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Journal articles on the topic 'Hobby farms'
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Hornowski, Andrzej, Andrzej Parzonko, Pavel Kotyza, Tomasz Kondraszuk, Piotr Bórawski, and Luboš Smutka. "Factors Determining the Development of Small Farms in Central and Eastern Poland." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 23, 2020): 5095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12125095.
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The agrarian structure in Poland is dominated by small farms; the large share of these is a result of historical consequences. The economy has pushed small farms toward economic efficiency, which in farming often translates into increasing the scale of production. The primary objective of this research was to present the directions of the changes in the number of small farms in Central and Eastern Poland and to indicate the factors determining their functioning and development. The research was based on a random sample selection from rural municipalities, villages and small farms. The researchers collected 19 completed surveys from municipal agricultural officers, 75 surveys from village mayors and 116 surveys from small and active farms. The data from the farm surveys was analysed using k-mean cluster analyses and the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to distinguish farms into homogenous groups. Three types of farms were identified: “hobby”, “two-occupation” and “professional” farms. The research shows that in the municipalities of Central and Eastern Poland, the number of landowners (over 1 ha of arable land) paying agricultural tax increased by 9% between 2005 and 2017. A significant gap was identified between the number of “official farmers” and “active” farmers. In the farm category surveyed, “active” farmers numbered only 33% of all farming entities. The surveys confirmed that the development of small farms is particularly influenced by external factors (EU funding; national benefits), rather than internal (entrepreneurial) factors. An in-depth survey of farmers, municipal agricultural officers and village mayors shows that “professional” farmers (Cluster 0) are expected to invest, develop and innovate. Farmers managing “hobby” and “two-occupation” farms have a reserved attitude towards investment and their objective is to maximise the benefits related to the arming status. In the authors’ opinions, “professional” farms have the highest probability of being economically viable, while others tend to focus on the provision of public goods related to financial support.
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Zekri, Slim, Samiha Al Harthi, Hemesiri Kotagama, and Shekar Bose. "An estimate of the willingness to pay for treated wastewater for irrigation in Oman." Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 21 (January 1, 2016): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol21iss0pp57-64.
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The volume of Treated Wastewater (TW) produced in Oman is increasing, due to increased connection of houses to the sewage network and increased construction of wastewater treatment plants. Despite 68% of the TW been used for irrigating urban landscapes, 10.3 Mm3 TW has been discharged to the sea in 2014. Wastewater treatment plants are owned and operated by private companies, which aspire to sell excess TW, particularly to farmers, in order to recover cost of wastewater treatment. This paper has used the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) to estimate the farmers’ Willingness to Pay (WTP) for TW for farm irrigation. Seventy two farmers responded to a face-to face interview on eliciting WTP to purchase TW as irrigation water, out of a total population of 400 farmers in Seeb region who have farms in proximity to a wastewater treatment plant. The results indicated that farmers’ WTP for TW was on average 0.111 OR/m3. WTP for TW was significantly affected by the income of farmers and whether the farm is a market oriented or non-market hobby oriented farm. The percentage of farmers willing to pay the average price or higher was 38%. Most farmers are not willing to pay the price currently charged by the wastewater treatment company for landscaping irrigation (0.220 OR/m3) given the large volumes required for farm irrigation. Even rich farmers maintaining hobby farms are willing to pay only 0.128 OR/m3 versus 0.087 OR/m3 by the market oriented farmers. The WTP for TW is higher than the prices reported (OR 0.005 to 0.023 OR/ m3) for groundwater used in agriculture in Oman. .
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Ernst, Martin, Petr Maděra, Tomáš Frantík, Jan Novák, and Štěpán Vencl. "The Effect of Reynoutria × Bohemica on the Condition of Capreolus Capreolus and Cervus Elaphus." Journal of Landscape Ecology 14, no. 1 (May 1, 2021): 106–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jlecol-2021-0007.
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Abstract The objective of the work is to evaluate the effects of a granulated feeding mixture enriched with knotweed (Reynoutria × bohemica) on roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) bred at a closed farm and red deer (Cervus elaphus) bred at a farm. Based on both biochemical and haematological blood analysis, the knotweed is expected to have an influence on the microbiome in the digestive system as well as allowing better utilisation of fodder and lower manifestation of pathogenic organisms. The results are of practical use mainly on farms and in hobby breeding but also in deer parks. Furthermore, the results may be used for feeding deer in open hunting grounds.
