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Journal articles on the topic 'Hollow forging'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Tomczak, J., Z. Pater, and T. Bulzak. "Forming of Hollow Shaft Forging From Titanium Alloy Ti6Al4V by Means of Rotary Compression." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 419–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0069.

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Abstract This paper presents chosen results of theoretical-experimental works concerning forming of hollow shafts forgings from titanium alloys, which are applied in aviation industry. At the first stage of conducted analysis, the forging forming process was modeled by means of finite element method. Calculations were made using software Simufact Forming. On the basis of performed simulations optimal parameters of rotary compression process were determined. Next, experimental tests of forging forming in laboratory conditions were made. For the research needs, a forging aggregate, designed by the Authors, was used. Conducted research works confirmed the possibility of metal forming (by means of rotary compression) of hollow shafts from hard workable titanium alloys. Numerous advantages of rotary compression process, make it attractive both for low series production (aircraft industry) and for mass production (automotive industry).

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2

Liu, Gui Hua, Zhi Ping Zhong, Yi Bian, and Qian Li. "Numerical Simulation on Precision Forging Process for Spur-Gear with Large Module." Advanced Materials Research 538-541 (June 2012): 927–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.927.

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The whole precision forging process of spur-gear with large module (module: 4) including warm forging, cold extrusion and cold sizing is analyzed. By using finite element method, cold sizing step of spur-gear basing on hollow-divided-flow method is simulated, the influenc of hollow diameter on the forging force and material flow is discussed in detail. Futher research shows that appropriate different tooth reduction is benefit to forming tooth profile without mechaning after forging. According to the research, to form such spur gear with module 4 and breadth 59mm studied in this paper, the hollow diameter should be 18mm and the tooth reduction should be 1.2mm. The necessary reference and basis to realize practical precision forging process of spur gear with large module is provided eventually.

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3

Liu, Min, and Qing Xian Ma. "Modeling and Numerical Simulation Research on Hollow Steel Ingot Forging Process of Heavy Cylinder Forging." Advanced Materials Research 712-715 (June 2013): 627–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.712-715.627.

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Aiming at the disadvantages of low utilization ratio of steel ingot, uneven microstructure properties and long production period in the solid steel ingot forging process of heavy cylinder forgings such as reactor pressure vessel, a new shortened process using hollow steel ingot was proposed. By means of modeling of lead sample and DEFORM-3D numerical simulation, the deformation law and grain refinement behavior for 162 ton hollow steel ingot upsetting at different reduction ratios, pressing speeds and friction factors were investigated, and the formation rule of inner-wall defects in upsetting of hollow steel ingots with different shape factors was further analyzed. Simulation results show that the severest deformation occurs in the shear zone of meridian plane in the upsetting process of hollow steel ingot, and the average grain size in the shear zone is the smallest. As pressing speed increases, the forming load gradually increases and the deformation uniformity gets worse, while the average grain size decreases. An increase in friction factor can increase the peak value of effective strain, but it significantly reduces the deformation uniformity, increases the forming load and goes against grain refinement. Moreover, the four kinds of defects on the inner wall of steel ingot can be eliminated effectively by referring to the plotted defect control curve for hollow steel ingot during high temperature upsetting.

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4

Liu, Hua Min, Lei Wang, and Ming Hua Jin. "Research on Roll-Forging Process Simulation for Thick-Walled Hollow Part." Advanced Materials Research 602-604 (December 2012): 1891–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.1891.

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Based on the rigid-plastic FEM program DEFORM-3D, the forming process of roll-forging for the thick-walled hollow parts has been simulated. The effect reduction on elongation and width-extension has been presented, and the difference between hollow part and solid part has been investigated in elongation and width-extension. This project can provide a reference for guiding the actual roll-forging for thick-walled hollow part.

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5

Yang, Tung Sheng, and Yuan Chuan Hsu. "A Finite Element Analysis for the Forging Process of Hollow Spur Gear." Materials Science Forum 505-507 (January 2006): 733–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.505-507.733.

