Academic literature on the topic 'Hold-out procedure'
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Journal articles on the topic "Hold-out procedure"
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Gaulin, Cynthia A., and Thomas F. Campbell. "Procedure for Assessing Verbal Working Memory in Normal School-Age Children: Some Preliminary Data." Perceptual and Motor Skills 79, no. 1 (August 1994): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.79.1.55.
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A procedure for assessing children's recall of lexical items in the presence of a competing language task is described. The Competing Language Processing Task was designed to reflect the dynamic processes carried out in working memory during language comprehension and production by requiring that the subject hold words in temporary storage while analyzing and responding as true or false to statements. The development of the procedure is described and results of testing of 68 normal children ages 6, 8, 10, and 12 years are presented.
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Левицька, К. Ю. "DEPRIVATION OF THE RIGHT TO HAVE CERTAIN POSITIONS OR ENGAGED IN CERTAIN ACTIVITIES AS A KIND ADDITIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE CHARGE." Juridical science 2, no. 4(106) (April 3, 2020): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32844/2222-5374-2020-106-4-2.14.
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The purpose of the article is to determine the place of deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities in the system of administrative penalties on the basis of the analysis of the achievements of legal science. The article identifies the place of deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities in the system of administrative penalties. Signs of deprivation of the right to hold certain positions are: the offense was related to a person's position, professional or other activity; committed by a person who at the time of the encroachment held the position or carried out the activity that he used to commit the offense; the nature of the offense, the identity of the perpetrator and other circumstances of the case, which indicate the impossibility (convince the court of the inexpediency) to preserve the perpetrator's right to hold a certain position or activity in the future. It is concluded that it is expedient to regulate in detail in the current legislation proceedings on deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities for administrative offenses related to corruption, as there are no administrative procedural rules that establish the procedure for its implementation. In this case, there is a question of the possibility of using a cross-sectoral analogy of the law as a means of filling gaps in the law, in particular to apply to the procedure of criminal punishment not related to imprisonment, in the form of deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities. In particular, it is appropriate to consider the issue of imposing on the authorized body for probation during the administrative penalty in the form of deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities to monitor compliance with court decisions by owners of enterprises, institutions, organizations or their authorized bodies. offenders and bodies that have the right to revoke a license to engage in certain activities.
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Zerweck, Leonie, Till-Karsten Hauser, Constantin Roder, and Uwe Klose. "Investigation of the BOLD-Based MRI Signal Time Course During Short Breath-Hold Periods for Estimation of the Cerebrovascular Reactivity." SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine 2, no. 9 (August 10, 2020): 1551–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42399-020-00442-6.
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Abstract For the prognosis of stroke, patients with moyamoya disease (MMD) require the estimation of remaining cerebrovascular reactivity. For this purpose, CO2-triggered BOLD fMRI by use of short breath-hold periods seems to be a highly available alternative to nuclear medicine methods. Too long breath-hold periods are difficult to perform, too short breath-hold periods do not lead to sufficient BOLD signal changes. We aimed to investigate the required minimum breath-hold duration to detect distinct BOLD signals in the tissue of healthy subjects to find out how long the minimum breath-hold duration in clinical diagnostics of MMD should be. A prospective study was performed. Fourteen healthy subjects underwent fMRI during end-expiration breath-hold periods of different duration (3, 6, 9, and 12 s). Additionally, we compared the influence of paced and self-paced breathing altering the breath-hold periods. Data of a patient with MMD was evaluated to investigate whether the tested procedure is suitable for clinical use. Significant global BOLD signal increases were detected after breath-hold periods of 6, 9, and 12 s. The signals were significantly higher after breath-hold periods of 9 s than after 6 s, while not when the duration was extended from 9 to 12 s. Furthermore, we found additional BOLD signal changes before the expected signal increases, which could be avoided by paced respiratory instructions. This investigation indicates that end-expiration breath-hold period of at least 9 s might be used to measure the cerebrovascular reactivity. This time period resulted in distinct BOLD signal changes and could be performed easily.
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Bove, Samantha, Annarita Fanizzi, Federico Fadda, Maria Colomba Comes, Annamaria Catino, Angelo Cirillo, Cristian Cristofaro, et al. "A CT-based transfer learning approach to predict NSCLC recurrence: The added-value of peritumoral region." PLOS ONE 18, no. 5 (May 2, 2023): e0285188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0285188.
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Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) represents 85% of all new lung cancer diagnoses and presents a high recurrence rate after surgery. Thus, an accurate prediction of recurrence risk in NSCLC patients at diagnosis could be essential to designate risk patients to more aggressive medical treatments. In this manuscript, we apply a transfer learning approach to predict recurrence in NSCLC patients, exploiting only data acquired during its screening phase. Particularly, we used a public radiogenomic dataset of NSCLC patients having a primary tumor CT image and clinical information. Starting from the CT slice containing the tumor with maximum area, we considered three different dilatation sizes to identify three Regions of Interest (ROIs): CROP (without dilation), CROP 10 and CROP 20. Then, from each ROI, we extracted radiomic features by means of different pre-trained CNNs. The latter have been combined with clinical information; thus, we trained a Support Vector Machine classifier to predict the NSCLC recurrence. The classification performances of the devised models were finally evaluated on both the hold-out training and hold-out test sets, in which the original sample has been previously divided. The experimental results showed that the model obtained analyzing CROP 20 images, which are the ROIs containing more peritumoral area, achieved the best performances on both the hold-out training set, with an AUC of 0.73, an Accuracy of 0.61, a Sensitivity of 0.63, and a Specificity of 0.60, and on the hold-out test set, with an AUC value of 0.83, an Accuracy value of 0.79, a Sensitivity value of 0.80, and a Specificity value of 0.78. The proposed model represents a promising procedure for early predicting recurrence risk in NSCLC patients.
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Ito, Yuki, Takahiro Nakajima, Terunaga Inage, Takeshi Otsuka, Yuki Sata, Kazuhisa Tanaka, Yuichi Sakairi, Hidemi Suzuki, and Ichiro Yoshino. "Prediction of Nodal Metastasis in Lung Cancer Using Deep Learning of Endobronchial Ultrasound Images." Cancers 14, no. 14 (July 8, 2022): 3334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14143334.
