Journal articles: 'Hollow sections'

1

Gardner, L., and T. M. Chan. "Cross-section classification of elliptical hollow sections." Steel and Composite Structures 7, no. 3 (June 25, 2007): 185–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/scs.2007.7.3.185.

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Hamedon, Zamzuri, Ken Ichiro Mori, and Yohei Abe. "Fatigue Strength of High Strength Steel Sheets Joined by Hemming Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 773-774 (July 2015): 282–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.282.

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It is strongly desirable for the vehicle to improve passenger safety and at the same time to reduce the weight of the vehicles. A hollow section for the body structure of automobiles is studied. A high strength steel sheet is used to make the hollow sections in this studied, which are typically joined by resistance spot welding have insufficient energy absorption because the joins are not continuous. Thus, to overcome this problem, the hollow section is joined using the hemming process. The high strength steel hollow sections joined by hemming and resistance spot welding were then examined by tensile and fatigue tests. The hollow section with hemmed joins showed better performance in both tests. The overlapping joins of the hemmed hollow section have greater strength as compared to the resistance of spot welding joins.

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Hong, Hyemin, Sungwon Kim, and Taek Hee Han. "Section Design of 3MW Wind Turbine Tower Applied by GFRP DSCT Structure." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 20, no. 5 (October 31, 2020): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2020.20.5.175.

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In this study, cross-sections of GFRP DSCT (Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Double-Skinned Composite Tubular) column applicable to a 3 MW wind power tower were designed and performance evaluations of the designed sections were conducted. Forty sections, which satisfied the required axial load and bending moment, were designed according to the corresponding hollow ratio using the AutoDSCT program. Each section was analyzed using the CoWiTA program with consideration of the nonlinearity of the material, concrete confinement effect, and large displacement effect. Consequently, for a section with a diameter of 4.5 m, the requirement was satisfied when the hollow ratio was 70% to 85%, and for the diameters of 4.275 m, 4.05 m, and 3.825 m, sections with hollow ratios between 70% and 82%, 70% and 76%, and only 70%, respectively, satisfied the requirement respectively. Further, modularization was also carried out on the columns for convenience and ease of transport, and the performance of each section was verified by presenting sections of the module for each height.

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Ritchie, Cameron B., Matthew I. Gow, Jeffrey A. Packer, and Amin Heidarpour. "Influence of elevated strain rate on the mechanical properties of hollow structural sections." International Journal of Protective Structures 8, no. 3 (August 7, 2017): 325–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041419617721530.

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As protective design engineering becomes more prevalent, cold-formed steel hollow structural sections are often desired design components. As such, it is necessary to understand the behavior of hollow structural sections subject to air-blast loading, including the material response under elevated strain rates. Dynamic tensile tests have hence been performed on subsize tensile coupons taken from the flats and corners of cold-formed rectangular hollow section members. Dynamic yield stresses were obtained at strain rates from 0.1 to 18 s−1, which encompasses and exceeds the range recorded during far-field blast arena testing. The dynamic increase factor was calculated for each data point and synthesized with previous cold-formed rectangular hollow section tests at even higher strain rates (100–1000 s−1). The data set was used to determine Cowper–Symonds and Johnson–Cook parameters. The resulting material models can now be used to determine the strength increase of cold-formed rectangular hollow sections subject to a wide range of impulsive, elevated strain rate loads.

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Tu'ma, Nasser Hakeem, and Mustafa Raad Aziz. "Flexural Performance of Composite Ultra-High-Performance Concrete-Encased Steel Hollow Beams." Civil Engineering Journal 5, no. 6 (June 23, 2019): 1289–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091332.

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Composite members have been widely used in the construction of medium- and high-rise buildings. The results of the development of a new structural member by experimental investigation of the flexural behavior of hollow composite beams are presented in this paper. This research aims to exploit the properties of composite sections and their strength in developing a new approach for overcoming the problems of service pipes in buildings. A hollow steel section encased fully in concrete is used to form a composite hollow beam. The structural benefit provided by the steel section (composite part) is adopted to increase the stiffness of the member. The hollow part is employed to provide services and economic benefits by reducing the amount of expensive ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) used and decreasing the self-weight of the member. The flexural strength of 11 UHPC beams is tested under two-point loads. The variables in this investigation include the type of hollow core mold material and the size, location, and shape of steel hollow sections in the middle and tension zones of the cross-section. Experimental results are compared and discussed. The tested results show that the flexural capacity and stiffness of the UHPC-encased steel hollow beams are 109% and 23.5% higher than those solid beams, respectively.

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Broniewicz, Miroslaw, and Filip Broniewicz. "Welds Assessment in K-Type Joints of Hollow Section Trusses with I or H Section Chords." Buildings 10, no. 3 (March 3, 2020): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings10030043.

