of Epidemiology in the School of Public Health at USP. The organs studied were...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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11

Mendonça, Priscila Pasquetto [UNESP]. "Estudo comparativo das características citogenéticas e moleculares de Triatoma maculata e Triatoma pseudomaculata (Triatominae, Heteroptera)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/92477.

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Os triatomíneos são insetos hematófagos de grande importância para a parasitologia humana, pois são transmissores do Trypanosoma cruzi, protozoário causador da doença de Chagas. Além de sua importância médico-sanitária, os triatomíneos destacam-se pela sua citogenética, pois possuem cromossomos holocêntricos e um modelo de meiose incomum, com meiose invertida para os cromossomos sexuais. Recentes pesquisas com marcadores moleculares em triatomíneos tentam compreender a ancestralidade do grupo. Uma das formas de se compreender a evolução entre espécies é a partir da análise de seqüências do DNA ribossômico (DNAr). Por pertencer a famílias multigênicas, cópias individuais do DNAr não acumulam mutações independentemente, resultando em pequena variação intra-específica e relevante diferenciação interespecífica. No presente trabalho foi realizado um estudo comparativo entre as espécies Triatoma maculata e Triatoma pseudomaculata, com base no uso das técnicas citogenéticas convencionais de orceína lacto-acética, impregnação por íons prata, bandamento-C, reação de Feulgen; da técnica de citogenética molecular de bandamento- C CMA/DAPI; e também por meio da análise da região ITS-1 do DNAr, com base no sequenciamento, com o objetivo de avaliar o grau de homologia entre as espécies estudadas. Os cariogramas das duas espécies indicaram dez pares de autossomos (um deles de tamanho maior) e um par de cromossomos sexuais (2n = 22). No ciclo meiótico foi possível observar a fragmentação da região nucleolar no final do estágio difuso. Corpúsculos nucleolares foram observados em alguns dos núcleos em metáfases meióticas de T. pseudomaculata, evidenciando a persistência nucleolar. A técnica de bandamento-C revelou que o cromossomo Y é heterocromático em ambas as espécies. O sequencimento da região ITS-1, indicou que as espécies apresenta...
The triatomines are hematophagous insects of great concern in public health because they are vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, a protozoan that causes Chagas disease. Triatomines are also of great genetic interest, because that they present holocentric chromosomes and an unusual form of meiosis with post-reductional segregation of sex chromosomes. Recent studies based on molecular markers try to understand the evolutionary history of triatomines. To understand the evolution of a given species, ribosomal DNA (rDNA) analyses are frequently used, which can help to infer evolutionary relationships among species. Individual copies of rDNA do not accumulate mutations independently because they belong to multigene families, resulting in slight intraspecific and important interspecific variation. In this study, a comparative analysis was performed between the species Triatoma maculata and Triatoma pseudomaculata, based on the cytogenetic techniques of lacto-acetic orcein, silver ion impregnation, Cbanding, Feulgen reaction; and CMA/DAPI C-banding. We also compared the species by sequencing the ITS-1 rDNA internal transcribed region in order to evaluate the degree of homology among the studied species. The cariograms of the two species revealed ten autosomes and one pair of sexual chromosomes (2n= 22). In the meiotic cycle, nucleolar fragmentation during the final stages of meiotic prophase I was found. Nucleolar corpuscles were found in some meiotic metaphases of T. pseudomaculata, which is evidence of nucleolar persistence. The C-banding technique revealed that the Y chromosome is heterochromatic in both species. The ITS-1 rDNA sequences showed that the species presented a discharge proximity to each other, and had a high degree of homology (98.5%). The knowledge obtained in this study contributes to the understanding of the interrelation and distribution of those species, and offers... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Mendonça, Priscila Pasqüetto. "Estudo comparativo das características citogenéticas e moleculares de Triatoma maculata e Triatoma pseudomaculata (Triatominae, Heteroptera) /." São José do Rio Preto : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/92477.