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The process of precision gear forging has been developed recently because of its advantages of giving high production rates, improved strength and surface finish. For complete filling up, predicting the power requirement is an important feature of the forging process. To analyze the process of incremental forging of hollow spur gear forms from initially ring-type specimens, a series of simulations using the program DEFORM-3D was carried out. The results of current simulation were compared with the experimental data those obtained by forging of hollow spur gear forms. In addition, the influences of the process parameters such as module, number of teeth, the ratio of the inner radius to the outer radius, friction factor and the height of the billet on the forging force is also examined.

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6

Samołyk, Grzegorz. "Orbital Forging of a Ti6Al4V Alloy Jaw Coupling Sleeve." Key Engineering Materials 622-623 (September 2014): 1228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.622-623.1228.

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The paper presents selected results of a numerical investigation of the orbital forging process for producing a hollow part. This part is a jaw coupling sleeve made of titanium alloy, widely used in the agricultural industry. The FEM simulation was performed based on the following assumptions: (i) the orbital forging process is conducted under hot conditions using an industrial press of MCOF type and (ii) the final part is formed from a special hollow preform. The preform shape was selected such to ensure optimal conditions of the orbital forging process. The aim of the investigation was to identify phenomena which occur during the orbital forging process. The results obtained are thoroughly examined and described.

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7

Zen, Sumin. "Research on a new forging technique—Short-hollow-rapid die forging." Journal of Central South University of Technology 4, no. 1 (March 1997): 46–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11771-997-0029-9.

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8

Müller, Karsten, Malte Stonis, Michael Lücke, and Bernd Arno Behrens. "Hydroforging of Thick-Walled Hollow Aluminum Profiles." Key Engineering Materials 504-506 (February 2012): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.504-506.181.

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Lightweight design of cars is one way to reduce fuel consumption and increase the range of cars. This is an important factor to attain the EU limit values for CO2 emissions for vehicles and so to escape penalties for exceeding these limits as of the year 2012. The increasing uses of high-strength steels or of lightweight structures are adequate means to reducing weight. At IPH – Institut für Integrierte Produktion Hannover gGmbH a method to produce hollow profiles made of aluminum was developed. The method combines flashless forging and tube hydroforming. This is called hydroforging. With this method it is possible to produce thick-walled hollow aluminum profiles with undercuts without complex tool kinematics. The forging is supported by an active medium. A tool concept has been developed that uses the drives of a hydraulic press with die cushion. With this tool various component geometries were produced and analysed. To produce the tools interior pressure and the forming pressure liquid tin as incompressible active medium was used. The forming is initiated by an upsetting of the aluminum profiles and supported by the active medium, so that the profile is pushed against the engraving of the dies. The process was designed based on simulations and verified by practical experiments. This paper describes the development of the forging process with active medium and the discussion of the forging experiment results.

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9

Tuncer, C., and T. A. Dean. "Precision forging hollow parts in novel dies." Journal of Mechanical Working Technology 16, no. 1 (February 1988): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3804(88)90138-6.

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10

Chen, Dyi-Cheng, and Jheng-Guang Lin. "STUDY OF HOLLOW STEMMED HIP BONE FORMING." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 41, no. 4 (November 2017): 531–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2017-1037.

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This study investigated hollow stemmed hip forging for enhancing the biocompatibility of Ti-6AL-4V titanium alloys. Instead of using the expensive titanium billet, this study applied DEFORMTM 3D finite element analysis software to simulate and analyze stem forming with respect to different die temperatures, friction factors, punch types, forging velocities, and billet temperatures. On the basis of its shape, a punch can be classified as flat head, ladder shaped, spherical, and conical. These differences affect the effective stress and punch load after stem formation. The experiment parameters were determined using the Taguchi L16 (45) orthogonal table. Both the simulated and experimental results indicated that the error for the size of the bone stem was less than 2%.

