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1
Dyaksa, Gilang Argya, Nur Arfian, Herianto Herianto, Lina Choridah, and Yosef Agung Cahyanta. "Smoothing Module for Optimization Cranium Segmentation Using 3D SlicerSmoothing Module for Optimization Cranium Segmentation Using 3D Slicer." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Smart Technologies 5, no. 1 (June 15, 2023): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/ijasst.v5i1.6300.
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Anatomy is the most essential course in health and medical education to study parts of human body and also the function of it. Cadaver is a media used by medical student to study anatomical subject. Because of limited access to cadaver and also due to high prices, this situation makes it necessary to develope an alternative anatomical education media, one of them is the use 3D printing to produce anatomical models. Before 3D Print the cranium, it is necessary to do the segmentation process and often the segmentation result is not good enough and appear a lot of noises. The purpose of this research is to optimize a 3D cranium based on DICOM (digital imaging and communications in medicine) data processing using the smoothing modules on 3D Slicer. The method of this research is to process the Cranium DICOM data using 3D Slicer software by varying the 5 types of smoothing modules. The results with default parameter fill holes and median have better results compared to others. Kernel size variations are performed for smoothing module fill holes and medians. The result is fill holes get optimal segmentation results using a kernel size of 3 mm and the median is 5 mm.
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Uddin, S. M. Nadim, and Yong Ju Jung. "Global and Local Attention-Based Free-Form Image Inpainting." Sensors 20, no. 11 (June 4, 2020): 3204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20113204.
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Deep-learning-based image inpainting methods have shown significant promise in both rectangular and irregular holes. However, the inpainting of irregular holes presents numerous challenges owing to uncertainties in their shapes and locations. When depending solely on convolutional neural network (CNN) or adversarial supervision, plausible inpainting results cannot be guaranteed because irregular holes need attention-based guidance for retrieving information for content generation. In this paper, we propose two new attention mechanisms, namely a mask pruning-based global attention module and a global and local attention module to obtain global dependency information and the local similarity information among the features for refined results. The proposed method is evaluated using state-of-the-art methods, and the experimental results show that our method outperforms the existing methods in both quantitative and qualitative measures.
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Alizadeh, Rana, Kaoru Uema Porter, Tom Cannon, and Simon S. Ang. "Fabrication of Ceramic Interposers for Module Packaging." Journal of Microelectronics and Electronic Packaging 17, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/imaps.1114553.
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Abstract In this study, low-temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) and 3D-printed ceramic interposers are designed and fabricated for a double-sided power electronic module. The interposer acts as electrical insulation between two direct-bond copper (DBC) power substrates as well as mechanical support to evenly distribute the weight of the top DBC substrate onto the entire bottom DBC substrate instead of directly onto the bare power semiconductor die. A novel LTCC fabrication process for 14 layers of green tapes with premachined recesses and holes is developed. A similar interposer is 3D printed using a ceramic resin. Finally, the fabricated LTCC and 3D-printed interposers are compared.
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Wang, Feng, Jian Jun Luo, Ming Li, and Yue Deng. "A Study on the Technical Method of Drilling Micro Holes on New CMC-SiC with Femtosecond Laser." Applied Mechanics and Materials 543-547 (March 2014): 3924–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.543-547.3924.
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To solve the difficulties of processing micro holes on the CMC-SiC, femtosecond laser was used as the drilling tool in this paper. And a new type of laser beam scanning module was studied. The study confirms the feasibility of finishing the processing of micro holes whose diameter is less than 2mm on the new CMC-SiC. And the preliminary optimization of processing parameters is completed. According to the experimental results, the important factors affecting the quality of the micro holes were analyzed, and the factors are the processing power and the scanning speed. The results also show that the femtosecond laser processing technology can solve the difficulties of drilling mirco holes on the new CMC-SiC in our countrys aerospace field.
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Chu, Wei Cheng, Chin Pan Huang, Tien Wei Shyr, Li Chou Chen, and Shu Ping Chiu. "Design and Evaluation of Spinneret Module with Line-Type and Multi-Holes of Electro-Spun." Applied Mechanics and Materials 311 (February 2013): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.311.243.
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For the wide application in the field of filtration and bio-medicine, the purpose of this study is to design a spinneret module of electro-spun which can produce composite nonwoven with sub-micrometer fiber continually. Applying the principle of melt-blown, a spinneret module with line-type and multi-holes which was assembled with small beads and filtering net, was designed. In order to construct a continual electro-spun production line, a traversal device was designed to control the traverse-motion of spinneret module for the even lapping and a stainless plate was adopted as collecting plate. In condition of 41KV working voltage, 0.3573 mL/min throughput and 42cm CSD (Capillary-Screen-Distance), a continual PEO nonwoven can be produced with average fiber diameter of 576nm and of CV% 13.4%. To a sampling area of 10cm×10cm and basis weight of 7.257 g/m2 electro-spun nonwoven, the CV% of gray level of its image is 2% and its filtration efficiency is up to 91.2% with pressure drop 13.8mm-H20 by TSI 8130 (32LPM, 5% NaCl).
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Suwannasuk, Sirisuk, Witsarut Sriratana, and Riichi Murayama. "Error Analysis of 4-Crossing Hall Sensor with Frequency Domain in Measurement of Material Imperfection." Applied Mechanics and Materials 781 (August 2015): 471–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.781.471.
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This study presents a methodology of frequency domain for analysis the output signal of the sensor device in order to enhancing the performance and resolution in measurement of a sensor module. However, in this case used the new sensor module namely 4-crossing Hall sensor, which was designed by the assembling of four permanent magnets with four Hall generators as a sensor device. An analysis of frequency domain in this study aims to develop a new non-destructive measurement using a new sensor module as a sensor device in order to measure the imperfection of metal materials using, in some cases, the methodology of non-destructive inspection. This process was performed by transforming the values in the pattern of the output voltage from sensor device, which was amplified by the instrumentation amplifier into the time domain by the voltage to frequency converter and then transformed into the frequency domain based on the principle of Fourier transform. It was found that an analysis by frequency domain is the methodology which can be explicitly applied to detect the dimension of holes on a metal surface. In an experiment, the principle of frequency domain can precisely determine and distinguish the depth of drilled holes with 1 mm difference.
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Kanna, Rajesh, and Manikandan Saravana. "Intelligent Vision Inspection System for IC Engine Head: An ANN Approach." Advanced Materials Research 479-481 (February 2012): 2242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.479-481.2242.
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A machine vision system based on Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for inspection of IC Engine block was developed to identify the misalignment and improper diminishing of holes in the IC Engine block. The developed machine vision and ANN module is compared with the commercial MATLAB® software and found results were satisfactory. This work is broadly divided into four stages, namely Intelligent inspection module, Machine Vision module, ANN module and Expert system module. A system with a camera was used to capture the various segments of head of the IC Engine block. The captured bitmap format image of IC Engine block has to be filtered to remove the noises present while capturing and the size is also altered using SPIHT method to an acceptable size and will be given as input to ANN. Generalized ANN with Back-propagation algorithm was used to inspect the IC Engine block. ANN has to be trained to provide the inspected report.
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Rantala, Antti, and Peter H. Johansson. "Metallicity evolution in mergers of disk galaxies with black holes." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 11, S308 (June 2014): 490–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921316010498.
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AbstractWe use the TreeSPH simulation code Gadget-3 including a recently improved smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) module, a detailed metallicity evolution model and sophisticated subresolution feedback models for supernovae and supermassive black holes in order to study the metallicity evolution in disk galaxy mergers. In addition, we examine the simulated morphology, star formation histories, metallicity gradients and kinematic properties of merging galaxies and merger remnants. We will compare our simulation results with observations of the early-type Centaurus A galaxy and the currently colliding Antennae galaxies.
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Soussan, L., M. Alquier, C. Guigui, S. Alfenore, S. Mathe, and C. Cabassud. "Characterization of the inline virus removal performances in hollow fibre modules by a new tracer electrochemically detected." Water Supply 13, no. 2 (March 1, 2013): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2013.054.
