Dissertations / Theses: 'Holey fibers'

1

Kim, Jeong I. "Analysis and Applications of Microstructure and Holey Optical Fibers." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29089.

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Microstructure and photonic crystal fibers with periodic as well as random refractive-index distributions are investigated. Two cases corresponding to fibers with one-dimensional (1D) radial index distributions and two-dimensional (2D) transverse index distributions are considered. For 1D geometries with an arbitrary number of cladding layers, exact analytical solutions of guided modes are obtained using a matrix approach. In this part, for random index distributions, the average transmission properties are calculated and the influence of glass/air ratio on these properties is assessed. Important transmission properties of the fundamental mode, including normalized propagation constant, chromatic dispersion, field distributions, and effective area, are evaluated. For 2D geometries, the numerical techniques, FDTD (Finite-Difference Time-Domain) method and FDM (Finite Difference Method), are utilized. First, structures with periodic index distributions are examined. The investigation is then extended to microstructure optical fibers with random index distributions. Design of 2D microstructure fibers with random air-hole distributions is undertaken with the aim of achieving single-mode guiding property and small effective area. The former is a unique feature of the holey fiber with periodic air-hole arrangement and the latter is a suitable property for nonlinear fiber devices. Measurements of holey fibers with random air-hole distributions constitute an important experimental task of this research. Using a section of a holey fiber fabricated in the draw tower facility at Virginia Tech, measurements of transmission spectra and fiber attenuation are performed. Also, test results for far-field pattern measurements are presented. Another objective of this dissertation is to explore new applications for holey fibers with random or periodic hole distributions. In the course of measuring the holey fibers, it was noticed that robust temperature-insensitive pressure sensors can be made with these fibers. This offers an opportunity for new low-cost and reliable pressure fiber-optic sensors. Incorporating gratings into holey fibers in conjunction with the possibility of dynamic tuning offers desirable characteristics with potential applications in communications and sensing. Injecting gases or liquids in holey fibers with gratings changes their transmission characteristics. These changes may be exploited in designing tunable optical filters for communication applications or making gas/liquid sensor devices.
Ph. D.

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2

Issa, Nader. "Modes and propagation in microstructured optical fibres." University of Sydney. Physics and Optical Fibre Technology Centre, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/613.

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Microstructured optical fibres (MOFs), also commonly called photonic crystal fibres or holey fibres, describe a type of optical fibre in which continuous channels of (typically) air run their entire length. These `holes' serve to both confine electromagnetic waves within the core of the fibre and to tailor its transmission properties. In order to understand and quantify both of these functions, a new computational algorithm was developed and implemented. It solves for the eigenvalues of Maxwell's wave equations in the two-dimensional waveguide cross-section, with radiating boundary conditions imposed outside the microstructure. This yields the leaky modes supported by the fibre. The boundary conditions are achieved exactly using a novel refinement scheme called the Adjustable Boundary Condition (ABC) method. Two implementations are programmed and their computational efficiencies are compared. Both use an azimuthal Fourier decomposition, but radially, a finite difference scheme is shown to be more efficient than a basis function expansion. The properties of the ABC method are then predicted theoretically using an original approach. It shows that the method is highly efficient, robust, automated and generally applicable to any implementation or to other radiating problems. A theoretical framework for the properties of modes in MOFs is also presented. It includes the use of the Bloch-Floquet theorem to provide a simpler and more efficient way to exploit microstructure symmetry. A new, but brief study of the modal birefringence properties in straight and spun fibres is also included. The theoretical and numerical tools are then applied to the study of polymer MOFs. Three types of fibres are numerically studied, fabricated and characterised. Each is of contemporary interest. Firstly, fabrication of the first MOFs with uniformly oriented elliptical holes is presented. A high degree of hole ellipticity is achieved using a simple technique relying on hole deformation during fibre draw. Both form and stress-optic birefringence are characterized over a broad scaled-wavelength range, which shows excellent agreement with numerical modelling. Secondly, an analysis of leaky modes in real air core MOFs, fabricated specifically for photonic band gap guidance, is then used to identify alternative guiding mechanisms. The supported leaky modes exhibit properties closely matching a simple hollow waveguide, weakly influenced by the surrounding microstructure. The analysis gives a quantitative determination of the wavelength dependent confinement loss of these modes and illustrates a mechanism not photonic band gap in origin by which colouration can be observed in such fibres. Finally, highly multimode MOFs (also called `air-clad' fibres) that have much wider light acceptance angles than conventional fibres are studied. An original and accurate method is presented for determining the numerical aperture of such fibres using leaky modes. The dependence on length, wavelength and various microstructure dimensions are evaluated for the first time for a class of fibres. These results show excellent agreement with published measurements on similar fibres and verify that bridge thicknesses much smaller than the wavelength are required for exceptionally high numerical apertures. The influence of multiple layers of holes on the numerical aperture and capture efficiency are then presented. It shows that a substantial increase in both these parameters can be achieved for some bridge thicknesses. Simple heuristic expressions for these quantities are given, which are based on the physical insight provided by the full numerical models. The work is then supported by the first fabrication attempts of large-core polymer MOFs with thin supporting bridges. These fibres exhibit relatively high numerical apertures and show good agreement with theoretical expectations over a very wide scaled-wavelength range.

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3

Kuhlmey, Boris T. "Theoretical and Numerical Investigation of the Physics of Microstructured Optical Fibres." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/560.

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We describe the theory and implementation of a multipole method for calculating the modes of microstructured optical fibers (MOFs). We develop tools for exploiting results obtained through the multipole method, including a discrete Bloch transform. Using the multipole method, we study in detail the physical nature of solid core MOF modes, and establish a distinction between localized defect modes and extended modes. Defect modes, including the fundamental mode, can undergo a localization transition we identify with the mode's cutoff. We study numerically and theoretically the cutoff of the fundamental and the second mode extensively, and establish a cutoff diagram enabling us to predict with accuracy MOF properties, even for exotic MOF geometries. We study MOF dispersion and loss properties and develop unconventional MOF designs with low losses and ultra-flattened near-zero dispersion on a wide wavelength range. Using the cutoff-diagram we explain properties of these MOF designs.

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Kuhlmey, Boris T. "Theoretical and Numerical Investigation of the Physics of Microstructured Optical Fibres." University of Sydney and Universite Aix-Marseille III. School of Physics, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/560.

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We describe the theory and implementation of a multipole method for calculating the modes of microstructured optical fibers (MOFs). We develop tools for exploiting results obtained through the multipole method, including a discrete Bloch transform. Using the multipole method, we study in detail the physical nature of solid core MOF modes, and establish a distinction between localized defect modes and extended modes. Defect modes, including the fundamental mode, can undergo a localization transition we identify with the mode�s cutoff. We study numerically and theoretically the cutoff of the fundamental and the second mode extensively, and establish a cutoff diagram enabling us to predict with accuracy MOF properties, even for exotic MOF geometries. We study MOF dispersion and loss properties and develop unconventional MOF designs with low losses and ultra-flattened near-zero dispersion on a wide wavelength range. Using the cutoff-diagram we explain properties of these MOF designs.

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5

Kominsky, Daniel. "Development of Random Hole Optical Fiber and Crucible Technique Optical Fibers." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28949.

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This dissertation reports the development of two new categories of optical fibers. These are the Random Hole Optical Fiber (RHOF) and the Crucible Technique Hybrid Fiber (CTF). The RHOF is a new class of microstructure fiber which possesses air holes which vary in diameter and location along the length of the fiber. Unlike all prior microstructure fibers, these RHOF do not have continuous air holes which extend throughout the fiber. The CTF is a method for incorporating glasses with vastly differing thermal properties into a single optical fiber. Each of these two classes of fiber brings a new set of optical characteristics into being. The RHOF exhibit many of the same guidance properties as the previously researched microstructure fibers, such as reduced mode counts in a large area core. CTF fibers show great promise for integrating core materials with extremely high levels of nonlinearity or gain. The initial goal of this work was to combine the two techniques to form a fiber with exceedingly high efficiency of nonlinear interactions. Numerous methods have been endeavored in the attempt to achieve the fabrication of the RHOF. Some of the methods include the use of sol-gel glass, microbubbles, various silica powders, and silica powders with the incorporation of gas producing agents. Through careful balancing of the competing forces of surface tension and internal pressure it has been possible to produce an optical fiber which guides light successfully. The optical loss of these fibers depends strongly on the geometrical arrangement of the air holes. Fibers with a higher number of smaller holes possess a markedly lower attenuation. RHOF also possess, to at least some degree the reduced mode number which has been extensively reported in the past for ordered hole fibers. Remarkably, the RHOF are also inherently pressure sensitive. When force is applied to an RHOF either isotropically, or on an axis perpendicular to the length of the fiber, a wavelength dependent loss is observed. This loss does not come with a corresponding response to temperature, rendering the RHOF highly anomalous in the area of fiber optic sensing techniques. Furthermore an ordered hole fiber was also tested to determine that this was not merely a hitherto undisclosed property of all microstructure fibers. Crucible technique fibers have also been fabricated by constructing an extremely thick walled silica tube, which is sealed at the bottom. A piece of the glass that is desired for the core (such as Lead Indium Phosphate) is inserted into the hole which is in the center of the tube. The preform is then drawn on an fiber draw tower, resulting in a fiber with a core consisting of a material which has a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) or a melting temperature (Tm) which is not commonly compatible with those of silica.
Ph. D.

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6

Chen, Yong. "Hole control in photonic crystal fibres." Thesis, University of Bath, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.616649.

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Photonic crystal fibres (PCFs) are special fibres with air holes which run along the whole fibre length. These holes not only determine the fibres' unique properties, but also provide a new degree of freedom for fibre modications. In this thesis, we focus on hole control in PCFs from two perspectives: during their fabrication and after they have been made. We found for the first time that the direct information of viscosity was not necessary for description of the fibre drawing process. This conclusion matched our experimental results without recourse to any adjustable fitting parameters. By post-processing of PCFs, which modifies the cladding and core structure and shape, we have achieved a series of novel devices for both linear and nonlinear applications. We have demonstrated fibre devices with cores resembling Young's double slits that have good performance in terms of compatibility and intensity enhancement for a specific application in fibre optic spectrometers. The bulk of this thesis reports on higher-order modes and their nonlinear applications. We achieved all-fibre, low loss and broadband mode converters in highly nonlinear PCFs (HNPCFs) which converted the fundamental mode (LP01) to a higher-order mode (LP02), which can then be converted back if necessary. This higher-order mode has been used for supercontinuum (SC) generation and four wave mixing (FWM) at wavelengths unobtainable for the fundamental mode. This is achieved by utilising the profound dispersion properties of the higher-order mode. We also demonstrated another kind of mode conversion: from the fundamental mode to a Bessel-like beam or its Fourier transform version, an annular beam. Three different methods were implemented experimentally to achieve this non-diffractive, self-healing beam.

