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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Johnston, Stanley H. The Cleveland herbal, botanical, and horticultural collections: A descriptive bibliography of pre-1830 works from the libraries of the Holden Arboretum, the Cleveland Medical Library Association, and the Garden Center of Greater Cleveland. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1992.

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2

Scheuchzer, Marco. Konzernbesteuerung in der Europäischen Union. Bielefeld: E. Schmidt, 1994.

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3

Valentin, Michael. Bare det holder min tid ud: Fagbevægelsen--fortid eller fremtid? [Copenhagen]: Aschehoug dansk forlag, 2002.

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4

Kuropka, Joachim. "Um den Karren wieder aus dem Dreck zu holen--": 50 Jahre Christlich Demokratische Union im Landkreis Vechta. Vechta: Vechtaer Druckerei und Verlag, 1995.

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5

Vladimír, Karas, and Matt Giorgio, eds. Black holes from stars to galaxies across the range of masses: Proceedings of the 238th symposium of the International Astronomical Union held in Prague, Czech Republic August 21-25, 2006. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

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6

Peterson, B. M. (Bradley M.), Somerville Rachel S, Storchi-Bergmann Thaisa, and International Astronomical Union, eds. Co-evolution of central black holes and galaxies: Proceedings of the 267th Symposium of the International Astronomical Union held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, August 10-14, 2009. Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

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7

Symposium, International Astronomical Union. The central regions of the galaxy and galaxies: Proceedings of the 184th Symposium of the International Astronomical Union, held in Tokyo, Japan, August 18-22. Boston, Mass: Kluwer Academic, 1998.

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8

Symposium, International Astronomical Union. The central regions of the galaxy and galaxies: Proceedings of the 184th Symposium of the International Astronomical Union, held in Tokyo, Japan, August 18-22, 1997. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1998.

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9

V, Migenes, and Reid Mark Jonathan 1948-, eds. Cosmic masers, from protostars to blackholes: Proceedings of the 206th Symposium of the International Astronomical Union held in Mangaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 5-10 March 2001. San Francisco, Calif: Published on behalf of IAU by the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 2002.

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10

Bischof, Pirmin. Produkthaftung und Vertrag in der EU: Vertragliche Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten (Freizeichnungs-, Rechtswahl- und Gerichtsstandsklauseln) im Produkthaftungsrecht der Europäischen Union (EU). Bern: Stämpfli, 1994.

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11

editor, Sjouwerman Loránt O., Lang Cornelia C. editor, and Ott Jürgen A. editor, eds. The galactic center: Feeding and feedback in a normal galactic nucleus : proceedings of the 303rd Symposium of the International Astronomical Union, held in Santa Fe, NM, USA, September 30-October 4, 2013. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2014.

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12

Symposium, International Astronomical Union. The interplay among black holes, stars and ISM in galactic nuclei: Proceedings of the 222th Symposium of the International Astronomical Union held in Gramado, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, March 1-5, 2004. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.

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13

Conan, Doyle A. The Extraordinary Cases of Sherlock Holmes. London, England: Puffin Books, 1994.

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14

Conan, Doyle Arthur. The return ofSherlock Holmes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.

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15

Conan, Doyle A. Return of Sherlock Holmes. London: Penguin Books, 2008.

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16

Conan, Doyle Arthur. The Return of Sherlock Holmes. Toronto, Canada: CIHM / Morang & Co., 1994.

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17

Conan, Doyle Arthur. The Return of Sherlock Holmes. Pleasantville, N.Y.: Reader's Digest Association, 1991.

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18

Conan, Doyle Arthur. Gui lai ji. Beijing Shi: Huaxia chu ban she, 2003.

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19

1916-, Woolen Edward A., ed. Holder family biographical and historical records and genealogy of Daniel Holder, 1758-1843 of Fauquier & Pittsylvania Counties, Virginia and Union County, South Carolina. Decorah, Iowa: Anundsen, 1992.

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20

Lichtman, Robert M. The Justices of the Vinson Court, Douds, and the Start of the Court’s McCarthy Era. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037009.003.0002.