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In a previous work, an innovative and patented method was presented, that is based on a new virus surrogate. This surrogate is an enzyme-labelled MS2 phage that is directly detectable and quantifiable by amperometry thanks to its induced enzymatic activity. In this work, this method was used to characterize the dynamics of virus removal in micromodules as a function of the membrane defect size and the transmembrane pressure (TMP). Experiments were performed at lab scale with an integer module and with modules made with the same fibres with calibrated holes (50, 100, 150 μm) made in one of the module fibres with the laser method. Results showed first that the new method allowed diagnosing a 50 μm hole on the fibre of a micromodule. It was also demonstrated that, whatever the applied TMP, removal performances are all the more better that the defect size is smaller. Moreover, whatever the hole size, a TMP step rise from 1 to 1.5 bar during tracer filtration led to no significant change in the observed removal but improved the intrinsic removal performances.
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Hudaya Muna Putra, Sigit Basuki Wibowo, Dyonisius Dony Ariananda, and Wahyu Dewanto. "Performance of Energy Detection Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio Using GNU Radio." Jurnal Nasional Teknik Elektro dan Teknologi Informasi 11, no. 3 (August 25, 2022): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jnteti.v11i3.3757.
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The increasing number of wireless communication applications has led to spectrum scarcity problems. On the other hand, the current system in allocating the spectrum frequency is inefficient. To mitigate this issue, a cognitive radio (CR) system is proposed. CR is a smart radio that is able to sense the environment, locate the spectrum holes, and adapt its transmission parameter to exploit the existing spectrum holes. This underlines the importance of the spectrum sensing module to enable the operation of the CR system. The objective of the spectrum sensing module is to achieve the best utility from the available spectrum frequency. CR system is implemented in the unlicensed secondary users allowed to rent the spectrum currently not used by primary users (PU). In this paper, energy-detection-based spectrum sensing is implemented on the GNU Radio platform. We first implement the power spectral density (PSD) estimation method based on the periodogram by exploiting the Embedded Python block facility on the GNU Radio. Next, we implement the spectrum sensing decision module in the GNU Radio, which compares the PSD estimate of the PU signals corrupted by noise with a threshold. The PU signal is simulated as a bandpass random process occupying a particular frequency band. The spectrum sensing decision module is developed to allow the computation of the probability of detection (PD) and the probability of false alarm (PFA), which is performed by exploiting the Embedded Python block. One indicator to evaluate the performance of the spectrum sensing module is the receiver operating characteristic curve based on the computed PD and PFA on the GNU Radio. We evaluate the performance of the spectrum sensing for different SNRs and thresholds. The result shows that the energy-detection-based spectrum sensing is able to locate the existence of the PU when the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is sufficiently high.
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Abbasi, R., M. Ackermann, J. Adams, N. Aggarwal, J. A. Aguilar, M. Ahlers, J. M. Alameddine, et al. "D-Egg: a dual PMT optical module for IceCube." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 04 (April 1, 2023): P04014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/04/p04014.
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Abstract The D-Egg, an acronym for “Dual optical sensors in an Ellipsoid Glass for Gen2,” is one of the optical modules designed for future extensions of the IceCube experiment at the South Pole. The D-Egg has an elongated-sphere shape to maximize the photon-sensitive effective area while maintaining a narrow diameter to reduce the cost and the time needed for drilling of the deployment holes in the glacial ice for the optical modules at depths up to 2700 m. The D-Egg design is utilized for the IceCube Upgrade, the next stage of the IceCube project also known as IceCube-Gen2 Phase 1, where nearly half of the optical sensors to be deployed are D-Eggs. With two 8-inch high-quantum efficiency photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) per module, D-Eggs offer an increased effective area while retaining the successful design of the IceCube digital optical module (DOM). The convolution of the wavelength-dependent effective area and the Cherenkov emission spectrum provides an effective photodetection sensitivity that is 2.8 times larger than that of IceCube DOMs. The signal of each of the two PMTs is digitized using ultra-low-power 14-bit analog-to-digital converters with a sampling frequency of 240 MSPS, enabling a flexible event triggering, as well as seamless and lossless event recording of single-photon signals to multi-photons exceeding 200 photoelectrons within 10 ns. Mass production of D-Eggs has been completed, with 277 out of the 310 D-Eggs produced to be used in the IceCube Upgrade. In this paper, we report the design of the D-Eggs, as well as the sensitivity and the single to multi-photon detection performance of mass-produced D-Eggs measured in a laboratory using the built-in data acquisition system in each D-Egg optical sensor module.
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Wang, Hong, Xianzhong Chen, Tianxiang Zhang, Zhiyong Xu, and Jiangyun Li. "CCTNet: Coupled CNN and Transformer Network for Crop Segmentation of Remote Sensing Images." Remote Sensing 14, no. 9 (April 19, 2022): 1956. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14091956.
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Semantic segmentation by using remote sensing images is an efficient method for agricultural crop classification. Recent solutions in crop segmentation are mainly deep-learning-based methods, including two mainstream architectures: Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Transformer. However, these two architectures are not sufficiently good for the crop segmentation task due to the following three reasons. First, the ultra-high-resolution images need to be cut into small patches before processing, which leads to the incomplete structure of different categories’ edges. Second, because of the deficiency of global information, categories inside the crop field may be wrongly classified. Third, to restore complete images, the patches need to be spliced together, causing the edge artifacts and small misclassified objects and holes. Therefore, we proposed a novel architecture named the Coupled CNN and Transformer Network (CCTNet), which combines the local details (e.g., edge and texture) by the CNN and global context by Transformer to cope with the aforementioned problems. In particular, two modules, namely the Light Adaptive Fusion Module (LAFM) and the Coupled Attention Fusion Module (CAFM), are also designed to efficiently fuse these advantages. Meanwhile, three effective methods named Overlapping Sliding Window (OSW), Testing Time Augmentation (TTA), and Post-Processing (PP) are proposed to remove small objects and holes embedded in the inference stage and restore complete images. The experimental results evaluated on the Barley Remote Sensing Dataset present that the CCTNet outperformed the single CNN or Transformer methods, achieving 72.97% mean Intersection over Union (mIoU) scores. As a consequence, it is believed that the proposed CCTNet can be a competitive method for crop segmentation by remote sensing images.
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Zhang, Shanhua, Manfeng Gong, Haishan Lian, Jianfeng Wu, Weijie Zhu, and Zhengwei Ou. "Design of a High-Speed Rotary Ultrasonic Machining Machine Tool for Machining Microstructure of Brittle Materials." Micromachines 14, no. 8 (July 31, 2023): 1544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14081544.
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Aiming at the problems of low machining accuracy and more serious tool wear in the traditional diamond grinding machining (DGM) microstructure of hard and brittle materials, this paper proposes high-speed rotary ultrasonic machining (HRUM) technology and develops a HRUM machine tool. The hardware part of the machine tool mainly includes the spindle module, micro-motion system module, ultrasonic machining tank module, and data acquisition (DAQ) system module. The LabView-based controlled machining control system, including motion selection, initialization, coarse tool setting, constant force tool setting, control machining, and coordinate display module, is developed. Comparative experimental research of the HRUM and DGM of small holes in Al2O3 ceramics is carried out in the developed HRUM machine tool. The results demonstrate that HRUM effectively reduces axial cutting forces, reduces binder adhesion, and suppresses slippage while improving tool-cutting ability and extending tool life compared to DGM under the same machining parameters. This technology has essential research significance for the high-precision and efficient machining of microstructures in hard and brittle materials.
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Weis, Gerald. "Performance Comparison Between Surface-mount and Embedded Power Modules." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2019, DPC (January 1, 2019): 000647–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2380-4491-2019-dpc-presentation_tp3_052.