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Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is a valid modality for nodal lung cancer staging. The sonographic features of EBUS helps determine suspicious lymph nodes (LNs). To facilitate this use of this method, machine-learning-based computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) of medical imaging has been introduced in clinical practice. This study investigated the feasibility of CAD for the prediction of nodal metastasis in lung cancer using endobronchial ultrasound images. Image data of patients who underwent EBUS-TBNA were collected from a video clip. Xception was used as a convolutional neural network to predict the nodal metastasis of lung cancer. The prediction accuracy of nodal metastasis through deep learning (DL) was evaluated using both the five-fold cross-validation and hold-out methods. Eighty percent of the collected images were used in five-fold cross-validation, and all the images were used for the hold-out method. Ninety-one patients (166 LNs) were enrolled in this study. A total of 5255 and 6444 extracted images from the video clip were analyzed using the five-fold cross-validation and hold-out methods, respectively. The prediction of LN metastasis by CAD using EBUS images showed high diagnostic accuracy with high specificity. CAD during EBUS-TBNA may help improve the diagnostic efficiency and reduce invasiveness of the procedure.
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Ekawati, Nia Rifti, Apri Nur Wulandari, and Wiwi Kustio Priliana. "PENERAPAN RELAKSASI GENGGAM JARI UNTUK MENURUNKAN NYERI POST OPERASI LAPAROTOMI PADA PASIEN KISTA COKELAT BILATERAL." NURSING UPDATE : Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Keperawatan P-ISSN : 2085-5931 e-ISSN : 2623-2871 13, no. 4 (November 17, 2022): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.36089/nu.v13i4.882.
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Chocolate cyst or what is often called endometriosis is a functional endometrial condition that experiences cyclic bleeding. Treatment of endometriosis can be done by laparotomy. One of the nursing problems that often arises in post-laparotomy patients is severe pain or acute pain. Pain can affect various things, such as physical, behavioral, and also affect daily activities. Thus it is necessary to handle it so as not to give a negative influence. One of the relaxation techniques that can be used to reduce postoperative pain is the finger hold relaxation technique or often called the finger hold. This type of research is a case study research, which was conducted on 1 patient, namely Mrs. N. She is the first day postoperative laparotomy patient. The focus of this study is the application of finger-hold relaxation therapy to reduce post-laparotomy pain in chocolate cyst patients. Finger hold therapy is taught and carried out 2 times a day, at least 4 hours after administration of analgesic drugs, namely in the morning before taking the medicine and in the afternoon after lunch. Before and after being given the finger-hold relaxation intervention, the patient's perceived pain scale was measured. Measurement of the pain scale using the Verbal Descriptive Scale" and "Wong Baker Pain Rating Scale". The results of this study showed that finger-hold relaxation therapy for 2 times a day in 2 days showed that the results of finger-hold relaxation could reduce the scale of postoperative laparotomy pain, from moderate pain to mild pain. Nurses are expected to apply finger-hold relaxation therapy as a management procedure in postoperative laparotomy patients with chocolate cysts.
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MAJUMDAR, PARTHASARATHI. "ON RADIATIVELY INDUCED GAUGINO MASSES IN SUPERSTRING BASED LOW ENERGY SUPERGRAVITY." Modern Physics Letters A 02, no. 01 (January 1987): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732387000082.
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The gravitino contribution to the one loop gaugino self energy in low energy N=1 supergravity models derived from superstrings is considered. This contribution is shown to vanish when a supersymmetric regularization procedure is used. An identical conclusion is seen to hold for the contribution of the fermionic component of the gauge singlet chiral supermultiplet that arises out of gaugino condensation in the Hidden (‘shadow’) sector. Implications for supersymmetry breaking in the observable sector of superstring theories are briefly discussed.
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Aksenova-Sorokhtei, Julia, Elena Baranovskaya, Olga Kuzmina, and Аnna Makhanek. "Topical Issues of Determining a Vehicle Driver's Intoxication in the Investigation of Road Traffic Offences." Russian Journal of Criminology 12, no. 3 (June 18, 2018): 375–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2018.12(3).375-386.
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Alcohol and drug abuse hold a special place among the phenomena accompanying the modern civilization because they have a negative impact on all aspects of society. One of the most dangerous types of crimes committed under the influence is road traffic accidents. The negative trend of this category of crimes necessitates their efficient investigation, the success of which greatly depends on the right measures of legal coercion aimed at determining the condition of the person driving a vehicle. Measures of administrative, administrative procedure and criminal procedure coercion are especially important in this process. The paper presents a systemic analysis of the norms of criminal and administrative law as well as criminal and administrative process that determine the procedure of testing and medical screening for intoxication. The authors also examine the issues of ordering and carrying out forensic examination to determine the condition of intoxication, and the procedure of acquiring biological samples for testing. They analyze court practice in the spheres of both administrative jurisdiction and criminal court procedure. The authors come to the conclusion that the procedure of screening a person driving a vehicle should be improved. Most problems associated with it are caused by the legal ambiguity regarding the choice of the medical institution that should carry out the chemical and toxicological analysis of bodily fluids. Besides, the law does not have any provisions for the double-screening of biological material to identify narcotics and psychoactive substances in the cases when preliminary screenings results are negative, as they often do not distinguish some types of narcotics, such as spices. In order to identify the condition of intoxication it is necessary for the medical screening to follow the procedure set out in the criminal procedure legislation, which should include obtaining of biological samples for testing and further forensic chemical and toxicological expertise.
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Utami, Dytia, Nopita Cahyaningrum, and Syahril Anuar Bin Idris. "Literature Study Analysis of Daily Inpatient Census Implementation for Reporting of Hospital Inpatient Service Indicators." Proceedings of the International Conference on Nursing and Health Sciences 3, no. 1 (May 28, 2022): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37287/picnhs.v3i1.1149.
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The implementation of the daily census of hospitalization must be carried out according to procedures properly and correctly so that the data used can be utilized optimally by the hospital. The utilization of this reporting data relates to the mechanism of service procedure flow for the internal and external interests of the hospital. The general objective in this research is to know the implementation of daily inpatient census for reporting of inpatient service indicators incorrect. Method: This research is a literature study with research instruments using google chrome and google scholar. Sample of 6 journals related to the daily census of hospitalizations. The results showed that 6 out of 6 daily census journals of hospitalizations were not in accordance with the procedures both in terms of officers and the implementation of the daily census of hospitalizations. Results: The data sources used in the creation of the daily census of hospitalizations are inpatient register books and medical record documents. The utilization of daily census data of hospitalizations 2 out of 6 journals has utilized daily census data to the maximum because daily census data is used as decision making by hospital management. Conclusions: The advice from this study is that hospitals should create or update fixed procedures and instructions covering all activities of the mechanism for implementing the Daily Census of Hospitalization, and hospitals should hold training or socialization of writing/filling technical instructions and fixed procedures on the Daily Census of Hospitalization.