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This chapter discusses the U.S. Supreme Court’s decisions during its October 1949 term. The Court convened for its new term on Monday, October 3, 1949. The beginnings of what would soon be a heavy flow of “Communist” cases either awaited action by the Court or was in the pipeline. Douds was the term’s most important decision. Section 9(h) of the Taft–Hartley Act, assertedly aimed at preventing “political strikes” by Communist-dominated unions, made it next to impossible for American Communist Party (CPUSA) members to hold union office. A six-justice Court, in an opinion by Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson, upheld this provision against a claim that it infringed the First Amendment rights of union officers. The Court found that Congress’ power to regulate interstate commerce authorized it to prevent “political strikes” and that it “could rationally find” that the CPUSA, unlike other political parties, used union leadership positions to obstruct commerce for “political advantage.”

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21

Butler, Graham. The European Union and Diplomatic Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795940.003.0018.

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Not long after the establishment of supranational institutions in the aftermath of the Second World War, the early incarnations of the European Union (EU) began conducting diplomacy. Today, EU Delegations (EUDs) exist throughout the world, operating similar to full-scale diplomatic missions. The Treaty of Lisbon established the legal underpinnings for the European External Action Service (EEAS) as the diplomatic arm of the EU. Yet within the international legal framework, EUDs remain second-class to the missions of nation States. The EU thus has to use alternative legal means to form diplomatic missions. This chapter explores the legal framework of EU diplomatic relations, but also asks whether traditional missions to which the VCDR regime applies, can still be said to serve the needs of diplomacy in the twenty-first century, when States are no longer the ultimate holders of sovereignty, or the only actors in international relations.

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22

(Editor), Vladimir Karas, and Giorgio Matt (Editor), eds. Black Holes (IAU S238): From Stars to Galaxies - Across the Range of Masses (Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union Symposia and Colloquia). Cambridge University Press, 2007.

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23

Müller, Henriette, and Ingeborg Tömmel, eds. Women and Leadership in the European Union. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192896216.001.0001.

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This volume is the first comprehensive analysis of women’s ascendance to leadership positions in the European Union (EU) as well as their performance in such positions. It provides a new theoretical and analytical framework capturing both positional and behavioral leadership and the specific hurdles that women encounter on their path to and when exercising leadership. The volume encompasses a detailed set of single and comparative case studies, analyzing women’s representation and performance in the core EU institutions and their individual pathways to and exercise of power in top-level functions, as well as comparative analyses regarding the position and behavior of women in relation to men. On the basis of these individual studies, the volume draws overarching conclusions about women’s leadership in the EU. Regarding positional leadership, women continue to be underrepresented in leadership positions, they more often hold less prestigious portfolios in such positions, and manifold structural hurdles hamper their access to power. Furthermore, huge variations exist across EU institutions, with the intergovernmental bodies being the hardest to access. Regarding behavioral leadership, women acting in powerful EU positions generally perform excellently. They successfully exercise a combined leadership style that integrates attributes of leadership considered to be “masculine” and “feminine.” This is not to argue that women per se are the better leaders. Yet more often than men they are exposed to stronger selection processes and their prevalent practice of a combined leadership style tends to best meet the requirements of modern democratic systems and particularly those of the highly fragmented EU.

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24

Moore, William F., and Jane Ann Moore. Restoring the Founding Purposes, 1862. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038464.003.0010.

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This chapter examines Abraham Lincoln and Owen Lovejoy's commitment towards holding together the Union while restoring the Founding Fathers' ideology as articulated in the Declaration of Independence. It first considers the debate in the Joint Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War about who had the right to investigate whether Democratic generals were not sufficiently committed to the Union cause to engage the rebels in battle. It then discusses laws enacted in the Thirty-Seventh Congress with the aim of promoting the nation's welfare; Lovejoy's bill “to secure freedom to all persons within the exclusive jurisdiction of the Federal Government”; Lincoln's proposal for gradual emancipation in the four border states; and the growing friendship between Lincoln and Lovejoy. The chapter also analyzes the Second Confiscation Act; factions within the Republican Party in the House; Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation; and Lovejoy's reelection in 1862. Finally, it addresses the question of whether Lincoln was a radical.

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25

The Interplay among Black Holes, Stars and ISM in Galactic Nuclei (IAU S222) (Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union Symposia and Colloquia). Cambridge University Press, 2005.

