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1
Vika, Marina. "Supermassive black holes : the local supermassive black hole mass function." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2553.
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Over recent years there has been an increase of the number of secure supermassive black hole (SMBH) detections. These SMBH measurements have lead astronomers to establish well defined empirical relationships between the SMBH mass and some of the properties of the host galaxy. The number of galaxies with SMBH mass measurements is currently limited to about 100. One approach of expanding the study of the SMBH is to use the empirical relations for estimating M[subscript(bh)] for larger samples of galaxies. The investigation of the SMBH population (or SMBH mass function) for large sample of galaxies in the nearby universe has helped to constrain the SMBH and the galaxy evolution. Previous estimates of the SMBH mass function at low redshift were produced mainly by combining the measurements of the galaxy luminosity or velocity function with one of the SMBH scaling relations. In the first part of the thesis I will present an independent construction of the nearby supermassive black hole mass function by applying the optical M[subscript(bh)]–L relation onto the Millennium Galaxy Catalogue (MGC). Additionally, in the second part I will provide photometric analysis of all UKIDSS galaxies for which SMBH masses have been measured. I will derive composite profiles of brightness, ellipticity and position angles of each galaxy. I will show that the Sérsic function fits the brightness profile of the majority of the elliptical galaxies and the bulge of disk galaxies and I will provide alternative multi-component fits when necessary. Then these photometric parameters will be used for constructing the M[subscript(bh)]–L relation in the near-IR and to investigate the M[subscript(bh)]–n relation. In the third part I will construct the near-IR SMBH mass function for the Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA) survey. For this purpose I will apply the newly derived M[subscript(bh)]–L relation onto an elliptical subsample of K-band images. The advantage of this SMBH mass function is that during the M[subscript(bh)]–L construction I used the same quality images and techniques used on the GAMA survey. Apart from the M[subscript(bh)]–L relation, the M[subscript(bh)]–sigma relation was used as an alternative approach for a subsample of galaxies for which the velocity dispersions were available. Furthermore, I employed both local SMBH mass functions (MGC & GAMA) for estimating the SMBH mass density at redshift zero and accounted for the dependence of the total SMBH density on the look-back time by comparing with semi-analytic SMBH mass functions. Finally, from the SMBH mass density I estimated the baryon fraction that is locked into SMBHs.
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Azong, Julius Awah. "Corporal punishment of children in Nigerian homes." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2234_1360932481.
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GIACCONE, PAOLO. "BLACK HOLES IN SUPERGRAVITY AND HAMILTON-JACOBI FORMALISM." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2506153.
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In my thesis we have addressed the issue of the first order description of generic stationary axisymmetric black holes in supergravity. To this the end we extended the extend the Hamilton-Jacobi formalism from mechanical models, whose degrees of freedom depend on just one variable, to field theories where the degrees of freedom depend on two or more variables. This problem was addressed and developed in generality in field theory, but not much was known in the context of gravitational field theories. An important issue in this thesis was to apply such extended formalism to the study of black holes.
We have worked with the so-called De Donder-Weyl-Hamilton-Jacobi (DWHJ) theory, which is the simplest extension of the classical Hamilton-Jacobi approach in mechanics. One important difference with respect to the case of classical mechanics consists in the replacement of the Hamilton principal function S, directly related to the fake-superpotential of static black holes, with a Hamilton principal 1-form, which is a covariant vector Si.
The application of this formalism to the description of axisymmetric solutions black holes required working out the general form of the principal functions Sm associated with the corresponding effective 2D sigma-model in the DWHJ setting. We have also given a characterization of the general properties of such solutions with respect to the global symmetry group of the effective 2D sigma-model which describes them. This was done by introducing, aside from the Nöther charge matrix, a further characteristic constant matrix Qψ, in the Lie algebra of G(3), the global symmetry properties of affine solutions 2D model, associated with the rotational motion of the black hole.
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Klochan, Oleh V. Physics Faculty of Science UNSW. "Ballistic transport in one-dimensional p-type GaAs devices." Awarded by:University of New South Wales, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/35186.
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In this thesis we study GaAs one dimensional hole systems with strong spin-orbit interaction effects. The primary focus is the Zeeman splitting of 1D subbands in the two orthogonal in-plane magnetic field directions. We study two types of 1D hole systems based on different (311)A grown heterostructures: a modulation doped GaAs/AlGaAs square quantum well and an undoped induced GaAs/AlGaAs triangular quantum well. The results from the modulation doped 1D wire show enhanced anisotropy of the effective Lande g-factor for the two in-plane field directions (parallel and perpendicular to the wire), compared to that in 2D hole systems. This enhancement is explained by the confinement induced reorientation of the total angular momentum ^ J from perpendicular to the 2D plane to in-plane and parallel to the wire. We use the intrinsic anisotropy of the in-plane g-factors to probe the 0:7 structure and the zero bias anomaly in 1D hole wires. We find that the behaviour of the 0:7 structure and the ZBA are correlated and depend strongly on the orientation of the in-plane field. This result proves the connection between the 0:7 and the ZBA and their relation to spin. We fabricate the first induced hole 1D wire with extremely stable gate characteristics and characterize this device. We also fabricate devices with two orthogonal induced hole wires on one chip, to study the interplay between the confinement, crystallographic anisotropy and spin-orbit coupling and their effect on the Zeeman splitting. We find that the ratios of the g-factors in the two orthogonal field directions for the two wires show opposite behaviour. We compare absolute values of the g-factors relative to the magnetic field direction. For B || [011] the g-factor is large for the wire along [011] and small for the wire along [233]. Whereas for B || [233], the g-factors are large irrespective of the wire direction. The former result can be explained by reorientation of ^ J along the wire, and the latter by an additional off-diagonal Zeeman term, which leads to the out-of-plane component of ^ J when B || [233], and as a result, to enhanced g-factors via increased exchange interactions.
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Brunner, Michael. "Single hole dynamics in the t-J model." [S.l.] : Universität Stuttgart , Fakultät Physik, 2000. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB8473264.
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Brunner and Michael. "Single hole dynamics in the t-J model." Phd thesis, Universitaet Stuttgart, 2000. http://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/opus/volltexte/2000/597/index.html.
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Srivastava, Yogesh K. "Dynamics of black holes and black rings in string theory." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1181586688.
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Olsson, Martin. "String Theory at the Horizon : Quantum Aspects of Black Holes and Cosmology." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Theoretical Physics, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-5926.
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String theory is a unified framework for general relativity and quantum mechanics, thus being a theory of quantum gravity. In this thesis we discuss various aspects of quantum gravity for particular systems, having in common the existence of horizons. The main motivation is that one major challenge in theoretical physics today is in trying to understanding how time dependent backgrounds, with its resulting horizons and space-like singularities, should be described in a controlled way. One such system of particular importance is our own universe.
We begin by discussing the information puzzle in de Sitter space and consequences thereof. A typical time-scale is encountered, which we interpreted as setting the thermalization time for the system. Then the question of closed time-like curves is discussed in the combined setting where we have a rotating black hole in a Gödel-like universe. This gives a unified picture of what previously was considered as independent systems. The last three projects concerns $c=1$ matrix models and their applications. First in relation to the RR-charged two dimensional type 0A black hole. We calculate the ground state energy on both sides of the duality and find a perfect agreement. Finally, we relate the 0A model at self-dual radius to the topological string on the conifold. We find that an intriguing factorization of the theory previously observed for the topological string is also present in the 0A matrix model.
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Farrell, Conor. "Simulating ultracold matter : horizons and slow light." Thesis, St Andrews, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/416.
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Vrabec, Nancy Joan 1955. "THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MODELED BEHAVIOR VERSUS DIDACTIC INFORMATION ON COGNITIVE ACQUISITION OF KNOWLEDGE BY EMPLOYEES OF ADULT CARE HOMES (ELDERLY, VIDEOTAPE, COMMUNITY HEALTH, BOARDING HOMES)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275521.
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Jiménez, Forteza Francisco. "Hierarchical data-driven modelling of binary black hole mergers." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/565409.
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[eng]Throughout history, human beings have received and interpreted information from distant
stars and galaxies through electromagnetic waves (light). Until 2015 this was the
dominant way for observing astrophysical events happening in our cosmos. However, on
September 14'th 2015 a new window to the universe was opened thanks to the rst direct
gravitational wave detection, a goal pursued for several decades by the LIGO/Virgo
scienti c collaboration.
Gravitational waves are tiny space-time oscillations propagating at the speed of light.
They are a prediction of the Einstein theory of gravity and we need the most catastrophic
astrophysical events to detect them. The rst observation of gravitational waves
described the inspiral, merger and ringdown of two black holes with 36 and 29 solar
masses located at 1300 billion light-years, where about the 5% of the total mass was
radiated as gravitational waves and becoming the most powerful astrophysical event ever
observed. The event was called GW150914, consistently with its the arrival date and
was publicly announced on February 11'th 2016 by the LIGO Virgo collaboration. This
has not been the only event observed during this thesis project. Relying on statistical
criteria arguments, we can certify the observation of one additional event also compatible
with the coalescense of a pair of black holes tagged as GW151226 plus a third one
called LVT151012 likely from astrophysical origin but that did not reach the statistical
signi cance required to be con rmed.