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Increasing efficiency in power electronic circuits requires innovative cooling concepts and a low impedance connection in the power path as well as low inductance driving circuits placed as close as possible to the main power switches. A direct comparison between state-of-the-art standard surface-mount build-ups and power switches embedded directly into the printed circuit board shows the high potential of integrated electronics. Measurements at defined operating point(s) verify improved thermal performance due to more heat spreading area, as well as higher achievable switching speed. For performance benchmarking two similar versions of half bridge circuits in DC-DC buck configuration were built to be compared in measurement. The first configuration uses standard, state-of-the-art SMD packages assembled onto the module. For the second half bridge module an embedded power path was used: The power transistors (GaN HEMT devices) are mounted inside the printed circuit board (PCB) and galvanically isolated from the heat sink pad on top of the package. Both versions use exactly the same schematic, layer stack-up and copper structure on the six layers used. A slightly different laser drill configuration was necessary because embedded parts are connected by copper filled laser drill holes. This measure was taken to optimize the modules according to their technology. Each module has an NTC thermistor mounted at the same distance to the half bridge transistors, and is used to indicate the temperature of the transistor dies during measurement. To cover a wide range of operational conditions the devices under test (DUTs) were stressed under hard switching operation (HSW) as well as triangular current mode (TCM). HSW causes more stress because the opposite transistor is switched before the whole energy of Coss has been discharged. In TCM the current through the inductor is becoming negative for a short time period and discharges the Coss capacitors of the power transistors. The test conditions were set as follows: 150V, 11A with 200kHz switching frequency in HSW mode. The switching behavior is similar, because both modules uses the same power transistors. Due to less parasitic impedance at the embedded module the turn-on behavior is slightly improved at the embedded module. Embedding as a new, innovative concept is compared to standard technologies. First measurements show that the embedded DUT stays 20K below the temperature of the standard module while running at the same load current. Additionally fewer disturbances were observed at the embedded module.
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BRUNETE, ALBERTO, JOSE EMILIO TORRES, MIGUEL HERNANDO, and ERNESTO GAMBAO. "A PROPOSAL FOR A MULTI-DRIVE HETEROGENEOUS MODULAR PIPE-INSPECTION MICRO-ROBOT." International Journal of Information Acquisition 05, no. 02 (June 2008): 111–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219878908001533.
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This paper presents the architecture used to develop a micro-robot for narrow pipes inspection. Both the electromechanical design and the control scheme will be described. In pipe environments it is very useful to have a method to retrieve information of the state of the inner part of the pipes in order to detect damages, leaks and holes. Due to the different types of existing pipes, a modular approach with different types of modules has been chosen in order to be able to adapt to the shape of the pipe and to chose the most appropriate gait. The micro-robot has been designed for narrow pipes, a field in which there are not many prototypes. The micro-robot incorporates a camera module for visual inspection and several drive modules for locomotion and turn (helicoidal, inchworm, two degrees of freedom rotation). The control scheme is based on semi-distributed behavior control and is also described. A simulation environment is also presented for prototype testing.
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Nguyen, Trung Kien, Lan Xuan Phung, and Ngoc-Tam Bui. "Novel Integration of CAPP in a G-Code Generation Module Using Macro Programming for CNC Application." Machines 8, no. 4 (October 12, 2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines8040061.
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In the modern manufacturing industry, the role of computer-aided process planning (CAPP) is becoming increasingly crucial. Through the application of new technologies, experience, and intelligence, CAPP is contributing to the automation of manufacturing processes. In this article, the integration of a proposed CAPP system that is named as BKCAPP and G-code generation module provides a completed CAD–CAPP–CNC system that does not involve any manual processing in the CAM modules. The BKCAPP system is capable of automatically performing machining feature and operation recognition processes from design features in three-dimensional (3D) solid models, incorporating technical requirements such as the surface roughness, geometric dimensions, and tolerance in order to provide process planning for machining processes, including information on the machine tools, cutting tools, machining conditions, and operation sequences. G-code programs based on macro programming are automatically generated by the G-code generation module on the basis of the basic information for the machining features, such as the contour shape, basic dimensions, and cutting information obtained from BKCAPP. The G-code generation module can be applied to standard machining features, such as faces, pockets, bosses, slots, holes, and contours. This novel integration approach produces a practical CAPP method enabling end users to generate operation consequences and G-code files and to customize specific cutting tools and machine tool data. In this paper, a machining part consisting of basic machining features was used in order to describe the method and verify its implementation.
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Xu, Ming Gang, Xue Ke Luo, and Yong Li. "Development of Tool Electrode High Frequency Vibration Assisted Micro-Hole EDM Machine for Industry Environment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 44-47 (December 2010): 430–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.44-47.430.
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A new tool electrode high frequency vibration assisted micro-hole EDM machine tool aimed to resolve the problem of machine large quantities micro holes in industry was designed. The machine is mainly composed of main body, electrical control module and assistant mechanisms etc. And drawn tungsten wire was used as the micro tool electrode. A series of experiments were carried out using the micro-hole EDM machine.
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Ma, Yuqin, Jie Wang, Yatao Zhao, Xinliang Wei, Luyan Ju, and Yi Chen. "A New Vacuum Pressure Infiltration CFRP Method and Preparation Experimental Study of Composite." Polymers 12, no. 2 (February 12, 2020): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12020419.
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In order to prepare a carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer composite (CFRP) with ideal microstructure and properties, a new vacuum pressure infiltration CFRP method is proposed based on an analysis of existing CFRP preparation process methods. Research on composite material preparation systems was carried out by using this new method principle. The system mainly includes a fiber pre-forming module, a vacuum heating infiltration module, a hot-press curing molding module, and a data acquisition control module. Under the conditions of natural curing at 0 MPa + 6 h + 25 °C, vacuum heating curing at –0.05 MPa + 30 min + 80 °C, and hot-press curing at 0.7 MPa + 5 min + 50 °C, a two-dimensional (2D) CFRP with excellent microstructure and properties was successfully prepared. Observing the microstructure of the prepared composite material, it can be found that the inside of the composite material was sufficiently and uniformly infiltrated, and common preparation defects such as holes and delamination were effectively controlled. Through the performance test, the bending strength of the material reached 790 MPa.
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Han, Sang-Min, Yongwan Lee, Taemin Choi, Seok-Jae Lee, Jung-Woo Baik, Jongsik Lim, and Dal Ahn. "Compact Wake-Up Module Design Based on an Energy-Harvesting Rectenna for Wireless Sensor Receivers." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/976875.
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A new compact energy-harvesting module is proposed with compact design techniques. The rectifying circuit eliminates the band-pass filter and matching circuit, based on an active antenna concept and a direct matching technique. For exact circuit impedance, via holes are processed with precise fabrication techniques. The implemented circuit has achieved a circuit size reduction of 76.7%. The proposed system has been applied to a wireless wake-up receiver system with excellent operating performance.
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Cherepkov, A. V., and I. V. Konoshin. "The association of rectangular shape holes on energy intensity of grinding grain." Sel'skohozjajstvennaja tehnika: obsluzhivanie i remont (Agricultural Machinery: Service and Repair), no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-10-2009-04.
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Grain before feeding to animals exposed to grinding with the purpose of increasing its digestibility. As a result of this increases the area of interaction of the feed with the gastric juice and decreases the conversion coefficient. Surface theory formulated by German scientist Rittinger, suggests that the work of AR required for the grinding process is directly proportional to newly formed surface. The purpose of this paper is a theoretical evaluation of the intensity of grinding with the use of sieves with rectangular and circular shape holes. When getting groats with the same grinding module by the use of sieves with holes of rectangular shape, one should expect the decrease of specific energy intensity. By reducing the content of dust-like fractions and reduce the total surface feed should be expected to reduce the energy intensity of pneumo transportation.
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Cherepkov, A. V., and I. V. Konoshin. "The influence of rectangular shape holes on energy intensity of grinding grain." Sel'skohozjajstvennaja tehnika: obsluzhivanie i remont (Agricultural Machinery: Service and Repair), no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-10-2102-01.