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26

Bungenberg, Marc, and August Reinisch, eds. CETA Investment Law. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748902133.

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The Canada-European Union Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) has been called a game-changer. In the investment chapter, CETA has introduced a number of key innovations, including the investment court system with an appellate tribunal guidelines on third party funding transparency and information sharing modern versions of standards of protection detailed provisions on reservations and exceptions Considering that the new dispute resolution provisions in this chapter have also passed the scrutiny of the Court of Justice of the European Union, it is expected that CETA’s investment chapter will serve as a blueprint for future EU investment agreements. This article-by-article commentary will be a key resource for practitioners and academics in the field of EU investment protection law. <b>With contributions by</b> Afolabi Adekemi, Andrés E. Alvarado Garzón, Freya Baetens, Crina Baltag, Jens Benninghofen, Christina Binder, Gabriel Bottini, Colin Brown, Marc Bungenberg, Markus Burgstaller, N. Jansen Calamita, Armand de Mestral, Arnaud de Nanteuil, Lori Di Pierdomenico, Patrick Dumberry, Katia Fach Gómez, Richard Happ, Angshuman Hazarika, Stephan Hobe, Frank Hoffmeister, Anna Holzer, Mattijs Kempynck, Panos Koutrakos, Ursula Kriebaum, Céline Lévesque, Irmgard Marboe, Lars Markert, Patricia Nacimiento, Erman Özgür, August Reinisch, Stefanie Schacherer, Julian Scheu, Christoph Schreuer, Lukas Stifter, Johannes Tropper, Güneş Ünüvar, Lukas Vanhonnaeker and Herman Verbist.

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27

Hummel, Calla. Why Informal Workers Organize. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192847812.001.0001.

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Informal workers make up over two billion workers or about 50 percent of the global workforce. Surprisingly, scholars know little about informal workers’ political or civil society participation. An informal worker is anyone who holds a job and who does not pay taxes on taxable earnings, does not hold a license for their work when one is required, or is not part of a mandatory social security system. For decades, researchers argued that informal workers rarely organized or participated in civil society and politics. However, millions of informal workers around the world start and join unions. Why do informal workers organize? In countries like Bolivia, informal workers such as street vendors, fortune-tellers, witches, clowns, gravestone cleaners, sex workers, domestic workers, and shoe shiners come together in powerful unions. In South Africa, South Korea, and India, national informal worker organizations represent millions of citizens. The data in this book find that informal workers organize in nearly every country for which data exists, but to varying degrees. This raises a related question: Why do informal workers organize in some places more than others? The reality of informal work described in this book and supported by surveys in 60 countries, over 150 interviews with informal workers in Bolivia and Brazil, ethnographic data from multiple cities, and administrative data upends the conventional wisdom on the informal sector. The contrast between scholarly expectations and emerging data underpin the central argument of the book: Informal workers organize where state officials encourage them to.

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28

Orenstein, Mitchell A. The Lands in Between. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190936143.001.0001.

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Russia’s hybrid war on the West has begun to afflict Western politics in ways that are remarkably similar to its effects on the “lands in between,” small, vulnerable countries in Europe situated in between Russia and the European Union. While many in the West are only beginning to understand how hybrid war affects politics at home, Russia’s meddling in the 2016 US presidential elections and subsequent elections in Europe brought to the fore problems that front-line states had been dealing with for years. Their experiences hold important lessons. This book, written by a US expert on Europe with wide experience in the UK, France, Czechia, Poland, and Russia, shows how this conflict has deepened political polarization in the lands in between, forcing countries to face a “civilizational choice” between Russia and the European Union. Russia’s hybrid warfare techniques are designed to divide countries through funding extremist parties, spreading disinformation, and threatening military force. Meanwhile, the European Union has not backed down in its drive to create a “Europe whole and free,” composed of modern democracies integrated in the EU market. While countries are faced with a stark choice, paradoxically, the political leaders who rise to the top are not those who chart a clear direction for their countries, but cynical power brokers who find ways to profit from both sides. For Western readers, grasping this new politics of polarization and power brokers is necessary to understand our new politics of hybrid war.