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Resumo: Os triatomíneos são insetos hematófagos de grande importância para a parasitologia humana, pois são transmissores do Trypanosoma cruzi, protozoário causador da doença de Chagas. Além de sua importância médico-sanitária, os triatomíneos destacam-se pela sua citogenética, pois possuem cromossomos holocêntricos e um modelo de meiose incomum, com meiose invertida para os cromossomos sexuais. Recentes pesquisas com marcadores moleculares em triatomíneos tentam compreender a ancestralidade do grupo. Uma das formas de se compreender a evolução entre espécies é a partir da análise de seqüências do DNA ribossômico (DNAr). Por pertencer a famílias multigênicas, cópias individuais do DNAr não acumulam mutações independentemente, resultando em pequena variação intra-específica e relevante diferenciação interespecífica. No presente trabalho foi realizado um estudo comparativo entre as espécies Triatoma maculata e Triatoma pseudomaculata, com base no uso das técnicas citogenéticas convencionais de orceína lacto-acética, impregnação por íons prata, bandamento-C, reação de Feulgen; da técnica de citogenética molecular de bandamento- C CMA/DAPI; e também por meio da análise da região ITS-1 do DNAr, com base no sequenciamento, com o objetivo de avaliar o grau de homologia entre as espécies estudadas. Os cariogramas das duas espécies indicaram dez pares de autossomos (um deles de tamanho maior) e um par de cromossomos sexuais (2n = 22). No ciclo meiótico foi possível observar a fragmentação da região nucleolar no final do estágio difuso. Corpúsculos nucleolares foram observados em alguns dos núcleos em metáfases meióticas de T. pseudomaculata, evidenciando a persistência nucleolar. A técnica de bandamento-C revelou que o cromossomo Y é heterocromático em ambas as espécies. O sequencimento da região ITS-1, indicou que as espécies apresenta... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The triatomines are hematophagous insects of great concern in public health because they are vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, a protozoan that causes Chagas disease. Triatomines are also of great genetic interest, because that they present holocentric chromosomes and an unusual form of meiosis with post-reductional segregation of sex chromosomes. Recent studies based on molecular markers try to understand the evolutionary history of triatomines. To understand the evolution of a given species, ribosomal DNA (rDNA) analyses are frequently used, which can help to infer evolutionary relationships among species. Individual copies of rDNA do not accumulate mutations independently because they belong to multigene families, resulting in slight intraspecific and important interspecific variation. In this study, a comparative analysis was performed between the species Triatoma maculata and Triatoma pseudomaculata, based on the cytogenetic techniques of lacto-acetic orcein, silver ion impregnation, Cbanding, Feulgen reaction; and CMA/DAPI C-banding. We also compared the species by sequencing the ITS-1 rDNA internal transcribed region in order to evaluate the degree of homology among the studied species. The cariograms of the two species revealed ten autosomes and one pair of sexual chromosomes (2n= 22). In the meiotic cycle, nucleolar fragmentation during the final stages of meiotic prophase I was found. Nucleolar corpuscles were found in some meiotic metaphases of T. pseudomaculata, which is evidence of nucleolar persistence. The C-banding technique revealed that the Y chromosome is heterochromatic in both species. The ITS-1 rDNA sequences showed that the species presented a discharge proximity to each other, and had a high degree of homology (98.5%). The knowledge obtained in this study contributes to the understanding of the interrelation and distribution of those species, and offers... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Orientador: Maria Tercília Vilela de Azeredo Oliveira
Coorientador: Lilian Castiglioni
Banca: João Aristeu da Rosa
Banca: Carlos Roberto Ceron
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SANTOS, Tiago Ribeiro Barros dos. "Os cromossomos holocêntricos de rhynchospora vahl (cyperaceae): Evolução cariotípica e diversidade de sequências satélites." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/17678.