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7

Belardi, Walter. "Holey optical fibres for high nonlinearity devices." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2003. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/42430/.

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This thesis describes the development of a novel type of optical fibre, namely holey optical fibre (HF), for its specific incorporation in optical devices based on fibre nonlinearity. The development of the fabrication technique to produce such a fibre is discussed, and the fibres produced are characterized and used in device applications, proving the advantages of HF technology in the implementation of highly nonlinear optical devices, as well as showing its limitations. The initial fabrication problems that hindered the production of HFs with a high nonlinearity are identified and several strategies are adopted for its solution, including an experimental study of the HF drawing parameters, the invention of a novel holey fibre fabrication design based on an air clad HF jacket, the introduction of HF preform pressurization by means of a sealing technique and the use of a HF silica jacket. Thus long and robust HFs with a high nonlinearity can be reliably fabricated. In parallel with the development of the HF fabrication technique, the first applications of HF technology to high nonlinearity devices are investigated, ranging from a 2R data regenerator, based on only 3.3 m of a HF, to a Raman amplifier and a Brillouin laser based on long and robust HFs with low confinement losses, high birefringence and high anomalous dispersion at the operating wavelength. The negative impact of anomalous dispersion on the BER performances of a wavelength converter, and the limitations in terms of wavelength tuning range and phase matching of a high dispersion HF, directs our research towards the development of a HF with a relatively low normal dispersion (about −30 ps/nm − km) and an extremely high effective nonlinearity γ = 70 W). 15 meters of this HF were used to provide a demonstration of the first wavelength converter based on FWM, which allows error free-penalty free wavelength conversion of 10 Gbit/s data signals over a 10 nm bandwidth. As shown by these experiments one major issue of our HFs is the high polarization mode dispersion. We suggest a possible route to the solution of this problem, by systematically investigating the feasibility of a spun HF. We first use some hollow tubes to study the effects of preform spinning on the spin pitch, on a central hole and on an off-centre hole. Those preliminary results lead us towards the successful fabrication of the first spun HF, which demonstrates the applicability of the preform spinning technique to HF technology

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8

Alfeeli, Bassam. "Ionizing Radiation Resistance of Random Hole Optical Fiber for Nuclear Instrumentation and Control Applications." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32661.

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Random hole optical fibers (RHOF) offer advantages over other types of microstructured optical fibers (MOFs). They are inexpensive and easy-to-make when compared to the high cost of ordered hole MOFs. They also have unique characteristics since they contain open and closed holes. The open holes contain ambient air under normal conditions and the closed holes contain residual gases from the fabrication process at certain pressure. The objective of this research work was to investigate the radiation resistance of Random Hole Optical Fibers (RHOF) for possible use as both sensing element and data transmission medium in nuclear reactor instrumentation and control applications. This work is motivated by the demand for efficient, cost effective, and safe operation of nuclear power plants, which accounts for more than 14% of the worldâ s electricity production. This work has studied the effect of gamma irradiation on RHOF fibers by comparing their performance to that of standard solid telecommunication fibers and commercially available specialty solid fiber designed to be radiations hardened fiber. The fibers were evaluated at different absorbed dose levels: 12 mGy(Si), 350 mGy(Si), and 7200 Gy(Si) by measuring their radiation induced absorption (RIA) on-line. In the low dose test, the maximum RIA measured in untreated RHOF was approximately 8 dB while the RIA in the untreated MMF fibers reached a maximum at about 28 dB. In the high dose test, the maximum RIA measured in untreated RHOF was 36 dB while RIA in the methanol washed RHOF was only 9 dB. RHOF also demonstrated superior radiation damage recovery time over all of the other fibers tested. Based on the experimental evaluations, it was deduced that RHOFs used in this work are resistant to gamma radiation. and recover from radiation damage at a faster rate compared to other fibers tested. The radiation induced absorption (RIA) at the 1550 nm window in the RHOF fibers could be attributed to the OH absorption band tail. However, the existence of other mechanisms responsible for RIA is also postulated. Some of these mechanisms include bulk and surface defects which are related to the fabrication process and the influence of the gases confined within the RHOF microstructure. Gamma radiation resistance of RHOFs can be attributed to the lack of dopants and also possibly the inherent OH and nitrogen content. The behavior of thermally annealed RHOF and their fast recovery is in favor of this hypothesis.
Master of Science

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9

Baggett, Joanne Claire. "Bending losses in large mode area holey fibres." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2004. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/65504/.

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The aims of the study presented here are to develop methods of accurately predicting bend loss in arbitrary index fibres, to use these techniques to explore the potential offered by holey fibres in the large-mode-area, single-mode regime, and to place their performance in context against conventional step-index fibres. In the study presented here, numerical and experimental techniques have been developed that are capable of accurately evaluating the bending losses, the fundamental mode area and the modedness of holey fibres. Note that these techniques are also applicable to conventional solid fibres, which is essential in order to form accurate comparisons. These techniques are applied here to the problem of understanding the bending losses of large-mode-area holey fibres and are successfully used to assess the practical limits that bend loss imposes on large-mode-area holey fibres designed for single-mode operation. These properties are also evaluated for a range of equivalent conventional fibres, the results of which are used to benchmark the potential of holey fibre technology in this regime. The results of this study reveal that the performance of large-mode-area holey and conventional fibres at any given wavelength are similar, and that holey fibres offer advantages for broadband applications. Methods of improving bend loss in holey fibres are also investigated, and it is shown that more complex hole arrangements can be used to improve bend loss in a holey fibre.

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10

Yusoff, Zulfadzli. "Applications of highly nonlinear holey fibres in optical communications." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2004. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/15465/.

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Holey fibre (HF) is a new type of fibre that uses rings of air holes around a solid core toconfine light. A small core HF with a high air fill fraction can have effective nonlinearitycoefficient of around 10-100 times greater than conventional fibre. Apart from that, its dispersion value is also highly tailorable simply by changing the structural dimensions. These two characteristics make HFs attractive as a nonlinear medium. This thesis reports the first demonstration of various nonlinear fibre devices based on HFs. Thediscrete Raman amplifier is an attractive option to extend optical transmission systems into the optical communication bands outside the conventional erbium doped fibre amplifier (EDFA). We demonstrated a high gain discrete Raman L-band amplifier using a relatively short highly nonlinear HF. We also demonstrated a high extinction ratio, SRS based, intensity modulator using the same HF. Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) is the most dominant nonlinear effect in optical fibres for a narrow linewidth system. SBS based devices could have an extremely low threshold value if highly nonlinear HF were to be used. We demonstrated a HF based Brillouin laser with a high experimentally observed threshold value. This is found to be mainly due to reduction in the effective gain coefficient caused by structural non-uniformity along the HF length. This has motivated us to study the relation between HF structural parameters and the Brillouin characteristics. This was done using two techniques: Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry (BOTDR) and the pump probe technique. A spectrally sliced pulse source is a cost effective solution to a multiwavelength transmitter. We demonstrated a HF based spectrally sliced pulse source. This was done by utilizing self phase modulation (SPM) to generate a supercontinuum in a normally dispersive HF before slicing the spectrum using an arrayed waveguide grating. Wavelength conversion is an important enabling technology for complex future optical networks. We showed in two separate experiments that by using a short length highly nonlinear HF, efficient wavelength conversion based on XPM as well as FWM can be achieved. A nonlinear thresholding device can improve the contrast of a pattern-recognition signature in an OCDMA system. Using a short highly nonlinear HF, we demonstrated a nonlinear thresholder for use in a super-structured fibre Bragg grating (SSFBG) based OCDMA receiver.

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11

Ellis, Frederick Paa Kwesi. "Fabrication of Random Hole Optical Fiber Preforms by Silica Sol-Gel Processing." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31489.

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Conventional fibers are comprised of a solid glass core and solid glass cladding often protected by a thin polymer sheath. The finely tuned difference in refractive indices, for step index-fibers, is achieved by doping the core with germanium or elements with similar effects. Holey fibers (including photonic crystal fibers) comprise of a pure silica core, and a pure but porous silica cladding of air holes [1]. This provides a huge difference in the refractive indices on the cladding and core without doping. This translates into radiation resistant fibers with very low losses and very robust to high temperatures to mention a few [2]. Several successful attempts have been made for ordered holey optical fibers since the initial publication by Knight et al; random holey optical fibers, which can be just as effective, have yet to be fabricated [3]. Sol-gel processing of silicon alkoxides can be used to fabricate silica monoliths of tailored pore densities and sizes [4]; this makes the process attractive for random holey fiber preform manufacturing. Similar attempts have been made by Okazaki et al [5] to make conventional optical fibers. This paper chronicles efforts to make random holey fiber optical preforms from silica sol-gel monoliths, characterized for some structural properties. Silica monoliths can be made by hydrolysis and condensation of TEOS (tetraethylorthosilicate) or TMOS (tetramethylorthosilicate). These can be catalyzed in a single step or two-step process, aged and dried at ambient pressures and temperatures, as well as by supercritical fluid extraction of CO2. Mechanical strengthening techniques as described by Okazaki [5] have also been employed. The silica gel monoliths are characterized by helium pycnometry and scanning electron microscopy. Various shapes and densities of silica monoliths have been prepared and characterized. Some of these have also drawn into fibers to demonstrate their viability.
Master of Science

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12

Balatbat, Richard Vincent S. "An Investigation of Damage Arrestment Devices Application with Fastener/Hole Interaction." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2010. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/402.

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This thesis presents a parametric study on the effects of how damage arrestment devices application interacts with a fastener in a composite sandwich panel. The primary objective of the damage arrestment device was to prevent the failure of the composite face sheet, such as crack propagation, around the hole/fastener joint. The damage arrestment devices are made of composite strips that are inserted under the face sheet to increase the overall structural strength of the panel and to prevent the propagation of failure along the hole. This was supposed to be a quicker and stronger alternative to potted inserts for composite sandwich panels for designer. The manufacturing curing cycle of the composite sandwich specimens has been carried out by using a Tetrahedron Composite Air Press. The press has been used to fabricate composite sandwich panels by applying constant pressure and variable heat to create panels with dimensions of 5” x 2” x .552”. The panels were stacked using a polyurethane foam, Last-A-Foam FR-6710 with two layers of a carbon-fiber/epoxy weave, LTM45, on both sides of the foam. The specimens were loaded under a compressive strain of 0.5 mm/min. The damage arrestment devices’ thickness was varied and tested under both monotonic and fatigue loading. The experimental results indicate that as the thickness of the device increased the overall strength of the part increased at a parabolic curve with it topping at a thickness of 0.065” and a strength increase of 109%. Under fatigue loading, a control group test case and damage arrestment device configuration case was tested. The experimental results indicate that both cases have similar fatigue trends but shows that the damage arrestment specimens are stronger due to the increase of structural strength. The experimental results were compared with numerical results or Finite Element Model. The results showed that numerical results can capture the linear or elastic portion of the experimental results having identical Elastic Modulus values. The models do differ in the maximum displacement of the specimen and the failure mode around the hole of the composite sandwich panel. The discrepancy in displacement and the failure mode was attributed to inaccurate loading on the hole of the composite sandwich panel and non-linear modeling of the solution. The correlation between the FEM and the experimental data was good enough in predicting the trends of the composite sandwich panels.