The coalescense of binary black hole systems are an optimal candidate for the observation
and study of gravitational waves. The current observations suggest that these
kind of events could dominate the future ground based detections. Then, we need to
optimise the theoretical waveform models to characterise the future observations. In
this thesis we have given the rst steps towards a new upgrading of the nonprecessing
gravitational waves models. These models result from the matching of the well known
post-Newtonian (PN) and e ective-one-body (EOB) analytic formulations to the computationally
expensive numerical solutions of the Einstein equations. They are de ned in
the frequency domain and depend on the ratio of the two black hole masses (mass-ratio)
and some e ective spin e that results from the combination of the components of the
spins orthogonal to the orbital plane thus reducing the physical parameter space to only
two dimensions. Then, although this current prescription have been demonstrated to be
su cient for the searches of the gravitational waves in the data, they are not so optimal
for the statistical inference of the spins of each BH, which is partially caused by the
inherent degeneracy introduced by the e ective spin. The focus of this work has been the extension of the one-spin phenomenological models
to its two-spin version by adding the subdominant e ects carried by the spin di erence
terms = 1 � 2. To that end, we have employed the data of more than 400 simulations
of binary black hole systems generated by four di erent codes (BAM, SpEC, LAZEV,
MAYA), 23 of them generated throughout this thesis by means of the BAM code. This
involved the di cult task of evolving, extracting the waves and the data postprocessing
of each case. Then, we have rede ned the strategy for building higher than two dimensional
ansaetze to add subdominant e ects and where we have also included the results
of the extreme mass ratio limit. All this analysis has resulted in the prescription of new
phenomenological models for the nal mass, nal spin and peak luminosity. The new
models have been shown to improve the old descriptions of these quantities while they
have clearly revealed the possible impact of the subdominant e ects in the near future
phenomenological models.
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Sen, Sharma Pradeep Kumar. "Stress reduction in a plate with a hole by applied induced strains." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27975.
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Ritter, Patricia Diana. "Threelogy in two parts 3-algebras in BLG models and a study of TMG solutions." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5863.
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This thesis is a review of research done over the course of the past 4 years, divided into two unrelated parts. The rst is set in the context of Bagger-Lambert-Gustavsson models, based on 3-Lie algebras. In particular I will describe theories with metric 3-algebras of inde nite signature: these present elds with negative kinetic terms. The problem can be solved by gaugeing away the non-physical degrees of freedom, to obtain other well understood theories. I will show how this procedure can be easily applied for 3-algebra metrics of any inde nite signature. Part II of this thesis focuses on solutions of topologically massive gravity (TMG): particular attention is devoted to warped AdS3 black holes, which are discussed in great detail. I will present a novel analysis of the near horizon geometries of these solutions. I further propose an approach for searching for new solutions to 3-dimensional gravity based on conformal symmetry. This approach is able to yield most of the known axisymmetric stationary TMG backgrounds.
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Henning, John Gordon. "Evaluation of long-hole mine design influences on unplanned ore dilution." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=102985.
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Unplanned ore dilution or stope overbreak, which has a direct and large influence on the cost of a stope, and ultimately on the profitability of a mining operation, can be attributed to both the mining process and to geologic setting. The research undertaken in this document, applicable to a wide range of underground mines employing the blasthole mining method to extract tabular orebodies, focuses on examining factors attributable to the generation of unstable stope hanging-walls.The primary objective of the research undertaken is to establish new models for stope and orezone design, with respect to anticipated stope overbreak, focusing on the position and type of stope within the orezone extraction sequence. Identified factors influencing unplanned dilution, such as: induced stress environment, stope geometry, and the setting of individual stopes are considered.
The research undertaken incorporates a variety of components, including (i) parametric 3-D numerical modelling to examine influences of individual factors on hanging-wall overbreak, (ii) case example analysis, and (iii) orezone extraction sequence simulation, using 3-D elastic numerical modelling. Design criteria, developed from the parametric modelling, was applied to the orezone sequence modelling to develop trends for stope dilution, as functions of stope design and construction.
It was found that hanging-wall overbreak is not significantly influenced by depth alone, and that stopes with large vertical and short horizontal dimensions or stopes having long horizontal and short vertical dimensions are more stable than large square-like stopes. Also, through parametric and case studies, it was demonstrated that, in addition to stope dimension, the amount of unplanned dilution differed according to stope type. Five stope types were identified, based on their position within a tabular blasthole mining sequence. Measured overbreak varies with stope type, with secondary stopes generating a greater volume of hanging-wall dilution than do primary stopes. A pillarless mining sequence will generate less overall dilution than a primary stope: secondary pillar mining sequence.
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ROITBERG, ALICE. "Gross-Pitaevskii hydrodynamics in Riemannian manifolds and application in Black Hole cosmology." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2023. https://hdl.handle.net/10281/404710.
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In questa tesi ci si propone di analizzare le implicazioni fisiche della geometria dello spazio ambiente nel contesto dei condensati di Bose-Einstein (BEC) e le possibili applicazioni nell’ambito dei modelli analogici della cosmologia dei buchi neri. A tal fine si deriva la formulazione idrodinamica dell'equazione di Gross-Pitaevskii (GPE) nel caso di una generica varietà Riemanniana e si osserva la comparsa di una nuova forza, che dipende essenzialmente da due parametri: la geometria della varietà e le derivate prime del profilo di densità. Si studiano le condizioni stazionarie in relazione alla presenza di varietà a curvatura scalare negativa. Analizzando tali varietà si stabilisce una relazione esplicita tra le superfici a curvatura negativa e l'equazione di seno-Gordon, che risulta un'approssimazione della GPE nel caso di accoppiamento di fasi.
Assumendo condizioni stazionarie, si ottiene un nuovo tipo di equazioni di Einstein e si è spinti a ricercare altri legami tra le equazioni che governano i condensati e la cosmologia. A tal fine si considerano i BEC relativistici, che vengono utilizzati nello studio del comportamento dell'universo primordiale e della sua espansione. Facendo uso delle conoscenze ottenute nel caso di varietà Riemanniane generiche, otteniamo nuove equazioni di Einstein nel caso multi-dimensionale. Successivamente, si considerano i modelli analogici utilizzati per lo studio della formazione di buchi neri e per il calcolo della radiazione di Hawking. Attraverso un processo di linearizzazione si nota come sia possibile far emergere una metrica acustica Lorentziana che governi il moto delle fluttuazioni della fase; a questo scopo si considera il caso di un vortice dritto che presenta un profilo di densità in cui le derivate prime assumono un valore massimo all’interno del tubo vorticoso e la geometria dello spazio ambiente diventa rilevante. In questa situazione si scopre che è effettivamente possibile far emergere una metrica Lorentziana, e si propongono alcune approssimazioni utili per la sua determinazione esplicita.
Infine, vengono presentate alcune osservazioni conclusive su possibili direzioni di ricerca future, quali lo studio dell'evoluzione delle superfici isofase in casi relativistici e lo studio dei condensati sottoposti a torsione.In this thesis we analyze the physical implications of the geometry of the ambient space in the context of Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) and possible applications to the field of analogue models in the cosmology of black holes. To this end we derive the hydrodynamic formulation of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation (GPE) in the case of a generic Riemannian manifold. We observe the appearance of a new force, which essentially depends on two parameters: the geometry of the manifold and the first derivatives of the density profile. The stationary conditions are studied in relation to the presence of manifolds with negative scalar curvature. By analyzing these manifolds, an explicit relationship is established between the negatively curved surfaces and the sine-Gordon equation, which results in an approximation of the GPE in the presence of phase coupling. By assuming stationary conditions, we obtain a new type of Einstein field equations and we look for other possible connections between the equations governing condensates and cosmology. For this purpose, we consider relativistic BECs, that are used in the study of the early universe and its expansion, and we obtain Einstein equation in the multi-dimensional case. Then we consider the analogue models used for the study of the formation of black holes and for the calculation of Hawking radiation. Through a linearization process it is possible to derive a Lorentzian acoustic metric for the phase fluctuations; for this purpose, we consider the case of a straight vortex defect with a density profile where the first derivatives have maximum value inside the vortex tube and the geometry of the ambient space becomes relevant. In this situation it turns out that it is possible to determine a Lorentzian metric, and some useful approximations are proposed for its explicit computation. Finally, some concluding remarks are presented on possible future research directions, given by the study of the evolution of isophase surfaces in relativistic cases, and the study of condensates subject to twist.
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Barry, Nicholas Peter. "Investigations of photorefractive barium titanate at high intensity." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362353.
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Gupta, Swati. "Time Dependent Radiation Spectra From Jets of Microquasars." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1177353122.
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Shirinda, Obed. "Studying chirality in a ~ 100, 130 and 190 mass regions." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_8742_1319096308.
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Chirality is a nuclear symmetry which is suggested to occur in nuclei when the total angular momentum of the system has an aplanar orientation [Fra97, Fra01]. It can occur for nuclei with triaxial shape, which have valence protons and neutrons with predominantly particle and hole nature. It is expected that the angular momenta of an odd particle and an odd hole (both occupying high-j orbitals) are aligned predominantly along the short and the long axes of the nucleus respectively, whereas the collective rotation occurs predominantly around the intermediate axis of a triaxially deformed nucleus in order to minimize the total energy of the system. Such symmetry is expected to be exhibited by a pair of degenerate DI = 1 rotational bands, i.e. all properties of the partner bands should be identical. The results suggested that spin independence of the energy staggering parameter S(I ) within two-quasiparticle chiral bands (previously suggested a fingerprint of chirality) is found only if the Coriolis interaction can be completely neglected. However, if the configuration is nonrestricted, the Coriolis interaction is often strong enough to create considerable energy staggering. It was also found that staggering in the intra- and inter-band B(M1) reduced transition probabilities (proposed as another fingerprint of chirality) may be a result of effects other than strongly broken chirality. Therefore, the use of the B(M1) staggering as a fingerprint of strongly broken chiral symmetry seems rather risky, in particular if the phase of the staggering is not checked.
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Deshpande, Ketan Dhananjay. "Identifying Important Features to Minimize Hole Deviation in Percussive Drilling." Thesis, KTH, Maskinkonstruktion (Inst.), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-301185.