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Grain before feeding to animals exposed to grinding with the purpose of increasing its digestibility. As a result of this increases the area of interaction of the feed with the gastric juice and decreases the conversion coefficient. Surface theory formulated by German scientist Rittinger, suggests that the work of AR required for the grinding process is directly proportional to newly formed surface. The purpose of this paper is a theoretical evaluation of the intensity of grinding with the use of sieves with rectangular and circular shape holes. When getting groats with the same grinding module by the use of sieves with holes of rectangular shape, one should expect the decrease of specific energy intensity. By reducing the content of dust-like fractions and reduce the total surface feed should be expected to reduce the energy intensity of pneumo transportation.
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Cherepkov, A. V., and I. V. Konoshin. "The influence of rectangular shape holes on energy intensity of grinding grain." Sel'skohozjajstvennaja tehnika: obsluzhivanie i remont (Agricultural Machinery: Service and Repair), no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-10-2112-03.
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Grain before feeding to animals exposed to grinding with the purpose of increasing its digestibility. As a result of this increases the area of interaction of the feed with the gastric juice and decreases the conversion coefficient. Surface theory formulated by German scientist Rittinger, suggests that the work of AR required for the grinding process is directly proportional to newly formed surface. The purpose of this paper is a theoretical evaluation of the intensity of grinding with the use of sieves with rectangular and circular shape holes. When getting groats with the same grinding module by the use of sieves with holes of rectangular shape, one should expect the decrease of specific energy intensity. By reducing the content of dust-like fractions and reduce the total surface feed should be expected to reduce the energy intensity of pneumo transportation.
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Wang, Hangzhou, Ying Chen, Hong Song, and Samuel R. Laney. "A Fiber Optic Spectrometry System for Measuring Irradiance Distributions in Sea Ice Environments." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 31, no. 12 (December 1, 2014): 2844–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-14-00108.1.
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Abstract A fiber optic–based spectrometry system was developed to enable automated, long-term measurements of spectral irradiance in sea ice environments. This system utilizes a single spectrometer module that measures the irradiance transmitted by multiple optical fibers, each coupled to the input fiber of the module via a mechanical rotary multiplexer. Small custom-printed optical diffusers, fixed to the input end of each fiber, allow these probes to be frozen into ice auger holes as small as 5 cm in diameter. Temperature-dependent biases in the spectrometer module and associated electronics were examined down to −40°C using an environmental chamber to identify any artifacts that might arise when operating these electronic and optical components below their vendor-defined lower temperature limits. The optical performance of the entire system was assessed by freezing multiple fiber probes in a 1.2-m-tall ice column, illuminating from above with a light source, and measuring spectral irradiance distributions at different depths within the ice column. Results indicated that the radiometric sensitivity of this fiber-based system is comparable to that of commercially available oceanographic spectroradiometers.
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Gofuku, Eishi, Toshio Ohnawa, Mitsuyuki Takada, Fumio Matsukawa, and Masahiro Nunoshita. "Fabrication of via-holes in multi-chip module using third harmonic generation of Nd: YAG laser." Applied Surface Science 64, no. 4 (April 1993): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-4332(93)90205-p.
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Li, Chun Ting, Xiao Ping Feng, and Jun Jie Wu. "Thermal Simulation Analysis of Pass Design of the Heat-Insulating Bricks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 584-586 (July 2014): 1733–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.584-586.1733.
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The pass design, hole rates and materials affect the insulation properties of perforated bricks directly. In order to study their effects on the insulation of the perforated bricks, six models was analyzed by the thermal module of ANSYS. The results prove that larger quadrate holes rates lead to better insulation, and the material with small thermal conductivities contribute to large heat transfer resistance value of the bricks. To achieve the energy saving standards, more bricks with lower coefficient of thermal conductivity are to be developed.
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Stęplewski, Wojciech, Mateusz Mroczkowski, Radoslav Darakchiev, Konrad Futera, and Grażyna Kozioł. "New technologies of multi-layered printed circuit boards, intended of rapid-design electronic modules." Circuit World 41, no. 3 (August 3, 2015): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cw-03-2015-0008.
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Purpose – The purpose of this study was the use of embedded components technology and innovative concepts of the printed circuit board (PCB) for electronic modules containing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) devices with a large number of pins (e.g. Virtex 6, FF1156/RF1156 package, 1,156 pins). Design/methodology/approach – In the multi-layered boards, embedded passive components that support FPGA device input/output (I/O), such as blocking capacitors and pull-up resistors, were used. These modules can be used in rapid design of electronic devices. In the study, the MC16T FaradFlex material was used for the inner capacitive layer. The Ohmega-Ply RCM 25 Ω/sq material was used to manufacture pull-up resistors for high-frequency pins. The embedded components have been connected to pins of the FPGA component by using plated-through holes for capacitors and blind vias for resistors. Also, a technique for a board-to-board joining, by using castellated terminations, is described. Findings – The fully functional modules for assembly of the FPGA were manufactured. Achieved resistance of embedded micro resistors, as small as the smallest currently used surface-mount device components (01005), was below required tolerance of 10 per cent. Obtained tolerance of capacitors was less than 3 per cent. Use of embedded components allowed to replace the pull-up resistors and blocking capacitors and shortens the signal path from the I/O of the FPGA. Correct connection to the castellated terminations with a very small pitch was also obtained. This allows in further planned studies to create a full signal distribution system from the FPGA without the use of unreliable plug connectors in aviation and space technology. Originality/value – This study developed and manufactured several innovative concepts of signal distribution from printed circuit boards. The signal distribution solutions were integrated with embedded components, which allowed for significant reduction in the signal path. This study allows us to build the target object that is the module for rapid design of the FPGA device. Usage of a pre-designed module would lessen the time needed to develop a FPGA-based device, as a significant part of the necessary work (mainly designing the signal and power fan-out) will already be done during the module development.
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Hu, Ying Ning, Cheng Yong Wang, Shan Shan Hu, Bang Dao Chen, and Chang Xiong Chen. "Dynamic Characteristics Analysis of Diamond Saw Blade with Multi-Hole Base and Different Segment Width." Key Engineering Materials 375-376 (March 2008): 369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.375-376.369.
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By FEM module analysis and temperature distribution analysis of diamond saw blade with multi-holes base and different segment width, influence of different hole diameter, hole number and segment width to nature frequency is clear. Adopted single-factor test, sawing force and acoustic emission signal are measured by cutting several kinds of strength concrete in different cutting parameters. The analysis to characters of sawing force and acoustic emission helps to find out optimum structure of diamond saw blade with different segment width, more rational sawing parameter and its adaptability to workpiece material.
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Borovikov, Sergei M., and Vladislav N. Bondarev. "MODEL FOR PREDICTION OF PERFORMANCE RELIABILITY OF PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS TAKING INTO ACCOUNT CYCLES OF OPERATING TIME AND TEMPERATURE REGIMES OF USING." Globus: technical sciences 7, no. 4(40) (September 19, 2021): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.52013/2713-3079-40-4-4.
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A model is proposed for predicting the operational reliability of printed circuit boards, which include mounting holes for installing output elements and contact pads for mounting SMD elements on the surface of a printed circuit board. A distinctive feature of the model is taking into account the cyclical nature of the operation of the electronic module and taking into account the thermo mechanical stresses that arise in the printed circuit board and connections when the temperature changes (during operation, during storage). An example of the application of the model is given.
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Guo, S., Ning Su, Fu Li, Da Wei Liu, and Bo Li. "Design and Simulation of a Novel Thermoelectric Micro-Device with Electrodeposited Bi-Te Alloys." Solid State Phenomena 281 (August 2018): 788–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.281.788.
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A novel thermoelectric micro-device was designed with n-type and p-type Bi-Te materials alloys via a template electrodeposition process. The glass template including 250 holes in 10×10 mm2with a thickness of 200~ 400 µm. The diameter of the holes is 50~ 80 µm and the distance of adjacent centers of the holes is 200 µm. According to the design, the performance of heat transference and thermoelectric energy generation are simulated by COMSOL Multiphysics. In order to simplify model, there are 16 units in total, and each unit is made up of 16 (4 × 4) pillars. In the simulation, the largest temperature difference is 7.8K on the conditions of 500 W/m2K in convection heat transfer coefficients and the maximum output potential of the module is 21.7 mV. The maximum output power achieved 96.9 µW under 500 W/m2K of heat transfer coefficient and 10 mA of current. Under ideal conditions, the value of open circuit voltage and maximum output power increases to nine times as the model, but short circuit current remains the same. When the heat transfer coefficient is 500 W/m2K and the current density is 10 mA, the maximum output power of the actual product achieved 871.7 µW.