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Ogini, Yetunde O., D. Peter Storehouse, and E. Ann Clark. "Comparison of organic and conventional dairy farms in Ontario." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 14, no. 3 (September 1999): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300008237.
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AbstractThe scale of operation and economic performance of organic and conventional dairy farms were compared in Ontario in 1992. Eight certified organic (ORG) farms, comprising 40% of all organic dairy farms, were contrasted with a sample of 120 conventional farms (1.5% of the provincial total) identified under the auspices of the Ontario Dairy Farm Accounting Project (ODFAP). The ODFAP sample was stratified by geographic region in Ontario, then randomly selected within each region. Neither ORG nor ODFAP farm samples contained any hobby or part-time farmers. Scale of operation was comparable on the two types of dairies, with the ratio of ORG to ODFAP being 122% for tillable landbase (ns) and 107% for herd size (ns). Similarly, milk production was comparable from ORG and ODFAP dairies (5,882 and 5,865 liters/cow, respectively; ns). Data on farmer personal characteristics such as age, education level, and management skills were not collected. It was presumed that managerial capabilities were equal between ORG and ODFAP farm samples.It was hypothesized that total revenue and total cost of production would be greater on ODFAP farms, while net farm income would be higher on ORG than on ODFAP farms. Although the ratio for ORG to ODFAP performance was 93% for total revenue and 77% for total cost of production, neither of these differences was statistically significant. However, ORG dairies yielded 60% more net farm income than ODFAP dairies ($59,718 vs. $37,557; significant at the 5% level). Within the constraints of the supply management marketing system operating in a northern temperate region, ORG approaches to dairy production were shown to be as productive and at least as profitable as those on ODFAP farms, despite reliance on lesser yielding crops and more holistic (less resource-intensive) production methods.
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Neubert, Saskia, Alexandra von Altrock, Michael Wendt, and Matthias Gerhard Wagener. "Llama and Alpaca Management in Germany—Results of an Online Survey among Owners on Farm Structure, Health Problems and Self-Reflection." Animals 11, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010102.
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An online survey of llama and alpaca owners was used to collect data on the population, husbandry, feeding, management measures and health problems. A total of 255 questionnaires were evaluated. In total, 55.1% of the owners had started keeping South American camelids within the last six years. The majority managed small farms with fewer than 15 animals (66.4% of 250 farms). More than half of the participants stated that they kept the camelids as hobby animals (64.3%), although they used them for wool production (55.7%) and/or for breeding (51.8%). Vaccination and deworming were carried out on more than 80% of the farms. The most common diseases occurring on the farms were endo- and ectoparasites. A total of 55.3% of the owners estimated their own knowledge of South American camelids as good, 14.5% as very good. In contrast, more than half of the owners agreed little or not at all with the statement that veterinarians generally have sufficient knowledge about South American camelids. Further research is needed to include veterinarians’ perspectives and thus optimise animal husbandry.
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Urosevic, Miroslav, Igor Jajic, and Zeljka Milicic. "Mycotoxins in horse feed: Incidence of deoxynivalenol in oat samples from stud farms." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 120 (2011): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn1120033u.
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Reports concerning mycotoxins in horse feed are very rare and are typically restricted to fumonisins. As a non-ruminant monogastric species, horses may be more sensitive to adverse effects of mycotoxins, but the most severe effect of fumonisin B1 (FB1) in equines is that it causes fatal leucoencephalomalacia. In recent years, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has evaluated several mycotoxins as ?undesirable substances in animal feed? with the aim of establishing guidance values for the feed industry. In its evaluation of deoxynivalenol (DON), EFSA concluded that this toxin exhibited toxic effects in all species, but that horses were more tolerant towards this toxin than pigs. According to the available data, a systematic survey on mycotoxins in horse feed in Serbia has not been published. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of mycotoxins in horse feed in Vojvodina. Samples of oats for horse consumption, collected in 2010, were analyzed by enzyme immunoassays (ELISA) for deoxynivalenol contamination. Twelve samples of oats were taken from twelve horse studs, with sport, school and hobby horses.
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Nardoni, Simona, Basma Najar, Baldassare Fronte, Luisa Pistelli, and Francesca Mancianti. "In Vitro Activity of Essential Oils against Saprolegnia parasitica." Molecules 24, no. 7 (April 1, 2019): 1270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24071270.
