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Sazhina, Muza, Anna Kashirova, Stanislav Makarov, and Egor Osiop. The social wealth of the innovation system. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1875920.
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The monograph reveals the key socio-economic problems of the innovation economy: its content as a knowledge economy and its role in evolutionary development; human capital (living intelligence) as the main resource of the innovation economy. Much attention is paid to the institutional support of innovation through a system of institutions and mutually beneficial contracts. The mixed mechanism of implementation of innovative activity as a synthesis of spontaneous market self-regulation and conscious public administration is shown. The result of the "social control" of society and the state is the coordination of the actions of economic entities and the ordering of economic processes.
The most important institution of human society is the family as a strong power in the state. And the person himself with his knowledge, culture, ethics and morality is the main value of society. The main purpose of the family is to reproduce life and provide a person with everything necessary. The state as an institution manages a person's education and health, helps to change his lifestyle, strengthening humanity, ethics, morality and culture of life.
The modern global economy remains a sphere of domination of market egoism. It is the market that performs the function of morality as a person and society as a whole. In the global economy, a person is not a representative of the people, but a representative of the system, a standard way of life. And he should live in communication based on respect for each other.
It is concluded that today the main wealth of society is not material, but social wealth: the person himself with his knowledge, culture, ethics and morality is a living intellect; a family with the reproduction of life; immaterial knowledge that covers all types of work that cannot be calculated and paid, where the motive is the joy of free cooperation, free giving and community. In this "invisible economy" people mutually teach each other humanity and create a culture of joint thinking and living together. The State and society must preserve and increase the social wealth of human society.
For students and postgraduates of economic and managerial specialties, as well as for anyone interested in this problem.
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Sacks, Oliver W. The man who mistook his wife for a hat and other clinical tales. New York: Perennial Library, 1990.
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Sacks, Oliver W. The man who mistook his wife for a hat and other clinical tales. New York: Perennial Library, 1987.
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Lucarelli, Sonia, ed. Gender and the European Union. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-638-1.
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Gender discrimination continues to be a reality in several parts of the world, also in Europe. The aim of this book is to provide an overview of both European Union’s (EU) gender policies and gender balance in EU institutions. It does so by looking at gender equality policies and the EU legal system concerning gender equality, women’s representation within diff erent institutions (and more particularly in the European External Action Service), gender rights as a type of human rights and the EU’s role in the external promotion of womens’ rights in third countries. The analysis shows that women’s representation in the EU institutions has increased in the last decades and that the EU has strengthened its att ention to gender rights in its external relations as well, however the results of both att empts are far from being fully satisfactory.
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Ovsyannikov, Evgeniy, and Tamara Gaytova. Optimal control of traction electric drives. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1141767.
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The monograph considers various types of traction electric drives of motor vehicles intended for operation in urban conditions. Mathematical models of these systems are proposed. On the basis of parametric optimization and graphoanalytic method, a method of joint control of electric drives according to the criteria of minimum losses and maximum overload capacity, taking into account possible restrictions on the resources of power elements, has been developed.
For a wide range of readers interested in improving motor vehicles. It will be useful for students, postgraduates and teachers of engineering and technical universities.
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Erlewine, Michael Yoshitaka, Theodore Levin, and Coppe van Urk. Ergativity and Austronesian-Type Voice Systems. Edited by Jessica Coon, Diane Massam, and Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.16.
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In an Austronesian-type voice system, one argument is designated the "pivot" in each clause, with verbal morphology indicating the choice of pivot and corresponding changes in case marking and extraction possibilities. It has been suggested that ergativity plays a crucial role in these systems. This paper argues that voice and case reflect separate but interacting systems, which can be dissociated from each other, based on the behavior of voice in Dinka (Nilotic; South Sudan) and Balinese (Austronesian; Indonesia). These languages exhibit familiar voice morphology, but are shown to not involve any ergativity. Instead, we propose that what unifies "voice" system behavior is a lack of structural licensing for subjects in Non-Subject Voices. Different voice systems solve this problem in different ways: Balinese licenses the subject under adjacency with the verb, whereas Dinka allows for a last resort genitive case like in many Austronesian languages of the Philippines and of Taiwan.
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Type-2 Fuzzy Logic and Systems: Dedicated to Professor Jerry Mendel for his Pioneering Contribution. Springer, 2018.
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Kilkelly, Shannon. Coagulation System. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0090.
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Despite the development of entirely new classes of anticoagulant medication, vitamin K antagonists like warfarin continue to be commonly prescribed for a wide range of cardiovascular diagnoses. Conversely, the advent of low molecular weight heparin has greatly simplified the use of the drug to the point that patients can dose themselves at home with no need for any type of monitoring. Given the widespread use of these medications, it is not surprising that an increasing number of patients requiring urgent or emergent surgery will present with a medically induced coagulopathy. Managing this coagulopathy requires assessment of the urgency of the operation, the patient’s volume status, and the need for reanticoagulation following surgical intervention.
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Esler, Karen J., Anna L. Jacobsen, and R. Brandon Pratt. Characteristics of Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198739135.003.0002.