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Cromossomos holocêntricos apresentam atividade cinetocórica difusa e essa organização favorece, em teoria, rápidas variações cromossômicas numéricas e o acúmulo de DNA satélite (DNAsat) predominantemente nas regiões terminais dos cromossomos. O gênero de plantas Rhynchospora (Cyperaceae), um dos diversos grupos com esse tipo cromossômico, apresenta espécies com cariótipos entre 2n = 4 e 2n = 58, cuja variação é atribuída à poliploidia e a eventos de quebra/fusão, levando a disploidias. Quanto à distribuição de DNAsat, o único relato até o momento revelou uma baixa proporção dessas sequências, com o único repeat identificado (Tyba) associado aos holocentrômeros. Com o intuito de entender como a estrutura centromérica difusa interfere na organização de sequências ao longo do cromossomo e na evolução do cariótipo como um todo, foram realizadas uma análise de reconstrução dos números cromossômicos ancestrais de Rhynchospora em um contexto filogenético e a caracterização de DNAsats em três espécies do gênero. O complemento cromossômico 2n = 10 foi indicado como o mais provável para o ancestral do gênero, tendo sido mantido em diferentes taxa. A maioria dos clados mostrou números estáveis e a homoplasia de cariótipos foi observada em uma frequência relativamente baixa. Os genomas de R. ciliata/R. globosa e R. tenuis apresentaram duas e uma família(s) de DNAsat, respectivamente, com um padrão de condensação típico (blocos condensados em intérfase). Uma localização preferencial nos terminais cromossômicos foi observada apenas para os DNAsat de R. globosa. Três tipos de cromatina foram revelados pela distribuição dessas sequências: (1) associadas à heterocromatina e presente na forma de cromocentros em intérfase e blocos nos cromossomos metafásicos (R. ciliata e R. globosa); (2) compactados em interfase mas parcialmente descondensados em metáfase e não diretamente associados à heterocromatina (R. ciliata e R. tenuis); ou (3) associados aos holocentrômeros (R. ciliata e R. tenuis). De forma geral em Rhynchospora, os eventos de fusão e fissão parecem atuar localmente no remodelamento dos cariótipos e as sequências satélites não mostram uma tendência única de distribuição. A estrutura centromérica difusa, portanto, não determina em larga escala a dinâmica evolutiva dos cromossomos do gênero.
Holocentric chromosomes show diffuse kinetochore activity, what would lead to fast evolution of chromosome numbers and a biased distribution of satellite repeats. The plant genus Rhynchospora (Cyperaceae) possesses holocentric chromosomes and shows a large chromosome number variation (2n = 4 to 2n = 58) attributed to polyploidy and frequent fusion/fission events, leading to dysploidy. Regarding satellite repeats (satDNA), the only investigated species showed a low proportion of these sequences, with the single family identified associated to the holocentromeres. In the present work, aiming to better understand how the diffuse centromere organisation could interfere with the distribution of satellite repeats along the chromosomes and with the karyotype evolution as a whole, we combined a reconstruction of Rhynchospora chromosome numbers in a phylogenetic framework and the characterisation of satellite repeats in three selected species. The karyotype with 2n = 10 was suggested as the ancestral state and was maintained in different lineages. Most of the clades showed stable chromosome number and recurrent karyotypes changes (leading to homoplasies) were detected in low frequency. All Rhynchospora species analysed (R. ciliata, R. globosa and R. tenuis) showed a higher diversity of satellite repeats than R. pubera, with most of the repeats showing a typical condensation profile (clustered in interphase). A preferential terminal location on chromosomes was only observed for R. globosa satDNAs. These sequences, however, might represent different chromatin types, organized in distinct ways: (1) associated to the heterochromatin and clustered in interphase and metaphase (identified in R. ciliata and R. globosa only); (2) clustered in interphase but partially decondensed in metaphase and not associated to heterochromatin domains (R. ciliata e R. tenuis); (3) associated to the holocentromeres (R. ciliata e R. tenuis). Taken together, at least for Rhynchospora, fusion/fission events may not act in a broader way in the reshuffling of karyotypes and satellite repeats distribution do not appeared to be biased towards the chromosome termini. A non-localized centromere, therefore, must not constrain, in a large scale, the chromosome evolution of the genus.
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14

Dornburg, Alex. "Night of the Holocentrids| A Phylogenetic Perspective on the Evolutionary History of an Enigmatic Clade of Nocturnal Reef Fishes." Thesis, Yale University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3580668.

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The integration of advances in computing technology with major innovations in sequence data collection and phylogenetic inference has revolutionized evolutionary biology in the 21st century. In particular, the continual development of both theory and software that allow for more flexibility in utilizing molecular clock methods has radically transformed our understanding of the mode and tempo of diversification across the Tree of Life. Over the course of five chapters, this dissertation explores methodological challenges to phylogenetic inference with the aim of better understanding the evolutionary history of the Holocentridae (squirrelfishes and soldierfishes).