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Saprolegnia spp. water molds severely impact fish health in aquaculture, fish farms and hobby fish tanks colonizing mature and immature stages of fishes, as well as eggs. Considering that there are no drugs licensed for treating and/or control the organism, efficient and environmental low-impact methods to control these oomycetes in aquaculture are needed. The aim of the present report was to evaluate the in vitro sensitivity of Saprolegnia parasitica to essential oils (EOs) from Citrus aurantium L., Citrus bergamia Risso et Poiteau, Citrus limon Burm. f., Citrus paradisi Macfad, Citrus sinensis Osbeck, Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume, Cymbopogon flexuosum (Nees ex Steud.) Watson, Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Illicium verum Hook.f., Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers., Origanum majorana L., Origanum vulgare L., Pelargonium graveolens L’Hér., Syzygium aromaticum Merr. & L.M.Perry, and Thymus vulgaris L., by microdilution test. The most effective EOs assayed were T. vulgaris and O. vulgare, followed by C. flexuosum, L. cubeba and C. bergamia. These EOs could be of interest for controlling Saprolegnia infections. Nevertheless, further safety studies are necessary to evaluate if these products could be dispersed in tank waters, or if their use should be limited to aquaculture supplies.
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Maffia, Angela, Maria Pergola, Assunta Maria Palese, and Giuseppe Celano. "Environmental Impact Assessment of Organic vs. Integrated Olive-Oil Systems in Mediterranean Context." Agronomy 10, no. 3 (March 19, 2020): 416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10030416.
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Olive oil is a widely used consumer product, so producers and consumers are increasingly looking for sustainable productions. The olive-oil production chain requires continuous improvements to gradually replace the most environmentally impactful practices with others that are more sustainable. This research aimed to evaluate the environmental impacts of the production of olive oil in the Campania region by comparing six olive oil production systems (two organic certified, two integrated, and two organic—hobbyists). The environmental impacts for the production of one liter of oil—from field cultivation to oil distribution—were quantified by applying the life cycle assessment methodology. Impact categories were calculated according to the CML method, with particular attention paid to global warming potential. The production of one liter of oil caused CO2eq emissions ranging from 0.22 to 3.39 kg. The least impacting cultivation method was the hobby one, which did not use pesticides and carried out organic fertilization. On average, packaging accounted for 60% of total impacts; consequently, the materials and formats choice by farms had strong effects on the environmental sustainability of oil production. This research highlights the problem of expressing sustainability judgments in agriculture, since there are no reference standards/targets that set limits beyond which agricultural productions are no longer sustainable.
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Ruttledge, A., R. D. B. Whalley, I. Reeve, D. A. Backhouse, and B. M. Sindel. "Preventing weed spread: a survey of lifestyle and commercial landholders about Nassella trichotoma in the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia." Rangeland Journal 37, no. 4 (2015): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj15010.
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Nassella trichotoma (Nees) Hack. ex Arechav. (common name, serrated tussock) occupies large areas of south-eastern Australia and has considerable scope for expansion in the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales. This highly invasive grass reduces pasture productivity and has the potential to severely affect the region’s economy by decreasing the livestock carrying capacity of grazing land. Other potential consequences of this invasion include increased fuel loads and displacement of native plants, thereby threatening biodiversity. Rural property owners in the Northern Tablelands were sent a mail questionnaire that examined use of measures to prevent new outbreaks of the weed. The questionnaire was sent to professional farmers as well as lifestyle farmers (owners of rural residential blocks and hobby farms) and 271 responses were obtained (a response rate of 18%). Key findings were respondents’ limited capacity to detect N. trichotoma, and low adoption of precautions to control seed spread by livestock, vehicles and machinery. This was particularly the case among lifestyle farmers. There have been considerable recent changes to biosecurity governance arrangements in New South Wales, and now is an ideal time for regulators and information providers to consider how to foster regional communities’ engagement in biosecurity, including the adoption of measures that have the capacity to curtail the spread of N. trichotoma.
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Saepullah, Muharam, Indrawati Sendow, Atik Ratnawati, and NLP Indi Dharmayanti. "Anticipation of the entry and spread of Equine Infectious Anemia in Horses in Indonesia." Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 29, no. 1 (October 10, 2019): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/wartazoa.v29i1.1917.