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Modern mediterranean-type ecosystems (MTEs) are shaped by key ecosystem drivers that affect their function. The most important of these drivers are climate, topography, soils, and fire. There are important geographical, climatic, and fire histories that are crucial to understanding these systems. Mediterranean-type climate (MTC) is defined as a cool wet winter (winter-wet) and a warm dry summer, which is a unique pattern of seasonality and one that is rare globally. All of the MTC regions have nutrient-poor soils, particularly as related to nitrogen (N), and some also have extensive phosphorus-poor soils. There is considerable variation both within and between regions in their degree of nutrient impoverishment of soils. Through these shared ecosystem drivers, selection has operated within each ecosystem to shape the communities and the organisms within them. This has resulted in the communities and organisms displaying similar structures and processes.
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Arroyo, Vicente, Mónica Guevara, and Javier Fernández. Renal failure in cirrhosis. Edited by Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0247.
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A major event in liver cirrhosis is the development of a progressive deterioration of circulatory function due to splanchnic arterial vasodilation and impairment in cardiac function. This feature determines a homeostatic activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, sympathetic nervous system, and antidiuretic hormone. The splanchnic microcirculation is resistant to the vasoconstrictor effect of these systems. Therefore, the homeostasis of arterial pressure in cirrhosis occurs in the extrasplanchnic, mainly renal circulation. The activation of these systems produces renal fluid retention, which accumulates as ascites, and water retention and dilutional hyponatraemia. In the latest phase of cirrhosis, when circulatory dysfunction is severe, renal vasoconstriction is intense and patients develop type 2 hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) and refractory ascites.Type 1 HRS is an acute and rapidly progressive renal failure that occurs in the setting of a precipitating event, commonly an infection. Patients with type 1 HRS also present with rapid deterioration of liver function (encephalopathy, jaundice) and relative adrenal insufficiency. The mechanism of this multiorgan failure is an acute deterioration in circulatory function due to both an accentuation of arterial vasodilation and of cardiac dysfunction.There is no specific test for the diagnosis of HRS. The most accepted diagnostic criteria are those proposed by the International Ascites Club which are based on the exclusion of other types of renal failure. The course of renal failure following treatment of the precipitating event of HRS is another important diagnostic feature.The treatment of choice of tense ascites in cirrhosis is paracentesis associated with intravenous albumin infusion. Moderate sodium restriction and diuretics (spironolactone alone or associated with furosemide) are subsequently given to prevent re-accumulation of ascites. Diuretics are the treatment of choice in patients with moderate ascites. Patients with type 2 HRS and refractory ascites (not responding to diuretics) could be treated by frequent paracentesis or by the insertion of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS).Terlipressin plus albumin is the treatment of choice in type 1 HRS
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Castillo, Oscar, Robert John, and Hani Hagras. Type-2 Fuzzy Logic and Systems: Dedicated to Professor Jerry Mendel for his Pioneering Contribution. Springer, 2019.
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Abood, Mary E., and Thomas Gamage. The cloning and characterization of the cannabinoid type 1 receptor. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0025.
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The cloning and characterization of the first cannabinoid receptor (now known as the cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor) by Matsuda et al. in the landmark paper discussed in this chapter was a seminal discovery in 1990. While the analgesic properties of marijuana had been known for thousands of years, the mechanisms through which marijuana produces analgesia were not understood. The identification and functional characterization of the CB1 receptor led to the discovery of an endogenous cannabinoid system (the endocannabinoid system), which has now been shown to be important not only for acute and chronic pain states, but also for a whole host of physiological and pathophysiological disorders.
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Devlin, Hugh, and Rebecca Craven. Immune system. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759782.003.0011.
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The immune system in relation to dentistry is the topic of this chapter. Non-specific body defences are explored. Then follows specific body defences, humoral and cell mediated responses; antibody types and their mechanisms of action and the clinical application in immunization. Inflammation, both acute and chronic, is explored in relation to infections of dental origin and their complications. Problems with the immune system and hypersensitivity follow. Normal oral flora and dental plaque and the body’s response in periodontal inflammation are explored. The final section deals with the implications of what has gone before for infection control in the dental surgery.
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Schwarz, Wolfgang. Best System Approaches to Chance. Edited by Alan Hájek and Christopher Hitchcock. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199607617.013.19.
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Certain physical processes, such as the decay of radioactive elements, seem to involve an objective, non-epistemic type of probability, often called “chance”. Best system accounts, first proposed by David Lewis, offer a Humean interpretation of chance. On this account, chance is not a fundamental physical quantity, but a kind of statistical summary of actual outcomes. The interpretation explains the close connection between chance on the one hand and relative frequency, disorder, and rational credence on the other hand. It has also proved useful in understanding probabilistic theories outside fundamental physics. On the downside, the proposal arguably fails to vindicate some philosophical preconceptions about chance.
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Nielsen, David A., Dmitri Proudnikov, and Mary Jeanne Kreek. The Genetics of Impulsivity. Edited by Jon E. Grant and Marc N. Potenza. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.0080.