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Popa, Liviu. "THE ROLE OF THE POLICE IN THE CRIMINAL PROSECUTION PHASE." AGORA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF JURIDICAL SCIENCES 14, no. 2 (March 8, 2021): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15837/aijjs.v14i2.4198.
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The general framework of criminal prosecution is regulated in the new criminal procedure in art. 285-341 Cod Proc. Pen. of course, with the mention that many procedural institutions used in this phase of the criminal process are provided in other chapters of the criminal procedure. The task of the judicial police bodies is to gather and administer evidence and means of evidence that outline the constituent elements in order to establish the existence of criminal acts, to determine the identity of the perpetrators and to hold them accountable. The administration of evidence is the basis for the decision to sue or not the perpetrator, but it is very important that these activities are carried out in compliance with the fundamental rights and freedoms of the parties to the criminal proceedings.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hold-out procedure"
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Aubert, Julien. "Théorie de l'estimation pour les processus d'apprentissage." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2025. http://www.theses.fr/2025COAZ5001.
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Cette thèse examine le problème de l'estimation du processus d'apprentissage d'un individu au cours d'une tâche à partir des actions qu'il effectue. Cette question se situe à l'intersection de la cognition, des statistiques et de l'apprentissage par renforcement, et implique le développement de modèles qui capturent avec précision la dynamique de l'apprentissage, l'estimation des paramètres des modèles et la sélection du modèle le mieux adapté. L'une des principales difficultés réside dans le fait que l'apprentissage, par sa nature même, conduit à des données non indépendantes et non stationnaires, puisque l'individu ajuste son processus de décision en fonction du résultat de ses choix précédents. Les théories et méthodes statistiques existantes sont bien établies pour les données indépendantes et stationnaires, mais leur application à un cadre d'apprentissage introduit des défis inédits. L'enjeu de cette thèse est de développer une théorie statistique capable d'expliquer et de justifier les méthodes empiriques existantes. Je commence par explorer les propriétés de l'estimateur du maximum de vraisemblance sur un modèle d'apprentissage fondé sur un problème de bandit. Je présente ensuite des résultats théoriques généraux sur la sélection de modèles à partir d'un critère de log-vraisemblance pénalisée pour des données non stationnaires et dépendantes. Ces résultats nécessitent le développement d'une nouvelle inégalité de concentration pour des suprema de processus renormalisés. Je présente également une procédure de hold-out et des garanties théoriques pour cette procédure dans un cadre d'apprentissage. Ces résultats théoriques sont étayés par des applications sur des données synthétiques et sur des expériences cognitives réelles en psychologie et en éthologieThis thesis considers the problem of estimating the learning process of an individual during a task based on observed choices or actions of that individual. This question lies at the intersection of cognition, statistics, and reinforcement learning, and involves developing models that accurately capture the dynamics of learning, estimating model parameters, and selecting the best-fitting model. A key difficulty is that learning, by nature, leads to non-independent and non-stationary data, as the individual selects its actions depending on the outcome of its previous choices.Existing statistical theories and methods are well-established for independent and stationary data, but their application to a learning framework introduces significant challenges. This thesis seeks to bridge the gap between empirical methods and theoretical guarantees in computational modeling. I first explore the properties of maximum likelihood estimation on a model of learning based on a bandit problem. I then present general theoretical results on penalized log-likelihood model selection for non-stationary and dependent data, for which I develop a new concentration inequality for the suprema of renormalized processes. I also introduce a hold-out procedure and theoretical guarantees for it in a learning framework. These theoretical results are supported with applications on synthetic data and on real cognitive experiments in psychology and ethology
Books on the topic "Hold-out procedure"
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Barton, Legum. Part II Guide to Key Preliminary and Procedural Issues, 5 An Overview of Procedure in an Investment Treaty Arbitration. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198758082.003.0005.
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The procedure of investment arbitrations vary tremendously. Arbitrations can range from cases that take many years to conclude to cases that are heard within a year or two. The experience in one case may not hold for another. However, there are a number of common elements and fixed variables. An understanding of these elements and variables allows the reader to draw conclusions as to how a specific arbitration will likely play out. This chapter attempts to convey this understanding with a practical focus on the principal strategic decisions in such a case. It divides the activity in an investment-treaty arbitration into five sequential phases: (1) the preparation of the case, (2) the written submissions, (3) the hearing, (4) post-hearing activity, and (5) the decision and its aftermath; each of these activities is discussed in turn.
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Pattenden, Miles. Electing the Pope in Early Modern Italy, 1450-1700. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797449.001.0001.
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This is a book about how popes were selected in early modern Italy. But more importantly, it is a book about the problems selection by election created for the cardinals and other early modern Italians. The cardinals, who were the papacy’s exclusive electors, undertook the solemn duty of choosing a new pope on average every eight years. This was a unique procedure for choosing an absolute monarch and brought with it great responsibility. This book, the first major study of early modern papal elections in English, explores how the cardinals discharged this responsibility between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries and how their attempts to reconcile their conflicting priorities reshaped the papacy. The papacy’s use of elections to decide who should hold its highest office has been—indeed, still is—amongst its most distinct characteristics. This study uses elections to analyzing the nature of the papacy’s constitution. Different chapters explain why the cardinals chose the popes they did; why papal politics in this period were unusually fluid, and how the clerical elite who populated curial office used the papacy for rent-seeking and familial advancement. The book’s overall thesis is that the papal office’s elective nature was crucial to the papacy’s wider history: many of its wider outcomes are either directly or indirectly attributable to it. The book thus simultaneously presents a history of the papacy through the medium of conclaves and is a detailed case study of cause and effect, played out at the highest levels of the Counter-Reformation Catholic Church.
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Ainley, Kirsten, and Mark Kersten, eds. Hybrid Justice. Oxford University PressOxford, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192893758.001.0001.