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13

Myrén, Niklas. "Poled fiber devices." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Physics, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-262.

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The topic of this thesis is the development of devices for telecom applications based on poled optical fibers. The focus is on a specific function, optical switching/modulation.

Some of the most important results are summarized below. Optical switching at telecom wavelengths (1.55 μm) is demonstrated in an all-fiber switch based on a fiber with internal electrodes. The fiber is made electro-optically active with a thermal poling process in which a strong electric field is recorded in the glass at a temperature of 255 °C. After poling, the fiber is put in one arm of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer and by applying a voltage across the two electrodes the refractive index is modulated and the optical signal switched from one output port to the other. A switching voltage of 190 V at 1550 nm was achieved, which to the best of our knowledge is the lowest value reported. By carefully matching the lengths of the fibers in the two arms of the interferometer the optical bandwidth could be made as large as 20 nm. The extinction ratio, determined by the power ratio in the two arms, was 30 dB and the highest modulation frequency was 30 MHz. Poled fibers were packaged to increase the thermal and mechanical stability and to make handling easier. 40 Gb/s transmission test through the device showed no bit-error-rate performance degradation. Protection switching of a 10 Gb/s signal is also demonstrated.

The depletion region in a poled fiber was found to be wedge-shaped and very wide, 13 μm and completely overlapped with the core. In a time-resolved poling experiment the recorded electric field was measured. The sign of the field changed after ~20 min, when the depletion region passed through the core, which led to the conclusion that an electric field is present also outside of the depletion region.

A ring laser was constructed with an erbium doped fiber as the gain medium. A fiber modulator was placed inside the cavity and when a small RF signal, with a frequency matched to the cavity ground frequency, was applied to the modulator the laser was modelocked. The output pulse train contained pulses of sub ns duration and is the first demonstration of mode-locking using poled fibers.

A sampled grating with 16 channels spaced by 50 GHz was inserted into the cavity. The fiber modulator had optical bandwidth of 7 nm with center wavelength that depends on the applied voltage. By applying of 10 – 210 V to the modulator it was possible to tune the laser to 11 of the 16 channels for a total tuning range of over 4 nm.

A scheme to deposit 1 μm thin silver electrodes inside the holes of an optical fiber is demonstrated together with a new method of creating periodic electrodes by periodically ablating the silver film electrodes. The periodic electrodes are used to create a quasi-phase matched (QPM) nonlinearity in a fibers which is showed in a proof of principle experiment.

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Treasurer, Paul James. "Characterization and Analysis of Damage Progression in Non-Traditional Composite Laminates With Circular Holes." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/13989.

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Carbon Fiber / Epoxy Laminates are increasingly being used in the primary structure of aircraft. To make effective use these materials, it is necessary to consider the ability of a laminate to resist damage, as well as material strength and stiffness. A possible means for improving damage tolerance is the use of non-traditional composite laminates, in which the longitudinal 0 plies are replaced with 5 or 10 plies. The main objectives of this collaborative Georgia Tech / Boeing research was the characterization of these non-traditional laminates, and the determination of appropriate lamina-level analytical techniques that are capable of predicting the changes caused by the use of slightly off-axis longitudinal plies. A quasi-isotropic [45/90/-45/theta/45/90/-45/-theta]s and hard [45/theta/-45/theta/90/45]s lay-up, where theta =0,5 or 10, were tested in open hole tension, filled hole tension, open hole compression, single shear bearing, and unnotched tension. These coupon level tests illustrated the effects of lay-up, notch constraint, and load type on traditional and non-traditional laminates. Die penetrant enhanced in-situ radiography was performed to determine the extent of damage suppression. The use of non-traditional laminates was found to reduce longitudinal ply cracking and delamination, with significant effect on the stress distribution around the notch. The use of non-traditional laminates also resulted in a 15%-20% improvement in bearing strength of the traditional laminates. Several predictive techniques were implemented to evaluate their ability to predict the effect of slight changes in ply orientations. A progressive damage model was written to compare Tsai-Wu, Hashin, and Maximum Stress unnotched strength criterion. Additionally, several semi-empirical failure theories for notched strength prediction were compared with linear and bi-linear cohesive zone models to determine applicability to non-traditional laminates.

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Zucchini, Sara. "Primordial black holes in string inflation." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/17097/.

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In this thesis we consider the production of primordial black holes (PBH) in the context of single field inflation with the aim of describing a significant fraction of dark matter. In the models we consider, the inflaton is a string modulus and its potential is typical of type IIB fibre inflation. The potential presents a plateau at CMB scales and an extremely flat region on smaller scales. The background is analysed by solving the Friedmann's and the Klein-Gordon equations for the system. Perturbations are introduced through the usual Mukhanov-Sasaki equation for the gauge invariant curvature perturbations, whose solution allows us to find the primordial power spectrum which is then compared to observations. In the class of models considered there is an often occurring tension between the tilt of the scalar power spectrum and observations. We study this tension and propose mechanisms to minimise it. We modify the form of the fibre inflationary potential, modifying therefore the slope of the ultra slow-roll plateau. We find that a better agreement with the experimentally measured value of the spectral index can be reached. Therefore that tension between the value of the spectral index on CMB scale and the power spectrum enhancement on PBH scales can be explained as a consequence of the class of potential taken into account. This tension can be avoided in models that provide a different plateau form.

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16

Leong, Julie Yeen Yeen. "Fabrication and applications of lead-silicate glass holey fibre for 1-1.5 microns : nonlinearity and dispersion trade offs." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2007. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/50197/.

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This thesis describes the development of novel microstructured optical fibres (MOFs), namely holey optical fibres (HFs), based on a commercial highly nonlinear non-silica glass: By taking the advantages of the zero dispersion of the HFs at 1 μm and 1.55 μm, the SC studies are carried out using these HFs (WW HFs and SEST HFs). Both of the fibre SC studies combined experimental and numerical results, and the simulations and experiments were in qualitative agreement. We observed a spectrum spanning over 1000nm by using just ~98 pJ energy pulses in a 60cm piece of the WW HF. This demonstrated the advantage of SG-HFs in terms of compact devices and low power requirements.

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17

Pedrelli, Luca. "Inflation and primordial black holes in matter domination." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/17095/.

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In this thesis we will study a new interpretation of dark matter in terms of Primordial Black Holes (PBHs), i.e. black holes that are believed to form when large density perturbations, produced during the inflationary epoch, reenter the horizon and collapse because of their own gravitational force. Black holes produced in this way are referred to as "Primordial" since their production mechanism has a primordial origin during inflation. These large density fluctuations are produced if the inflationary potential possesses enough tuning freedom to feature a slow-roll plateau followed by a near inflection point that greatly enhances the power spectrum of scalar perturbations. We examine PBH formation during a radiation dominated (RD) epoch and during a matter dominated (MD) epoch driven by a gravitationally coupled scalar field (modulus) which decays before Big Bang Nucleosynthesis in order to preserve its successful predictions. We will require in both cases that the produced PBHs constitute 100% of dark matter today. In the MD case, we find that the mass of the scalar field affects the enhancement required in the curvature power spectrum: for large modulus masses, this enhancement turns out to be smaller than the one in the RD case, meaning that in the case of horizon reentry during moduli domination the potential requires less tuning to produce the same amount of PBHs. Therefore, we focus on PBH production during a MD epoch. We then introduce a model of string inflation called "Fibre Inflation", that works particularly well for our purposes since it naturally leads to a post-inflationary epoch of MD driven by an axion-like modulus. In this model the inflationary potential has enough tuning freedom to induce a period of ultra slow-roll that enhances the density perturbations at the required PBH scales: we employ this potential to obtain a numerical estimate of the scalar power spectrum and the other inflationary observables.

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18

Mollenhauer, David Hilton. "Interlaminar Deformation at a Hole in Laminated Composites: A Detailed Experimental Investigation Using Moire Interferometry." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30680.

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The deformation on cylindrical surfaces of holes in tensile loaded laminated composite specimens was measured using new moire interferometry techniques. These new techniques were developed and evaluated using a 7075-T6 aluminum control specimen. Grating replication techniques were developed for replicating high quality diffraction gratings onto the cylindrical surfaces of holes. Replicas of the cylindrical specimen gratings (undeformed and deformed) were fabricated onto circular steel sectors. Narrow angular regions of these sector gratings were directly evaluated in a moire interferometer. This moire interferometry approach eliminated potential sources of error associated with other moire interferometry approaches. Two composite tensile specimens, fabricated from IM7/5250-4 pre-preg with ply layups of [0₄/90₄]_3s and [+30₂/-30₂/90₄]_3s, were examined using the newly developed moire interferometry techniques. Circumferential and thickness direction displacement fringe patterns (each 3 degrees wide) were assembled into 90 degrees wide mosaics around the hole periphery for both composite specimens. Distributions of strain were calculated with high confidence on a sub-ply basis at select angular locations. Measured strain behavior was complex and displayed ply-by-ply trends. Large ply related variations in the circumferential strain were observed at certain angular locations around the periphery of the holes in both composites. Extremely large ply-by-ply variations of the shear strain were also documented in both composites. Peak values of shear strain approached 30 times the applied far-field axial strain. Post-loaded viscoelastic shearing strains were recorded that were associated with the regions of large load-induced shearing strains. Large ply-grouping related variations in the thickness direction strain were observed in the [+30₂/-30₂/90₄]_3s specimen. An important large-scale trend was observed where the thickness direction strain tended to be more tensile near the outside faces of the laminate than near the mid-ply region. The measured strains were compared with the three-dimensional analysis technique known as Spline Variational Elastic Laminate Technology (SVELT), resulting in a very close match and corroborating the usefulness of SVELT.
Ph. D.

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19

Jason, Johan. "Fibre-Optic Displacement and Temperature Sensing Using Coupling Based Intensity Modulation and Polarisation Modulation Techniques." Doctoral thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för elektronikkonstruktion, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-18964.