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Impulsivity is a complex trait that varies across healthy individuals, although when excessive, it is generally regarded as dysfunctional. Impulsive behavior may lead to initiation of drug addiction that interferes with inhibitory controls, which may in turn result in facilitation of the individual’s impulsive acts. Although environmental factors play a considerable role in impulsive behavior, a body of evidence collected in twin studies suggests that about 45% of the variance in impulsivity is accounted for by genetic factors. Genetic variants studied in association with impulsivity include those fortryptophan hydroxylase 1 and 2 (TPH1 and TPH2), the serotonintransporter (SERT), serotonin receptors, and genes of the monoamine metabolism pathway (e.g., monoamine oxidase A, MAOA). Other systems may also play a role in these behaviors, such as the dopaminergic system (the dopamine receptors DRD2, DRD3, and DRD4, and the dopamine transporter, DAT), the catecholaminergic system (catechol-O-methyltransferase, COMT), and the GABAergic system (GABAreceptor subunit alpha-1, GABRA1; GABA receptor subunit alpha-6, GABRA6; and GABA receptor subunit beta-1, GABRB1). Taking into account involvement of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the number of candidate genes implicated in impulsivity may be increased significantly and, therefore, may go far beyond those of serotonergic and dopaminergic systems. For a number of years, our group has conducted studies of the association of genes involved in the modulation of the stress-responsive HPA axis and several neurotransmitter systems, all involved in the pathophysiology of anxiety and depressive disorders, impulse control and compulsive disorders, with drug addiction. These genes include those of the opioid system: the mu- and kappa-opioid receptors (OPRM1 and OPRK1) and the nociceptin/orphaninFQ receptor (OPRL1); the serotonergic system: TPH1 and TPH2 and the serotonin receptor 1B (5THR1B); the catecholamine system: COMT; the HPA axis: themelanocortin receptor type 2 (MC2R or adrenocorticotropic hormone, ACTHR); and the cannabinoid system: the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CNR1). In this chapter we will focus on these findings.
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Zhiming, Bao. The Systemic Nature of Substratum Transfer. Edited by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199777716.013.024.
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This chapter discusses four grammatical systems in Singapore English that are transferred from Chinese: aspect, pragmatic particles, topicalization, and quantification. Proper analysis of the relevant substrate features reveals extensive clustering: features which form a grammatical system transfer together. Substratum transfer targets the grammatical system, and the transferred system is then exponenced with suitable morphosyntactic materials from the lexifier, filtering out those component features for which the lexifier has no well-formed morphosyntactic exponent. The analysis of the four systems shows that post-transfer stabilization is subject to the normative effect of English. It is argued that data obtained through introspection and corpora are complementary, and substrate-induced grammatical change is best accounted for in a usage-based model that uses the two types of data.
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Smith, Ashley. Mucopolysaccharidoses. Edited by Kirk Lalwani, Ira Todd Cohen, Ellen Y. Choi, and Vidya T. Raman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190685157.003.0049.
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Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a group of genetic diseases that affect connective tissues via lack of key lysosomal enzymes. This deficiency leads to storage of partially degraded glycosaminoglycans that build up in multiple organ systems. There are many types of MPS disorders and each has varying features, expected lifespan, enzyme affected, and resulting clinical effect. All MPS are autosomal recessive except Hunter syndrome, which is X-linked. Because each type has a different enzyme deficiency, each has different comorbidities and unique treatment modalities. These patients require multiple anesthetics for diagnostic and surgical interventions. This chapter discusses treatment ad complication issues regarding MPS.
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Romanowski, Robert, ed. Sustainable development: Innovations in business. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Poznaniu, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18559/978-83-8211-084-5.
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Innovation and sustainable development have become buzzwords in the 21st century with the idea of creative destruction launched by Joseph Alois Schumpeter being the base for evolutionary economics. However, new institutional economics helps to understand the necessity of support provided to entrepreneurs and innovators by science and administration to reduce the risk of launching the said innovations. This e-book is devoted to selected types of innovation. Every type of innovation is described with the use of theoretical background and is enriched by adequate case study. Traditional division into four types of innovation, proposed by J.A. Schumpeter (1934), containing product, process, organizational and marketing innovations, was widely accepted, including European Union institutions (OECD/Eurostat, 2008). The concept of innovation has long been dominated by a technical approach to the innovation process, despite the economic arguments exposed by one of the precursors of the theory of innovation and, at the same time, the school of evolutionary economics—Joseph Alois Schumpeter. Frequently, in the context of innovation, it is indicated that organizational and marketing aspects play a part in the successful introduction of innovation onto the market. The structure of the book is based on the typology proposed by Keeley, Walters, Pikkel and Quinn (2013), which focuses on the economic character of innovations. Ten types of innovation are directly related to Schumpeter’s and Oslo Manual classification. A new set of innovations emphasize the economic side of innovation process. The technical novelties are to support new configuration, offering or customers’ experience. This new approach is based on presumptions coming from design thinking idea, leading to user—driven innovation and on cooperation with institutions and entities supporting innovation process. The chapters are devoted to every type of innovation, grouped into three major parts: innovations based on configuration, offering and experience. In the book, configuration includes types of innovations focused on innermost workings of an enterprise and its business system. Offering part contains the types of innovations, that are focused on an enterprise’s core product (good or service), or a collection of its products. The last part, dedicated to innovations based on experience, is focused on more customer-facing elements of an enterprise and its business system.
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Mingyuan, Wang, and Gao Lailong. Technological Innovation and the Reform of the Chinese Electric Power System. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822080.003.0018.
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Along with China’s economic and social development and scientific and technological progress, the innovative development of electric power technologies has effectively promoted the rapid development of the Chinese electric power industry. At the same time, it has also promoted the energy transformation and development and reform of electric power systems with clean, intelligent, market-oriented, and international trends. The authors review the extraordinary technological developments that have advanced electric power production and use. In 2015 China launched a new round of legal reform to keep pace with the technological innovations. Among the goals were speeding up the formation of a legal system for energy transformation to renewable energy to build a new type of green, low-carbon, safe, reliable, and sustainable electric power within a rule of law that encourages investments and market-driven development.