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11

Zhu, Fayuan, Zhaohui Wang, and Mi Lv. "Multiobjective Optimization of Precision Forging Process Parameters Based on Response Surface Method." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/893730.

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In order to control the precision forging forming quality and improve the service life of die, a multiobjective optimization method for process parameters design was presented by applying Latin hypercube design method and response surface model approach. Meanwhile the deformation homogeneity and material damage of forging parts were proposed for evaluating the forming quality. The forming load of die was proposed for evaluating the service life of die. Then as a case of study, the radial precision forging for a hollow shaft with variable cross section and wall thickness was carried out. The 3D rigid-plastic finite element (FE) model of the hollow shaft radial precision forging was established. The multiobjective optimization forecast model was established by adopting finite element results and response surface methodology. Nondominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II) was adopted to obtain the Pareto-optimal solutions. A compromise solution was selected from the Pareto solutions by using the mapping method. In the finite element study on the forming quality of forging parts and the service life of dies by multiobjective optimization process parameters, the feasibility of the multiobjective optimization method presented by this work was verified.

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12

Ibhadode, A. O. A. "On a Method for Die Container Design in Completely Closed Die Forging." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 119, no. 3 (August 1, 1997): 438–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2831125.

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Relatively simple design equations are derived for selecting container external diameter in completely closed die forging, using die expansion as a basis. The method imposes a theoretical lower limit on the tolerance than can be specified on the maximum diameter of a forging. The method can be used for axisymmetric shapes such as solid and hollow cylinders, +-, U-, H-, and T-shapes.

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13

Tomczak, J., T. Bulzak, and Z. Pater. "A Method For Producing Hollow Shafts By Rotary Compression Using A Specially Designed Forging Machine." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 1745–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0300.

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Abstract The paper presents a new method for manufacturing hollow shafts, where tubes are used as billet. First, the design of a specially designed forging machine for rotary compression is described. The machine is then numerically tested with regard to its strength, and the effect of elastic strains of the roll system on the quality of produced parts is determined. The machine’s strength is calculated by the finite element method using the NX Nastran program. Technological capabilities of the machine are determined, too. Next, the results of the modeling of the rotary compression process for a hollow stepped shafts by the finite element method are given. The process for manufacturing hollow shafts was modeled using the Simufact.Forming simulation program. The FEM results are then verified experimentally in the designed forging machine for rotary compression. The experimental results confirm that axisymmetric hollow shafts can be produced by the rotary compression method. It is also confirmed that numerical methods are suitable for investigating both machine design and metal forming processes.

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14

Weiß, Alexander, and Mathias Liewald. "Fließpressen hohler Wellen mit Wanddickenvariation/Cold forging of hollow shafts with wall thickness variation – Numerical investigation of a hollow forward extrusion process with adjustable deformation zone." wt Werkstattstechnik online 110, no. 10 (2020): 684–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/1436-4980-2020-10-40.

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Die Fertigung von Hohlwellen mit komplexer Innengeometrie bedingte bisher meist aufwendige Prozessrouten. Ein am Institut für Umformtechnik der Universität Stuttgart entwickeltes Kaltfließpressverfahren soll nun die wirtschaftliche und flexible Fertigung von Hohlwellen mit Wanddickenvariation ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden das Verfahren beschrieben und die Ergebnisse der numerischen Untersuchung des Einflusses der Werkzeugkinematik auf die erzielbare Pressteilgeometrie dargelegt.   Usually, the production of hollow shafts with complex internal geometry by cold forging requires extensive process routes. A novel cold forging process developed at the Institute for Metal Forming Technology at the University of Stuttgart allows for an economical and flexible production of hollow shafts. This article describes the manufacturing process and presents the results of a numerical investigation for determining the influence of tool kinematics on the achievable part geometry.