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The use of hollow section structures has received considerable attention in recent years. Since the first publication of CIDECT (International Committee for the Development and Study of Tubular Structures), additional research results became available, especially concerning the design of welds between members of trusses joints. To assess the capacity of welded joints of trusses between braces made of hollow sections and I-beam chords, the effective lengths of the welds should be estimated and their location around the braces and the forces acting on individual weld’s sections. The objective of this paper is to present the most up-to-date information to designers, teachers, and researchers according to the design of welds for certain K and N overlapped joints between rectangular hollow section (RHS) braces and I- or H-section chord.

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Zhou, Feng, and Ben Young. "Compressive strengths of concrete-filled double-skin (circular hollow section outer and square hollow section inner) aluminium tubular sections." Advances in Structural Engineering 22, no. 11 (April 22, 2019): 2418–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433219842381.

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Experimental and numerical investigations of concrete-filled double-skin aluminium stub column with a circular hollow section as the outer skin and a square hollow section as the inner skin are presented in this article. A test program was carried out to study the influences of aluminium tube geometric dimensions and concrete strength on structural performance and strength of composite columns. A series of composite columns was tested on outer circular hollow section tubes and inner square hollow section tubes; the spaces between them had been filled with concrete of different nominal cylinder strengths of 40, 70 and 100 MPa. The tubes were fabricated by extrusion using 6061T6 heat-treated aluminium alloy having a nominal 0.2% proof stress of 240 MPa. A non-linear finite element model was developed and verified against experimental results. The test and numerical results were compared with the design strengths to evaluate the applicability of the design rules in the American specifications for aluminium and concrete structures. In addition, the proposed design equations, developed by the authors for concrete-filled double-skin aluminium tubular stub columns with circular hollow section as both outer and inner skins, were used to calculate the design strengths and compared with the experimental and numerical results obtained in this study. The proposed design equations also predicted the ultimate strengths of the concrete-filled double-skin aluminium tubular stub columns accurately with circular hollow section as the outer skin and square hollow section as the inner skin.

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Ummenhofer, Thomas. "Structural hollow sections - recent developments." Steel Construction 7, no. 2 (May 2014): 63–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stco.201490015.

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Queiroz Junior, F. O., and B. Horowitz. "Shear strength of hollow circular sections." Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais 9, no. 2 (April 2016): 214–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1983-41952016000200004.

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ABSTRACT The number of buildings higher than 30 floors has shown remarkable growth; many of them are supported on foundations of hollow circular piles. This increasing of height of constructions causes an increment of the shear stresses that are transmitted to their foundations, however these elements are more shear critical due to the hollow core. Most of the existing codes are based on shear models for rectangular sections, and guidelines for assessment of shear strength of members with hollow circular cross sections are practically non-existent. This study evaluates, on a comparative basis, the shear strength of elements with hollow circular cross sections, obtained from experimental tests, with values computed using the Canadian Code (CSA A23.3) and using a proposed simple procedure based on the Brazilian standard (NBR 6118).

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WU, C., X. L. ZHAO, W. H. DUAN, and P. PHIPAT. "IMPROVED END BEARING CAPACITIES OF SHARP-CORNER ALUMINUM TUBULAR SECTIONS WITH CFRP STRENGTHENING." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 12, no. 01 (January 2012): 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455412004616.

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Web crippling is the major failure mode of thin-walled members when they are subjected to concentrated loading. Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) is found to be promising for strengthening metallic structural members. This paper reports improved web-crippling capacity of sharp-corner aluminum tubular sections: rectangular hollow section (RHS) and square hollow section (SHS), by attaching CFRP to their webs. Twenty four specimens were tested with four CFRP strengthening configurations applied on each of six different aluminum RHS and SHS sections. Significant increase in load-carrying capacity was obtained. Further comparison is made between CFRP strengthened aluminum tubular sections and cold-formed steel counterparts in respect of strengthening efficiency. Underlying mechanism of different failure modes and strengthening efficiencies of various strengthening configurations are discussed with the assistance of FEM simulation.

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Kwon, In Kyu, Heung Youl Kim, and Hyung Jun Kim. "Experimental Study on Limiting Temperatures of Circular Hollow Sections." Advanced Materials Research 472-475 (February 2012): 1206–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.472-475.1206.

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Fire resistance is required to sustain the structural stability when building elements are exposed to a severe fire condition. To evaluate the fire resistance of structural members such as columns and beams, fire engineers can apply either prescriptive methods or performance-based fire design. These two kinds of fire resistance evaluation methods have been developed independently and performance fire design consists mainly of an advanced and simple methods. The simple method stipulated in New Zealand and the U.K. use the limiting temperature. The values of the limiting temperatures of structural steel members were shown in the BS, SNZ, etc but the temperatures of individuals were not classified. In general steel columns were made of H-section but recently the hollow section is inclined to increase for its higher resistant of structural stabilities than any other sections. But the hollow section shows different pattern when it carry out the loads in the cold and is expected to show different behavior when it is exposed to fire. Therefore the limiting temperature of the hollow section is required for evaluation of fire resistance. The paper is to make the limiting temperature of the circular hollow section (CHS) with or without filling of concrete and variance of applied loads.

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12

Chen, T., and Y. J. Kung. "A Closed Contour With No Warping: A Common Feature in all Confocally Elliptical Hollow Sections." Journal of Applied Mechanics 69, no. 6 (October 31, 2002): 859–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1504095.