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29

Lindvall, Johannes. Formal and Informal Power. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198766865.003.0004.

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The main argument of this chapter is that the concentration-of-power hypothesis—the idea that reform capacity is higher under power-concentration institutions—only holds, if at all, in societies where interest groups have negligible informal power. Where interest groups have significant power, sharing formal power among several political parties may lead to higher reform capacity than a concentration of power. The chapter shows that reform capacity tends to be low if power-concentration institutions are situated in societies where interest groups are strong enough to threaten to block reforms, but not strong enough for the government to treat them as a permanent interlocutor. The chapter's empirical sections are concerned with labor market reforms in European Union member states, pension reforms and employment-protection reforms in France, and political strikes in the advanced democracies.

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30

Fortin, Katharine. Armed Groups and Treaty Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808381.003.0008.

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Chapter 8 employs the theories identified in Chapter 7 to consider whether it is possible to argue that armed groups are bound by the major human rights treaties. The chapter conducts detailed analysis of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. It also examines the main human rights treaties which it argues hold most textual potential to bind armed groups, namely the Convention against Torture, the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict, and the African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa.

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31

O'Meara, Simon. The Ka'ba Orientations. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748699308.001.0001.

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This book is about the most sacred site of Islam, the cuboid, black-robed Kaʿba of Mecca, a building the Qur’an calls the ‘ancient house.’ It explains how the building has been used, conceptualised and represented by Muslims from the earliest period of Islam onwards, and reveals the strata in the Kaʿba’s many meaning and the profundity of its importance for the Islamic world. It does this by investigating six of the building’s spatial effects: as the qibla (the direction faced in prayer); as the axis and matrix mundi of the Islamic world; as an architectural principle in the bedrock of this world; as a circumambulated goal of pilgrimage and a site of spiritual union for mystics and Sufis; and as a dwelling that is imagined to shelter temporarily an animating force; but which otherwise, as a house, holds a void.

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32

Langston, Joy K. Comparing the PRI Experience to Kenya and Taiwan. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190628512.003.0010.

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The final chapter applies the argument based on the Mexican experience to other authoritarian regimes with strong parties that transitioned to democracy: Kenya and Taiwan. Kenya African National Union (KANU) practically disappeared because electoral rules allowed politicians to win elections without strong labels. In Taiwan, the Kuomintang survived and returned to power after two terms out of executive power, in large part because its divisions did not lead to fragmentation and because voters continued to support the label. Thus, the work’s argument: that party leaders must learn to garner electoral victories under democratic circumstances while avoiding the pressures to fragment, holds. Federalism, the mixed-member electoral system, and generous party financing all play a role in determining how electoral competition creates winners and losers within the party organization. These institutions also reduce the impact of the electoral opening on the party’s tendency to fragment.

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33

Langenberg, Amy Paris. Buddhism and Sexuality. Edited by Daniel Cozort and James Mark Shields. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198746140.013.22.

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In surveying the discursive landscape of ancient, classical, and medieval Indo-Tibetan Buddhist sexual ethics, this chapter takes a Foucauldian approach that holds Buddhist sexual norms and ideals to be an evolving discourse productive of a wide variety of sexual persons. It focuses on the manner in which Buddhist sexual ethics foster states of self rather than Buddhist ethics as a universally applicable set of moral obligations. Topics considered include the theory and practice of brahmacarya, representations of the Buddha as hyper-masculine, the sexual upāyas of bodhisattvas as articulated in Mahāyāna teachings, the revalorization of sexual union as a yogic practice in medieval Indian and Tibetan Tantra, and articulations of lay ethics in the scholastic traditions of classical and medieval India and Tibet. This chapter also contextualizes instances of sexual abuse in contemporary Western Buddhist saṅghas and notes the emergence of a distinctive queer Buddhist discourse.

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34

Marandiuc, Natalia. The Goodness of Home. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190674502.003.0006.