Chapter 1 begins by focusing on the problem of accommodating clade specific rate heterogeneity in molecular clock analyses. While various nucleotide substitution models have been developed to accommodate among lineage rate heterogeneity, recently developed "uncorrelated relaxed clock" and "random local clock" models are predicted to perform better in the presence of lineage specific rate heterogeneity as these models relax assumptions of inheritance of nucleotide substitution rates between descendant lineages. Using simulations and two cetacean (whale and dolphin) datasets as a case study, we demonstrate abrupt changes in rate isolated to one or a few lineages in the phylogeny can mislead rate and age estimation, even when the node of interest is calibrated; and provide suggestions for diagnosing extreme clade specific rate heterogeneity.

Homoplasy is another important, yet often overlooked, source of error in phylogenetic studies. Chapters 2 and 3 utilize phylogenetic informative approaches to screen nucleotide sequence data for homoplasious site patterns. Using phylogenetic informativeness profiles, chapter 2 reconciles two competing hypotheses of ray-finned fish divergence times by highlighting that mitogenomic based Jurassic and Triassic divergence time estimates for most major lineages of spiny-rayed (acanthomorph) fishes were an artifact of tree extension. Evolutionary relationships of early diverging acanthomorph fishes are also contentious, with molecular data supporting either holocentrids or a clade comprised of holocentrids and primarily deep-sea fishes as the sister lineage to the species-rich percomorpha. Chapter 3 reveals this conflict to also be largely driven by homoplasy and reconciles results based on previously published data with a 132 gene next-generation sequence dataset to identify the sister lineage of percomorph and the phylogenetic placement of holocentrid fishes.

Chapter 4 continues to explore holocentrid evolutionary relationships. Using a multi-locus dataset that includes all but one holocentrid genus, this chapter provides the first molecular phylogeny of the group. The systematics of holocentrid fishes has unstable for over 100 years. We demonstrate several of the key synapomorphies for holocentrid genera are in fact homoplasious. Likewise, several genera of holocentrine (squirrelfish) are rendered consistently paraphyletic by a series of maximum-likelihood and Bayesian analyses and we propose taxonomic revisions to reflect shared ancestry.

Chapter 5 further investigates the temporal history of holocentrid evolution. Contemporary holocentrid species richness is concentrated in the Indo-Australian Archipelago (IAA), yet these fishes also represent some of the most numerous fossil taxa in deposits of the Eocene West Tethyan biodiversity hotspot. Using likelihood-based methods integrated with a molecular timetree that incorporates fossils as tip taxa, we reconstruct the history of range evolution for these fishes. Following the collapse of the West Tethys, holocentrids exhibit a signature of increased range fragmentation, becoming isolated between the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific Ocean basins. However, rather than originating within the emerging IAA hotspot, the IAA appears to have acted as a reservoir for holocentrid diversity that originated in adjacent regions over deep evolutionary timescales. By integrating extinct lineages, these results provide a necessary historic perspective on the formation and maintenance of global marine biodiversity.

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15

Ju-Ling, Liu. "C. elegans TLK-1 Affects Holocentric Protein Assembly on Chromosome." 2005. http://www.cetd.com.tw/ec/thesisdetail.aspx?etdun=U0001-2507200518363100.

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16

Liu, Ju-Ling, and 劉如玲. "C. elegans TLK-1 Affects Holocentric Protein Assembly on Chromosome." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/15845664470295728013.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
分子與細胞生物學研究所
93
TLK, tousled-like kinase, is a family of conserved serine/ threonine kinase in multicellular organisms. Previous studies showed that human TLK functions in chromatin assembly at S phase and that Drosophila TLK acts in chromosome condensation at M phase during the cell cycle. Recent studies showed that C.elegans TLK-1 plays an essential role in transcription. We found that tlk-1 (RNAi) mutants arrested at about the 55-cell stage with uneven distribution of small and large nuclei due to aneuploidy. Using GFP to label tubulin and histone, we found that tlk-1 (RNAi) embryos have defects in DNA condensation and segregation during mitosis. We also found that holocentric proteins HCP-1/CENP-F and HCP-3/CENP-A are not properly localized to mitotic DNA in tlk-1 (RNAi) embryos. Furthermore, in the yeast-2 hybrid system TLK-1 interacts with HCP-3 and HCP-4/CENP-C. We propose that TLK-1 controls the proper localization of HCP-3 and HCP-1 to the poleward face of mitotic DNA, likely through direct interaction of TKL-1 with HCP-3 and HCP-4, and thereby functions in chromosome condensation and segregation during mitosis.
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