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We show that for a confocally elliptical hollow section under Saint-Venant’s torsion, there always exists a confocally elliptical closed contour inside the section that exhibits no warping. This property is generally true without any regard to the thickness or the aspect ratio of the hollow section, as long as the inner and the outer ellipses are confocal. This property allows us to apply Packham and Shail’s (Packham, B. A, and Shail, R., 1978, “St. Venant Torsion of Composite Cylinders,” J. Elast., 8, pp. 393–407) superposition method for the torsion solutions of a two-phase elliptical hollow section. Previously, this superposition method is only applicable to symmetric compound sections with respect to a straight line or a circular arc.

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13

Abedin, Mohammad, Nafiseh Kiani, Esmail Shahrokhinasab, and Sohrab Mokhtari. "Net Section Fracture Assessment of Welded Rectangular Hollow Structural Sections." Civil Engineering Journal 6, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 1243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2020-03091544.

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Rectangular Hollow Sections (RHS) because of their high resistance to tension, as well as compression, are commonly used as a bracing member with slotted gusset plate connections in steel structures. Since in this type of connection only part of the section contributes in transferring the tensile load to the gusset plate, shear lag failure may occur in the connection. The AISC specification decreases the effective section net area by a factor to consider the effect of shear lag for a limited connection configuration. This study investigates the effective parameters on the shear lag phenomenon for rectangular hollow section members connected at corners using a single concentric gusset plate. The results of the numerical analysis show that the connection length and connection eccentricity are the only effective parameters in the shear lag, and the effect of gusset plate thickness is negligible because of the symmetric connection. The ultimate tensile capacity of the suggested connection in this study were compared to the typical RHS connection presented in the AISC and the similar double angle sections connected at both legs. The comparison indicates that tensile performance of the suggested connection in this study because of its lower connection eccentricity is much higher than the typical slotted connection and double angle connections. Therefore, a new equation is suggested based on the finite element analyses to modify the AISC equation for these connections.

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14

Han, Cong, Shi Jian Yuan, and L. N. Sun. "Reduction of Friction and Calibration Pressure by Section Preform during Hydroforming of Tubular Automotive Structural Components." Advanced Materials Research 44-46 (June 2008): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.44-46.143.

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In the past decade, hydroformed structural components have been widely used in industrial areas in North American and Europe and there is a large potential market in Asia with the development of automotive industry. An extraordinary feature of tube hydroforming is that a hollow component with a three dimension axis and variable closed-sections can be integrally formed, so that the number of component parts is minimized, weight is reduced and stiffness of the part is increased. The section shapes in many automotive hollow components are complex and it is usually difficult or impossible to hydroform these typical sections directly from circular section tube, so that satisfactory preforms are necessary. In this paper, a method to reduce the friction and calibration pressure through a petal-like cross-section shape preform is presented and its mechanism is analyzed. Preforms for rectangular, trapezoidal and polygonal sections used in hollow components are investigated and satisfactory preforms are obtained. Taking an engine cradle as example, satisfactory preform section shapes have been designed, by which the thickness distribution was controlled and the flash generated from the die-parting surface in the final forming was avoided. So a carefully selected preform process can contribute significantly to the reduction of friction and calibration pressure and it is a dominant factor for successful hydroforming.

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15

Mayor, Iara Souto, Gabriel Vieira Nunes, Arlene M. S. Freitas, João A. V. Requena, and Afonso H. Araújo. "Theoretical and experimental analysis of RHS/CHS K gap joints." Rem: Revista Escola de Minas 66, no. 3 (September 2013): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0370-44672013000300005.

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This work presents a study of welded K joints with gap, formed by a structural steel hot rolled hollow section, having rectangular hollow sections at the chords and circular hollow sections in the others members. The study developed theoretical and numerical analyses for the joints, experimental tests in full scale prototypes. Theoretical analyses were performed using code standards for K joints. The results in terms of behavior, ultimate load and collapse mode were analyzed and compared with numerical (finite elements) and theoretical models. The theoretical analysis was carried out from the code regulations. The joints tested indicated the failure mode of Plastic failure of the chord face (mode A). The results showed that the loads using code regulations and the ones from the numerical analysis had good agreement for the K joint.

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Murad, Nurul ‘Adilah Anati, Norashidah Abd Rahman, Ahmad Hazim Ahmad Firdaus, and Siti Amirah Azra Khairuddin. "Strength of Modified Foam Concrete-Filled Hollow Section Using Fly Ash as Sand Replacement." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1200, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1200/1/012016.

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Abstract Hollow sections for columns, beams and trusses have been used in the steel construction industry for a decade. Concrete-filled hollow section (CFHS) has been widely used due to its aesthetic efficiency and to improve the load-carrying capacity. However, the use of normal concrete as infilled in steel hollow section has increased the dead load of structures. A modified foam concrete filled hollow section using fly ash as sand replacement (FCFHS-FA) is proposed to reduce the structure’s dead weight. This study aims to determine the strength performance of FCFHS-FA structure by using two types of steel hollow section thickness and compare the strength between FCFHS and FCFHS-FA. Steel, preformed foam, and fly ash were used to increase the strength. Nine specimens were prepared and a compression test was conducted. The strength index was calculated to compare the strength of FCFHS with FCFHS-FA. Result shows that FCFHS-FA has a similar strength index compared with FCFHS.