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Bringing together the strands of the book’s argument, the chapter proposes that a relational home is both anthropological and pneumatological, enabling human freedom. Kierkegaard’s divine middle term understood here as the Holy Spirit, who inhabits the attachment space between human beings, holds the relational space in place, preventing its implosion or dissolution and making it a space of belonging, which befits the concept of home. It is suggested that Jesus’s embodied life provides the pattern for meeting human need and desire, as Jesus is both needful of and a generous giver of human love while simultaneously the most perfect union of human and divine loves working in tandem. The chapter proposes that the self is cocreated and sustained by relational homes that mediate and participate in the streams of divine love that originate in God, reach human lives, and empower human beings to become channels of such love toward other people.

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35

Cabrera, Luis. The Case for a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly as a Means of Promoting Just Security. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805373.003.0016.

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This chapter explores the case for a more formalized United Nations parliamentary assembly, including the potential oversight, accountability, and (ultimately) co-decision roles that such a body could play alongside the UN General Assembly. Given difficulties in expecting national parliamentarians to perform such functions continuously, a UN assembly is found to hold greater potential for promoting key UN system aims in the areas of security, justice, and democratic accountability, even as the existing Inter-Parliamentary Union continued to play some important complementary roles. Learning from relevant global and regional parliamentary bodies, the chapter outlines concrete steps toward developing a parliamentary assembly over time, including the creation of a more informal UN network of UN-focused national parliamentarians in the near term.

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36

Egeberg, Morten, and Jarle Trondal. How Organizational Structure Affects Actual Power Relationships between Territorial Levels of Government. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825074.003.0002.

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This chapter opens by clarifying some main organizational structures within which multilevel public governance takes place. As argued, each organization structure tends to privilege certain interests and this seems to hold as regards ‘upstream’ (policy formulation) processes as well as ‘downstream’ (implementation) processes. Theoretically, the chapter builds on some classic insights from organizational research. Empirically, it draws on studies of international organizations, the European Union, and federal as well as unitary states. The chapter shows how the power of lower-level territories to shape these processes depends on the extent to which organizational structures are arranged according to a territorial principle. In the same vein, higher levels of government tend to strengthen their position when non-territorial principles of specialization prevail.

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37

Helleiner, Eric. Positioning for Stronger Limits? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190864576.003.0008.

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Although commodity derivatives are a small segment of the overall global derivatives markets, their regulation attracted more public attention than any other single issue on the post-2008 derivatives reform agenda. The goal of regulatory reform in this sector in the United States, European Union, and G20 went beyond that of bolstering of transparency and resilience to include the more market-constraining objective of strengthening “position limits” that set a ceiling on the number of contracts that traders are allowed to hold. The initiatives to strengthen position limits after 2008 demonstrated the importance of a complex interplay of domestic, inter-state, and transnational political dynamics in shaping regulatory trends. Reform initiatives in this sector also highlighted some unexpectedly long delays and inconsistencies in the implementation of reforms.

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38

Gold, Roberta. “So Much Life”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038181.003.0004.

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This chapter explores conflicting developments in the context of tenant experience during the height of the Cold War. Set against a national background of McCarthyite repression, suburban growth, conservative gender ideology, and class stratification, the chapter discusses two fronts of tenant activity: the construction of labor-union cooperatives and the fight against “urban renewal.” It considers the dislocations of hundreds of thousands of New Yorkers, many from vigorous working-class neighborhoods, in the name of slum clearance. It also examines the tenants' urbanist rebuttal to the postwar ideal of suburban housing as well as the gains they earned despite the losing fight over redevelopment. For example, tenants who mobilized to save their homes revitalized the local consciousness of tenants' rights and helped sustain a kind of pragmatic feminism at a time when women were typically excluded from politics. This “defensive” dimension of tenant activism became an arena in which a generation of what Frances Goldin called “premature feminists” engaged in no-holds-barred political contests.

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39

Carriere Jr., Marius M. The Know Nothings in Louisiana. University Press of Mississippi, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496816849.001.0001.