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Horse is an attractive commodity in the world of horse matches, both for horse racing and equistrian. Recently, Asian countries including Indonesia have conducted international horse races. Horse traffic from several countries is unavoidable. This movement can lead to the entry of new diseases or the transmission of imported horses from local horses. At present, data on horse disease in Indonesia has not been widely reported, including Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA). This paper discusses EIA disease in horses about the etiology, characterization, spread of disease, its status in Indonesia and its treatment. EIA is a chronic disease characterized by high fever and thrombocytopenia. One of the factors that spread EIA infection, namely through traffic or horse movements. The highest risk factors for the spread of EIA disease are in the equestrian sector, followed by horse as a hobby, horse show or fattening horses for consumption. Wet environmental factors have higher risk to infection than dry areas. Applying the proper quarantine system, monitoring horse disease through surveillance, and implementing biosecurity at farms, location of events and at veterinary clinics, need to be done so that the entry of EIA disease can be anticipated as early as possible. This paper is expected to be useful and can be used as input for policy makers in the horse imports and movement.
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Mooney, C., and D. Farrier. "A micro case study of the legal and administrative arrangements for river health in the Kangaroo River (NSW)." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 11 (June 1, 2002): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0391.
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Kangaroo Valley is a drinking water supply catchment for Kangaroo Valley village, parts of the Southern Highlands and Sydney. It is also a popular recreation area both for swimming and canoeing. Land use has traditionally been dominated by dairy farming but there has been significant and continuing development of land for hobby farms and rural residential subdivision. Dairy industry restructuring has affected the viability of some farms in the Valley and created additional pressure for subdivision. River health is a function of flows, water quality, riparian vegetation, geomorphology and aquatic habitat and riverine biota. River flows in the Kangaroo River are affected by water extraction and storage for urban water supply and extraction by commercial irrigators and riparian land holders which have a significant impact at low flows. Current water quality often does not meet ANZECC Guidelines for primary contact and recreation and the river is a poor source of raw drinking water. Key sources of contaminants are wastewater runoff from agriculture, and poorly performing on-site sewage management systems. Riparian vegetation, which is critical to the maintenance of in-stream ecosystems suffers from uncontrolled stock access and weed infestation. The management of land use and resulting diffuse pollution sources is critical to the long term health of the river. The Healthy Rivers Commission of New South Wales Independent Inquiry into the Shoalhaven River System Final Report July, 1999 found that the longer term protection of the health of the Kangaroo River is contingent upon achievement of patterns of land use that have regard to land capability and also to the capability of the river to withstand the impacts of inappropriate or poorly managed land uses. This micro case study of Kangaroo Valley examines the complex legal and administrative arrangements with particular reference to the management of diffuse pollution for river health. In the past, diffuse pollution has fallen through the gaps in legislation and its administration. Although water pollution legislation is broad enough to embrace diffuse pollution, in practice the Environment Protection Authority has focused on regulating point sources. Water legislation has traditionally been concerned with issues of water quantity rather than water quality. Legislation which allows agency intervention in relation to land degradation has grown from soil conservation roots, neglecting the flow-on effects upon water quality. Under the land use planning system existing land uses are protected from new regulatory requirements. A number of recent developments in NSW law and its administration have set the scene for addressing this past neglect. Water planning provisions in the Water Management Act 2000 have the potential to enable community based Water Management Committees to move away from a narrow focus on water quantity to the broader issues of river health, including water quality. Improved management of on-site sewage management systems is expected as a result of the Local Government (Approvals) Amendment (Sewage Management Regulation) 1998. A draft Regional Environmental Plan prepared for the Sydney Catchment Authority aims to improve the assessment of new development in terms of its impact on drinking water quality. It also moves away from an exclusive concern with controlling new development towards grappling with existing uses. Proposed amendments to the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act, 1979 as detailed in the White Paper, Plan First (2001) include the integration of imperatives derived from catchment strategies and water management plans into local land use plans.
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Gennai-Schott, Sabine, Tiziana Sabbatini, Davide Rizzo, and Elisa Marraccini. "Who Remains When Professional Farmers Give up? Some Insights on Hobby Farming in an Olive Groves-Oriented Terraced Mediterranean Area." Land 9, no. 5 (May 22, 2020): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9050168.
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Many land use systems in Mediterranean sloping areas risk abandonment because of nonprofitability, while their hydro-geological stability depends on an appropriate management. However, who are the land managers? What are their practices? Our research on the traditional olive groves of the Monte Pisano (Tuscany, Italy) reveals for the first time the quantitatively important role of hobby farmers as land managers in the area. We used a three-step-method: first, a database was constructed using several data sources to identify and map the population of olive growers; then, 35 semi-structured interviews were conducted, and finally, the data were analyzed to highlight the contribution of olive growers to the land management, along with their motivations and constraints. Our results found that hobby farmers constitute about 90% of all land managers in the study area and manage more than half of the agricultural land. They are a very uneven group, and there are no clear categories detectable by analyzing sociodemographic factors, practices and farm characteristics. They are the “same but different”, not following any market rules, as they are not profit-oriented. Their farming practices are quite homogeneous and mainly in-line with professional farming practices of that area, oriented versus a minimum input management.