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Hole deviation is one of the most significant problems in drilling applications. Deviated holes result in inefficient blasting and have severe economic impacts due to increased equipment consumption. Conversely, straighter holes help in increasing production scales and reduce operational costs. The reason for hole deviations could range from anisotropic behavior of the rocks being drilled to the behavior of the drill string under the action of imposed forces. Deviations caused due to rock anisotropy are complex in nature and non-controllable to some extent but deviations due to mechanics of drill strings can be controlled as they lie in the operator’s area of influence. In this thesis, a 2D mathematical model is constructed which predicts the bending behavior of the drill rod and the model is further extended to predict the buckled profile of the entire drill string. Two bit state parameters are defined which help in better characterization of hole deviation and understanding of deflected state of the drill bit. Epiroc’s drilling data is inserted in the model developed and the buckled profile of the drill string is studied. The developed model is used to further understand the effect of various drilling parameters like bit thrust, angle of inclination, hole length, etc. on hole deviation. Through the results it was concluded that the bending stiffness of the drill rods is the most critical parameter influencing hole deviation for Epiroc’s drilling data and drill string setup. Finally, potential improvements and techniques to validate results obtained from the mathematical model are proposed.Hålavvikelse är ett av de mest avgörande problemen i borrapplikationer. Hålavvikelse resulterar i ineffektiv sprängning och får allvarliga ekonomiska konsekvenser på grund av ökad utrustningskonsumtion. Omvänt hjälper rakare hål att öka produktionsskalorna och minska driftskostnaderna. Anledningen till hålavvikelser variera från anisotropi hos bergformationerna som borras till borrsträngens beteende under påverkan av pålagda krafter. Avvikelser orsakade på grund av berganisotropi är komplexa till sin natur och kan inte kontrolleras till viss del, men avvikelser på grund av mekanik i borrsträngar kan kontrolleras eftersom de ligger i operatörens inflytandeområde. I denna avhandling konstrueras en matematisk 2D-modell som förutsäger borrstångens böjningsbeteende och modellen utökas ytterligare för att förutsäga den böjda profilen för hela borrsträngen. Två olika borrkroneparametrar definieras för att bättre karakterisera hålavvikelsen och förstå borrkronans böjning. Epirocs borrsträngsdata används i den utvecklade modellen och borrsträngens böjda profil studeras. Den utvecklade modellen används för att ytterligare förstå effekten av hålavvikelse för olika borrparametrar som kraften på borrkronan, lutningsvinkel, hållängd etc. Utifrån resultaten drogs slutsatsen att borrsträngens böjstyvhet är den mest kritiska parametern som påverkar hålavvikelsen för Epirocs borrdata och borrsträngsinstallation. Slutligen föreslås potentiella förbättringar och tekniker för att validera resultat som erhållits från den matematiska modellen.
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Lehebel, Antoine. "Objets astrophysiques compacts en gravité modifiée." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS204/document.
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Vingt années se sont écoulées depuis la découverte de l'expansion accélérée de l'Univers, ravivant l'intérêt pour les théories alternatives de la gravité. Ajouter un champ scalaire à la métrique habituelle de la relativité générale est l'une des manières les plus simples de modifier notre théorie de la gravité. En parallèle, nos connaissances sur les trous noirs et les étoiles à neutrons sont en plein essor, grâce notamment au développement de l'astronomie par ondes gravitationnelles. Cette thèse se situe au carrefour entre les deux domaines : elle étudie les propriétés des objets compacts dans les théories tenseur-scalaire généralisées. Je commence par rappeler les théorèmes d'unicité essentiels établis depuis les années soixante-dix. Après avoir présenté le théorème d'unicité pour les trous noirs en théorie de Horndeski, je l'étends aux étoiles. La deuxième partie de cette thèse détaille les différentes manières de contourner ce théorème. Parmi elles, je présente des solutions où la dépendance temporelle du champ scalaire permet de le raccorder à une solution cosmologique, mais aussi des trous noirs statiques et asymptotiquement plats. Dans la troisième partie, j'établis un critère important pour la stabilité de ces solutions, qui s'appuie sur leur structure causale. C'est aussi l'occasion d'étudier la propagation des ondes gravitationnelles au voisinage de trous noirs, et de sélectionner les théories dans lesquelles les ondes gravitationnelles se propagent à la même vitesse que la lumièreTwenty years have passed since the discovery of the accelerated expansion of the Universe, reviving the interest for alternative theories of gravity. Adding a scalar degree of freedom to the usual metric of general relativity is one of the simplest ways to modify our gravitational theory. In parallel, our knowledge about black holes and neutron stars is booming, notably thanks to the advent of gravitational wave astronomy. This thesis is at the crossroads between the two fields, investigating the properties of compact objects in extended scalar-tensor theories. I start by reviewing essential no-hair results established since the seventies. After discussing the no-hair theorem proposed for black holes in Horndeski theory, I present its extension to stars. The second part of the thesis investigates in detail the various ways to circumvent this theorem. These notably include solutions with a time-dependent scalar field in order to match cosmological evolution, but also static and asymptotically flat configurations. In a third part, I establish an important stability criterion for these solutions, based on their causal structure. It is also the occasion to study the propagation of gravitational waves in black hole environments, and to select the theories where gravitational waves travel at the same speed as light
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Robertson, Scott James. "Hawking radiation in dispersive media." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/1900.
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Hawking radiation, despite its presence in theoretical physics for over thirty years, remains elusive and undetected. It also suffers, in its original context of gravitational black holes, from conceptual difficulties. Of particular note is the trans-Planckian problem, which is concerned with the apparent origin of the radiation in absurdly high frequencies. In order to gain better theoretical understanding and, it is hoped, experimental verification of Hawking radiation, much study is being devoted to systems which model the spacetime geometry of black holes, and which, by analogy, are also thought to emit Hawking radiation. These analogue systems typically exhibit dispersion, which regularizes the wave behaviour at the horizon but does not lend itself well to analytic treatment, thus rendering Hawking’s prediction less secure. A general analytic method for dealing with Hawking radiation in dispersive systems has proved difficult to find. This thesis presents new numerical and analytic results for Hawking emission spectra in dispersive systems. It examines two black-hole analogue systems: it begins by introducing the well-known acoustic model, presenting some original results in that context; then, through analogy with the acoustic model, goes on to develop the lesser-known fibre-optical model. The following original results are presented in the context of both of these models: • an analytic expression for the low-frequency temperature is found for a hyperbolic tangent background profile, valid in the entire parameter space; it is well-known that the spectrum is approximately thermal at low frequencies, but a universally valid expression for the corresponding temperature is an original development; • an analytic expression for the spectrum, valid over almost the entire frequency range, when the velocity profile parameters lie in the regime where the low-frequency temperature is given by the Hawking prediction; previous work has focused on the low-frequency thermal spectrum and the characterization of the deviations from thermality, rather than a single analytic expression; and • a new unexplored regime where no group-velocity horizon exists is examined; the Hawking spectra are found to be non-zero here, but also highly non-thermal, and are found, in the limit of small deviations, to vary with the square of the maximum deviation; the analytic expression for the case with a horizon is found to carry over to this new regime, with appropriate modifications. Furthermore, the thesis examines the results of a classical frequency-shifting experiment in the context of fibre-optical horizons. The theory of this process is presented for both a constant-velocity and a constantly-decelerating pulse, the latter case taking account of the Raman effect. The resulting spectra are at least qualititively explained, but there is a discrepancy between theory and experiment that has not yet been accounted for.
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Mao, Dun. "A quality assessment approach and a hole-filling method for DIBR virtual view images." Thesis, University of Macau, 2018. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3950633.
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Lindman, Hornlund Josef. "Sigma-models and Lie group symmetries in theories of gravity." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209911.
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En utilisant des modèles sigma non-linéaires de fonctions d'un espace-temps D-dimensionnel à un espace symétrique G/H, nous discutons de solutions de type trou noir et membrane noire dans diverses théories de gravité supersymétriques. Un espace symétrique est une variété, riemannienne ou pseudo-riemannienne, pour laquelle le tenseur de Riemann est covariantement constant. L'utilisation du dictionnaire Kac-Moody/supergravité et les techniques de réduction dimensionnelles nous permettent de décrire des trous noirs de cohomogénéité un comme des géodésiques sur G/H. Un espace-temps M, potentiellement agrémenté d'un trou noir, est de cohomogénéité un s'il existe un groupe d'isométries Iso qui agit sur M et dont le quotient M/Iso est uni-dimensionnel. L'utilisation d'algèbres de Kac-Moody dans les théories de gravité a été développé dans l'espoir de décourvrir la symétrie sous-jacente de la théorie des cordes, aussi appelée théorie M. Les techniques de réduction dimensionnelle ont depuis longtemps été utilisées pour dévoiler les symétries cachées des théories de gravité. Dans la description du modèle sigma, les trous noirs extrémaux ou branes noires sont des géodésiques nulles et correspondent à un élément nilpotent de l'algèbre de Lie g de G. Un élément X nilpotent est caractérisé par la propriété X^n = 0. En utilisant le formalisme mathématique decrivant les orbites nilpotentes, nous classifions tous les trous noirs extrémaux dans la supergravité N=2 minimale à quatre dimensions, N=2 S^3 supergravité en quatre dimensions et la supergravité minimale en cinq dimensions. De la même manière, quand G est un sous-groupe d'un groupe Kac-Moody, très-étendu ou sur-étendu, on envoie l'orbite nilpotente minimale, en utilisant le plus haut poids de g, sur des solutions supersymétriques et non-supersymétriques de type brane dans les théories de supergravité à dix et onze dimensions. Nos résultats montrent que les symétries du groupe de Lie sont très utiles de ces solutions pour classer et trouver de nouvelles solutions de type trou noir. Afin de prouver l'unicité et plusieurs autres résultats formels, nous avons développé des méthodes préliminaires dans l'espoir qu'elles puissent être utilisées à l'avenir pour l'étude des trous noirs.Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Bland, Rosemary. "Senior citizens, good practice and quality of life in residential care homes." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/70.