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This book examines the Know Nothing party in Louisiana. In the early 1850s, the Whig party disintegrated. Several third party movements appeared in the country. Know Nothings seemed to have a strong chance of replacing the Whig party and by 1854 the Know Nothings appeared throughout the United States. This book examines Louisiana because one feature of the Know Nothings, or American party as it was sometimes called, was its anti-foreign and anti-Catholic prejudice. Louisiana, particularly, South Louisiana had a large Roman Catholic population. The book seeks to address whether this feature hurt the party. The book also examines how northern Know Nothings, many of whom were anti-slavery, affected the party’s success in the South. Additionally, early studies of the Know Nothing party in Louisiana argue the party was made up of old Whigs and that traditionally, the party was seen as consisting of older, large slaveholding planters or town businessmen and lawyers connected to the slave-holding interests. This book concludes that Know Nothingism was unique in Louisiana; who actually were Know Nothings does not meet the traditional historical view for the state and the book concludes that the anti-Roman Catholic feature did not preclude South Louisiana slave-holding Catholics from belonging to the party. Louisiana Know Nothings did have difficulty because of the anti-Catholic feature, but it did not prevent Catholics from belonging. Northern Know Nothings’ abolitionism did cause problems for Louisiana Know Nothings, but the election outcomes in the 1850s demonstrated that Union and conservatism was strong in the state.

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40

Noyalas, Jonathan A. Slavery and Freedom in the Shenandoah Valley during the Civil War Era. University Press of Florida, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813066868.001.0001.

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In Slavery and Freedom in the Shenandoah Valley during the Civil War Era, Jonathan Noyalas examines the complexities of life for African Americans in Virginia’s Shenandoah Valley from the antebellum period through Reconstruction. Although the Valley was a site of fierce conflicts during the Civil War and its military activity has been extensively studied, scholars have largely ignored the black experience in the region until now. Correcting previous assumptions that slavery was not important to the Valley, and that enslaved people were treated better there than in other parts of the South, Jonathan Noyalas demonstrates the strong hold of slavery in the region. He explains that during the war, enslaved and free African Americans navigated a borderland that changed hands frequently—where it was possible to be in Union territory one day, Confederate territory the next, and no-man’s land another. He shows that the region’s enslaved population resisted slavery and supported the Union war effort by serving as scouts, spies, and laborers, or by fleeing to enlist in regiments of the United States Colored Troops. Noyalas draws on untapped primary resources, including thousands of records from the Freedmen’s Bureau and contemporary newspapers, to continue the story and reveal the challenges African Americans faced from former Confederates after the war. He traces their actions, which were shaped uniquely by the volatility of the struggle in this region, to ensure that the war’s emancipationist legacy would survive.

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41

Markwick, Roger D. Communism. Edited by R. J. B. Bosworth. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199594788.013.0019.

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Many hold the view not only that Soviet communism and Italian fascism were close ‘totalitarian’ cousins, if not twins like Stalinism and Nazism, but also that the threat of communism begat fascism in its Italian, German, and other European guises. This article compares Stalin's Soviet Union with Mussolini's Fascist Italy, with occasional asides on fascist Germany. Close inspection of Italian fascism and Soviet communism, on a historical basis rather than abstract, political science principles, suggests that their similarities were more apparent than real. The rise of fascism in its Italian and other European manifestations was, in good part, a response to the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia and its shock waves in Europe after the First World War. But fascism, like communism, was also a radical reaction to the crises that racked European states and societies in the aftermath of that traumatic, total war.

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42

Porterfield, Amanda. “The Real Nature and Spirit of Our Lives”. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199372652.003.0006.

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Proponents of social evolution blurred boundaries between commerce and Christianity after the Civil War, championing Christian work as a means to economic growth, republican liberty, and national prosperity. Meanwhile, workers invoked Christ to condemn patronizing attitudes toward labor, and by organizing labor unions to hold capitalists accountable to Pauline ideals of social membership. Influenced by organic theories of social organization that traced modern corporations to medieval institutions, U.S. courts began recognizing corporations as natural persons protected by rights guaranteed in the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, which had originally be crafted to protect the rights of African Americans.

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43

Hines, James R. Competitive Skating between the Wars. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039065.003.0006.

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This chapter discusses competitive skating during the interwar period. The Treaty of Versailles marked the end of the war, but the rebuilding of Europe was a slow process hindered badly by the severity of the treaty and the resulting economic depression. In spite of this, the International Skating Union (ISU) was able to hold its first postwar congress in October 1921 and set dates for resumption of competition early the following year. By the end of the 1920s, ISU membership had increased by more than 50 percent, with new members coming from East European countries, the Baltic states, Italy, the United States, and Japan. The chapter covers the ISU's adoption of a set of compulsory figures, most often called “school figures”; evolution of free skating; evolution of jumping and spinning; employment of dance steps as connecting links in free-skating programs; male and female champions; and North American skaters.