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15

Kolodkin, M. V., S. I. Zhul’ev, V. S. Dub, A. N. Romashkin, and A. N. Mal’ginov. "Choice of a rational scheme for casting of a forging ingot for producing hollow forgings." Russian Metallurgy (Metally) 2010, no. 6 (June 2010): 544–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036029510060169.

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16

Schmieder, Felix, and Peter Kettner. "Manufacturing of hollow transmission shafts via bulk-metal forging." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 71, no. 1 (November 1997): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-0136(97)00156-8.

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17

Das, P., Goutam Sutradhar, T. Chakraborty, S. Patra, and M. Mitra. "Cold forging of sintered hollow polygonal disks with barreling." Journal of Materials Science 43, no. 9 (May 2008): 3180–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-008-2452-1.

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18

Alexandrov, Sergei, Elena Lyamina, and Yeau-Ren Jeng. "A general kinematically admissible velocity field for axisymmetric forging and its application to hollow disk forging." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 88, no. 9-12 (June 14, 2016): 3113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-016-9018-1.

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19

Winiarski, Grzegorz. "THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF THE FORGING PROCESS FOR PRODUCING HOLLOW BALLS." Advances in Science and Technology – Research Journal 7, no. 18 (June 10, 2013): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/20804075.1051259.

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20

Shamrei, V. A., and S. I. Zhul’ev. "New shape of forging ingot for making hollow forged products." Metallurgist 51, no. 11-12 (November 2007): 617–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11015-007-0112-3.

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21

Chang, Ting Ping, Shyh Chour Huang, Te Fu Huang, and Thanh Phong Dao. "Analysis of Cold Preforming Process for Hollow Fasteners with Thin Flange." Applied Mechanics and Materials 418 (September 2013): 246–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.418.246.

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This paper aims to study and detect the imperfects of the hollow fasteners with thin flange during cold forging process. In this study, the finite element analysis (FEA) based on 3-D DEFORMTM software to investigate the plastic deformation behavior of the hollow fasteners with thin flange. The simulation results showed that there is a folding phenomenon, which is occurring in the forming process. As a result, it revealed that with using FEA, the imperfects of forming hollow fasteners with the thin flange can be correctly predicted. From that, the occurrence of defects can be effectively prevented in the actual fabricating process. Future work will include an investigation into the optimization of the mold geometric parameters during cold pre-forming process for hollow fasteners with thin flange by comparing the simulative and experimental results.

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22

Wälder, Jonas, and Mathias Liewald. "Hollow Lateral Extrusion of Tubular Billets – Further Development of the Cold Forging Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 794 (October 2015): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.794.160.

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Light weight engineering in structural design and use of lighter materials are becoming increasingly important in bulk metal forming. Results gained by a DGF funded project which will be introduced in the following, concerning novel advancements of hollow lateral extrusion. Paper exhibits further development of this process, so cold forged components having undercuts without using a lateral tool plane easily can be manufactured. Thereby, the focus of attention is on the tool design as well as on the analysis of the unmodified forming process. Therefore, experimentally investigations have been carried out, failures on components are analyzed and process limitations of an experimental setup for cold forging of hollow billets at room temperature are illustrated.

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23

Pang, Hao, James Lowrie, and Gracious Ngaile. "Development of a Non-isothermal Forging Process for Hollow Axle Shafts." Procedia Engineering 207 (2017): 454–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.10.804.

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24

Shubina, A. N., and N. A. Babailov. "Modeling the radial forging of hollow ingots in multi-die units." Diagnostics, Resource and Mechanics of materials and structures, no. 4 (August 2017): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17804/2410-9908.2017.4.006-015.

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25

Elkholy, A. H., A. H. Falah, M. A. Majeed, and D. M. Almutairi. "Loading and Deformation Progression during Open Forging of Hollow Cylindrical Blanks." International Journal of Simulation Modelling 8, no. 2 (June 15, 2009): 114–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2507/ijsimm08(2)5.130.