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This thesis is an examination of the definition and implementation of ‘good practice’ in residential care for senior citizens. The central contention is that ‘good practice’ is a term that has been variously defined. Different groups define it in different ways, and their definitions have changed over time. This reflexive qualitative study explores ‘good practice’ in local authority, voluntary and private residential care homes in Scotland from the perspective of policy, practice and the experience of senior citizens who live in them. The study is based on analysis of policy documents, historical studies, and reanalysed interview and survey data from two earlier studies conducted by the author and colleagues. The thesis shows that the notion of ‘good practice’ that emerges in policy and practice documents is a confused and often conflicting set of ideas. Historically, the earliest were driven by concerns over cost. In more modern times, statements about ‘good practice’ have had a more benevolent intent but are frequently flawed by paternalistic and ageist assumptions. It is shown that staff in residential homes typically adopt a different set of attitudes: their preoccupation is with safety and the avoidance of risk. Although benevolent in intention, these interpretations of ‘good practice’ are also at variance with what residents themselves actually want. Two particular models or styles of care are examined in detail. One of these is the use of ‘keyworkers’, often implemented in ways that fail to realise its potential. The other is the ‘hotel’ model of care. The potential of this model as an alternative to the statutory model is explored. The thesis concludes that it is a model that can realise the goal of enabling residents to exercise independence, choice and privacy while meeting their needs in residential care.
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Germain, Jérémy. "Évaluation des capacités prédictives d’un modèle avancé pour la prévision de la tenue de plaques stratifiées perforées." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASN004.
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Ce travail porte sur la prévision de la tenue en traction de structures composites trouées et d’un stratifié d’unidirectionnel carbone/époxy de dernière génération. Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le projet MARCOS, piloté par l’ONERA et DASSAULT AVIATION.Elle consiste à proposer une approche de complexité maîtrisée permettant de prévoir la ruine de plaques perforées composites stratifiées afin de réduire le conservatisme des critères de rupture utilisés en bureau, et à valider l’approche proposée sur des configurations représentatives de celles utilisées dans l’industrie.Les campagnes d’essais de traction sur plaques trouées et leurs analyses disponibles dans la littérature montrent que la fissuration matricielle et le délaminage, sont des mécanismes ayant une influence sur la ruine. On s’appuiera tout d’abord sur une campagne d’essais mécaniques permettant de caractériser le matériau à l’étude.Les données de ces essais permettront l’identification d’un modèle de comportement, qui sera formulé à l’échelle du pli, et dont l’endommagement correspond à une densité de fissures. Les difficultés numériques associées à l’utilisation de modèles avancés dans un code de calcul par éléments-finis seront investiguées.Enfin, une vaste campagne d’essais ONERA/DASSAULT AVIATION, de traction sur plaques perforées mettra en évidence un effet de diamètre, comme il est classiquement observé, ainsi qu’un effet de largeur.Ce dernier consiste en l’augmentation de la contrainte macroscopique à rupture pour des rapports entre la largeur de plaque et le diamètre de trou supérieurs à 5. Ces aspects ont été peu investigués dans la littérature. On s’appuiera sur la riche instrumentation associée à cette campagne d’essais pour expliquer cet effet et évaluer les capacités prédictives de l’approche proposéeThis work focuses on laminated composite open-hole tensile strength prediction, with a new generation carbon/epoxy material. This PhD takes part in a project named MARCOS, led by ONERA and DASSAULT AVIATION.It aims at proposing a fair level of complexity approach to predict laminated composite open-hole tensile strength in order to reduce design office criteria conservatism and performing its validation on industrial test cases. Open-hole tensile test and analysis available in the scientific literature show that matrix cracking and delamination are two mechanisms acting on final failure. We will first perform a mechanical test campaign to characterize the studied material. A material model, written at the ply scale will be proposed.Damage is described thanks to a crack density variable, the model identification will rely on the experimental test results.Numerical difficulties occurring in finite-element computations using advanced approaches will be investigated.Then, an experimental open-hole tensile test campaign led by ONERA and DASSAULT AVIATION, will exhibit a hole size effect, as commonly observed on composite materials, but also a width effect. The width effect consists in a strength increase when the ratio between the open-hole width and the hole diameter is greater than 5 Very few studies focused on the width effect, hence, it will be investigated. We will then use the important instrumentation used on these test to explain this effect and evaluate the proposed approach predictive capabilities
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Paris, Arnaud. "Modélisation du comportement habituel de la personne âgée dépendante en environnement incertain pour la détection d'évolutions et d'activités anormales." Thesis, Orléans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ORLE2079/document.
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Des projections réalisées sur les perspectives démographiques et financières de la dépendance prévoient, en France, une nette augmentation de la population des plus de 80 ans, accompagnée d'une multiplication par 2 du nombre de personnes âgées dépendantes entre 2010 et 2060. Afin de gérer l'augmentation du nombre de personnes âgées dépendantes, les EHPAD (Etablissement d'Hébergement pour Personne Agées Dépendantes) sont appelés à améliorer la prise en charge des résidents et à améliorer les conditions de travail du personnel soignant. C'est dans ce contexte, que nous avons développé un système de supervision permettant de détecter, via un ensemble de capteurs, des évolutions du comportement ou encore, le comportement anormal d'une personne âgée. La détection des comportements anormaux dans le cadre de la supervision est un sujet de recherche qui a été largement étudié dans la littérature ; ce qui n'est tout de même pas le cas de l'analyse des variations des activités de la vie de tous les jours, prenant en compte les spécificités du comportement de la personne au cours du temps. Ainsi, nous avons proposé un modèle de Markov, permettant d'apprendre, avec le moins d'a priori possible, le modèle de comportement habituel au sein de la chambre. Le modèle proposé a été testé sur des données acquises en Living Lab (GIS-Madonah). Nous avons également proposé une nouvelle approche pour calculer la distance entre deux modèles de Markov, afin d'évaluer l'évolution du comportement au cours du temps. Ces méthodes devront permettre, non seulement de déterminer la probabilité du comportement actuel de la personne par rapport à son comportement habituel ; mais également, de détecter des évolutions lentes du comportement de la personneDue to demographic changes, it is expected that the number of French having over 80 years will increase drastically and the number of dependent elderly people will grow twice between 2010 and 2060. To manage this increasing number of dependent elderly person, nursing homes are required to improve the care of residents and to improve the working conditions of health workers. In this context, we plan to develop a monitoring system, based on a set of sensors, to detect modifications in the behavior of a person, and unusual behavior. Detection of abnormal activities in smart homes is an important topic of research, unlike the detection of the evolutions of behavior, which take into account the specifics activities of the person in time. Thus, we proposed a Markov model which allow to learn the usual behavior in the room, with a reduced number of a priori. The model is try on data acquired on a Living Lab (GIS Madonah). We proposed a new method to compute the distance between two Markov models, to estimate the evolution of the behavior. These methods allow to compute the probability of the current activities with the usual behavior, and the slow evolutions of the behavior
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Shevlin, Stephen Andrew. "A theoretical study of the atomic and electronic structures of three prospective atomic scale wire systems." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367561.
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Da, Silva Caroline Dos Santos. "Cosmic strings and scalar tensor gravity." Thesis, Durham University, 1999. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4577/.
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This thesis is concerned with the study of cosmic strings. We studied the values for the Higgs mass and string coupling for which the gravitational effect of an infinite cosmic string in the context of the Einstein theory is not only locally but also globally weak. We conclude this happens for strings formed at scales less or equal to the Planck one with Higgs mass being less or equal to the boson vectorial mass. Then we examined the metric of an isolated self-gravitating abelian-Higgs vortex in dilatonic gravity for arbitrary coupling of the vortex fields to the dilaton. We looked for solutions in both massless and massive dilaton gravity. We compared our results to existing metrics for strings in Einstein and .Jordan-Brans-Dicke theories. We explored the generalisation of Bogomolnyi arguments for our vortices and commented on the effects on test particles. We then included the presence of an axion field and examined the metric of an isolated self-gravitating axionic-dilatonic string. Finally we studied dilatonic strings through black hole solutions in string theory. We concluded that the horizon of non-extreme charged black holes supports the long-range fields of the Nielsen-Olesen string that can be considered as black hole hair and whose gravitational effect is in general the production of a conical deficit into the metric of the black hole background. We also concluded that the effect of the dilaton on the horizon of these black holes is to generate an additional charge.
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Li, Weichang 1972. "Estimation and tracking of rapidly time-varying broadband acoustic communication channels." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39205.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2006.Includes bibliographical references (p. 197-206).
This thesis develops methods for estimating wideband shallow-water acoustic communication channels. The very shallow water wideband channel has three distinct features: large dimension caused by extensive delay spread; limited number of degrees of freedom (DOF) due to resolvable paths and inter-path correlations; and rapid fluctuations induced by scattering from the moving sea surface. Traditional LS estimation techniques often fail to reconcile the rapid fluctuations with the large dimensionality. Subspace based approaches with DOF reduction are confronted with unstable subspace structure subject to significant changes over a short period of time. Based on state-space channel modeling, the first part of this thesis develops algorithms that jointly estimate the channel as well as its dynamics. Algorithms based on the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and the Expectation Maximization (EM) approach respectively are developed.