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Goodwin, Matthew J., and James Dennison. The Radical Right in the United Kingdom. Edited by Jens Rydgren. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274559.013.26.

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This chapter examines the evolution of the extreme and radical right in the United Kingdom, providing an overview of its historical, organizational, and electoral development. In contrast to the experience of several other Western democracies, the repeated failures of extreme and radical right parties in Britain led academics to point to “British exceptionalism,” or to portray this case as the “ugly duckling” in the wider family of Europe’s extreme right. However, between 2010 and 2016, the UK Independence Party (UKIP) scored a string of impressive successes, finishing ahead of the mainstream parties in the 2014 European Parliament elections, then winning nearly 13 percent of the popular vote in the 2015 general election. The final section considers the role of UKIP in the United Kingdom’s 2016 referendum on European Union membership and what the future is likely to hold for the radical right in Britain.

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Horne, Cynthia M. Lustration, Public Disclosures, and Social Trust. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793328.003.0007.

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This chapter examines the conditions under which lustration and truth commissions affected social trust, separately considering trust in social institutions and interpersonal trust. This chapter shows that measures to improve social trust might have unintended, negative consequences. More compulsory lustration programs were associated with less trust in unions and the church at both the individual and aggregate levels. There is some evidence to support the contentions of critics that lustration might adversely affect social institutions via blowback from truth telling and public disclosures about previous regime complicity. With respect to interpersonal trust, while late file access procedures and personal disclosures could affect interpersonal trust in the future, the lustration of public office holders has not undermined interpersonal trust as feared. The findings from this chapter reconfirmed the theoretical argument specified in Chapter 1 regarding the expected differential impact of lustration measures on particularized and generalized social trust.

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Rose, Cramer Sacha. Vaccine Nationalism in the age of COVID-19. Technische Universität Dresden, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.413.

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It is no secret that the world has a COVID-19 vaccine problem. The majority of vaccination doses have been administered in Europe and North America, whilst many poorer counties have vaccinated less than 1% of their entire population. In light of the new variants presenting health risks, countries such as South Africa and India have proposed that the World Trade Organisation temporarily waive intellectual property rights for COVID-19 vaccines to help increase the production of vaccines. The world’s economic powerhouses such as U.S., Britain and the European Union vetoed the idea, submitting that intellectual property rights are important for ensuring continued innovation. They are of the opinion that waiving such rights would not result in increased production. The question therefore stands if these are only two options: either patents remain unchanged, or patents are disregarded. An alternative, and perhaps a middle ground is that of compulsory licensing. Although a seemingly good option, it presents its own problems. For instance, patents are territorial and grant the patent holder a monopoly for a limited time of 20 years. However, based on public needs – including health emergencies, a government can allow others to make the product, usually with a fair royalty, or fee, paid to the patent owner. However, this ends at the border. Article 31 of the WTO’s Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Law, or TRIPS, limit compulsory licenses primarily to domestic production and use. This is also limited to companies within the territory, producing products primarily for export. This of course would make the whole point of such compulsory licenses redundant, since the countries producing such vaccines are not the countries that do not have access to them. The other problem with the COVID-19 vaccine is that the technologies used in producing such vaccines are complex and involve numerous patents, trade secrets and know-how. A compulsory licensing system would need to address not just patents but also the related intellectual property in question. To successfully expand vaccine production, countries need a moderately smooth structure to allow a country such as India, to grant a single, blanket license allowing companies to produce vaccines develop by the U.S. or European companies for export to all countries that lack their own manufacturing capacity. The proposed WTO waiver of intellectual property rights seeks to address the need of improved vaccine production, but it may be little too far stressed. Compulsory licensing would smooth the way for the expansion of vaccine manufacturing whilst at the same time still compensating the right holders.

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Eimeleus, K. B. E. E. Skis in the Art of War. Translated by Willam D. Frank. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501747403.001.0001.