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26

Ma, Yanling, Yi Qin, and Raj Balendra. "Forming of hollow gear-shafts with pressure-assisted injection forging (PAIF)." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 167, no. 2-3 (August 2005): 294–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2005.05.053.

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27

Singh, S., A. K. Jha, and S. Kumar. "Dynamic effects during sinter forging of axi-symmetric hollow disc preforms." International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 47, no. 7-8 (June 2007): 1101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2006.09.023.

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28

Romanenko, V. P., P. P. Stepanov, and S. M. Kriskovich. "Production of Hollow Railroad Axles by Screw Piercing and Radial Forging." Metallurgist 61, no. 9-10 (January 2018): 873–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11015-018-0579-0.

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29

KIM, Soo-Young, and Tomonori IMAHASHI. "Evaluation of Ductile Fracture Criteria in Cold Forging of Hollow Parts." Journal of the Japan Society for Technology of Plasticity 62, no. 722 (2021): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.9773/sosei.62.37.

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30

Matsumoto, Ryo, Hiroshi Utsunomiya, and Shinya Ishigai. "Lubrication in Hot Forging with Pulsed Ram Motion." Key Engineering Materials 767 (April 2018): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.767.149.

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The effect of pulsed (oscillating) ram motion control on lubrication was investigated in hot forging of stainless steel workpiece with oxide glass lubricant. During the retreat in the pulsed ram motion, the workpiece was re-lubricated by flow of lubricant through the gap between the workpiece and the die. A hot spike-type forging test on a servo press with pulsed ram motions was carried out to investigate the lubrication performance of the oxide glass. In the test, the workpiece with a temperature of 1223 K was extruded into the hollow part of the upper die together with oxide glass in a manner that combined pulsed and stepwise ram operations. The re-lubrication of the workpiece with oxide glass was confirmed by the test results showing 5–10% reduction in the forging load and 5% longer length of the backward extruded part of the workpiece under an appropriate pulsed ram motion.

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31

Bagus Muhammad Fauzi, Irza Sukmana, and Yanuar Burhanuddin. "Initial Design of Forging Measuring Instrument for Application of Friction Welding." Journal of Innovation and Technology 1, no. 1 (March 17, 2020): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31629/jit.v1i1.2129.

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Friction welding is a metal joining technique without melting beforehand in which the process is to combine the rotation rate in one of the work materials. In the previous studies, the forging pressure parameters used for friction welding did not have a definite reference to the strength of the joint in friction welding. This project is to make initial design of forging measuring instrument for application of friction welding. The steps include conceptual design, embodiment process, and performance analysis. The conceptual design result includes hollow iron U-shape, telescopic iron, and telescopic iron with screw. The measuring system uses a 500 kg load cell, Arduino Leonardo, HX711amplifier, and data logger. Then, after all components are assembled, the load cell calibration is performed to determine the calibration factor. The next stage is to do pressure test to see the performance of forging measuring instrument of friction welding.

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32

Pantalé, Olivier, and Babacar Gueye. "Influence of the Constitutive Flow Law in FEM Simulation of the Radial Forging Process." Journal of Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/231847.

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Radial forging is a widely used forming process for manufacturing hollow products in transport industry. As the deformation of the workpiece, during the process, is a consequence of a large number of high-speed strokes, the Johnson-Cook constitutive law (taking into account the strain rate) seems to be well adapted for representing the material behavior even if the process is performed under cold conditions. But numerous contributions concerning radial forging analysis, in the literature, are based on a simple elastic-plastic formulation. As far as we know, this assumption has yet not been validated for the radial forging process. Because of the importance of the flow law in the effectiveness of the model, our purpose in this paper is to analyze the influence of the use of an elastic-viscoplastic formulation instead of an elastic-plastic one for modeling the cold radial forging process. In this paper we have selected two different laws for the simulations: the Johnson-Cook and the Ludwik ones, and we have compared the results in terms of forging force, product's thickness, strains, stresses, and CPU time. For the presented study we use an AISI 4140 steel, and we denote a fairly good agreement between the results obtained using both laws.