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Kong, Sih Ying, Leong Sing Wong, Suvash Chandra Paul, and Md Jihad Miah. "Shear Response of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) Built-Up Hollow and Lightweight Concrete Filled Beams: An Experimental and Numerical Study." Polymers 12, no. 10 (October 2, 2020): 2270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12102270.

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This paper investigated the static behaviour of glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) built-up hollow and concrete filled built-up beams tested under four-point bending with a span-to-depth ratio of 1.67, therefore focusing their shear performance. Two parameters considered for hollow sections were longitudinal web stiffener and strengthening at the web–flange junction. The experimental results indicated that the GFRP hollow beams failed by web crushing at supports; therefore, the longitudinal web stiffener has an insignificant effect on improving the maximum load. Strengthening web–flange junctions using rectangular hollow sections increased the maximum load by 47%. Concrete infill could effectively prevent the web crushing, and it demonstrated the highest load increment of 162%. The concrete filled GFRP composite beam failed by diagonal tension in the lightweight concrete core. The finite element models adopting Hashin damage criteria yielded are in good agreement with the experimental results in terms of maximum load and failure mode. Based on the numerical study, the longitudinal web stiffener could prevent the web buckling of the slender GFRP beam and improved the maximum load by 136%. The maximum load may be further improved by increasing the thickness of the GFRP section and the size of rectangular hollow sections used for strengthening. It was found that the bond–slip at the concrete–GFRP interface affected the shear resistance of concrete–GFRP composite beam.

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Lu, Yue Qing, and D. J. Laurie Kennedy. "The flexural behaviour of concrete-filled hollow structural sections." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 21, no. 1 (February 1, 1994): 111–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l94-011.

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In Standard CAN/CSA S16.1-M89, the contribution of the concrete to the flexural capacity of concrete-filled hollow structural sections is acknowledged as an alternative approach, but no method of assessing it is given. Preliminary studies had indicated that the concrete increased the ultimate moment capacity, the initial flexural stiffness, and the ductility, and delayed local buckling of the steel, thus enhancing the behaviour considerably. A series of four flexural tests on rectangular and square cold-formed hollow structural steel sections and twelve on concrete-filled sections were undertaken to assess the general behaviour of these composite sections. The test specimens were selected to examine the effects of different ratios of depth to width and therefore of the proportions of steel and concrete in compression, and of different values of shear span to depth as related to the transfer of forces from one to the other when no direct means is provided for this transfer. The tests showed that the ultimate flexural strength of the concrete-filled sections is increased by about 10–30% over that of the bare steel sections, depending on the relative proportions of steel and concrete. The stiffness is also enhanced. In all cases, slip between the steel and concrete was not detrimental, even though shear-span-to-depth ratios as low as 1 were tested. Models are developed to predict the flexural strength of the composite section. Fully plastic stress blocks with the concrete at its maximum strength are used. The models are in excellent agreement with the test results. Key words: composite beams, concrete-filled, flexural behaviour, hollow structural sections.

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Gardner, L., T. M. Chan, and M. A. Wadee. "Shear response of elliptical hollow sections." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings 161, no. 6 (December 2008): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/stbu.2008.161.6.301.

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Dawe, John L., Adel A. Elgabty, and Gilbert Y. Grondin. "Local Buckling of Hollow Structural Sections." Journal of Structural Engineering 111, no. 5 (May 1985): 1101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1985)111:5(1101).

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21

Ridley-Ellis, D. J., J. S. Owen, and G. Davies. "Torsional behaviour of rectangular hollow sections." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 59, no. 5 (May 2003): 641–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0143-974x(02)00060-3.

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22

Packer, Jeffrey A. "Moment connections between rectangular hollow sections." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 25, no. 1-2 (January 1993): 63–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-974x(93)90052-t.

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23

Tousignant, Kyle, and Jeffrey A. Packer. "Fillet welds around circular hollow sections." Welding in the World 63, no. 2 (December 12, 2018): 421–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40194-018-00679-9.

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24

Liu, Dajin. "Torsional Stiffness of Multicell Hollow Sections." Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction 6, no. 2 (May 2001): 70–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1084-0680(2001)6:2(70).

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25

Ahmed, Shameem, Mahmud Ashraf, and Mohammad Anwar-Us-Saadat. "Buckling Behaviour of Stainless Steel Square Hollow Sections." Applied Mechanics and Materials 853 (September 2016): 301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.853.301.