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The author of this book was ahead of his time with his advocacy of ski training in the Russian armed forces. Employing terminology never before used in Russian to describe movements with which few were familiar, the book gives a breakdown of the latest techniques at the time from Scandinavia and Finland. The author's work is an early and brilliant example of knowledge transfer from Scandinavia to Russia within the context of sport. Nearly three decades after the book was published, the Finnish army, employing many of the ideas first proposed by the author, used mobile ski troops to hold the Soviet Union at bay during the Winter War of 1939–1940, and in response, the Soviet government organized a massive ski mobilization effort prior to the German invasion in 1941. The Soviet counteroffensive against Nazi Germany during the winter of 1941–1942 owed much of its success to the Red Army ski battalions that had formed as a result of the ski mobilization. This volume is a translation of the original and includes most of the original illustrations.

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Arase, David. Foreign Aid. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.181.

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As a policy tool, aid has not been confined to the roles that foreign and economic policy theorists have prescribed for it. Foreign aid attracts controversy because it structures how global poverty will be addressed. Aid’s proponents believe that it can eradicate absolute poverty and close the income gap between rich and poor countries, but its critics believe it holds out only false hope and obscures the real nature of the problem. The unrequited transfer of wealth from a weak nation to a stronger one is an ancient tradition, but the notion that it would be powerful nations transferring wealth to advance the economic development of weaker ones was virtually unheard of until the post-World War II era, particularly during the highly polarized Cold War climate. During this time, aid was used as a means of competition between the United States and the Soviet Union for influence over Third World countries. Aid also became a tool for opening up the markets of the developing world and integrating them into the global economy. The fact that foreign aid has come to mean development assistance since has raised a series of questions debated in the scholarly literature. Moreover, it is universally acknowledged that donors use aid to achieve objectives other than development and poverty reduction.

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Kapustin, A. Ya, I. I. Kucherov, S. A. Sinitsyn, A. I. Kovler, and Yu N. Kashevarova. Constitution and Modernization of Legislation: Proceedings of the XV International School of Young Legal Scholars (Moscow, May 27 – June 5, 2020). Jurisprudence PH, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/978-5-9516-0874-1.

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Modern constitutional transformations, asserting a “value” legal understanding, actualize theoretical and practical problems of legislative regulation, serve as a prereq- uisite for rethinking the essence, role and significance of law in the life of society, and determine the formulation of a number of issues related, first of all, to the qualitative implementation of novelties. This collection reflects the diversity and depth of scientific discussions of the XV In- ternational school of young legal scholars on the topic “Constitution and modernization of legislation”, which was held by the Institute of legislation and comparative law under the Government of the Russian Federation in cooperation with the International Union of lawyers. In the context of a difficult epidemiological situation related to the spread of corona- virus infection, in order to protect the health of conference participants, the organizing Committee decided to hold the XV School remotely (by correspondence). For the first time, all its scientific events were held online. The participants had a unique opportunity to communicate with the direct developers of amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, present their reports in a new format.

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Fitzpatrick, Antonia. Thomas Aquinas on Bodily Identity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790853.001.0001.

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This is a study of the union of matter and the soul in human beings in the thought of the Dominican Thomas Aquinas. At first glance, this issue might appear arcane, but it was at the centre of Catholic polemic with heresy in the thirteenth century and of the development of medieval thought. The book argues that theological issues, especially the need for an identical body to be resurrected at the end of time, were vital to Aquinas’s account of how human beings are constituted. The book explores how theological questions shaped Aquinas’s thought on individuality and bodily identity over time, his embryology and understanding of heredity, his work on nutrition and bodily growth, and his fundamental conception of matter. It demonstrates how Aquinas used his peripatetic sources, Aristotle and Averroes, to further his own thinking. The book indicates how Aquinas’s thought on bodily identity became pivotal to university debates and relations between rival mendicant orders in the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries, and that quarrels surrounding these issues persisted into the fifteenth century. Not only is this a study of the interface between theology, biology, and physics in Aquinas’s thought; it also fundamentally revises the generally accepted view of Aquinas. Aquinas is famous for holding that the only substantial form in a human being is the soul; most scholars have therefore thought he located the identity of the individual in their soul. This book restores the body through a thorough examination of the range of Aquinas’s works.

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