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33

Behrens, Bernd Arno, Thorsten Matthias, and Mohammad Kazhai. "Numerical and Experimental Investigations on Fold Formation in Forged Parts." Key Engineering Materials 611-612 (May 2014): 212–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.611-612.212.

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On component-side the process limits of bulk metal forming processes are limited by defects in parts, like folds or cracks. Considering the time and cost aspect, the complexity of forged parts and the demands on quality are increasing. Therefore in production processes it is inalienable to detect failures in parts in earlier process stages, to avoid additional costs and loss of time. One of the comparatively less investigated failures in bulk metal forming processes are forging folds, which predominantly occur at the equatorial section in upsetting processes of hollow parts. Some previous studies showed the main influences on the formation of forging folds [1, 2, 3]. In these studies i.a. at the Institute of Forming Technology and Machines an algorithm was developed and implemented in a commercial FE-Software-System, which is able to detect forging folds in bulk metal forming processes. However, the algorithm is only valid for two-dimensional models.

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34

Luis, C. J., D. Salcedo, J. León, I. Puertas, J. P. Fuertes, and R. Luri. "Manufacturing of Nanostructured Rings from Previously ECAE-Processed AA5083 Alloy by Isothermal Forging." Journal of Nanomaterials 2013 (2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/613102.

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The manufacturing of a functional hollow mechanical element or ring of the AA5083 alloy previously equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) processed, which presents a submicrometric microstructure, is dealt with. For this purpose, the design of two isothermal forging dies (preform and final shape) is carried out using the design of experiments (DOE) methodology. Moreover, after manufacturing the dies and carrying out tests so as to achieve real rings, the mechanical properties of these rings are analysed as well as their microstructure. Furthermore, a comparison between the different forged rings is made from ECAE-processed material subjected to different heat treatments, previous to the forging stage. On the other hand, the ring forging process is modelled through the use of finite element simulation in order to improve the die design and to study the force required for the isothermal forging, the damage value, and the strain the material predeformed by ECAE has undergone. With this present research work, it is intended to improve the knowledge about the mechanical properties of nanostructured material and the applicability of this material to industrial processes that allow the manufacturing of functional parts.

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35

Karamyshev, A. P., I. I. Nekrasov, A. I. Pugin, and A. A. Fedulov. "Modelling of the radial forging process of a hollow billet with the mandrel on the lever radial forging machine." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 124 (April 2016): 012054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/124/1/012054.

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36

Lazić, Ladislav, Martina Lovrenić-Jugović, and Željko Grubišić. "ENERGY TRANSFORMATION DURING THE PIERCE PROCESS IN THE PRODUCTION OF SEAMLESS PIPES." Acta Metallurgica Slovaca 22, no. 1 (March 29, 2016): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.12776/ams.v22i1.684.

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<p class="AMSmaintext">In the line for production of seamless pipes the pierce and pilger method, also known as the Mannesmann process, are used for the production of seamless tubes. Following the cross roll piercing operation, the tick-walled hollow shell is rolled out in the same internal energy in the pilgering stand, in which the tick-walled hollow shell is elongated to the finished tube dimensions by the discontinuous forging action of the pilger rolls on a mandrel located inside the hollow shell. On the basis of the measured essential parameters, the formulated mathematical model for energy transformations during the piercing process was validated. The model allows the calculation of temperature increment of the rounds depending on the temperature rounds before piercing and consumed electricity of electric motor for drive of the stand rolls.</p>

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37

Kwon, Yong Chul, Jong Hun Kang, and Sang Sik Kim. "Study on Manufacturing Process of Hollow Main Shaft by Open Die Forging." Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A 40, no. 2 (February 1, 2016): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/ksme-a.2016.40.2.221.

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38

Pang, Hao, and Gracious Ngaile. "Development of a Non-isothermal Forging Process for Hollow Power Transmission Shafts." Procedia Manufacturing 26 (2018): 1509–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2018.07.087.