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Optical fibre sensors are employed in the measurements of a number of different physical properties or for event detection in safety and security systems. In those environments which suffer from electromagnetic disturbance, in harsh environments where electronics cannot survive and in applications in favour of distributed detection, fibre-optic sensors have found natural areas of use. In some cases they have replaced conventional electronic sensors due to better performance and long-term reliability, but in others they have had less success mainly due to the higher costs which are often involved in fibre-optic sensor systems. Intensity modulated fibre-optic sensors normally require only low-cost monitoring systems principally based on light emitting diodes and photodiodes. The sensor principle itself is very elemental when based on coupling between fibres, and coupling based intensity modulated sensors have been utilised over a long period of time, mainly within displacement and vibration sensing. For distributed sensing based on intensity modulation, optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) systems with customised sensor cables have been used in the detection of heat, water leakage and hydrocarbon fluid spills. In this thesis, new concepts for intensity modulated fibre-optic sensors based on coupling between fibres are presented, analysed, simulated and experimentally verified. From a low-cost and standard component perspective, alternative designs are proposed and analysed using modulation function simulations and measurements, in order to find an improved performance. Further, the development and installation of a temperature sensor system for industrial process monitoring is presented, involving aspects with regards to design, calibration, multiplexing and fibre network installation. The OTDR is applied as an efficient technique for multiplexing several coupling based sensors, and sensor network installation with blown fibre in microducts is proposed as a flexible and cost-efficient alternative to traditional cabling. As a solution to alignment issues in coupling based sensors, a new displacement sensor configuration based on a fibre to a multicore fibre coupling and an image sensor readout system is proposed. With this concept a high-performance sensor setup with relaxed alignment demands and a large measurement range is realised. The sensor system performance is analysed theoretically with complete system simulations, and an experimental setup is made based on standard fibre and image acquisition components. Simulations of possible error contributions show that the experimental performance limitation is mainly related to differences between the modelled and the real coupled power distribution. An improved power model is suggested and evaluated experimentally, showing that the experimental performance can be improved down towards the theoretical limit of 1 μm. The potential of using filled side-hole fibres and polarisation analysis for point and distributed detection of temperature limits is investigated as a complement to existing fibre-optic heat detection systems. The behaviour and change in birefringence at the liquid/solid phase transition temperature for the filler substance is shown and experimentally determined for side-hole fibres filled with water solutions and a metal alloy, and the results are supported by simulations. A point sensor for on/off temperature detection based on this principle is suggested. Further the principles of distributed detection by measurements of the change in beat length are demonstrated using polarisation OTDR (POTDR) techniques. It is shown that high-resolution techniques are required for the fibres studied, and side-hole fibres designed with lower birefringence are suggested for future studies in relation to the distributed application.
Fiberoptiska sensorer används för mätning av ett antal olika fysikaliska parametrar eller för händelsedetektering i larm- och säkerhetssystem. I miljöer med elektromagnetiska störningar, i andra besvärliga miljöer där elektronik inte fungerar samt i tillämpningar där distribuerade sensorer är att föredra, har fiberoptiska lösningar funnit naturliga applikationer. I vissa fall har de ersatt konventionella elektroniska sensorer på grund av bättre prestanda och tillförlitlighet, medan de i andra sammanhang har haft mindre framgång huvudsakligen på grund av den i många fall högre kostnaden för fiberoptiska sensorsystem. Intensitetsmodulerade fiberoptiska sensorer kräver normalt endast billiga utläsningssystem huvudsakligen baserade på lysdioder och fotodioder. Principen för sådana sensorer baserade på koppling mellan fibrer är mycket enkel, och denna typ av sensorer har haft tillämpningar under en lång tid, främst inom mätning av positionsförändring och vibrationer. För distribuerade intensitetsmodulerade sensorer har system baserade på optisk tidsdomän-reflektometer (OTDR) och skräddarsydda sensorkablar funnit tillämpningar i detektion av värme/brand, vattenläckage och kolvätebaserade vätskor. I denna avhandling presenteras, simuleras, testas och utvärderas praktiskt några nya koncept för kopplingsbaserade intensitetsmodulerade fiberoptiska sensorer. Från ett lågkostnads- och standardkomponentperspektiv föreslås och analyseras alternativa lösningar för förbättrad prestanda. Utveckling och installation av en temperatursensor för en industriell tillämpning, innehållande aspekter på sensormultiplexering och nätverksbyggande, behandlas. OTDR-teknik används som en effektiv metod för multiplexering av flera kopplingsbaserade sensorer, och installation av sensornätverk genom användning av blåsfiberteknik och mikrodukter föreslås som ett flexibelt och kostnadseffektivt alternativ till traditionell kabelinstallation. Som en lösning på förekommande upplinjeringsproblem för kopplingsbaserade sensorer, föreslås en ny sensorkonfiguration baserad på koppling mellan en fiber och en multikärnefiber/fiberarray och med ett bildsensorsystem för detektering. Med detta koncept kan ett högpresterande, upplinjeringsfritt sensorsystem med ett stort mätområde åstadkommas. Sensorsystemets prestanda har analyserats teoretiskt med kompletta systemsimuleringar, och en experimentell uppställning baserad på standardfiber och en kamera av standardtyp har gjorts. Simuleringar av möjliga felbidrag visar att systemets experimentella prestanda främst begränsas av skillnader mellan den modellerade och den verkliga optiska effektfördelningen. En förbättrad modell för effektfördelningen föreslås och utvärderas experimentellt. Det visas att prestanda är möjlig att förbättra ner mot den teoretiska gräns på 1 μm som erhållits vid systemsimuleringar. Möjligheterna att använda fyllda hålfibrer och polarisationskänslig mätning för detektering av temperaturgränser studeras i syfte att komplettera befintliga fiberoptiska värmedetektorsystem. Förändringen i fiberns dubbelbrytning vid övergångstemperaturen mellan vätske- och fast fas för ämnet i hålen visas och bestäms experimentellt för hålfibrer fyllda med vattenlösningar respektive en metallegering, och resultaten understöds också av simuleringar. En punktsensor för temperaturdetektering baserad på denna princip föreslås. Vidare visas principerna för distribuerad detektering genom registrering av förändringen i dubbelbrytning med polarisations-OTDR (POTDR). Det visas att OTDR-teknik med hög spatial upplösning behövs för övervakning av de studerade fibrerna, och hålfibrer utformade med lägre dubbelbrytning föreslås för framtida studier av tillämpningen.

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20

Mohamad, Masita. "Multistage fibre length fractionation of softwood chemical pulp using a pressure screen equipped with smooth-holed screen cylinder." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42993.

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Often, fibre fractionation produce a higher value long-fibred reject stream and a lower value short-fibred accept stream simultaneously. Fractionation is only practical when a mill can make use of all obtained fractions. This study sought to demonstrate the potential of upgrading the reject fraction through multiple stages of fractionation while creating a new market for the remaining low value pulp for an efficient use of the raw materials. In this study, an NBSK pulp was fractionated on the basis of fibre length using a small industrial pressure screen Beloit MR-8 in multiple consecutive stages to isolate the lowvalue fines fraction from the feed pulp using the best combination of operating parameters. The best conditions to carry out fractionation were determined by conducting experiments to investigate the effect of varying volumetric reject ratio, Rv aperture velocity, Vs aperture diameter and rotor tip speed, Vt on reject thickening and passage ratio using several smooth-holed screen cylinders. This work shows that in general, increasing fines percentage in the accept and increasing fibre length in the reject were obtained by using the screen cylinder with 0.5 mm apertures, the highest Rv at 0.6 and the smallest Vs at 0.3 ms-¹. The strength properties of the unfractionated pulp were compared to the reject pulp produced from the multistage fractionation. The tensile strength of the final reject pulp (which is 95 wt-% of the feed pulp) was increased up to 40% through the removal of only a small amount of fines. The TEA, burst and tear indexes also improved. The Gurley air resistance was decreased up to 50%. The final accept fraction contains a significantly higher proportion of fines and it was analyzed by FPInnovations for its potential suitability as a raw material for a novel fibre based product, Nanocrystalline Cellulose (NCC).

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21

Ferreira, João Carlos de Melo. "Fiber amplifiers in transparent and dynamic optical networks." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/14090.

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Doutoramento em Engenharia Eletrotécnica
In this thesis a study of optical fiber amplifiers in the context of transparent and dynamic optical networks is performed. We propose and validate a simplified model to estimate the gain profile and amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise of broadband counterpumped Raman fiber amplifiers (RFAs). The proposed model requires very low computational resources and it is suitable to be used in network planning tools. Based on the proposed model, we also present an algorithm to design flat gain counter-pumped RFAs for the extended C-band with low computational requirements. We experimentally verify that the pump-reflecting RFA presents a higher transient response due to channels add/drop, when compared to the conventional counter-pumped RFA. This makes this amplifier configuration unsuitable for transparent and dynamic optical networks. To mitigate the transient response due to channel add/drop, a pumpcontrolled gain-locked system based on the monitorization of the reflected pump power is proposed and validated numerically and experimentally. Following this approach, an efficient low-cost RFA suitable for dynamic optical networks is proposed. The dependence of the dynamical response of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) on the pump wavelength, pump power, and temperature due to spectral hole burning (SHB) and site dependent pumping (SDP) is experimentally investigated. A dependence of the dynamic response on the pump wavelength, for amplifiers pumped around 1480 nm, is shown. In order to explain this dependence, the impact of SDP on the performance of EDFAs pumped at wavelengths around 1480 nm is investigated, both experimentally and numerically. As a result, an improved model incorporating the SDP effect for twolevel EDFAs is derived and experimentally validated.
Nesta tese é feito um estudo sobre amplificadores de fibra ótica no contexto de redes óticas transparentes e dinâmicas. Propomos e validamos um modelo simplificado para estimar o perfil do ganho e do ruído de emissão espontânea amplificada (ASE), para amplificadores de Raman (RFAs) contra propagantes. O modelo proposto requer baixos recursos computacionais e é adequado para ser usado em ferramentas de planeamento da rede. Com base no modelo proposto, apresentamos também um algoritmo com requisitos computacionais baixos para desenhar RFAs contra propagantes com ganho constante para a banda C estendida. Verificamos experimentalmente que um RFA contra propagante com reflexo da potência da bomba devido à adição/remoção de canais apresenta uma resposta transiente mais elevada, quando comparado com um RFA contra propagante convencional. Isto torna esta configuração inadequada para redes óticas transparentes e dinâmicas. Para mitigar a resposta transitória devido à adição/remoção de canais, um sistema de controlo do ganho baseado na monitorização da potência da bomba refletida é proposto e validado numérica e experimentalmente. Seguindo esta abordagem, um RFA contra propagante eficiente e de baixo custo adequado para redes óticas dinâmicas é proposto. A dependência da resposta dinâmica dos amplificadores de fibra dopada com érbio (EDFAs) em função do comprimento de onda da bomba, da potência da bomba e da temperatura devido ao spectral hole burning (SHB) e site dependent pumping (SDP) é investigada experimentalmente. Nos resultados obtidos é mostrada a dependência da resposta dinâmica em função do comprimento de onda da bomba, para amplificadores bombeados em torno de 1480 nm. Para explicar esta dependência, o impacto do SDP no desempenho de EDFAs bombeados em comprimentos de onda em torno de 1480 nm é investigado, tanto experimental como numericamente. Como resultado, um modelo mais completo, incorporando o efeito SDP para EDFAs de dois níveis é derivado e validado experimentalmente.