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Structural stainless steel design guidelines should appropriately recognise its characteristic beneficial properties such as material nonlinearity and significant strain hardening. The Continuous Strength Method (CSM) exploits those through a strain based approach for both stocky and slender cross-sections. In this paper, a new design method is proposed that combines the CSM with Perry type buckling curves. Numerical models were developed to investigate effects of various parameters on column strength and to develop full column curves. It was observed that material nonlinearity significantly influence column strengths, and hence, different column curves were developed for a total of 20 material property combinations by calibrating imperfection factor and limiting slenderness ratio for each set. Proposed method includes the strain hardening benefits for stocky section, and abolished the necessity of calculating effective cross-sectional properties for slender sections. Performance of the proposed technique is compared against those obtained by the Eurocode EN1993-1-4.

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KALA, Zdeněk, Jan VALEŠ, and Jeppe JÖNSSON. "RANDOM FIELDS OF INITIAL OUT OF STRAIGHTNESS LEADING TO COLUMN BUCKLING." Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 23, no. 7 (July 13, 2017): 902–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2017.1341957.

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The elastic load-carrying capacity and buckling trajectory of steel columns under compression with open and hollow cross-sections, whose axis is curved by spatial random fields, are studied in the article. As a result of the spatial curvature of the axis the cross-sections are subjected to compression, bending and torsion from the onset of loading. Numerical simulations are performed using the geometrically non-linear model created using the ANSYS software package. Each simulation run has input random realizations of yield strength and the random field generated using the Latin Hypercube Sampling method. In the plane perpendicular to a perfectly straight column axis, the random observations of deformation trajectories of a node in the middle of the column height are studied. The increasing compression load moves the node along the curve path (open sections) or along the linear path (hollow sections). Large discrepancies in the deformation trajectories of open sections (curvilinear paths) and hollow sections (linear paths) were observed from the comparison of simulation runs. The average and design load-carrying capacities of compressed columns with open cross-sections are lower in comparison to columns with hollow cross-sections due to the lower efficiency of open cross-sections in torsion.

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Bambach, M. R., H. Jama, X. L. Zhao, and R. H. Grzebieta. "Hollow and concrete filled steel hollow sections under transverse impact loads." Engineering Structures 30, no. 10 (October 2008): 2859–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2008.04.003.

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Siswanto, Waluyo Adi, Badrul Omar, and Shamsir Shukri. "Numerical Investigation of Hollow Metal Cross Section Profiles on Impact." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 3241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.3241.

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A front bumper of a car is attached to the main vehicle structure by using hollow metals. This paper investigates various cross section profiles that can be used as bumper attachments. Several cross section profiles with the same circumscribe are firstly selected, i.e. round, square, triangular and hexagonal shape cross sections. Each model is then numerically impacted in an axial mode as if it is crashed into a rigid wall with an impacting velocity of 10 m/s or equivalent to 36 m/s. A dynamic-explicit open source software Impact is employed to do the simulation. The displacement results are monitored in the first 1:8ms then compared to the models that can absorb better showing the less displaced in certain examination nodes. The results shows that the triangle cross section performs better compared to other cross sections.

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Packer, J. A., and J. Wardenier. "Stress concentration factors for non-90° X-connections made of square hollow sections." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 25, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 370–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l97-085.

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A number of fatigue experiments and stress concentration factor measurements on non-90°, square hollow section X-connections have been carried out. Comparison of the measured stress concentration factors with those derived from existing parametric formulae for 90° T- and X-connections showed a strong influence of the brace angle. A tentative extension of the range of validity of the parametric formulae for 90° T- and X-connections for other brace angles has been derived.Key words: steel structures, connections, fatigue, hollow structural sections, hot spot stress, stress concentration factors.

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Chen, Man-Tai, and Ben Young. "Cross-sectional behavior of cold-formed steel semi-oval hollow sections." Engineering Structures 177 (December 2018): 318–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.08.057.

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Key, Peter W., Syed Waqar Hasan, and Gregory J. Hancock. "Column Behavior of Cold‐Formed Hollow Sections." Journal of Structural Engineering 114, no. 2 (February 1988): 390–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1988)114:2(390).

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32

Nowzartash, Farhood, and Magdi Mohareb. "Plastic interaction relations for elliptical hollow sections." Thin-Walled Structures 47, no. 6-7 (June 2009): 681–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2008.11.010.

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33

Picard, A., and D. Beaulieu. "Resistance of concrete-filled hollow structural sections." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 24, no. 5 (October 1, 1997): 785–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l97-027.

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Puthli, Ram, and Jeffrey A. Packer. "Structural design using cold-formed hollow sections." Steel Construction 6, no. 2 (May 2013): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stco.201310013.

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Samimi, Razieh, and Seyed Rasoul Mirghaderi. "Buckling Behavior of Through-Plates under Gravity Loads." Applied Mechanics and Materials 105-107 (September 2011): 2183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.105-107.2183.

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Due to the development in the construction and building industry in recent years, numerous methods for safer, easier and more economical design of structures have been studied.Because of the high bi-axial bending capacity and high compressive strength of hollow structural sections, these sections are considered as a popular alternative by designers. Supporting the panel zone demands in the columns and occurring the moment hinge at the ends of beam are too available in column with hollow section. One of the major problems in the way of using these sections is lack of appropriate load path to connect beams to them, which ends up using through-plates. Through-plates are plates that pass through column and beams connect to them at their webs. Consequently these plates should have sufficient stiffness in order to provide enough strength. This paper proceeds to study the buckling behavior of through-plates in moment beam to column connections under gravity loads.