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Bachmann, Friedrich. "Excimer Laser Drill for Multilayer Printed Circuit Boards: From Advanced Development to Factory Floor." MRS Bulletin 14, no. 12 (December 1989): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s088376940006098x.
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A novel excimer laser process has been developed for generating cylindrical via holes with an aspect ratio of about one. The fabrication process is being successfully run on a production line for a highly miniaturized printed circuit board used for the multichip module in the new Siemens 7500 H 90 mainframe computer. The process is outstanding in terms of reliability and reproducibility. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first that that excimer lasers have been put into large-scale use in an industrial environment.Since signal delay times for chips have decreased much more rapidly than delay times for packaging, the computing speed of high-speed computers is restricted by the packaging techniques used. Therefore, further development of packaging technology became a prime objective for those developing high-performance computers. Packaging delay times had to be reduced drastically to keep up with increasingly shorter chip delay times. This, in effect, meant that a greater packaging density had to be implemented.A novel planar packaging technique has lead to considerable progress in solving this problem. This technique has been described in detail elsewhere. A key component in this technology is a multichip module, which can take in each of 16 areas, either an LSI module with 320 leads or 9 MSI modules with 52 leads as “bare” ICs. This means that a micro-wiring printed circuit board of this kind can accomodate between 16 (LSI) and 144 (MSI) chips. This article describes how these printed circuit boards are manufactured.As the specifications (Table I) show, blind vias 80 μm in diameter at a pitch of 0.5 mm have to be made in a 16-layer printed circuit board. It is intended that these blind vias will provide the through-contact for neighboring layers. The excimer laser plays a major role in this process.
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Zhang, Zeyu, Honggui Deng, Yang Liu, Qiguo Xu, and Gang Liu. "A Semi-Supervised Semantic Segmentation Method for Blast-Hole Detection." Symmetry 14, no. 4 (March 23, 2022): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14040653.
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The goal of blast-hole detection is to help place charge explosives into blast-holes. This process is full of challenges, because it requires the ability to extract sample features in complex environments, and to detect a wide variety of blast-holes. Detection techniques based on deep learning with RGB-D semantic segmentation have emerged in recent years of research and achieved good results. However, implementing semantic segmentation based on deep learning usually requires a large amount of labeled data, which creates a large burden on the production of the dataset. To address the dilemma that there is very little training data available for explosive charging equipment to detect blast-holes, this paper extends the core idea of semi-supervised learning to RGB-D semantic segmentation, and devises an ERF-AC-PSPNet model based on a symmetric encoder–decoder structure. The model adds a residual connection layer and a dilated convolution layer for down-sampling, followed by an attention complementary module to acquire the feature maps, and uses a pyramid scene parsing network to achieve hole segmentation during decoding. A new semi-supervised learning method, based on pseudo-labeling and self-training, is proposed, to train the model for intelligent detection of blast-holes. The designed pseudo-labeling is based on the HOG algorithm and depth data, and proved to have good results in experiments. To verify the validity of the method, we carried out experiments on the images of blast-holes collected at a mine site. Compared to the previous segmentation methods, our method is less dependent on the labeled data and achieved IoU of 0.810, 0.867, 0.923, and 0.945, at labeling ratios of 1/8, 1/4, 1/2, and 1.
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Wang, Ming Huan, C. Y. Yao, Qiao Fang Zhang, and Wei Peng. "Electrochemical Machining of the Turbulated Hole." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 4088–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.4088.
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Electrochemical machining (ECM) technology has the advantage of machining the workpiece with complex profile on the basis of electrolysis. In this study, turbulated holes with the rib’s shape of spiral and annular were processed by ECM by using the shaped cathodes. Experimental system was built which consists of electrolyte supply module, power supply unit and workpiece holding device. Machining experimentations were carried out on the built system. Analysis and discussions were done according to the experimental results. It indicated machining efficiency is high by using the shaped cathode. Machining error could be controlled within 10-20%.
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Chen, Yueqiao, Wenxia Yang, Xi Fang, and Huan Han. "EC-GAN: Emotion-Controllable GAN for Face Image Completion." Applied Sciences 13, no. 13 (June 28, 2023): 7638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13137638.
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Image completion methods based on deep learning, such as Variational Autoencoders (VAEs) and Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), have succeeded in producing semantically plausible results. However, existing facial image completion methods can either produce only one result or, although they can provide multiple results, cannot attribute particular emotions to the results. We propose EC-GAN, a novel facial Emotion-Controllable GAN-based image completion model that can infer and customize generative facial emotions. We propose an emotion inference module that infers the emotions of faces based on the unmasked regions of the faces. The emotion inference module is trained in a supervised manner and enforces the encoder to disentangle the emotion semantics from the native latent space. We also developed an emotion control module to modify the latent codes of emotions, moving the latent codes of the initial emotion toward the desired one while maintaining the remaining facial features. Extensive experiments were conducted on two facial datasets, CelebA-HQ and CFEED. Quantitative and qualitative results indicate that EC-GAN produces images with diverse desired expressions even when the main features of the faces are masked. On the other hand, EC-GAN promotes semantic inference capability with irregularly masked holes, resulting in more natural facial expressions.
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Bulkin, Vladislav, and Marina Kalinichenko. "NOISE-ABSORBING ACOUSTIC SCREEN BASED ON A HELMHOLTZ RESONATOR." VOLUME 39, VOLUME 39 (2021): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.36336/akustika202139272.
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The paper aims at studying the noise protection potential of an acoustic screen based on a Helmholtz resonator to solve the problem of noise reduction level in the area in front of the screen. For experimental analysis, a modular acoustic screen has been made. Replaceable modules are made on the basis of a wooden frame with stiffening ribs, one side of the module is blind, another has slotted holes, which ensures the formation of noise absorbers on a Helmholtz resonator principle. Changing the position of the modules in the support racks provides the ability to change the screen reflexive surface nature. The main problem solved in this work is to experimentally determine the decrease magnitude in the sound pressure level in the area in front of the screen. The results of sound pressure level measurements at various frequencies are provided, the comparison of the reflected noise obtained values with the results obtained in the sound pressure level analysis in the case of a solid screen is given. The coincidence of the calculated values of the active sound absorption frequencies with the measured values is shown. It is concluded that there is a possibility to solve the nose reduction level problem when using such screens in areas where people can be.
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Barros, Juan José Cartelle, María Isabel Lamas Galdo, María Jesús Rodríguez Guerreiro, and Luis Carral Couce. "Biological and Hydrodynamic Aspects for the Design of Artificial Reef Modules for Cephalopod Molluscs in the Ares-Betanzos Estuary." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 7 (July 5, 2023): 1365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11071365.
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The design of an artificial reef (AR) module for improving the fishing productivity of cephalopod molluscs in the Ares-Betanzos estuary (Galicia, NW Spain) is addressed in this study. At the time of deciding on a suitable AR design, it is first necessary to assess how the different marine species use ARs so that it is possible to define the complexity of the design: its size and shape, as well as the number of nest cavities it should present and the dimensions of these cavities. Thus, two different cubic modules are proposed, both with an edge of 1500 mm. One of them can be considered as the standard design, while the other has been modified to include four open cylindrical holes. Several tools are employed to assess both proposals. Moreover, a CFD (computational fluid dynamics) model is performed. The results suggest that the flow in the interior of the tubes provides a suitable environment for cephalopod molluscs, given that circulation is produced, guaranteeing nutrient renewal. As further contributions, the present work determines how the capture of cephalopods and other species in Galician fish markets has evolved and reviews the habitat preferred by cephalopods in Galicia. It also proposes and compares two AR modules.