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22

Leidorf, Michal. "Srovnání svarů vytvořených CO2 laserem a vláknovým laserem." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-229442.

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The project compares the technology of welding of CO2 laser and fiber laser in terms of engineering study, the welds will be made by same welding conditions on two materials (S235JRG2 a X5CrNi 18-10), by using different protective gases (Helium and Argon). In the terms of literal background research both the technologies and questions of laser welding are described. The geometry of welds is carried out in the experimental part. The final results of the experiment are concluded at the end of the diploma thesis.

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23

Surano, Dominic E. "The Effectiveness of Damage Arrestment Devices in Delaying Fastener-Hole Interaction Failures in Carbon Fiber Polyurethane Foam Composite Sandwich Panels Subjected to Static and Dynamic Loading Under Increased Temperatures." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2010. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/436.

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A study was conducted to investigate simple, cost-effective manufacturing techniques to delay skin-core delamination, micro-buckling and bearing stress failures resulting from fastener-hole interactions. Composite sandwich panels, with and without damage arrestment devices (DADs), were subjected to monotonic compression at a rate of 5mm per second, and compression-compression fatigue at 50% yield at an amplitude of 65%, under temperatures of 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, and 200 °F. The sandwiches tested were composed of two-layer cross-weave carbon fiber facesheets, a polyurethane foam core, and an epoxy film adhesive to join the two materials. The most successful method to delay the aforementioned failures involved milling rectangular slots in the foam core perpendicular to the holes and adding three additional layers of carbon fiber cross-weave. For the monotonic cases, the ultimate load increases were 97, 87, 100, 131, 96, and 119% for each of the respective temperatures listed above with a negligible weight increase. For the fatigue cases, the number of cycles for each test case was nearly identical. This still represents a large improvement because the yield used in the loading condition for the specimens with DADs was 97% greater than the specimens without DADs. The experimental results were compared with a finite element model (FEM) built in Abaqus/CAE. The numeric and experimental results showed a strong correlation. All test specimens were manufactured and tested in the California Polytechnic State University Aerospace/Composites Laboratory.

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24

Robertson, Scott James. "Hawking radiation in dispersive media." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/1900.

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Hawking radiation, despite its presence in theoretical physics for over thirty years, remains elusive and undetected. It also suffers, in its original context of gravitational black holes, from conceptual difficulties. Of particular note is the trans-Planckian problem, which is concerned with the apparent origin of the radiation in absurdly high frequencies. In order to gain better theoretical understanding and, it is hoped, experimental verification of Hawking radiation, much study is being devoted to systems which model the spacetime geometry of black holes, and which, by analogy, are also thought to emit Hawking radiation. These analogue systems typically exhibit dispersion, which regularizes the wave behaviour at the horizon but does not lend itself well to analytic treatment, thus rendering Hawking’s prediction less secure. A general analytic method for dealing with Hawking radiation in dispersive systems has proved difficult to find. This thesis presents new numerical and analytic results for Hawking emission spectra in dispersive systems. It examines two black-hole analogue systems: it begins by introducing the well-known acoustic model, presenting some original results in that context; then, through analogy with the acoustic model, goes on to develop the lesser-known fibre-optical model. The following original results are presented in the context of both of these models: • an analytic expression for the low-frequency temperature is found for a hyperbolic tangent background profile, valid in the entire parameter space; it is well-known that the spectrum is approximately thermal at low frequencies, but a universally valid expression for the corresponding temperature is an original development; • an analytic expression for the spectrum, valid over almost the entire frequency range, when the velocity profile parameters lie in the regime where the low-frequency temperature is given by the Hawking prediction; previous work has focused on the low-frequency thermal spectrum and the characterization of the deviations from thermality, rather than a single analytic expression; and • a new unexplored regime where no group-velocity horizon exists is examined; the Hawking spectra are found to be non-zero here, but also highly non-thermal, and are found, in the limit of small deviations, to vary with the square of the maximum deviation; the analytic expression for the case with a horizon is found to carry over to this new regime, with appropriate modifications. Furthermore, the thesis examines the results of a classical frequency-shifting experiment in the context of fibre-optical horizons. The theory of this process is presented for both a constant-velocity and a constantly-decelerating pulse, the latter case taking account of the Raman effect. The resulting spectra are at least qualititively explained, but there is a discrepancy between theory and experiment that has not yet been accounted for.

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25

BRAGA, NETO José Lira. "Estudo do comportamento mecânico de compósitos de matriz polimérica com fibra de vidro contendo descontinuidades geométricas." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2015. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/487.

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Capes
Com o avanço tecnológico as propriedades exigidas aos materiais. Os materiais compósitos, que têm uma ampla aplicação nos mais variados setores. Por outro lado, o desempenho dos compósitos é fortemente dependentes da interface matriz-fibra e consequentemente da distribuição e orientação das fibras. A Mecânica da Fratura é o campo da Mecânica que utiliza métodos analíticos e experimentais para descrever o comportamento de sólidos e estruturas com descontinuidades geométricas frente a solicitações mecânicas. Este trabalho tem por objetivo de analisar e avaliar as propriedades mecânicas em compósitos de fibra de vidro e resina poliéster com descontinuidades geométricas (furo central e com variação da distância entre os furos). A caracterização desses materiais foi realizada através de ensaios de tração uniaxial e tenacidade à fratura. Dessa forma, foram observados os valores da tensão máxima de ruptura para os laminados sem furo, com furo central e furos com variação do espaçamento entre os furos, bem como a característica final da fratura. Para a avaliação da possível influência da presença dos furos centrais e a variação da distância entre os furos, a resistência mecânica foi determinada para cada caso. Verificou-se também que o fator de concentração de tensão, como era de se esperar, variou com a distância entre os furos nos compósitos estudados. Os resultados obtidos comprovam que a presença da descontinuidade geométrica tem efeito danoso nas propriedades mecânicas do material, principalmente quando aumentou o diâmetro do furo central de 6 mm para 12 mm de diâmetro. Quanto ao comportamento à fratura dos compósitos estudados, verificou-se uma fratura final do tipo LGM (Lateral e no Meio do Galgo) para os furos centrais de 6 e 12 mm e com a variação da distância entre os furos de 12 e 48 mm de distância, já para a variação da distância entre os furos de 6,2 mm de distância foi AGM (Angular e no Meio do Galgo). No ensaio de tenacidade à fratura as condições exigidas não foram satisfeitas, portanto os fatores de intensidade de tensão KQ (críticos) determinados não podem ser considerados valores de KIC. Portanto, são dependentes da geometria dos corpos de prova usados.
With technological advancement the properties required of conventional materials have changed leading to the appearance of materials capable of meeting the desired requirements of new technologies. One is composite materials, which have a wide application in various sectors. On the other hand, the performance of the composite is strongly dependent on the matrix-fiber interface and hence the distribution and orientation of fibers. The Fracture Mechanics is the field of mechanics that uses analytical and experimental methods to describe the behavior of solids and structures with geometrical discontinuities in against mechanical stress. This field appears as a solid foundation for analyzing the behavior of the morphology of composites. This paper analyzes and evaluate the mechanical properties of composite of glass and polyester resin with geometrical discontinuities in (center hole and change of distance between the holes). The characterization was carried out by uniaxial tensile tests and fracture toughness. Thus they observed values of maximum stress at break for the laminates without holes, with a central hole and holes with varying spacing between the holes and the final characteristic of the fracture. To evaluate the possible influence of the presence of the central holes and the variation of the distance between the holes, the mechanical strength was determined for each case. There was also the factor of stress concentration, as was to be expected, it varies with the distance between the holes in the studied composites. The results obtained show that the presence of geometric discontinuity has harmful effect on the mechanical properties of the material, especially when the increased diameter of the central hole of 6 mm to 12 mm in diameter. The behavior to fracture of the studied composites, presented the final fracture of the LGM type (Side and Middle Greyhound) for central holes 6 and 12 mm and with the change of distance between holes 12 and 48 mm away, as for the change of distance between the holes of 6.2 mm away was AGM (Angle and Half Greyhound). The fracture toughness of the bulk composite, for two different thicknesses of plates (8 and 10 mm nominal values), was not satisfactory service for predicting the fracture of composites containing the concentrators strain studied.

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26

Jacquet, Maxime J. "Negative frequency at the horizon : scattering of light at a refractive index front." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11780.

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This thesis considers the problem of calculating and observing the mixing of modes of positive and negative frequency in inhomogeneous, dispersive media. Scattering of vacuum modes of the electromagnetic field at a moving interface in the refractive index of a dielectric medium is discussed. Kinematics arguments are used to demonstrate that this interface may, in a regime of linear dispersion, act as the analogue of the event horizon of a black hole to modes of the field. Furthermore, a study of the dispersion of the dielectric shows that five distinct configurations of modes of the inhomogeneous medium at the interface exist as a function of frequency. Thus it is shown that the interface is simultaneously a black- and white-hole horizon-like and horizonless emitter. The role, and importance, of negative-frequency modes of the field in mode conversion at the horizon is established and yields a calculation of the spontaneous photonic flux at the interface. An algorithm to calculate the scattering of vacuum modes at the interface is introduced. Spectra of the photonic flux in the moving and laboratory frame, for all modes and all realisable increase in the refractive index at the interface are computed. As a result of the various mode configurations, the spectra are highly structured in intervals with black-hole, white-hole and no horizon. The spectra are dominated by a negative-frequency mode, which is the partner in any Hawking-type emission. An experiment in which an incoming positive-frequency wave is populated with photons is assembled to observe the transfer of energy to outgoing waves of positive and negative frequency at the horizon. The effect of mode conversion at the interface is clearly shown to be a feature of horizon physics. This is a classical version of the quantum experiment that aims at validating the mechanism of Hawking radiation.

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27

Cheng, Ming-Yi. "An experimental investigation into tool wear in micro-drilling of aluminium, aluminium/copper metal alloys and carbon fibre reinforced composites." Thesis, Brunel University, 2017. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/14613.