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39

Moshksar, M. M., and R. Ebrahimi. "An Analytical Approach for Backward-Extrusion Forging of Regular Polygonal Hollow Components." International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 40, no. 12 (December 1998): 1247–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7403(98)00016-2.

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40

Pang, Hao, and Gracious Ngaile. "Development of a non-isothermal forging process for hollow power transmission shafts." Journal of Manufacturing Processes 47 (November 2019): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2019.08.034.

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Missal, N., M. Liewald, D. Deliktas, and H. Venzlaff. "Kaltumformung komplexer innenprofilierter Hohlbauteile*/Cold forging of complex inner-profiled hollow components." wt Werkstattstechnik online 109, no. 10 (2019): 709–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/1436-4980-2019-10-13.

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Der Beitrag präsentiert ein Verfahrens- und Werkzeugkonzept zur Kaltumformung eines Kolbenbolzens mit einem strukturmechanisch optimierten helixförmigen Innenprofil. In der Untersuchung wurde der Umform- und Auswurfprozess numerisch modelliert und anhand der numerischen Ergebnisse ein Versuchswerkzeug entwickelt und aufgebaut. Damit wird der Auswurfprozess beim Einsatz unterschiedlicher Schmierstoffsysteme und Variation der Prozessgeschwindigkeit detailliert untersucht. Die Bewertung der Versuche erfolgt durch die Auswertung der Stempel- sowie Auswurfkräfte, die Analyse der Unterfüllung der Innengeometrie und der Härteverteilung im Bauteil.   This paper presents a process and tool system for the cold forging of a piston pin with a helical inner profile optimized in terms of structure and mechanics. First in this investigation, the forming and ejection process was modelled numerically. Based on the numerical results, a test tool was developed and built. Bassed on this tool, the ejection process was examined in detail using different lubricant systems and varying the process velocity. The tests are verified by evaluating the punch and ejection forces and by analysing the underfilling of the internal geometry and the hardness distribution in the workpiece.

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Mulyukov, Radik R., Ayrat A. Nazarov, and Renat M. Imayev. "Current Status of Research and Development on Superplasticity at the Institute for Metals Superplasticity Problems." Materials Science Forum 735 (December 2012): 403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.735.403.

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Principles of fabrication of ultrafine grained bulk and sheet materials for superplastic deformation by the methods of multiple isothermal forging and warm rolling are formulated. New data on superplastic behaviour of commercial alloys, on diffusion bonding of similar and dissimilar materials, and superplastic forming of titanium alloys are presented. The recent application of the diffusion bonding and superplastic forming technology for the production of hollow blades is demonstrated.

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Mangas, Ángela, Maite Santos, Jose Ignacio Zarazua, and Iñaki Pérez. "Design of Rotary Extrusion Process Using Simulation Techniques to Save Raw Material in Hollow Components." Key Engineering Materials 651-653 (July 2015): 254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.651-653.254.

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The forging process plays an important role in the automotive industry thanks to the good mechanical properties of the forged parts. Nowadays, due to the European policy of increasing efficiency in raw material and energy usage, the metal forming sector is demanding new innovative technologies. In this context, rotary extrusion technology is a very promising metal forming alternative to the drilling techniques after forging processes.The presented work is focused on hollow shafts that are usually manufactured using a combination of forming and metal cutting techniques. Deep drilling is the most common technique to obtain internal holes in the automotive hollow parts, but it is an expensive process in terms of material usage. In this framework, rotary extrusion appears as an alternative technology that leads to the reduction of material usage and process time. The tubular shape is formed with the combination of two forming processes: flow forming and backward extrusion.This paper presents the development of a simulation methodology, the process design for a hollow part, the specifications of the experimental unit, and the manufactured prototypes in order to validate the simulation model. Also the incremental process is improved thanks to a sensitivity study of the rollers geometry. Rotary extrusion experiments are done using a modified flow forming machine and 20% material saving is achieved when obtaining the deep hole in comparison to the current deep drilling technology. The process design and numerical model tasks carried out try to provide the industry manufacturers an alternative technology to drilled parts considering the advantages of rotary extrusion parts.