(cont.) Analysis shows conceptual parallels, including an identical second-order innovation form shared by the EKF modification and the suboptimal EM, and the shared issue of parameter identifiability due to channel structure, reflected as parameter unobservability in EKF and insufficient excitation in EM. Modifications of both algorithms, including a two-model based EKF and a subspace EM algorithm which selectively track dominant taps and reduce prediction error, are proposed to overcome the identifiability issue. The second part of the thesis develops algorithms that explicitly find the sparse estimate of the delay-Doppler spread function. The study contributes to a better understanding of the channel physical constraints on algorithm design and potential performance improvement. It may also be generalized to other applications where dimensionality and variability collide.
by Weichang Li.
Ph.D.
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Jones, Benjamin A. (Benjamin Aaron). "Acoustic scattering of broadband echolocation signals from prey of Blainville's beaked whales : modeling and analysis." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39228.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2006.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 89-96).
Blainville's beaked whales (Mesoplodon densirostris) use broadband, ultrasonic echolocation signals (27 to 57 kHz) to search for, localize, and approach prey that generally consist of mid-water and deep-water fishes and squid. Although it is well known that the spectral characteristics of broadband echoes from marine organisms are a strong function of size, shape, orientation and anatomical group, little is known as to whether or not these or other toothed whales use spectral cues in discriminating between prey and non-prey. In order to study the prey-classification process, a stereo acoustic tag was mounted on a Blainville's beaked whale so that emitted clicks and corresponding echoes from prey could be recorded. A comparison of echoes from prey selected by the whale and those from randomly chosen scatterers suggests that the whale may have, indeed, discriminated between echoes using spectral features and target strengths. Specifically, the whale appears to have favored prey with one or more deep nulls in the echo spectra as well as ones with higher target strength. A three-dimensional, acoustic scattering model is also developed to simulate broadband scattering from squid, a likely prey of the beaked whale.
(cont.) This model applies the distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA) to a weakly-scattering, inhomogeneous body using a combined ray trace and volume integration approach. Scatterer features are represented with volume elements that are small (less than 1=12th of the wavelength) for the frequency range of interest (0 to 120 kHz). Ranges of validity with respect to material properties and numerical considerations are explored using benchmark computations with simpler geometries such as fluid-filled spherical and cylindrical fluid shells. Modeling predictions are compared with published data from live, freely swimming squid. These results, as well as previously published studies, are used in the analysis of the echo spectra of the whale's ensonified targets.
by Benjamin A. Jones.
S.M.
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Xu, Jinshan. "Effects of internal waves on low frequency, long range, acoustic propagation in the deep ocean." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/42295.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2007.Includes bibliographical references (p. 183-191).
This thesis covers a comprehensive analysis of long-range, deep-ocean, low-frequency, sound propagation experimental results obtained from the North Pacific Ocean. The statistics of acoustic fields after propagation through internal-wave-induced sound-speed fluctuations are explored experimentally and theoretically. The thesis starts with the investigation of the North Pacific Acoustic Laboratory 98-99 data by exploring the space-time scales of ocean sound speed variability and the contributions from different frequency bands. The validity of the Garret & Munk internal-wave model is checked in the upper ocean of the eastern North Pacific. All these results impose hard bounds on the strength and characteristic scales of sound speed fluctuations one might expect in this region of the North Pacific for both internal-wave band fluctuations and mesoscale band fluctuations. The thesis then presents a detailed analysis of the low frequency, broadband sound arrivals obtained in the North Pacific Ocean. The observed acoustic variability is compared with acoustic predictions based on the weak fluctuation theory of Rytov, and direct parabolic equation Monte Carlo simulations. The comparisons show that a resonance condition exists between the local acoustic ray and the internal wave field such that only the internal-waves whose crests are parallel to the local ray path will contribute to acoustic scattering: This effect leads to an important filtering of the acoustic spectra relative to the internal-wave spectra. We believe that this is the first observational evidence for the acoustic ray and internal wave resonance. Finally, the thesis examined the evolution with distance, of the acoustic arrival pattern of the off-axis sound source transmissions in the Long-range Ocean Acoustic Propagation EXperiment.
(cont.) The observations of mean intensity time-fronts are compared to the deterministic ray, parabolic equation (with/without internal waves) and (one-way coupled) normal mode calculations. It is found the diffraction effect is dominant in the shorter-range transmission. In the longer range, the (internal wave) scattering effect smears the energy in both the spatial and temporal scales and thus has a dominant role in the finale region.
by Jinshan Xu.
Ph.D.
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Haltigin, Tim. "Three-dimensional numerical modeling of flow dynamics and investigation of temporal scour hole development around paired stream deflectors in a laboratory flume." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82249.
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A three-dimensional numerical model (PHOENICS) was used to investigate the role of stream deflector angle and length on the flow field in a rectangular laboratory flume. Subsequent bed topography surveys were performed to examine the role of obstruction angle on scour hole development over time. The model was capable of predicting laboratory velocity and turbulent kinetic energy measurements, performing better for flow over a flat stable bed than over a deformed sand bed. A new method of incorporating complex bed topography into a structured Cartesian mesh was developed in the process. Flow field properties such as dynamic pressure, velocity amplification, separation zone length and width, and downwelling extent and magnitude were found to be strongly dependent on deflector geometry. Equilibrium scour hole depths and geometry are also angle-dependent. A predictive equation was produced explaining the rate at which scour holes reach equilibrium, and compared well with existing literature. Finally, a method was developed whereby characteristics of the flow field over a flat, stable bed could be used to predict equilibrium scour hole geometry.
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Nadakuditi, Rajesh Rao. "Applied stochastic Eigen-analysis." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/38538.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Joint Program in Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2006.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Also issued in pages. Barker Engineering Library copy: issued in pages.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 193-[201]).
The first part of the dissertation investigates the application of the theory of large random matrices to high-dimensional inference problems when the samples are drawn from a multivariate normal distribution. A longstanding problem in sensor array processing is addressed by designing an estimator for the number of signals in white noise that dramatically outperforms that proposed by Wax and Kailath. This methodology is extended to develop new parametric techniques for testing and estimation. Unlike techniques found in the literature, these exhibit robustness to high-dimensionality, sample size constraints and eigenvector misspecification. By interpreting the eigenvalues of the sample covariance matrix as an interacting particle system, the existence of a phase transition phenomenon in the largest ("signal") eigenvalue is derived using heuristic arguments. This exposes a fundamental limit on the identifiability of low-level signals due to sample size constraints when using the sample eigenvalues alone. The analysis is extended to address a problem in sensor array processing, posed by Baggeroer and Cox, on the distribution of the outputs of the Capon-MVDR beamformer when the sample covariance matrix is diagonally loaded.
(cont.) The second part of the dissertation investigates the limiting distribution of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a broader class of random matrices. A powerful method is proposed that expands the reach of the theory beyond the special cases of matrices with Gaussian entries; this simultaneously establishes a framework for computational (non-commutative) "free probability" theory. The class of "algebraic" random matrices is defined and the generators of this class are specified. Algebraicity of a random matrix sequence is shown to act as a certificate of the computability of the limiting eigenvalue distribution and, for a subclass, the limiting conditional "eigenvector distribution." The limiting moments of algebraic random matrix sequences, when they exist, are shown to satisfy a finite depth linear recursion so that they may often be efficiently enumerated in closed form. The method is applied to predict the deterioration in the quality of the sample eigenvectors of large algebraic empirical covariance matrices due to sample size constraints.
by Rajesh Rao Nadakuditi.
Ph.D.
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Kaspi, Yohai. "Turbulent convection in the anelastic rotating sphere : a model for the circulation on the giant planets." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/45780.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Joint Program in Physical Oceanography (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2008.Includes bibliographical references (p. 207-221).
This thesis studies the dynamics of a rotating compressible gas sphere, driven by internal convection, as a model for the dynamics on the giant planets. We develop a new general circulation model for the Jovian atmosphere, based on the MITgcm dynamical core augmenting the nonhydrostatic model. The grid extends deep into the planet's interior allowing the model to compute the dynamics of a whole sphere of gas rather than a spherical shell (including the strong variations in gravity and the equation of state). Different from most previous 3D convection models, this model is anelastic rather than Boussinesq and thereby incorporates the full density variation of the planet. We show that the density gradients caused by convection drive the system away from an isentropic and therefore barotropic state as previously assumed, leading to significant baroclinic shear. This shear is concentrated mainly in the upper levels and associated with baroclinic compressibility effects. The interior flow organizes in large cyclonically rotating columnar eddies parallel to the rotation axis, which drive upgradient angular momentum eddy fluxes, generating the observed equatorial superrotation. Heat fluxes align with the axis of rotation, contributing to the observed flat meridional emission. We show the transition from weak convection cases with symmetric spiraling columnar modes similar to those found in previous analytic linear theory, to more turbulent cases which exhibit similar, though less regular and solely cyclonic, convection columns which manifest on the surface in the form of waves embedded within the superrotation. We develop a mechanical understanding of this system and scaling laws by studying simpler configurations and the dependence on physical properties such as the rotation period, bottom boundary location and forcing structure. These columnar cyclonic structures propagate eastward, driven by dynamics similar to that of a Rossby wave except that the restoring planetary vorticity gradient is in the opposite direction, due to the spherical geometry in the interior.
(cont.) We further study these interior dynamics using a simplified barotropic annulus model, which shows that the planetary vorticity radial variation causes the eddy angular momentum flux divergence, which drives the superrotating equatorial flow. In addition we study the interaction of the interior dynamics with a stable exterior weather layer, using a quasigeostrophic two layer channel model on a beta plane, where the columnar interior is therefore represented by a negative beta effect. We find that baroclinic instability of even a weak shear can drive strong, stable multiple zonal jets. For this model we find an analytic nonlinear solution, truncated to one growing mode, that exhibits a multiple jet meridional structure, driven by the nonlinear interaction between the eddies. Finally, given the density field from our 3D convection model we derive the high order gravitational spectra of Jupiter, which is a measurable quantity for the upcoming JUNO mission to Jupiter.
by Yohai Kaspi.