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Hughes, Jim. Exposures and image quality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198813170.003.0004.
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In C-arm systems, the X-ray beam output is determined by both the signal returned from the automatic exposure device (AED) in the receptor and the exposure table set up for the exam type. The settings for the exposure (as well as aspects of the image receptor and display) will affect the qualities or resolutions of the resulting image. This chapter covers the factors and qualities of images produced by an X-ray C-arm system, and the effect that varying exposure factors has on the resulting image quality and resolutions. This includes spatial, temporal, and contrast resolutions, as well as the effects of under- and overexposure, and distortion or artefacts on the produced images.
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Maltisovs, Matīss. Operating Methods of High Voltage Bistable Smart Glass Electronics Systems. RTU Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/9789934227448.
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The Thesis focuses on Smectic-A (SmA) liquid crystals' (LCs) functional behaviour in order to understand if this will be the next generation product that could improve the daily life of the society. The optical properties of this liquid crystal are by far the best compared to the products available in the market, i.e., the light transmittance in transparent state is >85 % and in scatter state <2 %. Enabling the LC to be used for a variety of purposes, such as smart windows to scatter light on a sunny day or provide a sense of privacy in an open type office space. An in-depth literature review discusses the existing studies, obtained experimental data and attempts to develop functional products. The main unresolved problems are highlighted, described in detail and solutions are offered. In order to understand the potential of SmA LC in the smart glass/window technology, analysis of existing products was performed, a summary of an active smart glass/windows provided, and a comparative study between them was made. In addition, an in-depth study of long-term functional stability was performed during which the most popular types of defects were listed and analysed. Solutions for defect elimination and recommendations for optimization of switching systems and production processes are provided. A methodology for determining the electrical parameters of an LC has been developed in order to create an electrical simulation model and facilitate the development of electronic switching systems.
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Ismail, Khalida, Calum D. Moulton, Andrea Danese, and Brenda W. Penninx. A life course approach to understanding the association between depression and type 2 diabetes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198789284.003.0002.
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The relationship between depression and type 2 diabetes is bidirectional and poorly explained by behavioural factors alone. Chronic activation of the innate immune system provides a promising mechanism by which both conditions could develop concurrently across the life course. Genetically, overlap between depression and type 2 diabetes has been reported by twin studies, although not yet at the genome-wide significance level. In utero, activation of inflammatory processes may impact on neurodevelopment of appetite and mood regulation. In early childhood, prolonged adversity is associated with subsequent elevated inflammation, depression, and obesity, which may be amplified by unhealthy lifestyle choices in adolescence. Finally, prolonged low socioeconomic status into adulthood is associated with chronically elevated inflammation and incident type 2 diabetes. In sum, a lifespan approach to the comorbidity of depression and type 2 diabetes offers novel opportunities for timely intervention and even for the primary prevention of type 2 diabetes.
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Esler, Karen J., Anna L. Jacobsen, and R. Brandon Pratt. Transformation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198739135.003.0008.
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Extensive habitat loss and habitat conversion has occurred across all mediterranean-type climate (MTC) regions, driven by increasing human populations who have converted large tracts of land to production, transport, and residential use (land-use, land-cover change) while simultaneously introducing novel forms of disturbance to natural landscapes. Remaining habitat, often fragmented and in isolated or remote (mountainous) areas, is threatened and degraded by altered fire regimes, introduction of invasive species, nutrient enrichment, and climate change. The types and impacts of these threats vary across MTC regions, but overall these drivers of change show little signs of abatement and many have the potential to interact with MTC region natural systems in complex ways.
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Brown, David H. Airline Passenger Screening Has Become a FEMA-TYPE SNAFU: The Screening System Developed During 1969-70 Holds The Key To Refocusing On Modern Day Terrorism. AuthorHouse, 2006.
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Brown, David H. Airline Passenger Screening Has Become a FEMA-TYPE SNAFU: The Screening System Developed During 1969-70 Holds The Key To Refocusing On Modern Day Terrorism. AuthorHouse, 2006.
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Pershina, K. D., and K. O. Kazdobin. Impedance spectroscopy of electrolytic materials. V.I. Vernadsky Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.33609/guide.2012.224.
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Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is playing an increasingly significant role in fundamental and applied research: to study any type of solid and liquid materials (ionic, mixed, semiconductor, and insulators), to study charge transfer in heterogeneous systems, including phase boundaries, electrode boundaries, and elements of the microstructure. With the help of EIS, it is possible to study the behavior of chemical sensors, fuel cells, batteries, and corrosion processes. The base of the method stays on the principle of exciting any electrochemical system with a signal in the form of a sinusoidal wave and observing its behavior in response to this disturbance. This is the simplest method for determining the structural and transport functions of the system under study. This is the simplest method for determining the structural and transport functions of the system under study. The book discusses the theoretical foundations of the method of impedance spectroscopy, including the method of equivalent circuits, and provides examples of the analysis of impedance spectra for real objects. The main attention is paid to the model elements of equivalent circuits, their physical base, and the use of the models in the analysis of electrochemical systems. Handbook consists of seven chapters. It has questions and tasks to self-work after each part. It is intended for students of chemical, chemical-technological, and biomedical specialties, as well as for specialists engaged in research in the field of materials science, medicine, and ecology.