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Abstract The last decade has seen the unexpected re-emergence of hybrid and internationalized courts, tribunals which operate with varying combinations of national and international law, procedure, and staff. The permanent International Criminal Court (ICC) should have made such hybrid mechanisms largely obsolete, yet hybrids have recently been established or proposed for crimes committed in Chad, South Sudan, Israel/Palestine, the Central African Republic, Kosovo, Syria, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, The Gambia, and Liberia, among others. One of the most pressing conversations in international criminal law is whether and how a hybrid tribunal can be set up to address Russia’s commission of the crime of aggression in Ukraine. Hybrid courts are often a response to the need to make justice more—albeit not entirely—local. They operate with differing degrees and elements of national and international law and staff. Some hold proceedings in the relevant situation country, others in third-party states, and yet others offer a mix of both. All contribute significantly to the broader ‘system’ of international criminal justice. This edited volume examines the resurgence of hybrids. The contributors—lawyers, academics, and activists—offer analyses of the ways in which hybrids have succeeded or failed to achieve their objectives and, in doing so, help to clarify what makes hybrids more or less likely to succeed in their mandates and impacts. The authors focus on hybrid courts and resilience: the resilience of hybrid mechanisms to withstand political and other pressures in order to deliver justice and accountability, and the potential contribution of hybrids to the resilience of affected communities. Chapters are grouped into sections on the fields, practices, innovations, and impacts of hybrid courts, to draw out lessons for the future of hybrid justice.
Book chapters on the topic "Hold-out procedure"
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Coulson, Peter. "Discovery." In The Civil Procedure Rules at 20, 65–70. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198863182.003.0004.
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This short chapter considers the various reforms to the procedural problem child of disclosure. History shows that disclosure reform is difficult. This is because the basic principle of disclosure, that each side has to disclose everything relevant, even the documents that might show them in a very bad light, is a critical foundation of the Rule of Law. It underpins the whole concept of a fair trial in this country, and it is one of the reasons why England is a centre for international litigation. The key features of the disclosure pilot were fully consulted on and will be properly evaluated. They hold out the potential for better balancing the need for both sides to disclose everything that is relevant, whilst also ensuring that disclosure does not become an exercise that is too expensive and too enormous.
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Mansfield, Gavin, and Lydia Banerjee. "Interim Applications: Striking Out and Other Preliminary Issues." In Blackstone's Employment Law Practice 2023, 113–20. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192887788.003.0007.
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Abstract This chapter cites that preliminary hearings for case management primarily deal with striking out, deposit orders, and other preliminary issues. A preliminary hearing is designed to consider case management orders and determine preliminary issues, such as any substantive issues which may determine liability. Moreover, a judge sitting alone or a full tribunal can hold preliminary hearings following its initial consideration under the Employment Tribunal Rules of Procedure 2013 (ETR 2013). The chapter elaborates on ETR 2013's Rule 38, wherein a judge's 'unless' order is a conditional judgement and there is no discretion to do other than confirm a claim's dismissal or non-compliance response. It then discusses how a judge delivers an order in a preliminary hearing that a party pay a deposit as a condition of continuing to advance any specific allegation or argument.
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Power, Greg. "Parliamentary Logic." In Inside the Political Mind, 143–70. Oxford University Press, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197784198.003.0008.
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Abstract The assumption is that politicians will always want to make their institutions stronger—so that they can produce better legislation and hold government to account—but in many places these incentives simply do not exist. The central question posed by David Mayhew in the 1970s is why would politicians do anything that does not serve the purpose of getting them re-elected? The answer lies in the way that institutions evolve, as they start to create their own internal incentive structures, built around status, influence and power. As politicians learn to use parliamentary procedure to pursue their personal, political and professional objectives, so they start to value the institutions, invest in them and make them stronger. The problem is that in many weak states, rates of legislative turnover are routinely over 60%, which means that the parliaments are stripped of institutional memory, professional capacity and political acuity. The tragedy of turnover is not properly appreciated, but as one Malawian MP puts it, politicians simply do not have the time or scope to learn the art of politics. Breaking out of the catch-22 that keeps institutions weak means starting with the incentives that shape political behavior in the first place.
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Debost, Michel. "Appoggio." In The Simple Flute, 23–24. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195145212.003.0009.
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Abstract Appoggio is an air-management technique used by singers of the Italian school. The English “breath support” is not an adequate translation. Appoggio is a system of combining and isometrically balancing the abdominal and chest muscles’ action in the inhaling procedure as well as in the exhaling and tone-producing phenomenon. “To sustain a given note, the air should be expelled slowly; to attain this end, the respiratory (inspiratory) muscles, by continuing their action, strive to retain the air in the lungs, and oppose their action to that of the expiratory muscles, which is called lotta vocale or vocal struggle.” Upon blowing, the technique of appoggio,meaning the act of leaning in Italian, is the process that would come closest to what is mistakenly meant by diaphragmatic support. If the intercostalmuscles did not isometrically balance it, the support of the abdominal muscles, without opposition, would lead to a rapid deflation of the lungs. Appoggio prevents the collapse of the chest. Schematically, the singer or flutist’s effort is to not blow but to realize this inner balance. “After breathing in as far as possible, we must use considerable inspiratory force to keep the air from going out with a sigh. You have to brake your exhaling, using inspiratory muscles to hold back, to keep the chest volume from decreasing too rapidly because of its own elasticity.”
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Suresh, N. V., Jayashree Sridhar, Ananth Selvakumar, and S. Catherine. "Machine Learning Applications in Healthcare." In Advances in Healthcare Information Systems and Administration, 1–9. IGI Global, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-7452-8.ch001.
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This study sees how man-made reasoning (ML) applications have changed the clinical advantages industry, zeroing in on how they assist with working on sorting out results, interesting precision, and capacity. With the procedure of state-of-the-art data appraisal and computational cutoff points, ML evaluations have emerged as phenomenal resources for destroying titanic volumes of clinical benefits data, including electronic achievement records (EHRs), clinical pictures, genomic data, and wearable sensor data. The key ML methodologies and their applications in various clinical thought areas are organized in this paper. One of the chief benefits of ML in clinical benefits is its ability to help clinical benefits specialists chase after additional reasonable and optimal clinical decisions. ML appraisals can audit patient data to see models, models, and affiliations that may not be quickly obvious to human clinicians. ML models can assess patient results, recognize people in danger of creating unambiguous circumstances, and alter treatment plans considering individual patient qualities by utilizing farsighted appraisal. Besides, ML evaluations expect a crushing part in refreshing fascinating exactness and accuracy arrangement drives. In clinical imaging, for example, ML models can precisely recognize peculiarities, advancements, and anomalies by examining radiological pictures like X-beams, X-pillar breadths, and CT results. Histopathologists can utilize ML-based characteristic instruments to isolate histopathological pictures for hazardous advancement confirmation and evaluation. As well as additional clinical courses and fascinating accuracy, ML applications add to updating utilitarian limits and resource apportioning in clinical idea affiliations. ML-based keen models are capable of streamlining emergency focus work processes, anticipating patient demand rates, and dispersing assets like personnel, beds, and a great deal more. Besides, ML estimations can see disappointments in clinical benefits processes, similar to medication messes, readmissions, and silly structures, prompting cost hold saves and dealing with calm ideas.