Ph.D.
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Papp, Joseph C. "Physically constrained maximum likelihood (PCML) mode filtering and its application as a pre-processing method for underwater acoustic communication." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/54649.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2009.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-87).
Mode filtering is most commonly implemented using the sampled mode shape or pseudoinverse algorithms. Buck et al [1] placed these techniques in the context of a broader maximum a posteriori (MAP) framework. However, the MAP algorithm requires that the signal and noise statistics be known a priori. Adaptive array processing algorithms are candidates for improving performance without the need for a priori signal and noise statistics. A variant of the physically constrained, maximum likelihood (PCML) algorithm [2] is developed for mode filtering that achieves the same performance as the MAP mode filter yet does not need a priori knowledge of the signal and noise statistics. The central innovation of this adaptive mode filter is that the received signal's sample covariance matrix, as estimated by the algorithm, is constrained to be that which can be physically realized given a modal propagation model and an appropriate noise model. The first simulation presented in this thesis models the acoustic pressure field as a complex Gaussian random vector and compares the performance of the pseudoinverse, reduced rank pseudoinverse, sampled mode shape, PCML minimum power distortionless response (MPDR), PCML-MAP, and MAP mode filters. The PCML-MAP filter performs as well as the MAP filter without the need for a priori data statistics. The PCML-MPDR filter performs nearly as well as the MAP filter as well, and avoids a sawtooth pattern that occurs with the reduced rank pseudoinverse filter. The second simulation presented models the underwater environment and broadband communication setup of the Shallow Water 2006 (SW06) experiment.
(cont.) Data processing results are presented from the Shallow Water 2006 experiment, showing the reduced sensitivity of the PCML-MPDR filter to white noise compared with the reduced rank pseudoinverse filter. Lastly, a linear, decision-directed, RLS equalizer is used to combine the response of several modes and its performance is compared with an equalizer applied directly to the data received on each hydrophone.
by Joseph C. Papp.
S.M.
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Geiger, Sam R. (Sam Rayburn) 1971. "Hydrodynamic modeling of towed buoyant submarine antenna's [sic] in multidirectional seas." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29045.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Joint Program in Oceanographic Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Ocean Engineering, and the and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2000.Includes bibliographical references (p. 100-101).
A finite difference computer model is developed to simulate the exposure statistics of a radio frequency buoyant antenna as it is towed in a three-dimensional random seaway. The model allows the user to prescribe antenna properties (length, diameter, density, etc.), sea conditions (significant wave height, development of sea), tow angle, and tow speed. The model then simulates the antenna-sea interaction for the desired duration to collect statistics relating to antenna performance. The model provides design engineers with a tool to predict antenna performance trends, and to conduct design tradeoff studies. The floating antenna envisioned is for use by a submarine operating at modest speed and depth.
by Sam R. Geiger.
S.M.
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Bonjour, Filipe. "Extended defects in curved spacetimes." Thesis, Durham University, 1999. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4966/.
Full textAbstract:
This Thesis is concerned with three particular aspects of extended cosmic strings and domain walls in cosmology: their dynamics, gravitation and interaction with a black hole. In Chapter 3, we study the dynamics of an abelian-Higgs cosmic string. We find its equations of motion from an effective action and compare, for three test trajectories, the resulting motion with that observed in the Nambu-Gotō approximation. We also present a general argument showing that the corrected motion of any string is generically antirigid. We pursue the investigation of the dynamics of topological defects in Chapter 5, where we find (from integrability conditions rather than an effective action) the effective equations governing the motion of a gravitating curved domain wall. In Chapter 4 we investigate the spacetime of a gravitating domain wall in a theory with a general potential V(ɸ). We show that, depending on the gravitational coupling e of the scalar ɸ, all nontrivial solutions fall into two categories interpretable as describing respectively domain wall and false vacuum-de Sitter solutions. Wall solutions cannot exist beyond a value (^4)(_3)ɛmax, and vacuum-de Sitter solutions are unstable to decaying into wall solutions below ɛmax at ɛmax we observe a phase transition between the two types of solution. We finally specialize for the Goldstone and sine-Gordon potentials. In Chapter 6 we consider a Nielsen-Olesen vortex whose axis passes through the centre of an extremal Reissner-Nordstr0m black hole. We examine in particular the existence of piercing and expelled solutions (where the string respectively does and does not penetrate the black hole's horizon) and determine that while thin strings penetrate the horizon — and therefore can be genuinely called hair — thick strings are expelled; the two kinds of solution are separated by a phase transition.
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Wells, Judith R. (Judith Roberta). "A laboratory study of localized boundary mixing in a rotating stratified fluid." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/58062.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Joint Program in Physical Oceanography (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2003.Includes bibliographical references (p. 145-148).
Oceanic observations indicate that abyssal mixing is localized in regions of rough topography. How locally mixed fluid interacts with the ambient fluid is an open question. Laboratory experiments explore the interaction of mechanically induced boundary mixing and an interior body of linearly stratified rotating fluid. Turbulence is generated by a vertically oscillating horizontal bar, located at middepth along the tank wall. The turbulence forms a region of mixed fluid which quickly reaches a steady state height and collapses into the interior. The mixed layer thickness ... is independent of the Coriolis frequency f. N is the buoyancy frequency, co is the bar frequency, and the constant, Y=1 cm, is empirically determined by bar mechanics. In initial experiments, the bar is exposed on three sides. Mixed fluid intrudes directly into the interior as a radial front of uniform height, rather than as a boundary current. Mixed fluid volume grows linearly with time ... The circulation patterns suggest a model of unmixed fluid being laterally entrained with velocity, e Nhm, into the sides of a turbulent zone with height hm and width Lf ... where Lf is an equilibrium scale associated with rotational control of bar-generated turbulence. In accord with the model, outflux is constant, independent of stratification and restricted by rotation ... Later experiments investigate the role of lateral entrainment by confining the sides of the mixing bar between two walls, forming a channel open to the basin at one end. A small percentage of exported fluid enters a boundary current, but the bulk forms a cyclonic circulation in front of the bar. As the recirculation region expands to fill the channel, it restricts horizontal entrainment into the turbulent zone. The flux of mixed fluid decays with time.
(cont.) ... The production of mixed fluid depends on the size of the mixing zone as well as on the balance between turbulence, rotation and stratification. As horizontal entrainment is shut down, longterm production of mixed fluid may be determined through much weaker vertical entrainment. Ultimately, the export of mixed fluid from the channel is restricted to the weak boundary current.
by Judith R. Wells.
Ph.D.
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Arbic, Brian K. "Generation of mid-ocean eddies : the local baroclinic instability hypothesis." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/53047.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Joint Program in Physical Oceanography (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2000.Includes bibliographical references (p. 284-290).
by Brian Kenneth Arbic.
Ph.D.
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Mazloff, Matthew R. "Production and analysis of a Southern Ocean state estimate." Thesis, Online version, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1282.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.S.)--Joint Program in Oceanography/ Applied Ocean Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2006."September 2006." Bibliography: p. 97-106.
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Shmelev, Alexey Alexandrovich. "Three-dimensional acoustic propagation through shallow water internal, surface gravity and bottom sediment waves." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/69241.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Joint Program in Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2011.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 185-193).
This thesis describes the physics of fully three-dimensional low frequency acoustic interaction with internal waves, bottom sediment waves and surface swell waves that are often observed in shallow waters and on continental slopes. A simple idealized model of the ocean waveguide is used to analytically study the properties of acoustic normal modes and their perturbations due to waves of each type. The combined approach of a semi-quantitative study based on the geometrical acoustics approximation and on fully three-dimensional coupled mode numerical modeling is used to examine the azimuthal dependence of sound wave horizontal reflection from, transmission through and ducting between straight parallel waves of each type. The impact of the natural crossings of nonlinear internal waves on horizontally ducted sound energy is studied theoretically and modeled numerically using a three-dimensional parabolic equation acoustic propagation code. A realistic sea surface elevation is synthesized from the directional spectrum of long swells and used for three-dimensional numerical modeling of acoustic propagation. As a result, considerable normal mode amplitude scintillations were observed and shown to be strongly dependent on horizontal azimuth, range and mode number. Full field numerical modeling of low frequency sound propagation through large sand waves located on a sloped bottom was performed using the high resolution bathymetry of the mouth of San Francisco Bay. Very strong acoustic ducting is shown to steer acoustic energy beams along the sand wave's curved crests.
by Alexey Alexandrovich Shmelev.
Ph.D.
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Shyu, Esther. "Evolutionary demography of structured two-sex populations and sex ratios." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/101354.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis: Ph. D., Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2015.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
Males and females may differ in stage-specific survival, maturation, fertility, or mating availability. These demographic differences, in turn, affect population growth rates, equilibrium structure, and evolutionary trajectories. Models considering only a single sex cannot capture these effects, motivating the use of demographic two-sex models for sexually reproducing populations. I developed a new two-sex modeling framework that incorporates population structure and multiple life cycle processes through transition rate matrices. These models can be applied to a variety of life histories to address both ecological and evolutionary questions. Here, I apply the model to the effects of sex-biased harvest on populations with various mating systems. Demographic considerations also affect evolutionary projections. I derived matrix calculus expressions for key evolutionary quantities in my two-sex models, including the invasion fitness, selection gradient, and second derivatives of growth rates (which have many applications, including the classification of evolutionary singular strategies). I used these quantities to analyze the evolution of the primary sex ratio, under various sex- and stage-specific offspring costs and maternal conditions. Demographic two-sex models lend insight into complex, and sometimes counterintuitive, results that are not captured by models lacking population structure. These findings highlight the importance of demographic structure in ecology and evolution.
by Esther Shyu.