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Awodey, Steve. Structuralism, Invariance, and Univalence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198748991.003.0004.
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The recent discovery of an interpretation of constructive type theory into abstract homotopy theory suggests a new approach to the foundations of mathematics with intrinsic geometric content and a computational implementation. Voevodsky has proposed such a program, including a new axiom with both geometric and logical significance: the univalence axiom. It captures the familiar aspect of informal mathematical practice according to which one can identify isomorphic objects. This powerful addition to homotopy type theory gives the new system of foundations a distinctly structural character.
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Kenny, Paul D. Understanding Populism and Why It Matters. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807872.003.0002.
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This chapter discusses the concept of populism in greater detail and also describes how party systems are measured and classified. Rather than conceive of populism as a type of thin political ideology, this book understands populism as a distinctively personalistic type of political movement or organization in which charismatic leaders look to directly mobilize mass constituencies through the media and other means. The chapter next distinguishes between programmatic, patronage, and populist party systems, based on which type of party is most common. Finally, the chapter provides a quantitative analysis of the consequences of populist electoral success for democracy across a number of indicators. It shows that populist rule has generally negative consequences for the functioning of liberal democracy, which makes the effort to understand populist electoral success all the more pressing.
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Jones, Michael, Norman Qureshi, and Kim Rajappan. Atrioventricular re-entrant tachycardia. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0115.
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Atrioventricular (AV) re-entrant tachycardia (AVRT) is a type of supraventricular tachycardia, manifesting most commonly as a regular, narrow-QRS-complex tachycardia. It is usually a paroxysmal tachycardia, and is dependent upon the presence of an accessory electrical connection located between the atria and the ventricles (distinct and separate from the AV node–His–Purkinje system) and which is capable of atrioventricular (antegrade) or ventriculoatrial (retrograde) electrical conduction (or both). This pathway, together with the AV node–His–Purkinje system and the atrial and ventricular myocardia, forms a macro-re-entrant circuit which enables AVRT to occur.
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Sacks, Oliver W. Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat. Picador USA, 2011.
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Loporcaro, Michele. Gender from Latin to Romance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199656547.001.0001.
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The book addresses grammatical gender in Romance, and its development from Latin. It works with the toolbox of current linguistic typology, and asks the fundamental question of how the Latin grammatical gender system gradually changed into those of the Romance languages. To answer this question, the book capitalizes on the pervasive dialect variation of which the better-known standard Romance languages only represent a fragment. Indeed, inspection of dialect variation across time and space forces one to dismiss the handbook account proclaiming that the neuter gender, contrasting with masculine and feminine in Latin, was eradicated from spoken Latin by late Empire times. Both Late Latin evidence and data from several modern dialects show that this never happened, and that the vulgate account proceeds from unwarranted back-projection of the data from modern languages like French and Italian. Rather, the neuter underwent transformations which are the main culprit for the differences in the gender system observed today between, say, Romanian, Sursilvan, Neapolitan, and Asturian, to cite just a few types of system which turn out to differ significantly. A precondition for establishing the database for diachronic investigation is a detailed description of many such systems, which reveals data whose interest transcends the diachronic issue under consideration: the book thus addresses systems where ‘husbands’ are feminine and others where ‘wives’ are masculine; discusses dialects where nouns overtly mark gender, but only in certain syntactic contexts; and proposes an analysis according to which one Romance language (Asturian) has split inherited grammatical gender into two concurrent systems.
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Antoine, Maffei, and Cazali Jean-Renaud. 13 Project Finance in Civil Law Jurisdictions. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198715559.003.0014.
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This chapter analyses the origins of project financing under civil law since the origins of the concession systems, especially in France, and its influence on the project financing and on the existing legal corpus applicable to public contracts. A large part of the chapter is dedicated to the issues arising from secured lending and to the various types of security interests available in civil law jurisdictions. The authors also describe the OHADA legal system seeking to harmonize business laws in Africa. The OHADA is deeply influenced by French civil law. A recent reform relating to security has incorporated in the OHADA Uniform Act several security interests practised and developed in the last 30 years in France.
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Patino, Mario, and Anna M. Varughese. Osteogenesis Imperfecta. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199764495.003.0066.
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Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a heterogeneous inherited disorder of type I collagen. Although it is most commonly known for the “brittle bones” that lead to multiple and recurrent fractures, OI has manifestations in other tissues where type I collagen is present. Moreover, the brain stem, cervical spine, and lungs can be affected indirectly due to the resultant bone abnormalities. A pre-anesthetic evaluation must review all systems and specific anesthetic considerations are necessary to reduce complications and improve outcomes of patients with OI.
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Keevak, Michael. How Did East Asians Become Yellow? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190465285.003.0011.
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This chapter offers a brief historical intervention explaining the rise of the term yellow for racial thinking about Asians. Using his binomial nomenclature species-naming system, the Swedish taxonomist Carolus Linnaeus separated Homo sapiens into four continental types, with distinct colors assigned to each. Over two decades later the German anatomist Johann Friedrich Blumenbach also classified Asians as yellow in his five-race scheme. Although some early twentieth-century anthropologists claimed to have proven that Mongolians (Asians) were physically yellow in an attempt to place Asians lower than Europeans, the initial categorization of yellow had no visual or biological basis. As Asians continued to refuse to take part in Western systems (Christianity, international trade), Europeans' perceptions of Asians' skin color darkened. Moreover in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, the yellow idea began to spread to East Asian cultures themselves.