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Korol, R. M. "Shear lag in slotted HSS tension members." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 23, no. 6 (December 1, 1996): 1350–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l96-943.

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A research program was undertaken to study the shear-lag phenomenon for slotted hollow structural section (HSS) tension members having gusset plates welded at the ends, a commonly employed detail in braced frame construction. The purpose of this study was to establish whether the shear-lag reduction factor indeed involves only the weld length to weld distance ratio, or if other parameters also influence connection strength and behaviour. Key words: shear lag, slotted members, reduction factor, design, experiments, hollow structural sections.

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Dawe, J. L., and S. J. Guravich. "Branch plate to reinforced HSS connections in tension and compression." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 20, no. 4 (August 1, 1993): 631–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l93-080.

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The tension and compression zones of moment plate connections were studied separately by testing branch plate and hollow structural section connections under each type of loading. Square hollow section flanges were reinforced by doubler plates fillet-welded all around. The results from 13 specimens tested in tension indicate that branch plate to reinforcing plate width ratio is an important parameter in joint behaviour. The dominant failure mode was punching shear of the reinforcing plate. The importance of reinforcing plate and HSS wall thicknesses was apparent from the results of 13 specimens tested in the compression series. The capacities of specimens in all but one test in this series were limited by failure of the HSS webs. Key words: hollow structural sections, W-shape, columns, beams, connections, experimental, design, steel.

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Liaghat, F., MR Hematiyan, and A. Khosravifard. "Material tailoring in functionally graded rods under torsion." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 228, no. 18 (March 31, 2014): 3283–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406214529557.

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Material tailoring in functionally graded isotropic hollow rods of arbitrary cross section under torsion is studied. The purposes of material tailoring pursued in this paper are divided into two categories. In the first category, we find the variation of the volume fractions of constituents of a functionally graded member under torsion to obtain an appropriate distribution of shear stress over the cross section. In the second category, the torsional rigidity of a rod with a pre-defined mass is maximized by appropriate determination of the variation of constituents of the functionally graded material. Hollow rods are studied in this paper since they have higher torsional rigidity compared to solid members with the same mass. Meshless numerical methods are used for torsional analysis of the cross sections. Moreover, numerical optimization methods are used for material tailoring of the rods. Several examples with different cross sections are presented to investigate the usefulness of the proposed technique on achieving the mentioned purposes.

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Pavlovic, Marko, and Milan Veljkovic. "Compact cross-sections of mild and high-strength steel hollow-section beams." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings 170, no. 11 (November 2017): 825–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jstbu.16.00124.

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Haque, Tarana, and Jeffrey A. Packer. "Elliptical hollow section T and X connections." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 39, no. 8 (August 2012): 925–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l2012-081.

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Elliptical hollow sections (EHS) are the newest steel shape to have emerged in the construction industry. They have been incorporated in a variety of structures around the world, including Canada, without structural design guidelines. To date, EHS are completely absent from Canadian codes and guides. A possible application of EHS is within truss-systems and, as such, a research project has been undertaken to investigate the behaviour of EHS-to-EHS welded connections. Twelve T and X connection tests have been performed to study the effect of connection angle, orientation type, and loading sense. Two methods to predict connection capacities and failure modes are investigated: an equivalent circular hollow section (CHS) approach and an equivalent rectangular hollow section (RHS) approach. The equivalent RHS approach proved to be more successful at capturing the actual failure mode of welded EHS-to-EHS connections and is therefore recommended at this time as a preliminary design method for EHS truss-type connections.

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Muhammad, Naseem Baig, Jian Sheng Fan, and Jian Guo Nie. "Effects of Hollowness on Strength of Double Skinned Concrete Filled Steel Tubular Columns of Different Geometries under Axial Loading." Applied Mechanics and Materials 94-96 (September 2011): 1746–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.94-96.1746.

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Concrete filled tubular columns (CFT) have been used in buildings and bridges since long in history, and research reported in china is since 1970s. It has become popular as structural members due to their excellent structural performance characteristics, which include high strength, stiffness and high ductility. In modern building construction, steel rectangular hollow sections (RHS), square hollow sections (SHS) and circular hollow sections (CHS) are often filled with concrete to form a composite column. Such composite columns are well recognized in view of their high load carrying capacity, fast construction, small cross section, and high fire resistance. Compared to concrete-filled steel tubular (CFT) columns, the DSCFT can reduce its own weight while have a high flexural stiffness. Compared to traditional RC bridge columns and CFT columns it has high bending stiffness, avoids instability under external pressure, is light weight, possesses good damping characteristics due to increase in section modulus. In present study it is found that there is a definite increase in strength. Circular columns had all the properties better than other geometric shapes; strength increase was almost 20 % as compared to square columns. It is expected that if same ratios are maintained at projected scale, there would be a definite increase in strength and behavior of the columns. New concept of hollowness introduced is valid for all geometric shapes in DSCFTs and gives fairly good idea about its limits and effects on strength of columns. The equations given in different design codes give conservative values and hence need to be revised for DSCFTs both for seismic and normal designs.