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Limitation of conventional machining equipment has become a growing concern over the past two decades due to the demands for greater machining accuracy in today’s manufacturing. The development of micro-machining has therefore attracted significant attention; it signifies the advancement of national economy as well as the level of accuracy manufacturing industry could achieve. While the connection between tool lifespan, cost of machining and throughput is well established, the factor of tool lifespan appears to have more significance since the miniaturization of tool could lead to further performance concerns such as its lack of strength and durability. On the other hand, raising feed rate and spindle rotation speed are the two common approaches for increasing manufacturing throughput. Such approaches tend to cause an increase in the thrust force subjecting the tool to greater stress, which is the main cause of tool wear and even tool failure. Through literature review and preliminary experiments, it was found that spot-drill is often done prior to micro-drilling since it prepares a pre-drill countersunk hole that helps the alignment of tool for subsequent micro-drilling. Although such pre-drill step does improve the micro-drilling operation, the fundamental issue of tool diameter difference still remains. Often the tool used for pre-drill has a bigger diameter than the one for micro-drilling although a significant difference is always something to be avoided. This is because the difference has to be picked up by the tool used for micro-drilling and is directly linked to the wear caused by increased thrust force. In this research the operation of micro-drilling is investigated via mathematical models. Such operation is further broken down into various steps and stages so more detailed description can be achieved. The findings are then further enhanced by simulation based on the 3D model of micro-drilling. Three materials were selected for this research: Al 6061T, Al/Cu metal alloy panel and Carbon fibre reinforced composites. Such a selection enables the study of individual characteristics of different materials and the variation in respective thrust forces. Finally, Conclusions present the summary of the main findings from micro-drilling process analysis based on research and investigation shown in earlier chapters. By combining actual measurements on micro-drilling and mathematic model this research hopefully would improve the understanding towards micro-drilling processes.

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28

Renault, Michel. "Tolerance a l'endommagement de composites carbone-resine et stratifies t300-914." Paris, ENMP, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ENMP0109.

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Etude experimentale (essais de fatigue, essais de traction, de compression) sur des eprouvettes entaillees ou non, trouees ou non de stratifies resine epoxyde/carbone. Analyse mathematique avec des calculs par elements finis

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29

Machinet, Guillaume. "Développement de sources lasers femtosecondes ytterbium à très haute cadence et applications." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR14999/document.

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Ce travail de thèse est consacré au développement de sources lasers femtosecondes à haute cadence, de forte puissancemoyenne (>10 W) avec des énergies supérieures à 100 μJ. Ce type de sources est primordial pour le développementd’applications industrielles variées (micro-usinage athermique, chirurgie oculaire, …) ainsi qu’en recherchefondamentale pour l’étude de l’interaction laser matière.Après un chapitre d’introduction sur l’état de l’art des chaînes lasers de forte puissance moyenne à base de matériauxdopés ytterbium, la réalisation d’une chaîne laser de forte puissance moyenne compacte à base de fibre photoniquemicrostructurée à large aire modale sera présentée. Il sera notamment démontré les principales limitations en termed’énergie et de puissance moyenne. D’une part, le fort confinement de l’impulsion lumineuse dans le coeur de la fibrefavorise l’accumulation d’effets non-linéaires lors de l’amplification et détériore la qualité de l’impulsion. D’autrepart, en raison du diamètre de coeur important (> 70 μm) choisit pour lutter contre l’effet précèdent, le guidage dumode fondamental TEM00 de ces fibres est très critique et devient sensible à la charge thermique interne à la fibre.Cette source laser a été utilisée dans le cas de deux applications bien spécifiques : le perçage de plaques d’acierépaisses pour une finalité de déminage (relatif au cadre du financement de cette thèse par la Direction Générale del’Armement) et à la génération d’harmoniques d’ordres élevées à très haute cadence (relatif au domaine d’expertisedu CELIA). Ces deux applications sont traitées au cours du troisième chapitre.A la vue des limitations observées et afin de disposer de chaînes lasers plus énergétiques et offrant des duréesd’impulsions encore plus courtes, une nouvelles architecture d’amplification a été proposée : le pompage fortebrillance de matériaux dopés Ytterbium. Ce concept présenté dans le dernier chapitre utilise le développement desources fibrées monomodes continues émettant à 976 nm. Cette architecture d’amplification a été utilisée afin deréaliser d’une part un oscillateur sub-70 fs et de forte puissance moyenne (>2,3 W) à une cadence de 73 MHz etd’autre part : un amplificateur type « booster » à fort gain. Deux expériences qui ont été réalisées avec des cristauxd’Yb:CaF2. Ce matériaux présente en effet l’avantage d’avoir un très large spectre d’émission (>60 nm) propice à lagénération et amplification d’impulsions femtosecondes mais aussi d’être « compatible » avec les chaînes de trèsforte puissance grâce à sa très bonne conductivité thermique
This work concerns the development of high repetition rate femtosecond lasers with high average power (>10 W)and energies in excess of 100 μJ. Such lasers are paramount for the development of new industrial applications(athermal micro-drilling, eye surgery, ...) and for fundamental research on high repetition rate laser matter interactionstudies.After a brief introduction and the state of the art summary on high-average power femtosecond laser with ytterbiumdoped materials, a compact high-average power femtosecond laser with a large mode area microstructured rod typeamplifier will be presented. It will browse the main limitations in terms of energy and average power. Limitationsare mainly due to the strong confinement of the electric field propagating in the fibre core leading to non-linear effectsaccumulated during the amplification. On the other hand, for larger core diameter (> 70 μm), the fundamental modeguiding (TEM00) is very weak and thus very sensitive to the internal thermal load of the fibre.This laser source has been used in two specific applications: athermal drilling of thick stainless steel plate for mineclearing(an application of interest for the Direction Générale de l’Armement) and High order Harmonics Generationat high repetition rate (related to CELIA activities). These two applications are presented in the third chapter.In order to stretch the limits and generate more energetic and a shorter pulse, a new amplification scheme has beenproposed, namely high brightness optical pumping of ytterbium doped materials. This concept presented in the lastchapter benefits from the development of high average power single-mode fibre lasers source emitting at 976 nm.This amplification scheme allowed us to realize a high average power Kerr-lens oscillator delivering pulses with apulse duration below than 70 fs and an average power of 2.3W at a repetition rate of 73 MHz. In a second phase, wealso developed a « booster » amplifier with a high single- pass-gain. These two results have been obtained by usingYb-doped CaF2 crystals. This material presents the advantage to have a very broad emission bandwidth (> 60nm)suitable to generate and amplify femtosecond pulses and to be compatible with high average power laser due to hisvery good thermal conductivity

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Wang, Rui-Sheng, and 王瑞聖. "Analysis of Elliptical-Hole Photonic Crystal Fiber." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/31748481091071152828.

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碩士
義守大學
電機工程學系
101
Through Vector Boundary Element Method, this thesis is analyzing and simulating elliptical-hole photonic crystal fiber. For the propagation modes, we change the air hole radius, elliptical ratio, wavelength, and turn the angle of air hole structure. In here, we analyze not only in the characteristics of mode also including polarization. As shown in the result, we will discuss the effective index of the EPCF, we knows inversely proportional to relationship of effective index and wavelength. At η=1.2, the effective index is the maximum value. Therefore, we will discuss the polarization of the EPCFs, the relationship between the birefringence and the wavelength is direct ration. By analyzing turn the angle of air hole’s 90-degrees-polarization, it’s found that the birefringence is clearly more obvious than its original structure. The highest birefringence rate is 0.0008.

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Santos, Rafael Alexandre Mota dos. "Effect of the Distance Between Impact Point and Hole Position and Non-Perpendicular Holes on the Impact Strength of Composite Laminates." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.6/7703.

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The effect of the distance between impact point and hole position and the angle of the hole with the vertical axis was studied. In order to understand this effect, flexural tests were also performed to evaluate the bending strength of CFRP. In terms of distance of the hole, a maximum reduction of 29.7% on the bending load for a distance of 0 mm was found. This reduction was 22.3% on the impact load. In terms of angle of the hole, a maximum load reduction of 15.6% on the bending strength was found and for the impact load this value was found to be 7% for 20º. The fatigue resistance was also studied. An average reduction of 68.5% on the fatigue resistance of GFRP was obtained for an impact energy of 12 J, in the presence of a hole.
O efeito da distância entre o ponto de impacto e posição de um furo e o ângulo do mesmo com o eixo vertical foi estudado. Para avaliar este efeito, foram também realizados ensaios de flexão. Em termos de distância do furo, uma redução máxima da resistência à flexão de 29,7% foi verificada para uma distância do furo de 0 mm. Esta redução foi de 22,3% no carregamento de impacto. Em termos de ângulo do furo, a redução máxima do carregamento foi de 15,6% para a flexão e em relação ao impacto este valor foi de 7%, para um ângulo de 20º. A resistência à fadiga foi também estudada. Foi verificada uma redução média de 68,5% na resistência à fadiga em compósitos de fibra de vidro para uma energia de impacto de 12 J, na presença de um furo.

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Chou, Tung-He, and 周東和. "Droplet Wetting on Holes, a Fiber, and a Tilted Plate." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/74583204628149575211.

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博士
國立臺灣大學
化學工程學研究所
100
Wetting phenomena of a liquid droplet on substrates are ubiquitous in everyday life as well as in industrial practices. The extent of a droplet’s spread over a substrate and its equilibrium shapes in the presence of gravity are important for wetting applications such as coating, self-cleaning surfaces, droplet formation, and microfluidics. In this thesis, there are three major parts: (1) Superhydrophobic surfaces involve completely nonwetting or partially wetting roughness. Since the contact angle is closely related to liquid-gas interfacial tension, the shape of the liquid-gas interfaces within the grooves plays a key role in determining droplet wetting behavior. We consider a droplet with volume V atop holes with radius r and obtain an analytical expression for the bottom liquid-gas shape based on surface free energy minimization. The bottom shape is found in terms of the interfacial angle θ1 to depend on the hole size by V/r3 in addition to the intrinsic contact angle θ*. For a given droplet volume, the smaller the hole size (r3/V → 0), the flatter the interface (θ1 → 0). Furthermore, the flatness of the interface grows with reducing intrinsic contact angle. Numerical simulations are performed to confirm our theory. Moreover, wetting experiments where the gravity effect cannot be neglected are conducted, and the results are consistent with our numerical simulations. Here, these findings indicate that such wall-free capillarity may have potential to extract liquid from microfluidic devices and fuel cells. (2) Drop-on-fiber is also commonly observed in daily life and is closely related to digital microfluidics. The wetting behavior of it differs from that of drop-on-plane due to the global cylindrical shape. The equilibrium geometric shape of a droplet on a fiber is generally believed to take either asymmetric clam-shell or axisymmetric barrel conformation in the absence of gravity. The barrel-to-clam-shell transition is determined by a stable condition. However, experimental observations showed that both barrel and clam-shell conformations can coexist in some situations and thus indicated the existence of multiple stable states. Here, the phase diagrams of drop-on-fiber, that is, the plots of droplet volume against contact angle, are established on the basis of the finite-element simulation. When the gravity effect is absent, there are three regimes including barrel, clam-shell, and the coexistence of both; in contrast, when the gravity effect is considered, there also exist three regimes, including (I) downward clam-shell, (II) coexistence of barrel and downward clam-shell, and (III) falling-off. (3) The wetting behavior of a liquid drop sitting on an inclined plane is investigated experimentally and theoretically. We performed numerical simulations that are based on the liquid-induced defect model, in which only two thermodynamic parameters (solid-liquid interfacial tensions before and after wetting) are required. A drop with a contact angle equal to θ is first placed on a horizontal plate and then the plate is tilted. Two cases are studied: (I) θ is adjusted to the advancing contact angle (θa) before tilting and (II) θ is adjusted to the receding contact angle (θr) before tilting. In the first case, the uphill contact angle declines and the downhill contact angle remains unchanged upon inclination. When the tilted drop stays at rest, the pinning of the receding part of the contact line (receding pinning) and the depinning of the advancing part of the contact line (advancing depinning) are observed. The free energy analysis reveals that upon inclination, the reduction of the solid-liquid free energy dominates the increase of the liquid-gas free energy associated with shape deformation. In the second case, the downhill contact angle grows and the uphill contact angle remains the same upon inclination. Advancing pinning and receding depinning are noted for a tilted drop at rest. The free energy analysis indicates that upon inclination, a decrease of the liquid-gas free energy compensates an increase of the solid-liquid free energy. The experimental results are in good agreement with those of simulations.