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Smith, Maria Ostendorf, and Tracy K. Betsinger. "Caries as an archaeological problem-solving tool: reconstructing subsistence patterns in late prehistoric west-central Tennessee." Dental Anthropology Journal 32, no. 2 (July 19, 2019): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26575/daj.v32i2.299.
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The dentition from two Middle Mississippian period (~AD 1100-1350) site samples (Gray Farm [~AD 1150-1400], Link/Slayden [~AD 1200-1400]) from the Kentucky Lake Reservoir of west-central Tennessee area are examined for the presence of caries to assess whether a maize-intensive subsistence economy is evident or the retention of the cultivation of domesticated native seeds (i.e., the Eastern Agricultural Complex). Given the absence of archaeological context, the caries prevalence operates as an archaeological problem-solving tool. The caries prevalence by tooth type are compared to a Late Woodland period (~AD 400-900) site sample (Hobbs) from the Kentucky Lake Reservoir as well as three unequivocal maize-intensive site samples from the Late Mississippian period (~AD 1300-1550) of East Tennessee. The Gray Farm site aligns statistically with the maize-intensive samples; Link/Slayden does not and resembles the caries prevalence of the Hobbs sample. The Mississippianization process in the Kentucky Lake Reservoir clearly varies in the adoption of maize as a primary cultigen. This may reflect the difference in geo-political location of Gray Farm and Link/Slayden relative to neighboring Mississippian economies, particularly to the east (Middle Cumberland Culture), or it may reflect potential temporal differences among the Middle Mississippian period settlements within the Kentucky Lake Reservoir.
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S. Watkins, R. ""Payneham Vale": integrated whole farm Planning." Pacific Conservation Biology 9, no. 1 (2003): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc030065.
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IN 1908, Ron's grandfather, Issac Gray, took up an uncleared block of land 15 km north of Frankland in the south-west of Western Australia (see Fig. 1, Hobbs 2003). During that time he ran a few cattle in the bush and clearing of the native woodlands of Wandoo (white gum) Eucalyptus wandoo, J arrah E. marginata and Marri (Redgum) E. calophylla was slow and tedious. Ron's parents took over the farm in 1947, and with the advent of the bulldozer, clearing of Watkin's property and surrounding district began in earnest during the 1950s. Clearing continued as fast "as money permitted", until almost the last natural vegetation was knocked down in 1978 (Fig. 1). Annual pastures with some cropping (for supplementary feed) were the main source of fodder for sheep and cattle.
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Doley, Alison. ""Koobabbie": ecological and economic Sustainability." Pacific Conservation Biology 9, no. 1 (2003): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc030042.
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"KOOBABBIE" is a 6 885 ha wheat and sheep farm in the Coorow District of the northern wheatbelt of Western Australia (see Fig. 1, Hobbs 2003). The land was taken up by my grandparents in 1906. As clearing for agriculture took place, original vegetation was preserved in timber belts, along waterways and on rocky rises, but these were not fenced. In 1966 my husband, John, and I took over management of the property and in 1970 commenced fencing the remnant vegetation to exclude livestock. In 1987 we purchased 1 864 ha of salt lake country and excluded livestock from the area. Our aim is to preserve a representative cross section of the original vegetation on our property.
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Andersson Cederholm, Erika. "Relational Work in Lifestyle Enterprising: Sustaining the Tension between the Personal and the Commercial." Kultura i Społeczeństwo 62, no. 4 (December 28, 2018): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/kis.2018.62.4.1.
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This article focuses on the negotiated distinction between commercial and non-commercial spheres of life through the phenomenon of lifestyle entrepreneurship. Lifestyle entrepreneurship is a concept used for a form of self-employment, based on the business owner’s own hobby or lifestyle. The article is based on a study of lifestyle enterprising in the tourism and hospitality industries in southern Sweden. The study comprises ethnographic interviews, field observations, and go-alongs with owners of small businesses that can be described as commercial homes, such as bed & breakfast and farm stay. The article uses the context of lifestyle entrepreneurs to theorize and discuss the dynamics of blurring and/or marking the distinction between personal and commercial relations. The theoretical point of departure is the notion of relational work in combination with the notion of sociological ambivalence. By combining these two strands of literature it is argued that the business owners’ narrative practices sustain ambiguity and blurred boundaries, rather than draw lines, between commercial and non-commercial spheres. It is also argued that lifestyle-oriented work identity constructs a friendship-oriented form of service encounter, reinforced by a market where emotional closeness emerges as an experience product.