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Fulara, Szymon, Maciej Chmielewski, and Marian Gieras. "Variable Geometry in Miniature Gas Turbine for Improved Performance and Reduced Environmental Impact." Energies 13, no. 19 (October 8, 2020): 5230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13195230.
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A miniature gas turbine (MGT) is proposed as a promising future energy source. Increasingly stringent requirements related to harmful combustible gas emissions and a trend towards improved energy generation efficiency drive the quest for new MGT technologies. Variable geometry systems are promising due to enhanced heat management and flow control. Variable combustor cooling and dilution holes together with the variable area nozzle (VAN) system allow for the improvement of gas turbine performance and reduction in pollutant emissions. The proposed systems are based on hot-section geometry changes, in which the size of the combustion chamber holes and turbine nozzle angle can be adjusted. Component and module experimental research were performed at the Warsaw University of Technology, on an MGT test stand. A significant decrease in fuel consumption (up to 47% reduction) and harmful nitrogen oxide emission reduction (NO–by 78% and NO2–by 82%) were achieved. These results are related to combustor turbine inlet temperature (TIT) increase up to 1230 K. The tests of the variable geometry systems have also shown an impact on gas turbine power and specific fuel consumption.
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She, Chen Hua, and Yueh Hsun Tsai. "Tool Path Planning and NC Generation of Tilted Plane Machining Features for Five-Axis Machining." Materials Science Forum 697-698 (September 2011): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.697-698.309.
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Designs of free-form surface products are becoming increasingly complex. In traditional three-axis machine tool machining, errors that are caused by repetitive positioning and the costs of fixture jig design and manufacturing are critical. Since multi-axis machining provides two more rotational degrees of freedom than a three-axis machine tool, the former can solve these problems, and has therefore become the trend of precision cutting. As multi-axis machined parts often have holes and grooves on the tilted plane, this work proposes a method for machining tilted working plane features and for NC generation on a five-axis machine. The developed module can provide common geometric features, allowing the user to alter the machining feature and sequence on the tilted plane quickly using the parent-child relationship in a tree diagram, and plan the tool path. The postprocessor module developed in this paper can transform the tool path into an NC program required for machining. Finally, solid cutting simulation software is utilized to confirm the feasibility and correctness of the tool path and NC data of the tilted plane machining feature.
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Li, Shuanggao, Zhengping Deng, Qi Zeng, and Xiang Huang. "A coaxial alignment method for large aircraft component assembly using distributed monocular vision." Assembly Automation 38, no. 4 (September 3, 2018): 437–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aa-11-2017-163.
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Purpose The assembly of large component in out-field is an important part for the usage and maintenance of aircrafts, which is mostly manually accomplished at present, as the commonly used large-volume measurement systems are usually inapplicable. This paper aims to propose a novel coaxial alignment method for large aircraft component assembly using distributed monocular vision. Design/methodology/approach For each of the mating holes on the components, a monocular vision module is applied to measure the poses of holes, which together shape a distributed monocular vision system. A new unconstrained hole pose optimization model is developed considering the complicated wearing on hole edges, and it is solved by a iterative reweighted particle swarm optimization (IR-PSO) method. Based on the obtained poses of holes, a Plücker line coordinates-based method is proposed for the relative posture evaluation between the components, and the analytical solution of posture parameters is derived. The required movements for coaxial alignment are finally calculated using the kinematics model of parallel mechanism. Findings The IR-PSO method derived more accurate hole pose arguments than the state-of-the-art method under complicated wearing situation of holes, and is much more efficient due to the elimination of constraints. The accuracy of the Plücker line coordinates-based relative posture evaluation (PRPE) method is competitive with the singular value decomposition (SVD) method, but it does not rely on the corresponding of point set; thus, it is more appropriate for coaxial alignment. Practical implications An automatic coaxial alignment system (ACAS) has been developed for the assembly of a large pilotless aircraft, and a coaxial error of 0.04 mm is realized. Originality/value The IR-PSO method can be applied for pose optimization of other cylindrical object, and the analytical solution of Plücker line coordinates-based axes registration is derived for the first time.
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Yu, Ho-Chieh (Jay), and Jason Huang. "Investigation of the Direct Plating Copper (DPC) on Al2O3, BeO or AlN Ceramic Substrates for High Power Density Applications." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2016, no. 1 (October 1, 2016): 000079–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2016-tp43.
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Abstract In the high power module applications, the power increasing and the size shrinking becomes one of the major topics for the power module design. Due to both the power increasing and the size decreasing, the power density of the device will be much increased. Therefore, not only the thermal conductivity and stability of the substrate material but the long-term material reliability of the substrate have to be seriously considered. For these reasons, the ceramic PCB becomes one of the best solutions. The ceramic substrates now used are normally based on Ag-printed or direct bonding copper (DBC) technology. In the case of the Ag-printed ceramic substrate, the pattern resolution and metallization thickness are limited by the Ag-printed process. Also the combination strength of the silver and ceramic substrate by glass (which is normally mixed in the silver paste) is normally not good enough. A thermal dissipation barrier will then be formed between silver and ceramic substrate due to the poor thermal conductivity of the glass material. For the DBC ceramic substrate, DBC substrates are manufactured at 1065°C by the diffusion between ceramic and Cu/CuO layer. A thicker Cu layer thickness of normally more than 300 um is required in the thermal compressing bonding process. The Cu pattern resolution will then be limited by the thickness of the Cu layer. However, the about 5~10% of the voids exist randomly between ceramic and Cu layer is the other major issue. The resolution issues of the Ag-printed and DBC ceramic substrates make the limitation for the device density design (fine line/width and flip-chip device design become very difficult). The glass material in the Ag printed ceramic substrate and the 5~10% voids existence in DBC ceramic substrate may cause the reliability issue operating at a high power density applications. For high power density module applications, we introduce the DPC technology on the ceramic substrate. In DPC ceramic substrate system, the sputtered Ti is used as the combination material between Cu and ceramic substrate. And the first copper is then sputtered on the top of Ti layer as seed-layer for the following Cu electrode plating (second cupper layer). By the material and the sputtering process control, several ceramic substrate raw materials can be used, such as Al2O3, AlN, BeO, Si3N4 and so on. The Ti combined/buffer layer provides good adhesion strength and material stability. The second copper layer is plated by electrode casting plating to 3 to 5 oz. (100~150um) in thickness. The key technology of the metal trace plating is the material control of the sputter layers and the second copper layer stress release during plating. In the DPC system, the double layers design is available. The laser drilled via holes on the various ceramic substrates is introduced. The conducting of the front and back side is connected by the following plating process. The key technology of this process is the stability of the via-holes. We have to make sure the via-holes cleaning, impurity removing and material stability during high temperature laser drilled is well controlled. DPC ceramic substrates provide a better metal/ceramic interface uniformity and material reliability due to the stable Ti combination material and much less voids in the metal/ceramic interface. Also, the DPC ceramic substrates provide a gold pattern resolution of 50 um line space with tight tolerance of 20 um min. We believe the material characteristic make DPC a very suitable substrate material for high power module applications.
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Bangare, Sunil L., G. Pradeepini, and Shrishailappa Tatyasaheb Patil. "Neuroendoscopy Adapter Module Development for Better Brain Tumor Image Visualization." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, no. 6 (December 1, 2017): 3643. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i6.pp3643-3654.