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Stewart, Kendyl, Reem Ezzeddine, and Elizabeth Crocco. "Every Mirror Reflects a Different Flaw." In Anxiety Disorders, 93–102. Oxford University PressNew York, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197667859.003.0014.
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Abstract This chapter introduces Ms. G, a 24-year-old graduate student struggling with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). She obsessively focuses on minor facial imperfections, despite her clear skin, and resorts to excessive makeup and mirror checking as coping mechanisms. Her BDD has had a profound impact on her life, leading to social isolation and hindering her academic and career pursuits. Patients with BDD often seek medical treatment for their perceived defects, making it common among those seeking cosmetic procedures. Assessment and differential diagnosis are crucial, as BDD can be mistaken for other conditions. Patients with BDD typically lack insight into their condition and may hold delusional beliefs about their appearance. Treatment for BDD is intensive and should be carried out by mental health specialists. Medication and psychotherapy, often in combination, are the primary treatment modalities.
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Stanton, John, and Craig Prescott. "8. Parliament." In Public Law, 305–55. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198852278.003.0008.
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This chapter discusses the functions, structure, and procedures of Parliament. Parliament’s main functions are to be the forum for debate on the main issues of the day; to represent citizens; to enact legislation; and to hold the government to account. Parliament has three elements: the House of Commons, the House of Lords, and the monarch. The chapter focuses on the two Houses, often referred to as ‘chambers’. The main output of Parliament is legislation. There are two forms of legislation. Primary legislation, referred to as Acts of Parliament, which are the exercise of Parliament’s legal supremacy to change the law, either by making new law or amending or abolishing existing law. Parliament also has the power to delegate its law-making power to others, usually to the government, allowing them to make delegated legislation according to the terms set out by Parliament.
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Stanton, John, and Craig Prescott. "8. Parliament." In Public Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198722939.003.0008.
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This chapter discusses the functions, structure, and procedures of Parliament. Parliament's main functions are to be the forum for debate on the main issues of the day; to represent citizens; to enact legislation; and to hold the government to account. Parliament has three elements: the House of Commons, the House of Lords, and the monarch. The chapter focuses on the two Houses, often referred to as ‘chambers’. The main output of Parliament is legislation. There are two forms of legislation. Primary legislation, referred to as Acts of Parliament, which are the exercise of Parliament's legal supremacy to change the law, either by making new law or amending or abolishing existing law. Parliament also has the power to delegate its law-making power to others, usually to the government, allowing them to make delegated legislation according to the terms set out by Parliament.
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Bates, Stephen, Peter Kerr, and Ruxandra Serban. "17. Questioning the Government." In Exploring Parliament. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198788430.003.0017.
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This chapter examines how accountability is carried out in the UK Parliament through various questioning procedures which enable ministers and the government to explain and defend their decisions. Questioning the government provides an important means for Members of Parliament (MPs) and peers to hold the government, the prime minister, ministers, and departments to account. There are two main types of parliamentary questions: oral questions and written questions. Oral questions are both asked and answered on the Floor of the House of Commons or the House of Lords, whereas written questions are ‘often used to obtain detailed information about policies and statistics on the activities of government departments’. The chapter first explains these two types of parliamentary questions before discussing their purposes. It also considers debates over the issue of reforming parliamentary questions, and more specifcally Prime Minister's Questions (PMQs).
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Kakita, Ramappadu, and Vijaya Babu Palukuri. "Social and Cultural Factors Influence on English Speaking Abilities." In Innovations and Technologies for Soft Skill Development and Learning, 133–41. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3464-9.ch016.
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Social and cultural factors assume a huge job in learning climate. The speaker foundation assumes an indispensable job in English speaking skills, and it could be a dialect capacity that is horrifying by social and cultural segments. The researcher utilized the technique to hold the majority of the improvement occurred inside the class in regular settings and conjointly to gauge the speaking troubles experienced by technical course aspirants. This examination focuses on the impact of socio-cultural factors on the English-speaking abilities and it comprises observations, interviews, unstructured meetings, and surveys. The combination of different culture foundation students took part and accepted the need for social air and cultural support, which can empower the dimension of English expressive knowledge because they feel unsure while communicating. This examination is to discover useful inputs for learners, parents, and educationists to upgrade the procedures of instruction and figuring out ways to improve speaking abilities in English.
Conference papers on the topic "Hold-out procedure"
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Bruchhausen, Matthias, Alec McLennan, Roman Cicero, Caitlin Huotilainen, Kevin Mottershead, Jean-Christophe le Roux, and Marc Vankeerberghen. "Environmentally Assisted Fatigue Data From the INCEFA-PLUS Project." In ASME 2019 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93085.
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Abstract The European project INCEFA-PLUS characterises environmentally assisted fatigue in light water reactor conditions. The project aims at developing a new procedure to assess environmentally assisted fatigue damage susceptibility in nuclear power plant components. The basis for the development of a new fatigue assessment procedure is a major test campaign carried out in eleven different laboratories across Europe which will deliver approximately 200 fatigue tests. The test campaign is based on a common test matrix that was optimized by means of the Design of Experiments method. The initial focus of the project is on the effects and interactions between the factors strain range, environment (air and light water reactor environment), surface finish, hold time, and mean strain. Whereas the bulk of the test program is carried out on a single heat of 304L austentic steel, some tests on different heats of 304L or other austenitic steels allow studying the influence of material variability. To guarantee the quality of the data, the tests are performed according to commonly agreed specifications based on ISO 12106 and each test is validated by a group of experts from within the project. The paper presents the test procedures, provides an overview of the data that has been acquired so far, and gives an outlook on the tests that will be carried out during the final stage of the project.
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Dorgant, Greg, Washington DeLima, and Michael J. Leamy. "Experimental Verification of Pulse Shaping in Elastic Metamaterials Under Impact Excitation." In ASME 2022 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2022-89402.