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Iqbal, Muhammad, M. Azeem Khan, and M. Zubair Anwar. "Zero-tillage Technology and Farm Profits: A Case Study of Wheat Growers in the Rice Zone of Punjab." Pakistan Development Review 41, no. 4II (December 1, 2002): 665–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v41i4iipp.665-682.
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The rice-wheat cropping zone of Punjab is the main producer of high-valued and fine quality basmati rice in Pakistan. The rice produced in this area is famous for its grain length and aromatic characteristics. Being an important export item, rice contributes significantly to the national foreign exchange earnings. Wheat is the other major crop of the rice-wheat system and being the staple food is central to national agricultural policies. Rice is grown on a vast area in this zone during Kharif mostly followed by wheat in the Rabi season. Studies have shown that a large gap exists between the potential and yields actually realised by the wheat growers of the area [Byerlee, et al. (1984); Hobbs (1985) and Sheikh, et al. (2000)]. Farmers’ practices regarding land preparation for paddy, wheat planting time, and other conflicts endogenous to the rice-wheat based cropping system were identified as the major factors limiting wheat yield in the area. The flooded and puddled soils that are well suited for paddy production as compared to well-drained conditions required for wheat is such an example of the system conflicts.
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Uçar, Ahmet, and Musa Sarıca. "The Relationships Between Egg Production, Age and The Hatching Traits of Pheasants." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 6, no. 10 (October 1, 2018): 1311. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v6i10.1311-1316.1765.
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Pheasant rearing is rated in three main categories: show and hobby, public interest, and stocking for game birds and edible purposes. The goal of this pheasant breeding station is to put stocking for game birds in their natural habitat, mainly in the Karadeniz region. Contribution to the issues related to incubation in this station and determination of effective reproduction age by setting production period. The aim of this study is to determine how significant performance criteria like egg production, fertility, hatchability and embryonic mortality are, depending on age and on seasonal changes. Our research has been carried out at the Gelemen Pheasant Breeding Station in Samsun. The pheasant breeds that are used on the farm are made up of 114 male and 800 female pheasants (1♂:7♀), of Hungarian and Caucasian genotypes. During the egg-laying period, which lasts for 16 weeks from the end of March (at the age of 45 weeks) to the middle of July (at the age of 60 weeks), egg production was recorded daily and evaluated once a week, and incubation yield was recorded nine times in total. Differences between weeks of age, in terms of egg production, egg and chick weights, fertility rate, incubation yield and embryonic mortality, have been found to be statistically significant. However, hatchability has been found to be statistically insignificant.
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Fritsche, Thomas R., Jennifer K. Meece, Susan K. Meyer, Kelly L. Ortega, Nicolette S. Wolff, and Matthew C. Hall. "1431. Occurrence of Sporadic Human Ascariasis in Non-Endemic Regions: The Importance of Zoonotic Transmission from Swine." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.1613.
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Abstract Background Ascariasis in developed countries occurs only sporadically, and usually in travelers or in children in rural settings with exposure to Ascaris suum from swine. Reciprocal transmission between humans and swine is possible given A. suum and A. lumbricoides are considered conspecific based on published mtDNA and nuclear ribosomal ITS-1 studies with recognized phenotypic/genotypic differences reflecting host-specific adaptive changes. Here we evaluated 15 cases of human ascariasis detected over 6 a year period in a non-endemic region of the Upper Midwest USA. Methods Helminth specimens (n=15) spontaneously passed per rectum were submitted for laboratory identification during 2013-19 and identified morphologically as A. lumbricoides/suum (undifferentiated). All patients attended local clinics and brought specimens in for identification. Clinical records were available for 13 patients. Results Ages ranged from 14 months to 41 years with 13 cases (87%) occurring in children < =12 years and 2 (13%) >30 years; 9 patients (60%) were female. Thirteen (87%) of the A. lumbricoides/suum specimens were adults and 2 (13%) were juveniles. Individuals with records available either lived on or had visited a farm (5) or hobby farm (2) where pigs were currently or likely historically present; lived at a rural address (4); used animal manure for gardening (1); or lacked discernable farm connections though was active outdoors (1). International travel history was lacking in all cases. One 2-year old child from a rural address had passed 2 worms 6 months apart. All 13 patients were treated with albendazole per guideline without complication. Conclusion Ascariasis attributable to poor sanitation has been largely eradicated from the USA since the early 1980s. Sporadic infections in non-travelers have continued to be recognized and likely represent zoonotic transmission from domesticated swine. While human and pig Ascaris have long been considered distinct species, recently published molecular and cross-transmission experiments point to conspecificity. This case series is a reminder of the zoonotic disease risks posed by swine-origin Ascaris, especially in young children, and reinforces the need for proper herd management and attention to personal hygiene for at-risk individuals. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures
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Wilkes, Graham, Julie Brassard, Thomas A. Edge, Victor Gannon, Natalie Gottschall, Cassandra C. Jokinen, Tineke H. Jones, et al. "Long-Term Monitoring of Waterborne Pathogens and Microbial Source Tracking Markers in Paired Agricultural Watersheds under Controlled and Conventional Tile Drainage Management." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 12 (April 11, 2014): 3708–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00254-14.