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The issue of brain magnetic resonance image exploration together with classification receives a significant awareness in recent years. Indeed, various computer-aided-diagnosis solutions were suggested to support radiologist in decision-making. In this circumstance, adequate image classification is extremely required as it is the most common critical brain tumors which often develop from subdural hematoma cells, which might be common type in adults. In healthcare milieu, brain MRIs are intended for identification of tumor. In this regard, various computerized diagnosis systems were suggested to help medical professionals in clinical decision-making. As per recent problems, Neuroendoscopy is the gold standard intended for discovering brain tumors; nevertheless, typical Neuroendoscopy can certainly overlook ripped growths. Neuroendoscopy is a minimally-invasive surgical procedure in which the neurosurgeon removes the tumor through small holes in the skull or through the mouth or nose. Neuroendoscopy enables neurosurgeons to access areas of the brain that cannot be reached with traditional surgery to remove the tumor without cutting or harming other parts of the skull. We focused on finding out whether or not visual images of tumor ripped lesions ended up being much better by auto fluorescence image resolution as well as narrow-band image resolution graphic evaluation jointly with the latest neuroendoscopy technique. Also, within the last several years, pathology labs began to proceed in the direction of an entirely digital workflow, using the electronic slides currently being the key element of this technique. Besides lots of benefits regarding storage as well as exploring capabilities with the image information, among the benefits of electronic slides is that they can help the application of image analysis approaches which seek to develop quantitative attributes to assist pathologists in their work. However, systems also have some difficulties in execution and handling. Hence, such conventional method needs automation. We developed and employed to look for the targeted importance along with uncovering the best-focused graphic position by way of aliasing search method incorporated with new Neuroendoscopy Adapter Module (NAM) technique.
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Augustauskas, Rytis, Arūnas Lipnickas, and Tadas Surgailis. "Segmentation of Drilled Holes in Texture Wooden Furniture Panels Using Deep Neural Network." Sensors 21, no. 11 (May 23, 2021): 3633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113633.
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Drilling operations are an essential part of furniture from MDF laminated boards required for product assembly. Faults in the process might introduce adverse effects to the furniture. Inspection of the drilling quality can be challenging due to a big variety of board surface textures, dust, or woodchips in the manufacturing process, milling cutouts, and other kinds of defects. Intelligent computer vision methods can be engaged for global contextual analysis with local information attention for automated object detection and segmentation. In this paper, we propose blind and through drilled holes segmentation on textured wooden furniture panel images using the UNet encoder-decoder modifications enhanced with residual connections, atrous spatial pyramid pooling, squeeze and excitation module, and CoordConv layers for better segmentation performance. We show that even a lightweight architecture is capable to perform on a range of complex textures and is able to distinguish the holes drilling operations’ semantical information from the rest of the furniture board and conveyor context. The proposed model configurations yield better results in more complex cases with a not significant or small bump in processing time. Experimental results demonstrate that our best-proposed solution achieves a Dice score of up to 97.89% compared to the baseline U-Net model’s Dice score of 94.50%. Statistical, visual, and computational properties of each convolutional neural network architecture are addressed.
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Chaaf, Amir, Mohammed Saleh Ali Muthanna, Ammar Muthanna, Soha Alhelaly, Ibrahim A. Elgendy, Abdullah M. Iliyasu, and Ahmed A. Abd El-Latif. "Energy-Efficient Relay-Based Void Hole Prevention and Repair in Clustered Multi-AUV Underwater Wireless Sensor Network." Security and Communication Networks 2021 (June 30, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9969605.
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Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) enable various oceanic applications which require effective packet transmission. In this case, sparse node distribution, imbalance in terms of overall energy consumption between the different sensor nodes, dynamic network topology, and inappropriate selection of relay nodes cause void holes. Addressing this problem, we present a relay-based void hole prevention and repair (ReVOHPR) protocol by multiple autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) for UWSN. ReVOHPR is a global solution that implements different phases of operations that act mutually in order to efficiently reduce and identify void holes and trap relay nodes to avoid it. ReVOHPR adopts the following operations as ocean depth (levels)-based equal cluster formation, dynamic sleep scheduling, virtual graph-based routing, and relay-assisted void hole repair. For energy-efficient cluster forming, entropy-based eligibility ranking (E2R) is presented, which elects stable cluster heads (CHs). Then, dynamic sleep scheduling is implemented by the dynamic kernel Kalman filter (DK2F) algorithm in which sleep and active modes are based on the node’s current status. Intercluster routing is performed by maximum matching nodes that are selected by dual criteria, and also the data are transmitted to AUV. Finally, void holes are detected and repaired by the bicriteria mayfly optimization (BiCMO) algorithm. The BiCMO focuses on reducing the number of holes and data packet loss and maximizes the quality of service (QoS) and energy efficiency of the network. This protocol is timely dealing with node failures in packet transmission via multihop routing. Simulation is implemented by the NS3 (AquaSim module) simulator that evaluates the performance in the network according to the following metrics: average energy consumption, delay, packet delivery rate, and throughput. The simulation results of the proposed REVOHPR protocol comparing to the previous protocols allowed to conclude that the REVOHPR has considerable advantages. Due to the development of a new protocol with a set of phases for data transmission, energy consumption minimization, and void hole avoidance and mitigation in UWSN, the number of active nodes rate increases with the improvement in overall QoS.
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Chernousenko, Olga, Leonid Butovsky, Olena Hranovska, Oleh Moroz, and Oleksandr Starchenko. "Determining basic characteristics of stabilizer micro torch burners for the combustion of ballasted fuel gases." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 5, no. 8 (113) (October 31, 2021): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.242984.
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This paper reports an experimental study into the combustion of alternative gases in the form of a mixture of propane-butane with air and carbon dioxide after a stabilizing flat module whose both sides are flown around with an airflow. The ballasted fuel was fed by jets into the airflow from the holes located on the side walls of the stabilizer. In this case, the fuel and air were partially premixed. It was established that when ballasting fuel with inert admixtures, the length of the torch and the maximum temperature gradually decreased while nitrogen oxide emissions decreased. With an increase in the content of ballast in fuel, combustion breaks. The dependence of torch stability on the relative consumption of ballast has been established. To stabilize the combustion, highly reactive fuel is supplied to the recirculation zone after a stabilizer from a separate collector. Ballasted fuel passes through the next torches of high-temperature fuel; the all fuel combustion process takes place. The combined scheme of mixture formation makes it possible to adjust fuel consumption in the zones and thus maintain a stable burner power. In the case of supplying all fuel to the recirculation zone after the stabilizer, a so-called "rich" detachment is possible when the torch is detached from the stabilizer. When working under such modes, highly reactive fuel is supplied from the holes on the side walls of the stabilizer, which are placed closer to its detachment edges than the holes for the supply of ballasted fuel. At the same time, the jets of ballasted fuel also pass between the torches of highly reactive fuel so there is joint combustion of all fuel
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Khalid, Usman, Othman Mohammad Ahmed Mustafa, Muhammad Ali Naeem, Mohammad Yousef Mohammad Alkhateeb, and Basil Marwan Abed Eljaber Awad. "Direct Optimization of an Automotive Sheet Metal Part Using ANSYS." International Journal of Engineering and Management Sciences 5, no. 3 (December 10, 2020): 134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21791/ijems.2020.3.14.
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Optimization of automotive parts nowadays is mainly used to design lightweight and cost-effective vehicle parts in order to improve the cost and efficiency. In this research, a sheet metal part was taken into consideration and optimized using direct optimization module in ANSYS to evaluate the process. An initial Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was done on the sheet metal part by adding forces and constraints in order to initiate direct optimization. The purpose of the optimization is to minimize the mass of the sheet metal part and maintaining a certain Factor of Safety (FOS) by automatically modifying the sheet thickness and the dimension of the side holes. As a result, the best candidate point with 23% mass reduction was found which complied with FOS value was selected for optimal geometry.
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Mintorogo, Danny Santoso. "THE AQUATIC-POLYCARBONATE SKYLIGHT FOR SURABAYA INDONESIA." DIMENSI (Journal of Architecture and Built Environment) 35, no. 1 (July 9, 2007): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/dimensi.35.1.100-106.