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Abstract In this paper, we develop a procedure to design, fabricate, and verify pulse shapers using elastic metamaterials under impact excitation as applied to the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) test. The SHPB test, a fundamental dynamic test for over 70 years, has incorporated pulse shaping as a key feature which we re-examine through the use of elastic metamaterials. Elastic metamaterials, which exhibit properties atypical of their constitutive elements, hold promise for expanding on conventional pulse shaping abilities and improve the capabilities of the SHPB test. We first design the pulse shaper by numerically optimizing its geometry using finite element analysis. The pulse shaper consists of repeated unit cells which are based on a combination of a phononic crystal and a local resonator. Then, we fabricate and test pulse shaper candidates to validate the procedure efficacy. We incorporate an iterative element to this procedure such that we learn from inaccuracies in input force and material properties to converge on an appropriate pulse shaper. We carry-out this procedure by designing pulse shapers fabricated from 3D-printed PLA to achieve an extended dwell acceleration pulse shape. In experimental impact tests, we verify that the procedure results in ramp-up, acceleration dwell, and ramp-down comparable to that predicted, effectively confirming the efficacy of the presented procedure.
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Lee, Hyeong-Yeon, Se-Hwan Lee, Jong-Bum Kim, and Jae-Han Lee. "Creep-Fatigue Damage and Crack Initiation for a Mod 9Cr-1Mo Structure With Weldments." In ASME 2007 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/creep2007-26397.
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A structural test and evaluation on creep-fatigue damage, and creep-fatigue crack initiation have been carried out for a Mod. 9Cr-1Mo steel structural specimen with weldments. The conservatisms of the design codes of ASME Section III subsection and NH and RCC-MR codes were quantified at the welded joints of Mod.9Cr-1Mo steel and 316L stainless steel with the observed images from the structural test. In creep damage evaluation using the RCC-MR code, isochronous curve has been used rather than directly using the creep law as the RCC-MR specifies. A y-shaped steel specimen of a diameter 500mm, height 440mm and thickness 6.35mm is subjected to creep-fatigue loads with two hours of a hold time at 600°C and a primary nominal stress of 30MPa. The defect assessment procedures of RCC-MR A16 guide do not provide a procedure for Mod.9Cr-1Mo steel yet. In this study application of σd method for the assessment of creep-fatigue crack initiation has been examined for a Mod. 9Cr-1Mo steel structure.
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Wang, Yanli, T. L. (Sam) Sham, and R. I. Jetter. "Thermal Ratcheting Test Results for Alloy 617." In ASME 2014 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2014-28444.
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Alloy 617 has been selected as a reference material supporting the Very High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor (VHTR). However, current simplified design methods in Subsection NH have been deemed inapplicable at very high temperatures because, at these conditions, it is not possible to decouple plasticity and creep which is the basis for the current methods. Also, the alternative use of inelastic analysis requires development and verification of material modeling at these very high temperatures. A test procedure has been developed and implemented to support verification of new simplified methods and material modeling of Alloy 617 at very high temperatures. The procedure is based on two bars tested in series using two coupled servo-controlled testing machines to achieve equal displacement and constant applied load, mimicking the behavior of a pressurized cylinder subjected to through wall thermal transients. The tests were conducted with a hold time at 950°C. The bars were heated and cooled out of phase to generated thermal induced loading superimposed on a constant mean stress. The results are presented for different mean stress levels, heating and cooling rates, and thermal histories.
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Antelis, Andres, and Claudia Moreno. "Convolutional neural network regression for estimating physical parameters of astrophysical binary black hole (BBH) systems." In LatinX in AI at International Conference on Machine Learning 2023. Journal of LatinX in AI Research, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52591/lxai202307236.
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In this paper we propose the use of a deep learning based model for inferring astrophysical information of binary black hole (BBH) systems from observed gravitational wave (GW) signals. We focused in estimating the total mass of BBH systems MT using a convolutional neural network regression (CNNR) model. We built a large dataset of 2Dimages representing the time-frequency evolution of BBH GW signals which are embedded in noise, where for each generated image the real total mass is known. A hold-out cross-validation procedure was performed to train and evaluate five architectures of CNNR models with different number and sizes of kernels The results indicate that the proposed deep neural network models for regression provide reliable point-parameter estimations with high accuracy. This estimation parameter approach can be easily extended to reconstruct more parameters from astrophysical sources directly from obseved GW events.
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Watanabe, Osamu, Bopit Bubphachot, and Akihiro Matsuda. "Stress and Strain Locus of Perforated Plate in Inelastic Deformation: Strain-Controlled Loading Case." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25556.
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Plastic strain of structures having stress concentration is estimated by using the simplified method or the finite element elastic solutions. As the simplified methods used in codes and standards, we can cite Neuber’s formula and elastic follow-up procedure. Also we will cite stress redistribution locus (abbreviated as SRL) method recently proposed as the other simplified method. In the present paper, inelastic finite element analysis of perforated plate, whose stress concentration is about 2.2∼2.5, is carried out, and stress and strain locus in inelastic range by the detailed finite element solutions is investigated to compare accuracy of the simplified methods. As strain-controlled loading conditions, monotonic loading, cyclic loading and cyclic loading having hold time in tension are assumed. The inelastic strain affects significantly life evaluation of fatigue and creep-fatigue, and the stress and strain locus is discussed from the detailed inelastic finite element solutions.
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Ogata, Takashi, and Masato Yamamoto. "Biaxial Thermo Mechanical Fatigue Life Propety of a Ni Base DS Super Alloy." In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-90758.