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Dabir-Moghaddam, Mohammad. Typological Approaches and Dialects. Edited by Anousha Sedighi and Pouneh Shabani-Jadidi. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736745.013.3.
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Modern Persian reveals interesting typological properties. In terms of word order parameters, it has grammaticalized a number of OV-type and a number of VO-type parameters. As this mixed typological behaviour can be attested in Old Persian and Middle Persian, the implications of this observation for typology, formal linguistics, and theories of language change are worth pursuing. The agreement system of Modern Persian is Nominative-Accusative. However, the majority of Modern Iranian languages are split in this respect. Morphologically, Modern Persian is analytic. This morphological type can be observed in Middle Persian as well. This two-millennium-old typological property gives Persian a distinct place within the Indo-European languages. As Persian is spoken in a widespread geographical area, there are many Persian dialects currently in use. A number of grammatical features of Tajik Persian, Afghan (Dari) Persian, Isfahani Persian, and Gha’eni Persian are briefly mentioned.
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Giunti, Marco. Computation, Dynamics, and Cognition. Oxford University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195090093.001.0001.
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Currently there is growing interest in the application of dynamical methods to the study of cognition. Computation, Dynamics, and Cognition investigates this convergence from a theoretical and philosophical perspective, generating a provocative new view of the aims and methods of cognitive science. Advancing the dynamical approach as the methodological frame best equipped to guide inquiry in the field's two main research programs--the symbolic and connectionist approaches--Marco Giunti engages a host of questions crucial not only to the science of cognition, but also to computation theory, dynamical systems theory, philosophy of mind, and philosophy of science. In chapter one Giunti employs a dynamical viewpoint to explore foundational issues in computation theory. Using the concept of Turing computability, he precisely and originally defines the nature of a computational system, sharpening our understanding of computation theory and its applications. In chapter two he generalizes his definition of a computational system, arguing that the concept of Turing computability itself is relative to the kind of support on which Turing machine operate. Chapter three completes the book's conceptual foundation, discussing a form of scientific explanation for real dynamical systems that Giunti calls "Galilean explanation." The book's fourth and final chapter develops the methodological thesis that all cognitive systems are dynamical systems. On Giunti's view, a dynamical approach is likely to benefit even those scientific explanations of cognition which are based on symbolic models. Giunti concludes by proposing a new modeling practice for cognitive science, one based on "Galilean models" of cognitive systems. Innovative, lucidly-written, and broad-ranging in its analysis, Computation, Dynamics, and Cognition will interest philosophers of science and mind, as well as cognitive scientists, computer scientists, and theorists of dynamical systems. This book elaborates a comprehensive picture of the application of dynamical methods to the study of cognition. Giunti argues that both computational systems and connectionist networks are special types of dynamical systems. He shows how this dynamical approach can be applied to problems of cognition, information processing, consciousness, meaning, and the relation between body and mind.
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Grant, Robert. Neurocutaneous syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0235.
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This chapter describes several neurocutaneous syndromes, including tuberous sclerosis, neurofibromatosis, Sturge–Weber syndrome, Von-Hippel–Lindau disease and ataxia telangiectasia amongst others.Tuberous sclerosis, also known as Epiloia or Bournville’s Disease, is an autosomal dominant multisystem disease it usually presents in childhood with a characteristic facial rash, adenoma sebaceum, seizures, and sometimes learning difficulties. Central nervous system lesions in tuberous sclerosis are due to a developmental disorder of neurogenesis and neuronal migration. Other organs such as the heart and kidney are less commonly involved. The condition has very variable clinical expression and two-thirds of cases are thought to be new mutations, therefore it is important to examine and screen relatives. Management may involve many specialists and close co-operation between specialists is essential.The neurofibromatoses are autosomal-dominant neurocutaneous disorders that can be divided into ‘peripheral’ and ‘central’ types, although there is significant overlap. The characteristic features of neurofibromatosis type 1 are café au lait spots, neurofibromas, Lisch nodules, osseous lesions, macrocephaly, short stature and mental retardation, axillary freckling, and associations with several different types of tumours.Sturge–Weber syndrome involves a characteristic ‘port-wine’ facial naevus or angioma associated with an underlying leptomeningeal angioma or other vascular anomaly. It affects approximately 1/20 000 people. There can be seizures, low IQ, and underlying cerebral hemisphere atrophy as a result of chronic state of reduced perfusion and increased oxygen extraction. Patients may present with focal seizures which are generally resistant to anticonvulsant medication and can develop glaucoma.Von-Hippel– Lindau disease is one of the most common autosomal-dominant inherited genetic diseases that are associated with familial cancers. Von-Hippel–Lindau disease is characterized by certain types of central nervous system tumours, cerebellar and spinal haemangioblastomas, and retinal angiomas, in conjunction with bilateral renal cysts carcinomas or phaechromocytoma, or pancreatic cysts/islet cell tumours (Neumann and Wiestler 1991).Other neurocutaneous syndromes discussed include Hypomelanosis of Ito, Gorlin syndrome, Sjogren–Larsson syndrome, Proteus syndrome, Hemiatrophy and hemihypertrophy, Menke’s syndrome, Xeroderma pigmentosum and Cockayne’s syndrome.