Ph. D.
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Júnior, Vivaldo Leiria Campo. "O grupo de renormalização numérico e o problema de duas impurezas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/76/76131/tde-09042008-103624/.
Full textAbstract:
Neste trabalho é calculada a contribuição de duas impurezas magnéticas ao calor específico e à entropia de um metal através do grupo de renormalização numérico. Tal sistema físico foi descrito pelo modelo Kondo de duas impurezas, onde cada impureza é simplesmente um momento magnético associado a um spin S=1/2, e representa um elétron ocupando um orbital de uma impureza magnética adicionada ao metal não magnético.Para tornar possível o cálculo com malhas de discretização grossas, foi introduzida uma correção no processo de discretização, levando a novas expressões para as energias da banda de condução discretizada e permitindo um melhor tratamento da assimetria partícula-buraco do modelo. Tal assimetria decorre da dependência com a energia do acoplamento entre as impurezas e os elétrons de condução do metal. A utilização de malhas grossas é extremamente desejável para a diminuição do esforço computacional envolvido.In this work the contribution of two magnetic impurities to the specific heat and the entropy of a metal through the group of numerical renormalization is calculated. Such physical system was described for the Kondo model of two impurities, where each impurity is simply an associated magnetic moment to one spin S=1/2, and represents an electron occupying a orbital one of a magnetic impurity added to the magnetic metal. To not become possible the calculation with thick meshes of discretization, was introduced a correction in the discretization process, having led the new expressions for the energies of the band of discredited conduction and allowing to one better treatment of the asymmetry particle-hole of the model. Such asymmetry elapses of the dependence with the energy of the coupling between the impurities and electrons of conduction of the metal. The use of thick meshes is extremely desirable for the reduction of the involved computational effort.
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Cockrell, Kevin L. "Understanding and utilizing waveguide invariant range-frequency striations in ocean acoustic waveguides." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/65275.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), February 2011.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 163-170).
Much of the recent research in ocean acoustics has focused on developing methods to exploit the effects that the sea surface and seafloor have on acoustic propagation. Many of those methods require detailed knowledge of the acoustic properties of the seafloor and the sound speed profile (SSP), which limits their applicability. The range-frequency waveguide invariant describes striations that often appear in plots of acoustic intensity versus range and frequency. These range-frequency striations have properties that depend strongly on the frequency of the acoustic source and on distance between the acoustic source and receiver, but that depend mildly on the SSP and seafloor properties. Because of this dependence, the waveguide invariant can be utilized for applications such as passive and active sonar, time-reversal mirrors, and array processing, even when the SSP or the seafloor properties are not well known. This thesis develops a framework for understanding and calculating the waveguide invariant, and uses that framework to develop signal processing techniques for the waveguide invariant. A method for passively estimating the range from an acoustic source to a receiver is developed, and tested on experimental data. Heuristics are developed to estimate the minimum source bandwidth and minimum horizontal aperture required for range estimation. A semi-analytic formula for the waveguide invariant is derived using WKB approximation along with a normal mode description of the acoustic field in a rangeindependent waveguide. This formula is applicable to waveguides with arbitrary SSPs, and reveals precisely how the SSP and the seafloor reflection coefficient affect the value of the waveguide invariant. Previous research has shown that the waveguide invariant range-frequency striations can be observed using a single hydrophone or a horizontal line array (HLA) of hydrophones. This thesis shows that traditional array processing techniques are sometimes inadequate for the purpose of observing range-frequency striations using a HLA. Array processing techniques designed specifically for observing range-frequency striations are developed and demonstrated. Finally, a relationship between the waveguide invariant and wavenumber integrations is derived, which may be useful for studying range-frequency striations in elastic environments such as ice-covered waveguides.
by Kevin L. Cockrell.
Ph.D.
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Cavène, Edouard. "Comportement des assemblages mixtes bois-métal avec trous oblongs." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAC087.
Full textAbstract:
De nos jours, la construction mixte est en plein essor pour des raisons architecturales et environnementales. Dans ce contexte, les structures mixtes bois-métal sont de plus en plus utilisées car elles permettent d'allier légèreté et élancement des structures. Cependant, l'alliance d'un matériau sensible à l'environnement -le bois, et d'un autre peu déformable - le métal, pose des problèmes de fissuration dans les assemblages. En effet, un nombre important d'assembleurs entraine des blocages limitant la libre déformation du bois par retrait/gonflement. Pour limiter l'impact de ces blocages, l'emploi de trous oblongs dans les platines métalliques des assemblages bois-métal est une solution qui est envisagée dans ces travaux. Face au manque de documentation sur les couvre-joints avec trou oblong, un ensemble d'analyses reposant sur des études expérimentales a été mené en utilisant la corrélation d'images numériques. Une première partie de l'étude a permis de mieux comprendre le comportement des assemblages en étudiant les déformations à la surface des éprouvettes. Cette analyse a montré que deux modes de ruines sont possibles dans la pince longitudinale : un par flexion et l’autre par pression diamétrale. Par la suite, un modèle analytique permettant de prédire la raideur initiale des trous oblongs sur la base d'un modèle numérique et d’essais en laboratoire a été proposé. Enfin, la dernière partie de la thèse est consacrée à évaluer l'impact de la présence des trous oblongs dans des assemblages bois-métal soumis à un moment fléchissant sur la base d'une campagne expérimentale. Les résultats de cette étude ont montré que l'emploi des trous oblongs ne perturbe pas le comportement des assemblages bois-métal boulonnés soumis à un moment fléchissant et permet, dans certaines conditions, d'augmenter leur résistanceNowadays, hybrid structures are common because of architectural and environmental reasons. In that context, timber steel structures are very relevant because they combine lightness with large slenderness. However, combining both timber that presents a hydroscopic behavior and steel material that is not, raises a problem of cracking in connection zone. Indeed, the large number of connectors in this part of the structure prevents timber from swelling and shrinkage deformations and then creates cracks. In order to limit the effect of the connection on the cracking of the timber, the present work proposes to release degrees of freedom using slotted holes in steel plates in bolted timber-steel connections. Due to the lack of studies on bolted cover plate with slotted holes, a large part of this work proposes to analyze the behavior of such connections based an experimental study using full field measurement technique. The first part of the present work allows to better understanding the behavior of bolted cover plate with slotted holes using load-displacement curves, failure modes and strain analyses obtained with Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique. This analysis highlights the presence of two types of behaviors. The first one is mostly due to the bending of the end distance area whereas the second is due to bearing. Thereafter, an analytical model predicting the initial stiffness of such connections is proposed. This model is based on numerical and experimental results obtained by DIC. In the last part of the study, an experimental campaign is dedicated to the evaluation of the effect of the presence of slotted holes in steel plate of bolted timber-steel connection under bending moment. The result of the study shows that using slotted holes has no negative impact on the short-time behavior of bolted timber steel connections and, in certain circumstance, an increase of the resistance is observed
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Gómez, Subils Javier. "Non-perturbative Aspects of Quantum Field Theories from Holography." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672276.
Full textAbstract:
In this thesis we have employed the holographic duality to study the non-perturbative regime of a one-parameter family of theories with multi-scale dynamics. Normally, this (super)string theory motivated duality identifies gauge theories in flat space with string theories in a certain curved spacetime. Its relevance roots in its ability to relate the strongly-coupled regime of gauge theories with classical gravity governed by Einstein's equations. In the Introduction of the thesis, we have reviewed the main string theory ingredients that we used throughout the thesis and revisited some of the previous results which are the starting point of out study.
In Chapter 2, we gather the explicit form of the supergravity solutions whose dual are the gauge theories of interest. These are three-dimensional gauge theories. Generically, they share the same physics at high energies, given by Yang-Mills and Chern-Simons interactions. Remarkably, when the low energy regime of the theories is studied, a rich variety of non-perturbative phenomenology is discovered.
In particular, for a generic value of the parameter distinguishing the theories, they develop a mass gap in their spectrum. However, the two theories which are obtained at the limiting values of the parameter are special. On the one hand, the theory flows towards an infrarred fixed point, dual to a Conformal Field Theory. On the other hand, a confining theory is obtained, in the sense that the potential felt between quarks grows linearly with the distance between them for large separations.
All these phenomena, together with the computation of the spectrum of spin-0 and spin-2 states, are studied in Chapter 3. The fact that in this system the Renormalisation Group flow can pass close to a Conformal Field Theory motivated the search of a light dilaton in the spectrum. But such light state was not found, the reason for that being that the values of the source and the vacuum expectation value that prevented the flow from finishing at the fixed point where of the same order.
On top of that, in this Chapter some entanglement entropy measures were studied. This last investigation was motivated by the fact that in the literature some quantities extracted from such magnitudes where proposed as a probe for confinement. Our results show that, when these quantities are considered in our system, they are not able to discriminate between confining and non-confining gapped theories.
Not only did we consider the theories at zero temperature case, but we also studied thermal states by constructing numerical black brane solutions in the gravity side. Black branes are very much like black holes, with the peculiarity that their surface extends in non-compact directions. Such solutions are discussed in Chapter 4. As a result, we understood their phase diagram, exhibiting a rich structure endowed with first and second order phase transitions, as well as a triple point where three phases coexist and a critical point where the second order phase transition takes place.
Intrigued by the effect that the proximity of a Conformal Field Theory could have in the Renormalisation Group flow of a field theory, in Chapter 5 we carried out a study on complex Conformal Field Theories. We proposed their holographic dual, and analysed some of their properties in the strongly-coupled case.