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Okai, Smart K. "Determination of residual stresses in a carbon-fibre reinforced polymer using the incremental hole-drilling technique." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/22997.

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A Research Report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering(Mechanical Engineering 30 January 2017
An extensive variety of experimental techniques exist to determining residual stresses, but few of these techniques is suitable, however, for finding the residual stresses that exist in orthotropic or anisotropic layered materials, such as carbon-fibre reinforced polymers (CFRP). Among these techniques, particularly among the relaxation techniques, the incremental hole-drilling technique (IHD) has shown to be a suitable technique to be developed for this purpose. This technique was standardized for the case of linear elastic isotropic materials, such as the metallic alloys in general. However, its reliable application to anisotropic and layered materials, such as CFRP materials, needs to be better studied. In particular, accurate calculation methods to determine the residual stresses in these materials based on the measured in-depth strain relaxation curves need to be developed. In this work, existing calculation methods and already proposed theoretical approaches to determine residual stresses in composite laminates by the incremental hole-drilling technique are reviewed. The selected residual stress calculation method is implemented using MATLAB. For these calculations, specific calibration coefficients have to be numerically determined by the finite element method, using the ANSYS software. The developed MATLAB scripts are then validated using an experimental procedure previously developed. This experimental procedure was performed using CFRP specimens, with the stacking sequence [0o, 90o]5s and, therefore, this composite laminate was selected as case study in this work. Some discrepancies between the calculated stresses using the MATLAB scripts and those imposed during the experimental calibration procedure are observed. The errors found could be explained considering the limitations inherent to the incremental hole-drilling technique and the theoretical approach followed. However, the obtained results showed that the incremental hole-drilling can be considered a promising technique for residual stress measurement in composite laminates.
MT2017

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Hung-WeiPeng and 彭竑維. "Maximization of Fundamental Frequencies of Axially Compressed Laminated Curved Panels with Hole against Fiber Orientations." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/33235935501187353684.

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碩士
國立成功大學
土木工程學系碩博士班
98
Because of the composite laminated plates possess excellent characteristics such as high strength, high stiffness, lightweight, and low thermal conductivity, they have been widely used in advanced industrial engineering structures. To avoid structures producing resonance phenomenon and to make materials exceeding the limits allowed, structural analysis of natural frequency becomes the standard on structural design. In this thesis, ABAQUS finite element software is used to analyze the influence of arc angle, hole size, fiber orientations, geometric shapes and axial pressure on the maximum fundamental frequencies of composite laminated curved panel. The Fibonacci search is employed to find the optimal fiber orientations and its corresponding maximum fundamental frequency in the composite laminated curved panel. The results of the analyses show that the maximum fundamental frequency not only reduces with the increase of the axial pressure and the panel aspect ratio but also increases with the increase of hole size and arc angle. Therefore, choosing laminates fiber angle and suitable geometry can improve the fundamental frequency. So, it is useful in the design of composite curved panels in the future.

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Bien, Jze-Hsiang, and 邊子翔. "Designing the Honey-comb Module and Buliding the System of Fiber-Optic Laser Anemometry for Blood Velocity." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5ge8qv.

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碩士
國立臺北科技大學
光電與平面顯示器產業研發碩士專班
95
Our research use 4 points measurement to test the signals. And we change the unit rectangle box to become the LDA Honey comb. As a result of the LDA mode had already developing more and more smaller. So we change the original’s size (30*24* 12.9 mm)to reduce 24*24*12.9mm Honey comb .In system’s set up ,we use the optical fiber to translate .Because it has a smaller tube’s diameter、a good stable transmission’s signal. So when we measure our signal’s inaccuracy become more smaller and get the exact data. At the interface of our system, We use the Labview to combine and check our data, We find when we use different consistency to measure a frequency, In 3% consistency has a lowest error factor(2.22%). And in 9% consistency has a biggest error factor (18.82%). Eventually, we prove our New Honey comb and Labview’s system could be use to measure on the blood velocity. But measure’s data must to double check and improve.

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Tang, Hsuan-Ming, and 唐萱銘. "Fabrication of InP/InGaAs p-i-n Photodiode Using SU-8 Fiber Hole Passive Align Processing." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/6q4adz.

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碩士
國立臺北科技大學
光電工程系研究所
100
InP/InGaAs p-i-n photodiodes have been used widely in Optical communication. InP/InGaAs p-i-n photodiodes have high responsivity and high efficiency at the wavelength of 1310 nm and 1550 nm. Their performances are satisfied the requirements of optical fiber communication applications. In this paper, SU-8 fiber hole was formed upon the InP/InGaAs p-i-n photodiode for the object of passive alignment. Therefore we fabricated the SU-8 fiber hole structure over the light-active area of detector to reduce the coupling loss between fiber and detector. The epitaxial layers, which constitute of a cap layer of n-InP, an absorption layer of n-InGaAs, and an n-InP buffer layer, are grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). A Si3N4 film was deposited by plasma enhance chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). Photolithography and buffered oxide etchant (BOE) are used to etch Si3N4 and to obtain a diffusion mask. Open-tube method and solid Zinc source are applied for Zn-diffusion. We deposited Ti/AgZn/Ti on front-side and In on back-side by E-beam evaporation as ohmic contacts after RTA annealing. We successfully fabricated the detector with the active area of 20-μm、30-μm、40-μm、50-μm diameter. Next a single-mode fiber (SMF) was put into the SU-8 fiber hole which can be fixed and aligned directly into light-active center of the detector. For devices characterization, we first measure the dark current-voltage. When the device was biased at -5 V, the dark-current(ID) was < 20 pA. A 1550 nm DFB laser with power of 2 uW as a light source, the photo-current (Ip) of 1.7 uA and the photo-responsivity of > 0.8 A/W are obtained. Finally, the capacitance-voltage measurement and frequency response of the device with 50 um diameter are also measured. Capacitances of 1.165 pF and 3dB bandwidth of 3.24 GHz are obtained at -5 V, in this study.

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Vasconcelos, Rute Rafaela de Almeida. "Residual Stress Measurement of Fibre Metal Laminates (FML) using Incremental Hole-Drilling Technique." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/97979.

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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Mecânica apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo ampliar a área de aplicação da técnica do furo incremental (TFI) e permitir uma determinação viável de tensões residuais em laminados de fibra metal (anisotrópicos e em camadas). O denominado método integral, de acordo com os últimos desenvolvimentos na área, foi implementado com um método numérico para a resolução do sistema final de equações lineares em Python. Foi possível obter tensões residuais não uniformes em amostras de um componente híbrido feito de metal e polímero reforçado com fibra de vidro (GFRP/Steel). Para a técnica TFI, deformações aliviadas, causadas pelas tensões residuais relaxadas durante o processo de furação, e os coeficientes de calibração necessários, que relacionam essas duas variáveis, precisam de ser determinados. O procedimento experimental da técnica TFI foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar as deformações aliviadas em amostras de GFRP/Steel. A determinação dos coeficientes de calibração foi feita por simulação numérica utilizando o método dos elementos finitos através do software ANSYS. Por fim, é realizada uma comparação dos resultados obtidos com outras técnicas e métodos, nas mesmas amostras, para a avaliação e validação do método proposto nesta tese.Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que a técnica do furo incremental pode ser utilizada para a medição de tensões residuais não uniformes em laminados de fibra metal. Apesar de alguma dispersividade observada nas tensões residuais determinadas para camadas profundas, o método utilizado nesta dissertação de mestrado permitiu determinar o perfil de tensões residuais ao longo da espessura de uma amostra de GFRP/Steel, concordando positivamente com os resultados obtidos por outras técnicas e métodos, identificando claramente as singularidades nas interfaces entre as fibras orientadas e a fibra-metal.
The present work aimed to broad the scope of application of the incremental hole drilling technique (IHD) and to enable reliable residual stress measurements on anisotropic and layered materials, such as fibre-metal laminates (FMLs). The so-called integral method, according to the last developments in the field, was implemented with a numerical method for the resolution of the final system of linear equations using Python. It was possible to obtain non uniform residual stresses in samples of a hybrid component made by metal and glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP/Steel). For IHD technique, relieved strains, caused by relaxed residual stresses during the incremental drilling process, and the necessary calibration coefficients, that relate these two variables, needed to be determined. Experimental IHD procedure was performed with the purpose of determining relieved strains in GFRP/Steel samples. Determination of calibration coefficients was done by a numerical simulation using the finite element method, through ANSYS software. Finally, a comparation of the results, obtained with other techniques and methods in the same samples, is performed for assessment and validation of the method studied in this thesis.The results obtained allowed to conclude that the incremental hole drilling technique can be used for measuring non uniform residual stresses in FMLs. Despite some observed scattering in the residual stresses determined for deeper layers, the method used in this thesis allowed to determine the residual stress profile through the thickness of a GFRP/steel sample, agreeing well with the results obtained by other techniques and methods, clearly identifying the singularities at the interfaces between cross-ply fibres and fibres-metal.

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(8803379), Ishan Tanay Karnik. "The Effect of Fatigue Loading on Electrical Impedance in Open-Hole Carbon Nanofiber-Modified Glass Fiber/Epoxy Composites." Thesis, 2020.