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Bejan, M. "Hollow Structure." Scientific Bulletin of Naval Academy XIV, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21279/1454-864x-21-i2-011.

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Some present requirements of the mechanical structures are high strength and lightweight. A solution is to adopt the hollow structure design. In mechanical engineering industry are commonly using hollow structural sections, surface – type and even three dimensional hollow parts. The final shape is usually the result of structural optimization in which smallest material quantity fulfil the strength requirements. In this paper the study considers a different distribution of the same mass, more exactly starting with a single whole and “splitting” its surface in smaller and smaller holes each iteration. The intuitive expected result in reducing equivalent stresses considering von Mises criteria was not achieved.

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Soundararajan, Arivalagan, and Kandasamy Shanmugasundaram. "FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR OF CONCRETE‐FILLED STEEL HOLLOW SECTIONS BEAMS." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 14, no. 2 (June 30, 2008): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1392-3730.2008.14.5.

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This paper presents an experimental study of normal mix, fly ash, quarry waste and low strength concrete (brick‐bat lime concrete) contribution to the ultimate moment capacity of square steel hollow sections. Fifteen simply supported beam specimens of 1200‐mm long steel hollow sections filled with normal mix, fly ash, quarry waste and low‐strength concrete and identical dimensions of hollow sections were experimented. Extensive measurements of such material properties, strain and deflection were carried out. Theoretical studies of ultimate moment capacity of a beam specimen were also calculated in this study for comparison's sake. These experimental investigation results showed that normal mix, fly ash, quarry waste and low‐strength concrete enhance the moment carrying capacity of steel hollow sections. Furthermore, in these studies it can be found that normal mix, fly ash and quarry waste concrete can be used in composite construction to increase the flexural capacity of steel hollow sections. Santrauka Pateikiamas normalaus, lakiųjų pelenų, akmenų skaldymo atliekų ir mažo stiprumo (skaldytųjų plytų kalkinio) betonų įtakos kvadratinio skerspjūvio plieninių vamzdžių ribinei lenkiamajai galiai eksperimentinis tyrimas. Išbandyta penkiolika dviatramių sijų bandinių iš 1 200 mm ilgio plieninių tuščiavidurių profiliuočių, pripildytų normalaus, lakiųjų pelenų, akmenų skaldymo atliekų ir mažo stiprumo betonų ir identiškų matmenų tuščiavidurių profiliuočių. Atlikti didelės apimties medžiagų savybių, santykinių deformacijų ir įlinkių matavimai. Lyginant teoriškai apskaičiuota sijų laikomoji galia. Eksperimentinio tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad normalus, lakiųjų pelenų, akmenų skaldymo atliekų ir mažo stiprumo betonai didina plieninių tuščiavidurių profiliuočių lenkiamąją galią. Be to, iš šio tyrimo galima matyti, kad normalus, lakiųjų pelenų ir akmenų skaldymo atliekų betonus galima naudoti kompozitinių konstrukcijų plieninių tuščiavidurių profiliuočių lenkiamajai galiai didinti.

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Kuchta, Krzysztof, and Izabela Tylek. "Rational application of hot finished rectangular hollow sections in steel structures." MATEC Web of Conferences 163 (2018): 07005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816307005.

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Steel hollow sections are manufactured as both welded and seamless elements. The influence of manufacturing technology causes tubes made from the same carbon-manganese steel to differ significantly in terms of their mechanical properties. The cold-formed welded tubes are produced from a steel strip that is roll formed and welded; both technological processes take place at room temperature. This profile type is characterised by less favourable mechanical properties and by much higher inhomogeneity within the cross-section than the seamless tube. However, due to the lower cost of manufacturing, welded tubes are much more often used in building structures than seamless ones. After thermomechanical treatment, the welded tubes, which are referred to as “hot finished”, have almost the same mechanical properties as seamless tubes. However, hot finished sections are more expensive than welded ones; therefore if they are to be applied in the structure in a reasonable way, higher unit cost should translate into an appropriate increase of the load bearing capacity. The aim of the paper is to indicate the application areas of hot finished rectangular hollow sections in which their use is economically justified.

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Meng, Xin, and Leroy Gardner. "Cross-sectional behaviour of cold-formed high strength steel circular hollow sections." Thin-Walled Structures 156 (November 2020): 106822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2020.106822.

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Paulsen, Frode, and Torgeir Welo. "Cross-sectional deformations of rectangular hollow sections in bending: Part I — experiments." International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 43, no. 1 (January 2001): 109–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7403(99)00106-x.

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Shaker, Fattouh M. F., Kyrolos Zarzor, Sameh Gaawan, Ahmed Deifalla, and Mohamed Salem. "Evaluation of Axial Compression Slenderness Limits of High and Ultra-High-Strength Steel Circular Hollow Sections." Buildings 12, no. 8 (July 26, 2022): 1093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081093.