Finally, in Chapter 6, we studied transport coefficients in holographic theories which model Quantum Chromodynamics. We concluded that the holographic results are quite different from the ones obtained using perturbative techniques. These studies could have phenomenological consequences and find their application in astrophysical observations concerning neutron stars.En esta tesis hemos utilizado la dualidad holográfica para entender el régimen no perturbativo de una familia uni-paramétrica de teorías con múltiples escalas. Primeramente, hemos repasado los ingredientes esenciales que necesitamos de teoría de cuerdas. A la vez, hemos introducimos algunos resultados previos que son el punto de partida de nuestras investigaciones. Tras dicha introducción, se recogen todas las soluciones de supergravedad duales a las teorías en tres dimensiones que estudiamos. Genéricamente, comparten la misma física a altas energías pero a bajas energías muestran una rica fenomenología. En particular, desarrollan un salto de masa en su espectro. Curiosamente, las teorías correspondientes a tomar los valores límites del parámetro son especiales. En un caso, la teoría fluye a una teoría de campos conforme. En el otro se obtiene una teoría confinante, con potencial lineal entre quarks. También se calcula el espectro de estados con espín 0 y espín 2. Además, se analizan diferentes medidas de entrelazamiento cuántico que en nuestro caso no son capaces de discriminar entre teorías con confinamiento y teorías con un salto de masa. Esto contrasta con algunas propuestas que se encuentran en la literatura. Adicionalmente hemos construido numéricamente soluciones de branas negras, que describen estados térmicos de las teorías. Hemos descubierto un diagrama de fases muy rico, con transiciones de fase de primer y segundo orden, junto a un punto crítico y un punto triple. Interesados por el efecto que una teoría conforme de campos pudiera tener si es cercana al flujo del grupo de renormalización de otra teoría, en el Capítulo 5 nos adentramos en el estudio de teorías conformes de campos complejas, dando su el dual holográfico. Finalmente, se calculan coeficientes de transporte en teorías holográficas que modelan Cromodinámica Quántica y que podrían tener consecuencias fenomenológicas en observaciones referentes a estrellas de neutrones.
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Zhai, Ping Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Buoyancy-driven circulation in the Red Sea." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/95561.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis: Ph. D., Joint Program in Physical Oceanography (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2014.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 175-180).
This thesis explores the buoyancy-driven circulation in the Red Sea, using a combination of observations, as well as numerical modeling and analytical method. The first part of the thesis investigates the formation mechanism and spreading of Red Sea Overflow Water (RSOW) in the Red Sea. The preconditions required for open-ocean convection, which is suggested to be the formation mechanism of RSOW, are examined. The RSOW is identified and tracked as a layer with minimum potential vorticity and maximum chlorofluorocarbon-12. The pathway of the RSOW is also explored using numerical simulation. If diffusivity is not considered, the production rate of the RSOW is estimated to be 0.63 Sv using Walin's method. By comparing this 0.63 Sv to the actual RSOW transport at the Strait of Bab el Mandeb, it is implied that the vertical diffusivity is about 3.4 x10-5 m 2 s-1. The second part of the thesis studies buoyancy-forced circulation in an idealized Red Sea. Buoyancy-loss driven circulation in marginal seas is usually dominated by cyclonic boundary currents on f-plane, as suggested by previous observations and numerical modeling. This thesis suggests that by including [beta]-effect and buoyancy loss that increases linearly with latitude, the resultant mean Red Sea circulation consists of an anticyclonic gyre in the south and a cyclonic gyre in the north. In mid-basin, the northward surface flow crosses from the western boundary to the eastern boundary. The observational support is also reviewed. The mechanism that controls the crossover of boundary currents is further explored using an ad hoc analytical model based on PV dynamics. This ad hoc analytical model successfully predicts the crossover latitude of boundary currents. It suggests that the competition between advection of planetary vorticity and buoyancy-loss related term determines the crossover latitude. The third part of the thesis investigates three mechanisms that might account for eddy generation in the Red Sea, by conducting a series of numerical experiments. The three mechanisms are: i) baroclinic instability; ii) meridional structure of surface buoyancy losses; iii) cross-basin wind fields.
by Ping Zhai.
Ph. D.
48
Yellepeddi, Atulya. "Direct-form adaptive equalization for underwater acoustic communication." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1912/5281.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (S.M.)--Joint Program in Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2012.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 139-143).
Adaptive equalization is an important aspect of communication systems in various environments. It is particularly important in underwater acoustic communication systems, as the channel has a long delay spread and is subject to the effects of time- varying multipath fading and Doppler spreading. The design of the adaptation algorithm has a profound influence on the performance of the system. In this thesis, we explore this aspect of the system. The emphasis of the work presented is on applying concepts from inference and decision theory and information theory to provide an approach to deriving and analyzing adaptation algorithms. Limited work has been done so far on rigorously devising adaptation algorithms to suit a particular situation, and the aim of this thesis is to concretize such efforts and possibly to provide a mathematical basis for expanding it to other applications. We derive an algorithm for the adaptation of the coefficients of an equalizer when the receiver has limited or no information about the transmitted symbols, which we term the Soft-Decision Directed Recursive Least Squares algorithm. We will demonstrate connections between the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm and the Recursive Least Squares algorithm, and show how to derive a computationally efficient, purely recursive algorithm from the optimal EM algorithm. Then, we use our understanding of Markov processes to analyze the performance of the RLS algorithm in hard-decision directed mode, as well as of the Soft-Decision Directed RLS algorithm. We demonstrate scenarios in which the adaptation procedures fail catastrophically, and discuss why this happens. The lessons from the analysis guide us on the choice of models for the adaptation procedure. We then demonstrate how to use the algorithm derived in a practical system for underwater communication using turbo equalization. As the algorithm naturally incorporates soft information into the adaptation process, it becomes easy to fit it into a turbo equalization framework. We thus provide an instance of how to use the information of a turbo equalizer in an adaptation procedure, which has not been very well explored in the past. Experimental data is used to prove the value of the algorithm in a practical context.
by Atulya Yellepeddi.
S.M.
49
Moulton, Melissa (Melissa Root). "Hydrodynamic and morphodynamic responses to surfzone seafloor perturbations." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104594.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis: Ph. D., Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2016.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
Holes and channels were excavated in the surf zone on an ocean beach near Duck, NC, and observations of the subsequent evolution of waves, currents, and the modified seafloor were used to investigate nearshore dynamics. In one set of seafloor perturbation experiments, deep holes with steeply sloping sides were excavated in the inner surfzone seafloor. Observations of the infilling holes were used to make the first field estimates of the surfzone morphological diffusivity, which describes the rate of seafloor smoothing by downslope sediment transport. To improve the temporal resolution of bathymetric estimates, a mapping method was developed to combine infrequent, spatially dense watercraft surveys with continuous, spatially sparse in situ altimeter estimates of the seafloor location. In another set of seafloor perturbation experiments, channels were dredged across the surf zone with the propellers of a landing craft. Alongshore variations in wave breaking caused by the perturbed bathymetry resulted in strong rip currents in the channels under some conditions, whereas alongshore currents bypassed the channels under other conditions. The dynamics of the circulation response for changing wave forcing, bathymetry, and tidal elevation are investigated using the observations, a numerical model, and a parameter based on wave properties and bathymetry.
by Melissa Moulton.
Ph. D.
50
Verdy, Ariane. "Dynamics of marine zooplankton : social behavior, ecological interactions, and physically-induced variability." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/43158.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Joint Program in Physical Oceanography (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2008.Includes bibliographical references (p. [221]-232).
Marine ecosystems reflect the physical structure of their environment and the biological processes they carry out. This leads to spatial heterogeneity and temporal variability, some of which is imposed externally and some of which emerges from the ecological mechanisms themselves. The main focus of this thesis is on the formation of spatial patterns in the distribution of zooplankton arising from social interactions between individuals. In the Southern Ocean, krill often assemble in swarms and schools, the dynamics of which have important ecological consequences. Mathematical and numerical models are employed to study the interplay of biological and physical processes that contribute to the observed patchiness. The evolution of social behavior is simulated in a theoretical framework that includes zooplankton population dynamics, swimming behavior, and some aspects of the variability inherent to fluid environments. First, I formulate a model of resource utilization by a stage-structured predator population with density-dependent reproduction. Second, I incorporate the predator-prey dynamics into a spatially-explicit model, in which aggregations develop spontaneously as a result of linear instability of the uniform distribution. In this idealized ecosystem, benefits related to the local abundance of mates are offset by the cost of having to share resources with other group members. Third, I derive a weakly nonlinear approximation for the steady-state distributions of predator and prey biomass that captures the spatial patterns driven by social tendencies. Fourth, I simulate the schooling behavior of zooplankton in a variable environment; when turbulent flows generate patchiness in the resource field, schools can forage more efficiently than individuals.
(cont.) Taken together, these chapters demonstrate that aggregation/ schooling can indeed be the favored behavior when (i) reproduction (or other survival measures) increases with density in part of the range and (ii) mixing of prey into patches is rapid enough to offset the depletion. In the final two chapters, I consider sources of temporal variability in marine ecosystems. External perturbations amplified by nonlinear ecological interactions induce transient ex-cursions away from equilibrium; in predator-prey dynamics the amplitude and duration of these transients are controlled by biological processes such as growth and mortality. In the Southern Ocean, large-scale winds associated with ENSO and the Southern Annular Mode cause convective mixing, which in turn drives air-sea fluxes of carbon dioxide and oxygen. Whether driven by stochastic fluctuations or by climatic phenomena, variability of the biogeochemical/physical environment has implications for ecosystem dynamics.
by Ariane Verdy.
Ph.D.