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ABSTRACTSurface waters from paired agricultural watersheds under controlled tile drainage (CTD) and uncontrolled tile drainage (UCTD) were monitored over 7 years in order to determine if there was an effect of CTD (imposed during the growing season) on occurrences and loadings of bacterial and viral pathogens, coliphages, and microbial source tracking markers. There were significantly lower occurrences of human, ruminant, and livestock (ruminant plus pig)Bacteroidalesmarkers in the CTD watershed in relation to the UCTD watershed. As for pathogens, there were significantly lower occurrences ofSalmonellaspp. andArcobacterspp. in the CTD watershed. There were no instances where there were significantly higher quantitative loadings of any microbial target in the CTD watershed, except for F-specific DNA (F-DNA) and F-RNA coliphages, perhaps as a result of fecal inputs from a hobby farm independent of the drainage practice treatments. There was lower loading of the ruminant marker in the CTD watershed in relation to the UCTD system, and results were significant at the levelP= 0.06. The odds ofSalmonellaspp. occurring increased when a ruminant marker was present relative to when the ruminant marker was absent, yet forArcobacterspp., the odds of this pathogen occurring significantly decreased when a ruminant marker was present relative to when the ruminant marker was absent (but increased when a wildlife marker was present relative to when the wildlife marker was absent). Interestingly, the odds of norovirus GII (associated with human and swine) occurring in water increased significantly when a ruminant marker was present relative to when a ruminant marker was absent. Overall, this study suggests that fecal pollution from tile-drained fields to stream could be reduced by CTD utilization.
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Baban, M., M. Cacic, N. Korabi, T. Rastija, and P. Mijic. "Horse breeding in the Republic of Croatia and possibilities of its development." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 23, no. 5-6-1 (2007): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0701123b.
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The trend of capital investments is increasing in horse breeding, as one of the major livestock branches in the Republic of Croatia. A long tradition of horse breeding and natural resources eligible for horse breeding contributed to the creation of great potential for Croatia. Besides, state financial subventions are also helping horse breeding development. All forms of horse breeding are showing an increasing trend of development, which influences an increase in numerical trend of horses as well as their quality. Interest in horse breeding, sports or just in keeping horses as hobby animals is increasing each year. Main investors and movers are owners, breeders, sportsmen and horse lovers themselves. Help through state financial subvention is significant, but still very far from necessary funds. The regulative for financial subvention and other official acts are regulated for horse breeding through subvention groups. This is an efficient measurement to help breeders, but in the future changes will be necessary, mainly through different developing projects. Besides the only state stud farm of Lipizzan horses in Djakovo, many other breeding organizations exist in Croatia. The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management authorized those organizations to maintain their own breeding program. Congruently many Stud Books were published and many are still in the process of publishing. One of the most significant projects realized last year was the international approval of Croatian breeding of Thoroughbred horses. The short period till entering European Union demands horse breeding reformation, therefore Croatian horse breeding passed a major reorganization process and gave a greater accent to independent breeding organizations. The regulation for publishing the identification document or "passport" (NN 74/20007) is also published. The main scientific-research-educational institution is still missing in order to create the horse breeding strategy. With its work this institution would benefit to more quality horse breeding in all of its segments.