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Crowley, Kate, Jenny Stewart, Adrian Kay, and Brian Head. Reconsidering Policy. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447333111.001.0001.
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For all nation-states, the context in which public policies must be developed and applied continues to become more complex and demanding. Yet policy studies has not fully responded to the challenges and opportunities represented by these developments. While governance has drawn attention to a globalising and network-based policy world, politics and the role of the state have been de-emphasised. The book addresses this imbalance through a process of reconsideration – re-visiting traditional policy-analytic concepts and re-developing and extending new ones. The objects of reconsideration are of two types: firstly, themes relating to ‘deep’ policy: policy systems; institutions, the state and borders; and secondly, policy-in-action: information, advice, implementation and policy change. Through these eight perspectives, each developed as a chapter of this book, the authors have produced a melded approach to policy, which they call systemic institutionalism. They define this approach as one that provides a broad analytic perspective that links policy with governance (implemented action) on the one hand, and the state (structured authority) on the other. By identifying research agendas based on these insights, the book suggests how real world issues might be substantively addressed, in particular more complex and challenging issues, through examples that bring out the ‘policy’ (the history and potential for collective public action) in the system.
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Paro, John A. M., and Geoffrey C. Gurtner. Pathophysiology and assessment of burns. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0346.
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Burn injury represents a complex clinical entity with significant associated morbidity and remains the second leading cause of trauma-related death. An understanding of the local and systemic pathophysiology of burns has led to significant improvements in mortality. Thermal insult results in coagulative necrosis of the skin and the depth or degree of injury is classified according to the skin layers involved. First-degree burns involve only epidermis and heal quickly with no scar. Second-degree burns are further classified into superficial partial thickness or deep partial thickness depending on the level of dermal involvement. Damage in a third-degree burn extends to subcutaneous fat. There is a substantial hypermetabolic response to severe burn, resulting in significant catabolism and untoward effects on the immune, gastrointestinal, and renal systems. Accurate assessment of the extent of burn injury is critical for prognosis and initiation of resuscitation. Burn size, measured in total body surface area, can be quickly estimated using the rule of nines or palmar method. A more detailed sizing system is recommended once the patient has been triaged. Appropriate diagnosis of burn depth will be important for later management. First-degree burns are erythematous and painful, like a sunburn; third-degree burns are leathery and insensate. Differentiating between second-degree burn types remains difficult. There are a number of formalized criteria during assessment that should prompt transfer to a burn centre.
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Walsh, Stephen B. Approach to the patient with renal tubular acidosis. Edited by Robert Unwin. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0036.
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The renal tubular acidoses are a collection of syndromes characterized by defective urinary acidification. These syndromes have classically caused some confusion, and many opine that the widely used numerical system (type 1, 2) should be abandoned. We consider distal renal tubular acidosis and proximal renal tubular acidosis separately, and briefly cover hypoaldosteronism. Distal (Type 1) renal tubular acidosis is a syndrome of hypokalaemia, metabolic acidosis, kidney stones, nephrocalcinosis, and osteomalacia or rickets. It is caused by failure of the acid secreting α-intercalated cells in the distal nephron. Proximal (Type 2) renal tubular acidosis is a syndrome of metabolic acidosis that is almost always accompanied by the Fanconi syndrome of glycosuria, phosphaturia, uricosuria, aminoaciduria, and low-molecular-weight proteinuria. It is caused by a failure of bicarbonate reabsorption by the proximal tubular cells. Type 3 or mixed renal tubular acidosis, as originally described, has vanished (or was originally incompletely described). It is sometimes used to describe a mutation of carbonic anhydrase II, which causes both proximal and distal renal tubular acidosis, as well as cerebral calcification and osteopetrosis. Type 4 or hypoaldosteronism is a syndrome of hyperkalaemia and mild metabolic acidosis. It is due to a lack of aldosterone or resistance to its action.
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Toner, Andrew, Mark Hamilton, and Maurizio Cecconi. Post-surgery, post-anaesthesia complications. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0047.
Full textAbstract:
Postoperative complications are common in high-risk surgical populations and are associated with poor short-term and long-term outcomes. Morbidity can be identified using prospective assessment of pathological criteria, or deviations from the ideal postoperative course requiring clinical intervention. While infections are the most prevalent complication type, morbidity affecting the heart, lungs, kidneys, or brain carry the worst prognosis. Specific pathophysiological processes drive morbidity in each organ system. In addition, dysfunction of the cardiovascular and immune systems can lead to multiorgan impairment, and have been the focus of many clinical trials. Perioperative strategies backed by the strongest evidence base include smoking cessation, surgical safety checklists, perioperative warming, pre-emptive antibiotics, venous thromboembolism prophylaxis, enhanced recovery protocols, and early critical care rescue when complications arise. Isolated attempts to optimize cardiovascular function or attenuate inflammatory responses have not been consistently successful in improving outcomes. As the proportion of surgical patients meeting high-risk criteria rises, reducing the incidence of postoperative complications has become a priority in many developed healthcare systems. To meet this need, improved implementation of proven strategies should be combined with routine and rigorous surgical outcome reporting. In addition, advances in pathophysiological understanding may lead to novel interventions offering multisystem protection in the surgical period.
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Turk, Alice, and Stefanie Shattuck-Hufnagel. Speech Timing. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795421.001.0001.