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This paper will indicate of how appropriate use of aquatic skylight module installed on buildings in the tropical zone compared to the ones in the subtropical climate. In order for energy saving strategies, the aquatic-polycarbonate skylight system is used in the tropical climate. In the tropical hot humid climate, Indonesia has received huge amount of global direct and diffuse radiations on horizontal roofs throughout the year, approximately 525 watts per square meter of solar radiation will impact on flat roofs or skylights on a clear sunny day in Surabaya city. Ironically, most of the commercial and institution buildings are equipped with Western skylight styles in Surabaya without any modifications. The aquatic-polycarbonate skylight is the system that will control daylight, scatter direct solar heat radiation, cool the indoor polycarbonate surface temperature, and collect solar hot water at the same time. The concept of using the water as shading device has three goals: first of all, the flushing water in the polycarbonate holes tries to scatter horizontal or tiled skylight direct sun-ray radiation, and minimize the direct sun heat temperature on the polycarbonate with flushing water continuously. Secondly, the sparkle flushing water in series of square holes of polycarbonate will bounce and disperse the direct sunlight into the space below enhancing daylight patterns. Finally, while bouncing, sparkling and scattering direct sunlight, those series of flushing water holes would also collect the solar heat radiation as solar hot water. Each system could works nicely to absorb, to scatter, to minimize, and to obtain the solar heat radiation for solar hot water in buildings. This strategy aims to provide a clean environment living zones with applying passive heating and cooling systems.
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He, Xu, and Yong Yin. "Non-Local and Multi-Scale Mechanisms for Image Inpainting." Sensors 21, no. 9 (May 10, 2021): 3281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21093281.
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Recently, deep learning-based techniques have shown great power in image inpainting especially dealing with squared holes. However, they fail to generate plausible results inside the missing regions for irregular and large holes as there is a lack of understanding between missing regions and existing counterparts. To overcome this limitation, we combine two non-local mechanisms including a contextual attention module (CAM) and an implicit diversified Markov random fields (ID-MRF) loss with a multi-scale architecture which uses several dense fusion blocks (DFB) based on the dense combination of dilated convolution to guide the generative network to restore discontinuous and continuous large masked areas. To prevent color discrepancies and grid-like artifacts, we apply the ID-MRF loss to improve the visual appearance by comparing similarities of long-distance feature patches. To further capture the long-term relationship of different regions in large missing regions, we introduce the CAM. Although CAM has the ability to create plausible results via reconstructing refined features, it depends on initial predicted results. Hence, we employ the DFB to obtain larger and more effective receptive fields, which benefits to predict more precise and fine-grained information for CAM. Extensive experiments on two widely-used datasets demonstrate that our proposed framework significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches both in quantity and quality.
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Shen, Meihua, John Hoang, Hao Chi, Aaron Routzahn, Jonathan Church, Pramod Subramonium Subramonium, Ragesh Puthenkovilakam, et al. "Enabling High Aspect Ratio 3D NAND Scaling through Deposition and Etch Co-Optimization (DECO)." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 18 (October 9, 2022): 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0218869mtgabs.
Full textAbstract:
Over the past decade, the demands for 3D NAND flash memory devices have been increased tremendously due to ever growing digital economics in consumer electronics, data centers, IOT, healthcare and automotive industries. The growth is further accelerated during the recent Covid period. The industry was able to keep up the scaling roadmap by stacking more memory cell in vertical direction to realize higher bit density at reducing cost per Gig-bit. Unlike devices scaling via feature size reduction, 3D NAND flash vertical stack scaling puts challenges mostly on film deposition and etch. Among many steps, high aspect ratio (HAR) ONON channel hole formation modules remained the most critical steps. Forming billions of perfect channel holes from top to bottom without distortion and twisting is the grand challenge. Besides individual etch and deposition module optimization, deposition and etch Co-optimization (DECO) could provide new opportunities. In this paper, we will present a summary of the recent progress in the approaches and the benefits of DECO as potential pathways to overcome the HAR ONON patterning. We will discuss the ONON Tier Optimization for profile control to reduce the top bowing and enlarge the bottom CD. We will introduce a sacrificial liner approach to prevent top CD enlargement at deeper etch depth. We will also discuss new mask materials for better etch selectivity and profile control to enable the scaling roadmap.
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Gladckih, D., and S. Studennikova. "Simulation of control and stabilization of the lubricant-coolant flow." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2131, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 022014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2131/2/022014.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The subject of the research is a control system of coolant supply. The results of system simulation in MathLab application program package for solving problems of technical calculations are presented and the analysis of transients is carried out. Reliability and productivity of a machine tool module depends on the quality of coolant supply control. This problem is actual for CNC machines, used for drilling holes with hard-alloy drills. of cutting fluid through the cutting zone depends on the state of chips in the drill hole channels. In the article the simulation of pump control as a function of changing flow rate is performed. The conclusion of the conducted research is the proposed model of the system of supply and flow of lubrication-cooling fluid, which allows analyzing the performance of the object under study.
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HORDIEIEV, Anatolyi, Andriy STARIY, Evgeniy URBANIUK, and Alexei HORDIEIEV. "DESIGN OF A VIBRATING MACHINE MODULE FOR POLLUTION CLEANING AND A GENERAL METHOD FOR CALCULATING ITS ELEMENTS." Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Technical sciences 315, no. 6 (December 29, 2022): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5732-2022-315-6(2)-40-46.
Full textAbstract:
The quality and reliability of repaired machines depend significantly on the perfection of the technological processes of disassembly, cleaning, surface preparation and assembly. The analysis of methods and modern designs of equipment and machines for cleaning and washing pollution showed the possibilities, advantages and disadvantages of various methods and designs of equipment. The main interest for the practice of creating vibrating machines for cleaning and washing parts contamination in small-batch and single-type production when repairing machines is to establish the type of dependencies between the main technological parameters, such as the dynamic pressure of the working environment, the size of the working bodies, their speed, the angle of attack, design parameters and modes of operation of the drive of vibrating machines. The design of a vibrating machine for cleaning contamination with a stream of solid particles and washing parts during equipment repair is proposed, which consists of two modules: a cleaning module with a pulsating submerged jet with solid particles and a module for washing contamination with a pulsating submerged jet of washing liquid. Experimental studies were conducted to measure the maximum pressure of a pulsating jet with a non-return valve installed, depending on the change in the frequency of oscillations of the drive and the change in the diameter of the nozzle. The results of experimental studies of changes in the pressure of a pulsating submerged jet depending on the frequency of oscillations of the drive are presented, which showed a two-fold increase in the maximum pressure of a pulsating submerged jet when using a non-return valve that connects the cleaning bath with the pulsation chamber. In order to reduce the occurrence of a significant number of cavitation bubbles in the pulsation chamber for the non-return valve, it is important to calculate the maximum total area of the holes and their number, based on the volumetric flow of liquid through it during the oscillation period. The determined valve operation time is 0.014s. says that its performance is ensured at frequencies from 0 to 70 Hz of vibrations of the vibration drive. The methodology and example of calculation of the non-return valve of the module of the vibrating machine for cleaning pollution by the flow of a pulsating jet of liquid with solid particles are presented.
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Li, Meilin, Jie Rui, Songkun Yang, Zhi Liu, Liqiu Ren, Li Ma, Qing Li, Xu Su, and Xibing Zuo. "Method of Building Detection in Optical Remote Sensing Images Based on SegFormer." Sensors 23, no. 3 (January 21, 2023): 1258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23031258.
Full textAbstract:
An appropriate detection network is required to extract building information in remote sensing images and to relieve the issue of poor detection effects resulting from the deficiency of detailed features. Firstly, we embed a transposed convolution sampling module fusing multiple normalization activation layers in the decoder based on the SegFormer network. This step alleviates the issue of missing feature semantics by adding holes and fillings, cascading multiple normalizations and activation layers to hold back over-fitting regularization expression and guarantee steady feature parameter classification. Secondly, the atrous spatial pyramid pooling decoding module is fused to explore multi-scale contextual information and to overcome issues such as the loss of detailed information on local buildings and the lack of long-distance information. Ablation experiments and comparison experiments are performed on the remote sensing image AISD, MBD, and WHU dataset. The robustness and validity of the improved mechanism are demonstrated by control groups of ablation experiments. In comparative experiments with the HRnet, PSPNet, U-Net, DeepLabv3+ networks, and the original detection algorithm, the mIoU of the AISD, the MBD, and the WHU dataset is enhanced by 17.68%, 30.44%, and 15.26%, respectively. The results of the experiments show that the method of this paper is superior to comparative methods such as U-Net. Furthermore, it is better for integrity detection of building edges and reduces the number of missing and false detections.