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Björklund, Christina, Renée Båge, Jane Morrell, Kerstin de Verdier, Lisbeth Nisu Hartzell, Nanna Kjellinbro, Katinka Belák, Karin Bernodt, and Dolores Gavier-Widen. "Diseases and causes of death among alpacas in Sweden: a retrospective study." Veterinary Record Open 6, no. 1 (April 2019): e000239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vetreco-2017-000239.
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BackgroundDue to increasing popularity in Sweden during the last decade, alpacas are frequently encountered by practising veterinarians and pathologists. Knowledge regarding their health and diseases under Swedish conditions is, however, limited.ObjectivesTo improve knowledge about the health of alpacas in Sweden by collecting information on diseases and health status.DesignA retrospective study was made of 93 necropsies conducted on alpacas in Sweden during the period 2001–2013.SettingData were obtained from the two major veterinary pathology centres in Sweden. The alpacas were hobby or farm animals and they were submitted by veterinarians in local practices or at a national animal healthcare organisation.ResultsThe digestive system was most frequently affected (29 per cent), with parasitic gastroenteritis (17 per cent) and hepatic disease being especially prevalent (15 per cent fascioliasis and 7 per cent hepatitis). Cardiovascular conditions (9 per cent), systemic diseases (7 per cent) and perinatal deaths were also common, including abortions (10 per cent) and fatal septicaemia (4 per cent). Wasting/emaciation was a frequent finding (26 per cent). Other diagnoses included dermatitis (8 per cent), diseases of the central nervous system (8 per cent), traumatic injuries (7 per cent), neoplasia (5 per cent), pneumonia (5 per cent) and nephritis (3 per cent).ConclusionsThis study identified areas of concern regarding diagnostic and pathological procedures, for which specific measures have been recommended. One particular cause for concern was the number of deaths from emaciation in weanling alpacas during late winter or early spring. For adult alpacas, infectious and non-infectious causes of death were approximately equally frequent. Many of the diseases were considered clinically acute but pathology often showed them to be chronic conditions that had eventually deteriorated and presented as acute cases in the late stages. This study revealed similarities in the health/disease status reported in other European countries and in North America. The results can be used by alpaca keepers and veterinary practitioners to improve management, diagnosis and treatment of alpacas.
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Bezanson, Kate. "Valuation, Resistance and Women’s Work: A Review EssayCashing in on Pay Equity? Supermarket Restructuring and Gender Equality. Jan Kainer. Toronto: Sumach Press, 2002.Community and Money: Men and Women Making Change. Mary-Beth Raddon. Toronto: Black Rose Books, 2003.Feminist Politics on the Farm: Rural Catholic Women in Southern Quebec and Southern France. Naomi Black and Gail Cuthbert Brandt. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1999.Obligation and Opportunity: Single Maritime Women in Boston, 1870-1930. Betsy Beattie. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2000.The Woman Worker 1926-1929. Margaret Hobbs and Joan Sangster, eds. St.John’s, Newfoundland: Canadian Committee on Labour History, 1999." Journal of Canadian Studies 37, no. 4 (January 2003): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jcs.37.4.171.
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Smith, Maria Ostendorf, and Tracy Betsinger. "Patterns of Antemortem Tooth Loss in Late Prehistoric West-central Tennessee." Dental Anthropology Journal 34, no. 2 (July 22, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.26575/daj.v34i2.320.
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The later prehistoric subsistence-settlement pattern in the Kentucky Lake Reservoir (KLR) of northern west-central Tennessee is of interest as human occupation inexplicably terminates by AD 1450 as part of a larger regional depopulation. Antemortem tooth loss (ATL) collectively and by tooth type was identified in four site samples from the KLR. These are a Late Woodland (AD 600-900) sample (Hobbs) and three Middle Mississippian period (AD 1100- 1400) hierarchically organized and presumptively maize agriculturalist samples (Link/Slayden, Gray Farm , Thompson Village). ATL prevalence in the Hobbs sample is consistent with a native crop and seasonal foraging economy. The ATL in the Link sample is more congruent with the pre-maize Late Woodland sample than the essentially contemporaneous Gray Farm site sample. Thompson Village, a later-dated satellite community of the Gray Farm polity, exhibits significantly fewer ATL than the Gray Farm sample. This may flag climate-influenced agricultural shortfall of dietary carbohydrates later in the occupation sequence. Additionally, males in the Gray Farm site sample have significantly more ATL than males in the other two Mississippian samples. The patterns suggest regional, possibly shortfall mitigated, differences in maize intensification with a polity-specific male-focused maize consumption in the Gray Site.