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Despite significant advances in metallurgy and the potential to create high and ultra-high-strength steel, all international specifications for steel design provide little information about the limits of slenderness for high-strength steel sections (HSSs) and don’t provide anything about the design of ultra-high-strength steel sections (UHSSs). The current international steel codes such as AISC 360-16 and EC3 can be applied only to steel grades up to S690 and S460, respectively, according to their limitations. These approaches for normal-strength steel are used for HSSs and UHSSs without extensive studies to determine their accuracy in these cases. Therefore, it is one of the main objectives of this study. The behavior of high and ultra-high-strength steel circular hollow sections under axial compression load is studied in this research. Sixteen nonlinear finite element (FE) models were generated to replicate stub column tests that were experimentally tested by others in previous research. Hence, a parametric study was conducted using forty FE models developed to investigate the local buckling behavior under various slenderness ratios comprehensively. The developed models covered slenderness ratios ranging from 20 to 1226 and steel grades S460 and S1100 with yield stress equal to 460 MPa and 1152 MPa, respectively. The FE results were combined with 105 previously collected experimental results to assess the applicability of existing codified design methodologies in the Euro code and the North American codes of cold-formed circular hollow sections (CHSs). Based on the results of this study, new cross-section slenderness limits and new design equations for more efficient simple designs were presented for circular hollow sections of HSSs and UHSSs and compared with the results of experimental tests and FE models.

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Elchalakani, Mohamed, Minhao Dong, and Ali Karrech. "Interaction Diagram of Rubberised Concrete Filled Circular Hollow Sections." Journal of Civil Engineering and Construction 8, no. 1 (February 15, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.32732/jcec.2019.8.1.1.

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Concrete filled steel tube (CFST) is increasingly used in engineering construction as columns and beams. CFST is known to absorb large amounts of energy as a result of the composite effect. Internationally, there are increasing amounts of waste rubber. In this study recycled rubber is used as aggregate supplement in concrete. Rubberised concrete is known to be more ductile than conventional concrete however has a lower compressive strength. This study investigated the performance of thirty rubberised concrete-filled single-skin steel tubes under combined loading conditions and compared the results against six steel hollow tubular members. Three rubber replacement ratios, 0%, 15% and 30%, three load eccentricities and four tube sections with section slenderness (b/t, width/thickness) of 18 to 36 were examined. The results have shown that the composite section had greatly improved load carrying capacity. The ductile rubberised concrete was more effective in delaying the premature buckling failure of the steel tube compared to the normal concrete. The interaction diagrams were constructed from the experiments and theoretical calculations. It was found that the behaviours of the rubberised concrete filled steel tubes could be accurately predicted using existing design guidelines. This study demonstrated the potential of using rubberised concrete as a cost-effective solution to safe roadside barriers and structural members in buildings located in seismic active zones.

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Elchalakani, Mohamed, Minhao Dong, and Ali Karrech. "Interaction Diagram of Rubberised Concrete Filled Square Hollow Sections." Journal of Civil Engineering and Construction 8, no. 2 (May 15, 2019): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32732/jcec.2019.8.2.55.

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Rubberised concrete utilises waste material, prevents resource extraction and improves concrete ductility, however at the cost of reduced strength and stiffness. The performance of thirty rubberised concrete-filled single-skin steel tubes under combined loading conditions were systematically investigated and comparisons against six steel hollow tubular columns and beams were made. The experimental program consisted of three rubber replacement ratios, 0%, 15% and 30%, three load eccentricities and four tube sections with section slenderness (b/t, width/thickness) of 18 to 50. The results showed that the confined rubberised concrete and the restrained steel tube improved strength and ductility of the composite section. The rubberised concrete was more effective in delaying the premature buckling failure of the steel tube compared to the more brittle normal concrete. The rubberised concrete with 15% rubber replacement ratio showed a good balance of strength and ductility. The interaction diagrams obtained from the experiments and theoretical calculations were constructed and compared. The behaviours of the rubberised concrete filled steel tubes could be accurately predicted using existing design guidelines and safe designs can be produced. This study demonstrated the possibility of using rubberised concrete as a cost-effective solution to problems that require high moment and deformation capacity, such as the roadside barriers and columns in buildings located in seismic active zones.

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Lie, T. T., and D. C. Stringer. "Calculation of the fire resistance of steel hollow structural section columns filled with plain concrete." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 21, no. 3 (June 1, 1994): 382–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l94-041.

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Experimental studies were conducted to determine the fire resistance of circular and square hollow structural section columns filled with plain concrete. Mathematical models were developed and used to investigate the influence of important parameters that determine the fire resistance of these columns. The experimental and parametric studies provide information for the development of formulas for the calculation of the fire resistance of circular and square concentrically loaded columns filled with plain carbonate or siliceous aggregate concrete. Such formulas are suitable for incorporation into building codes. Key words: calculation, fire resistance, columns, concrete-filled, steel, hollow structural sections.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Hollow sections'

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