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Development of life assessment methods of high temperature components in gas turbine for maintenance and operating cost reduction is strongly demanded by Japanese utilities. Especially, first row blades are subjected to complicated. Thermo-Mechanical-Fatigue (TMF) loading during start-steady state-stop cycles. Therefore it is important to clarify the TMF life property of blade materials to develop a life assessment procedure. In this study, tension-torsion biaxial TMF tests have been performed between 450C and 870C on a Ni base directional solidified (DS) supper alloy. Strain ratio, φ was defined as shear strain range, Δγ, to normal strain range, Δε, and φ varied from 0 to infinite. The “Blade waveform” which simulated surface temperature and strain loading condition of the blade, was employed. The biaxial TMF tests were also carried out on coated specimens with CoCrAlY. Fatigue life under biaxial TMF loading showed strain ratio dependency giving shorter life with increasing φ. Considering biaxial stress effect on failure life, an equivalent shear strain range was derived based on Γ -plane theory, and biaxial TMF life was well correlated with the equivalent shear strain range. The biaxial TMF life was reduced by introducing strain hold duration at the maximum temperature. The maximum stress increased by introducing the hold time due to increasing mean stress level in the Blade waveform. It was concluded that creep damage gradually accumulated during cycles resulting in TMF life reduction. The nonlinear creep-fatigue damage accumulation model was applied to predict failure life of the hold time tests. As a result, failure life could be predicted within factor of 1.5 on observed life. It was found that fatigue life of CoCrAlY coated material reduced 1/2 to 1/3 from that of without coated material. From observation of longitudinal section of the coated specimens, many cracks started from coating surface and penetrated into the substrate. It was concluded that CoCrAlY coating reduced the biaxial TMF life due to acceleration of crack initiation period in the substrate.
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Sharma, Anil Kumar, K. Velusamy, N. Kasinathan, P. Chellapandi, S. C. Chetal, and Baldev Raj. "Thermal Hydraulic Analysis Towards a Robust Design of Leak Collection Tray for Pool Type Sodium Cooled Fast Reactors." In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-29294.
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To protect the sodium cooled FBR plant against the hazardous effects of sodium leak into the ambient, one of the passive protection devices used is the Leak Collection Trays (LCT) below the secondary sodium carrying pipelines in the Steam Generator Building (SGB). The design of LCT is based on immediate channeling of burning liquid sodium on the funnel shaped ‘sloping cover tray’ to the bottom ‘sodium hold-up vessel’ in which self-extinction of the fire occurs due to oxygen starvation. In the secondary heat transfer circuits of FBRs, leakage of liquid sodium from the pipelines is postulated as one of the design basis accidents with probability of occurrence at 10−2 per reactor year. LCT collect the leaked sodium in a hold up vessel, suppress the sodium fire due to oxygen starvation and guide the sodium to an inerted ‘sodium transfer tank’ located at the bottom most elevation of the SGB. The procedure of draining the leaked sodium into the transfer tank has been envisaged as a defense in depth measure against the handling of un-burnt sodium and to guard against larger leak rates than that can be handled by the LCT effectively. Towards this, a network of carbon steel pipelines are laid out connecting all the LCT and the transfer tank through headers in strategic locations, each having a fusible plug. The fusible plug separates the air environment in LCT and argon environment in sodium transfer tank. Woods metal is the preliminary choice for the fusible plug. It is an alloy of 50% Bi, 25% Pb, 12.5% Sn and 12.5% Cd with a melting point of 72°C. The transfer tank is filled with argon at ∼ 0.03 bars-g pressure. Both the header and the tank are at room temperature during normal conditions. Leaked sodium by virtue of its high temperature has to heat up the fusible plug to melt the same and drain into the transfer tank. Transient thermal hydraulic investigations have been carried out to predict the fusing characteristics of woods metal plug. The numerical results have been validated against analytical solutions for idealized conditions. Detailed parametric studies have been carried out with plug thickness as a parameter. It is established that effective melting of the plug and trouble free draining of the leaked sodium is possible for a 3 mm thick fusible plug.
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Rezazadeh, Farzad, and Andreas Kroll. "Predicting the Compressive Strength of Concrete up to 28 Days-Ahead: Comparison of 16 Machine Learning Algorithms on Benchmark Datasets." In 32. Workshop Computational Intelligence. KIT Scientific Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.58895/ksp/1000151141-4.
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Concrete is the most important and widely consumed construction material. Concrete parts are produced by a mixing process, followed by casting and a certain curing time. To assess the quality of concrete, its compressive strength is usually measured (typically after 28 days curing time). Several factors affect the compressive strength of concrete, including environmental factors, the type, quality, and quantity of the constituents, the order of the mixing process, and the curing conditions. Due to the multitude of factors effecting compressive strength and partially known chemical reactions during mixing and curing, in this contribution, data-driven methods are used to model the behavior of the concrete production process. Three different benchmark datasets from the concrete manufacturing field are used for the modeling procedure. 16 typical learning algorithms were selected based on their simplicity and their performance in predicting compressive strength. The results show that 1) repeated cross-validation is more reliable than repeated hold-out in this configuration, 2) the interaction and power terms (2nd order) of the inputs have a positive effect on model prediction, 3) the kernel type of the models is of crucial importance, and 4) gradient boosting and kernel ridge are the most appropriate models for predicting compressive strength.
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Rezazadeh, Farzad, and Andreas Kroll. "Predicting the Compressive Strength of Concrete up to 28 Days-Ahead: Comparison of 16 Machine Learning Algori." In Forum Bildverarbeitung 2022. KIT Scientific Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.58895/ksp/1000150865-4.
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Concrete is the most important and widely consumed construction material. Concrete parts are produced by a mixing process, followed by casting and a certain curing time. To assess the quality of concrete, its compressive strength is usually measured (typically after 28 days curing time). Several factors affect the compressive strength of concrete, including environmental factors, the type, quality, and quantity of the constituents, the order of the mixing process, and the curing conditions. Due to the multitude of factors effecting compressive strength and partially known chemical reactions during mixing and curing, in this contribution, data-driven methods are used to model the behavior of the concrete production process. Three different benchmark datasets from the concrete manufacturing field are used for the modeling procedure. 16 typical learning algorithms were selected based on their simplicity and their performance in predicting compressive strength. The results show that 1) repeated cross-validation is more reliable than repeated hold-out in this configuration, 2) the interaction and power terms (2nd order) of the inputs have a positive effect on model prediction, 3) the kernel type of the models is of crucial importance, and 4) gradient boosting and kernel ridge are the most appropriate models for predicting compressive strength.
Reports on the topic "Hold-out procedure"
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Hodul, M., H. P. White, and A. Knudby. A report on water quality monitoring in Quesnel Lake, British Columbia, subsequent to the Mount Polley tailings dam spill, using optical satellite imagery. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330556.