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Chitkara, N. R., and M. A. Bhutta. "Forging and heading of hollow spur gear forms: an analysis and some experiments." International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 41, no. 10 (October 1999): 1159–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7403(98)00092-7.

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Samołyk, Grzegorz. "NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF A FORGING PROCESS FOR PRODUCING A HOLLOW BALL FROM TUBE." Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal 12, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.12913/22998624/94972.

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Gitschel, Robin, Felix Kolpak, Oliver Hering, and A. Erman Tekkaya. "Increasing the Lightweight Potential of Composite Cold Forging by Utilizing Magnesium and Granular Cores." Metals 11, no. 1 (December 26, 2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11010032.

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In this paper a process sequence, that uses forward rod extrusion with cold forged C15 steel cup billets to produce lightweight shafts, is presented. The steel cup billets feature either a lightweight magnesium alloy core or a granular medium core that is removed after forming to obtain hollow shafts without the need of complex tools and highly loaded mandrels. It is shown that composite shafts featuring magnesium cores can be produced for a wide range of extrusion strains. Due to high hydrostic pressures in forward rod extrusion, the forming limit of magnesium at room temperature can be expanded. The observed bond strength between core and sheath is below the shear yield strength of utilized magnesium AZ31 alloy. Hollow shafts are successfully produced with the presented process route by utilizing zirconium oxide beads or quartz sand as a lost core. As the law of constant volume in metal forming is violated by compressible granular media, a simulation approach using a modified Drucker-Prager yield surface to model these materials is validated to provide a tool for efficient process design. Granular cores and magnesium alloy cores offer new possibilities in production of lightweight shafts by means of composite cold forging. Both process variants allow for higher weight savings than composite shafts based on aluminum cores.

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Tuncer, C., and T. A. Dean. "Surface Stress Measurements using Conical Oblique Pins on a Forging Die Mandrel." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Management and engineering manufacture 201, no. 4 (November 1987): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1987_201_075_02.

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Normal and friction stresses on a die mandrel were measured simultaneously using oblique pins when precision forging three different hollow shapes. The pins were conical to eliminate extrusion of the workpiece into the pin/bore clearance that occurs with previous designs. The variation of normal pressure and the direction of the friction force over the mandrel depends on the stage of die filling when a T-sectioned shape is forged. In general friction stresses approach the yield shear stress of the workpiece when the normal pressure becomes about twice the workpiece yield stress. Up to this value of contact pressure Amonton's friction law is applicable. Experimental results were found to be in good agreement with predicted ones.

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Pater, Zbigniew, Janusz Tomczak, and Tomasz Bulzak. "Innovative Metal Forming Techniques Developed at the Lublin University of Technology." Solid State Phenomena 237 (August 2015): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.237.209.

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This study presents innovative metal forming techniques that have been developed at the Lublin University of Technology in Lublin, Poland, including rotary compression, cross wedge rolling and roll forging. Dozens of Polish patents and several European patents have been granted for inventions based on the use of the above forming techniques. This study gives an overview of applications of these innovative techniques for producing stepped axes and shafts (including hollow and gear shafts) that are made of steel and light metal alloys (aluminium, titanium). It also presents prototype machines for forming metals and metal alloys.

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Kim, H. S., and J. W. Youn. "Development of Cold Forging Process of Hollow-type Wheel Nut Wrench for Commercial Vehicles." Transactions of Materials Processing 21, no. 8 (December 1, 2012): 493–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5228/kstp.2012.21.8.493.

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Baozhong, Wang. "Research on the Near Net Shape Hollow Forging Technology for CAP 1400 Main Pipe." International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications 6, no. 2 (2018): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmea.20180602.11.

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