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Fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) materials are ideal for the aerospace and automotive industries which require high-strength structures with exceptional specific properties. The unfortunate reality is composite materials are susceptible to complex failure modes and difficult-to-predict damage growth as a result of their heterogeneity and anisotropy. Thus, robust structural health monitoring (SHM) for in-operation tracking of damage formation and accumulation is important for these materials. Self-sensing materials are a strong candidate to replace traditional composite SHM because they do not suffer from the disadvantages of point-based sensing. The piezoresistive effect in nanofiller-modified materials is a common approach to material self-sensing. Research to date in piezoresistivity has predominantly focused on the direct current (DC) response of such materials. This is an important limitation because alternating current (AC) has important advantages – it inherently possesses more information (AC data can relate both impedance magnitude and phase to damage), AC effects can be leveraged for improved damage sensitivity, and AC interrogation can reduce power requirements. Therefore, to develop knowledge that will facilitate the transition to AC, this work explores the effect of high-cycle
fatigue loading on the AC response of carbon nanofiber (CNF)-modified glass fiber/epoxy laminates. In this study, impedance magnitude and phase angle are measured along the length and through the thickness of composite specimens with an open-hole stress concentration
subjected to tension fatigue-loading up to 10 MHz. The collected impedance data is fit to an equivalent circuit model as a function of cycle. These results show that high-cycle fatigue loading does indeed have an appreciable effect on the equivalent circuit behavior of the material. However, clear and definitive trends were not observed thereby suggesting that further research is needed into the basic mechanisms of AC transport in nanocomposites if frequency-dependent transport is to be used to track fatigue loading.

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Chang, Hao-Hsiang, and 張皓翔. "The Effect of CNT and Hole Distance on Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Composites and Research of Patch System Adhesive." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/28135004760289131599.

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Liao, Jun-Qing, and 廖駿清. "Optimal Parameter Design for Dietary Fiber Process and Hydraulic Cylinder System Deep Hole Drilling Machine Process-Using Six Sigma and Taguchi Method." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/08140930024745757810.

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碩士
國立勤益科技大學
工業工程與管理系
100
This study used Six Sigma approach to improve the five stages of DMAIC,It is based on the Taguchi Method combined to find the optimal process parameters for dietary fiber process and hydraulic cylinder system deep hole drilling machine process 1. Improve dietary fiber process: Dietary fiber process is use QFD Method to select farm foods to extract dietary fiber. It is based on the Taguchi and DMAIC method combined to find the optimal process parameters for dietary fiber. The company use extraction technology to extract dietary fiber from select farm produce, but high cost and long experimental time of process capability.The company's products at a disadvantage. This study will help the company save the cost for experiment and time to improve process capability and upgrading dietary fiber water absorption. This study used Six Sigma approach to improve the five stages of DMAIC,It is based on the Taguchi Method combined to find the optimal process parameters for dietary fiber.Efficacious improve the process capability and upgrading dietary fiber water absorption. The results of experiment show that the value of Cpl upgrading from 0.40 to 2.47 which will significantly increase the process capability. Keywords: Dietary Fiber, Six Sigma, Taguchi Method, QFD 2. Improve Hydraulic Cylinder System Deep Hole Drilling Machine Process: Hydraulic cylinder system deep hole drilling machine is precision machinery Industry. The product components are precision, this product need high-precision and cost. The company hope upgrading process capability are save cost and improve environmentally efficient. This study used TRIZ method and Six Sigma approach to improve the five stages of DMAIC. It is based on the Taguchi Method combined to find the optimal process parameters for hydraulic cylinder system deep hole drilling machine. Can be upgrading CNC machining precision and reduce the defect rate. The results of experiment show that the value of Cpk upgrading from 0.45 to 1.80 which will significantly increase the process capability and the prediction result can be made available to engineers to improve practical quality and to be referenced in decision making.

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Sung, Ming-Je, and 宋明哲. "The Analysis of Highly Birefringent and Low Loss Photonic Crystal Fiber with Complex Unit Cell of Circular Air Holes Cladding by Use of Finite Element Method." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/55866240117440448895.

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Σωτηριάδης, Γεώργιος. "Μη καταστροφικός έλεγχος για τη μελέτη της συσσώρευσης βλάβης σε σύνθετα υλικά ενισχυμένα με ίνες γυαλιού, με και χωρίς την παρουσία νανοσωληνίσκων άνθρακα." Thesis, 2009. http://nemertes.lis.upatras.gr/jspui/handle/10889/2468.

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Τα σύνθετα υλικά οργανικής μήτρας ενισχυμένα με ίνες γυαλιού είναι μια κατηγορία υλικών που έχει υψηλό τεχνολογικό ενδιαφέρον τις τελευταίες δεκαετίες με πληθώρα εφαρμογών στην αεροπορική και διαστημική βιομηχανία, στην αυτοκινητοβιομηχανία, στη formula 1, στα σπορ και γενικότερα όπου οι απαιτήσεις για υψηλή επίδοση των υλικών συνδυάζονται με την απαίτηση για χαμηλό βάρος. Στην κατεύθυνση αυτή έχει συντελέσει και το διαρκώς μειούμενο κόστος παραγωγής των υλικών αυτών μέσω της χρήσης καινοτόμων τεχνικών. Η συνεχής εξέλιξη των υλικών αυτών οδηγεί σε βελτιωμένα υλικά ενισχυτικής και μητρικής φάσης αλλά και εντελώς καινούρια υλικά και προσεγγίσεις όπως είναι ενισχυτικές φάσεις στη νανοκλίμακα (nanofibers, nanotubes). Η εισαγωγή τέτοιων υλικών στη μήτρα συνθέτων υλικών αλλάζει τις μηχανικές και φυσικές τους ιδιότητες με τρόπο πολλές φορές ολοκληρωτικό. Είναι προφανές ότι η τεκμηριωμένη γνώση και ανάπτυξη μεθόδων μη καταστροφικού ελέγχου της δομικής ακεραιότητας αλλά και η γνώση της μηχανικής συμπεριφοράς μέσω της διαδικασίας εξέλιξης της βλάβης σε μια κατηγορία υλικών με τόσο σημαντικές εφαρμογές είναι ζητούμενο από την ερευνητική κοινότητα παγκοσμίως. Προς αυτήν την κατεύθυνση είναι και η συμβολή της παρούσας διατριβής. Μη καταστροφικές μέθοδοι και δοκιμές εφαρμόζονται εδώ και πολλά χρόνια σε σύνθετα υλικά οργανικής μήτρας με επιτυχία παρά την εγγενή ανομοιογένεια και ανισοτροπία που παρουσιάζουν. Ωστόσο πάντα παραμένει ισχυρή η ζήτηση για μεθόδους που θα βοηθήσουν προς την κατεύθυνση της αύξησης της αξιόπιστης χρήσης των υλικών αυτών μέσω της διαρκούς αποτίμησης και γνώσης της φέρουσας ικανότητάς τους. Η συσσώρευση της βλάβης σε σύνθετα υλικά οργανικής μήτρας που υπόκεινται σε μηχανική φόρτιση είναι ένα ζήτημα που έχει διερευνηθεί εκτενώς μέχρι σήμερα. Ωστόσο, η εισαγωγή ενίσχυσης (carbon nanotubes, CNT) στη μήτρα αλλάζει τους μηχανισμούς δημιουργίας και εξέλιξής της. Επίσης προστίθεται η δυνατότητα της μέτρησης μιας ιδιότητας που εμφανίζεται ως αποτέλεσμα της εισαγωγής αυτής και η οποία είναι η ηλεκτρική αγωγιμότητα. Ο βασικός λοιπόν σκοπός της εργασίας αυτής είναι η μελέτη της χρήσης μη καταστροφικών ελέγχων κατά τη διάρκεια μηχανικών δοκιμών συσσώρευσης βλάβης στα υλικά αυτά, καθώς επίσης και η εισαγωγή της μέτρησης της ηλεκτρικής αντίστασης τους ως ικανής μεθόδου παρακολούθησης και ποσοτικοποίησης της βλάβης αυτής. Η διερεύνηση της επιβελτίωσης των μηχανικών ιδιοτήτων λόγω της εισαγωγής των CNT στα υλικά αυτά μέσω της σύγκρισης με τις ιδιότητες που έχουν χωρίς την προσθήκη αυτή. Αναλυτικότερα οι στόχοι που επιδιώξαμε να πετύχουμε στα πλαίσια της διατριβής είναι οι ακόλουθοι: • Μελέτη της διεθνούς βιβλιογραφίας στα συγκεκριμένα θέματα. • Εκτέλεση ειδικά επιλεγμένων μηχανικών δοκιμών σε σύνθετα υλικά Glass/vinylester και Glass/vinylester με CNT (κυκλικά πειράματα φόρτισης – αποφόρτισης – επαναφόρτισης). • Χρήση εξελιγμένων μη καταστροφικών μεθόδων όπως η χρήση δεδομένων ταχύτητας διάδοσης υπερηχητικών ελαστικών κυμάτων (UT) και η ακουστική εκπομπή (AE) για την παρακολούθηση της βλάβης κατά τη διάρκεια των μηχανικών δοκιμών. • Διερεύνηση καταγραφών ηλεκτρικής αντίστασης ως δείκτη βλάβης του υλικού. • Δοκιμές θραυστομηχανικής συμπεριφοράς για την εκτίμηση της βελτίωσης των επιδόσεων του υλικού παρουσία των CNT.
Multi wall carbon nanotubes were used as an additive in the matrix of glass / vinylester composites, in order to improve their damage tolerance and provide a means for their damage assessment at any stage of their loading history. The improvement of the damage tolerance is expected to stem from the incorporation of an additional interfacial area that activates energy dissipation mechanisms such as interfacial sliding, fibre pull out and bridging as well as crack bifurcation and arrest; all these mechanisms are active at the nanoscale. The life monitoring is performed via the electrical resistance changes in the conductive carbon nanotube network within the composite matrix; this network follows any deformation of the composite providing real time strain monitoring and, at the same time, pinpoints all loci of failure through the local breach of the conductive path that lead to a monotonic increase in the overall resistance. The experimental findings verify both the increased damage tolerance of the doped composites and the reliable damage assessment of the composite at all stages of its loading history. Other Non - Destructive Techniques were utilized in order to detect and quantify the accumulating damage. Inverse scattering theory and phase velocity data were used in order to determine the elastic constants of the stifness matrix of the anisotropic material. Fracture toughness and fatigue life behaviour were investigated for both the material systems.

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43

Siegmund, Bernward. "Untersuchung der Geschosswirkung in der sehr frühen Phase unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Hochgeschwindigkeitsmunition." Doctoral thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B33E-8.

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