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In the early morning on the 4th of August 2014, a tailings dam near Quesnel, BC burst, spilling approximately 25 million m3 of runoff containing heavy metal elements into nearby Quesnel Lake (Byrne et al. 2018). The runoff slurry, which included lead, arsenic, selenium, and vanadium spilled through Hazeltine Creek, scouring its banks and picking up till and forest cover on the way, and ultimately ended up in Quesnel Lake, whose water level rose by 1.5 m as a result. While the introduction of heavy metals into Quesnel Lake was of environmental concern, the additional till and forest cover scoured from the banks of Hazeltine Creek added to the lake has also been of concern to salmon spawning grounds. Immediate repercussions of the spill involved the damage of sensitive environments along the banks and on the lake bed, the closing of the seasonal salmon fishery in the lake, and a change in the microbial composition of the lake bed (Hatam et al. 2019). In addition, there appears to be a seasonal resuspension of the tailings sediment due to thermal cycling of the water and surface winds (Hamilton et al. 2020). While the water quality of Quesnel Lake continues to be monitored for the tailings sediments, primarily by members at the Quesnel River Research Centre, the sample-and-test methods of water quality testing used, while highly accurate, are expensive to undertake, and not spatially exhaustive. The use of remote sensing techniques, though not as accurate as lab testing, allows for the relatively fast creation of expansive water quality maps using sensors mounted on boats, planes, and satellites (Ritchie et al. 2003). The most common method for the remote sensing of surface water quality is through the use of a physics-based semianalytical model which simulates light passing through a water column with a given set of Inherent Optical Properties (IOPs), developed by Lee et al. (1998) and commonly referred to as a Radiative Transfer Model (RTM). The RTM forward-models a wide range of water-leaving spectral signatures based on IOPs determined by a mix of water constituents, including natural materials and pollutants. Remote sensing imagery is then used to invert the model by finding the modelled water spectrum which most closely resembles that seen in the imagery (Brando et al 2009). This project set out to develop an RTM water quality model to monitor the water quality in Quesnel Lake, allowing for the entire surface of the lake to be mapped at once, in an effort to easily determine the timing and extent of resuspension events, as well as potentially investigate greening events reported by locals. The project intended to use a combination of multispectral imagery (Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2), as well as hyperspectral imagery (DESIS), combined with field calibration/validation of the resulting models. The project began in the Autumn before the COVID pandemic, with plans to undertake a comprehensive fieldwork campaign to gather model calibration data in the summer of 2020. Since a province-wide travel shutdown and social distancing procedures made it difficult to carry out water quality surveying in a small boat, an insufficient amount of fieldwork was conducted to suit the needs of the project. Thus, the project has been put on hold, and the primary researcher has moved to a different project. This document stands as a report on all of the work conducted up to April 2021, intended largely as an instructional document for researchers who may wish to continue the work once fieldwork may freely and safely resume. This research was undertaken at the University of Ottawa, with supporting funding provided by the Earth Observations for Cumulative Effects (EO4CE) Program Work Package 10b: Site Monitoring and Remediation, Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, through the Natural Resources Canada Research Affiliate Program (RAP).
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Phillips, Jake. Understanding the impact of inspection on probation. Sheffield Hallam University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7190/shu.hkcij.05.2021.
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This research sought to understand the impact of probation inspection on probation policy, practice and practitioners. This important but neglected area of study has significant ramifications because the Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Probation has considerable power to influence policy through its inspection regime and research activities. The study utilised a mixed methodological approach comprising observations of inspections and interviews with people who work in probation, the Inspectorate and external stakeholders. In total, 77 people were interviewed or took part in focus groups. Probation practitioners, managers and leaders were interviewed in the weeks after an inspection to find out how they experienced the process of inspection. Staff at HMI Probation were interviewed to understand what inspection is for and how it works. External stakeholders representing people from the voluntary sector, politics and other non-departmental bodies were interviewed to find out how they used the work of inspection in their own roles. Finally, leaders within the National Probation Service and Her Majesty’s Prisons and Probation Service were interviewed to see how inspection impacts on policy more broadly. The data were analysed thematically with five key themes being identified. Overall, participants were positive about the way inspection is carried out in the field of probation. The main findings are: 1. Inspection places a burden on practitioners and organisations. Practitioners talked about the anxiety that a looming inspection created and how management teams created additional pressures which were hard to cope with on top of already high workloads. Staff responsible for managing the inspection and with leadership positions talked about the amount of time the process of inspection took up. Importantly, inspection was seen to take people away from their day jobs and meant other priorities were side-lined, even if temporarily. However, the case interviews that practitioners take part in were seen as incredibly valuable exercises which gave staff the opportunity to reflect on their practice and receive positive feedback and validation for their work. 2. Providers said that the findings and conclusions from inspections were often accurate and, to some extent, unsurprising. However, they sometimes find it difficult to implement recommendations due to reports failing to take context into account. Negative reports have a serious impact on staff morale, especially for CRCs and there was concern about the impact of negative findings on a provider’s reputation. 3. External stakeholders value the work of the Inspectorate. The Inspectorate is seen to generate highly valid and meaningful data which stakeholders can use in their own roles. This can include pushing for policy reform or holding government to account from different perspectives. In particular, thematic inspections were seen to be useful here. 4. The regulatory landscape in probation is complex with an array of actors working to hold providers to account. When compared to other forms of regulation such as audit or contract management the Inspectorate was perceived positively due to its methodological approach as well as the way it reflects the values of probation itself. 5. Overall, the inspectorate appears to garner considerable legitimacy from those it inspects. This should, in theory, support the way it can impact on policy and practice. There are some areas for development here though such as more engagement with service users. While recognising that the Inspectorate has made a concerted effort to do this in the last two years participants all felt that more needs to be done to increase that trust between the inspectorate and service users. Overall, the Inspectorate was seen to be independent and 3 impartial although this belief was less prevalent amongst people in CRCs who argued that the Inspectorate has been biased towards supporting its own arguments around reversing the now failed policy of Transforming Rehabilitation. There was some debate amongst participants about how the Inspectorate could, or should, enforce compliance with its recommendations although most people were happy with the primarily relational way of encouraging compliance with sanctions for non-compliance being considered relatively unnecessary. To conclude, the work of the Inspectorate has a significant impact on probation policy, practice and practitioners. The majority of participants were positive about the process of inspection and the Inspectorate more broadly, notwithstanding some of the issues raised in the findings. There are some developments which the Inspectorate could consider to reduce the burden inspection places on providers and practitioners and enhance its impact such as amending the frequency of inspection, improving the feedback given to practitioners and providing more localised feedback, and working to reduce or limit perceptions of bias amongst people in CRCs. The Inspectorate could also do more to capture the impact it has on providers and practitioners – both positive and negative - through existing procedures that are in place such as post-case interview surveys and tracking the implementation of recommendations.