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This is a book about the architecture of the speech-production planning process and speech motor control. It is written in reaction to a debate in the literature about the nature of phonological representations, which are proposed to be spatiotemporal by some, and symbolic (atemporal) by others. Making this choice about the nature of phonological representation has several fundamental implications for the architecture of the speech-production planning system, notably with regard to the number of planning components and the type of timing mechanisms. In systems with symbolic phonological representations, a separate phonetic planning component is required for speakers to plan the details of surface timing and spatial characteristics for each context. In contrast, the Articulatory Phonology system, which proposes spatiotemporal phonological representations, has a very different architecture, with fewer components. These contrasting assumptions about the spatiotemporal vs. symbolic nature of phonological representations have important consequences for how these two approaches deal with timing issues. This is because time is intrinsic to phonological representations in Articulatory Phonology, but is not part of symbolic phonology. These two proposals are evaluated in light of existing literature on speech and non-speech timing behavior. Evidence that challenges the Articulatory Phonology model inspired a sketch of a new model of the production process, based on symbolic phonological representations and a separate phonetic planning component to specify surface-timing details. This approach provides an appropriate account of what is known about motor timing in general and speech timing in particular. Keywords
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Sacks, Oliver W. The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat: And Other Clinical Tales. Paw Prints 2008-06-26, 2008.
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Gill, Harminder S., and Jaswinder S. Gill. Causes, diagnosis, and therapeutic strategy in bradyarrhythmias. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0157.
Full textAbstract:
Bradyarrhythmias (defined as a heart rate <60 beat/min) occur frequently in the critical care setting. Most are related to underlying disease processes and the multidrug therapies administered. Because of the intense monitoring of these patients, recognition is generally easy. Examination of the ECG will allow diagnosis of the type of bradycardia based on the sinus node, atrioventricular node and the infra-Hissian conducting system. The extent of conduction system disease can be estimated and this has an influence on the prognosis. Bradycardias causing haemodynamic collapse require treatment of underlying causes, resuscitation, and administration of atropine and epinephrine. If there is no response to these then either transcutaneous pacing, or temporary transvenous pacing is necessary. This can be followed by implantation of a permanent pacing system. The outcome of correctly diagnosing and treating a bradyarrhythmia is excellent as long as the causative pathology can be stabilized.
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Banerjee, Ashis, and Clara Oliver. Endocrine emergencies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198786870.003.0014.
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The endocrine system encompasses a large variety of medical problems. This chapter covers the common causes relevant to the emergency department in line with the Royal College of Emergency Medicine (RCEM) curriculum. It covers a section on the management of diabetic patients, including the differentiation between type one and type two diabetes and the associated complications and management. Included in this chapter is the diagnosis and management of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS). In addition, the key aspects of adrenocortical deficiency in terms of identifying and managing an individual with an acute Addison’s crisis as well as conditions associated with the hypothalamic–pituitary axis, are also included. Thyroid disorders are also included, as well as the pathophysiology of electrolyte disturbances such as calcium and sodium, which commonly appear in the short-answer question (SAQ) paper.
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Esler, Karen J., Anna L. Jacobsen, and R. Brandon Pratt. Ecosystems processes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198739135.003.0007.
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Ecosystems are assemblages of organisms interacting with one another and their environment (Chapter 1). Key to the functioning of ecosystems is the flow of energy, carbon, mineral nutrients, and water in these systems. The numerous processes involved are chiefly driven by climate, soil, and fire (Chapter 2). In cases where the key drivers are the same in different areas, then ecosystems should converge in their structure and function, which has been a motivation for comparing across mediterranean-type climate (MTC) regions. Convergence of MTC regions has been evaluated, but such comparisons at the ecosystem level are challenging because ecosystems are complex and dynamic entities. Here we review carbon, nutrient, and water dynamics of mediterranean-type ecosystems in the context of ecosystem function. As nutrients in soils are low in some MTC regions, we review how this has led to unique adaptations to meet this challenge.
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Cohen, Jeffrey A., Justin J. Mowchun, Victoria H. Lawson, and Nathaniel M. Robbins. A 52-Year-Old Female with Weakness and Droopy Eyelids. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190491901.003.0024.
Full textAbstract:
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 affects multiple organ systems and is associated with cardiac, endocrine, and ophthalmological disorders. Executive dysfunction can lead to missed appointments and an apathetic attitude, causing patients to underestimate symptoms. The findings of both clinical and electrical myotonia should suggest myotonia congenita, DM1, or DM2. Myotonic dystrophy demonstrates anticipation, where the disease has an earlier onset and more severe course with subsequent generations due to increasing trinucleotide repeats. Therefore, the diagnosis can be heralded in an adult by his/her affected child. Management of the disorder is supportive, addressing issues relating to loss of strength, cardiac conduction defects, endocrinopathies (regular monitoring with glycosylated hemoglobin and thyroid-stimulating hormone). Diagnosis and management of this disorder is discussed.
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Elwood, Mark. Critical Appraisal of Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682898.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book presents a system of critical appraisal applicable to clinical, epidemiological and public health studies and to many other fields. It assumes no prior knowledge. The methods are relevant to students, practitioners and policymakers. The book shows how to assess if the results of one study or of many studies show a causal effect. The book discusses study designs: randomised and non-randomised trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, and surveys, showing the presentation of results including person-time and survival analysis, and issues in the selection of subjects. The system shows how to describe a study, how to detect and assess selection biases, observation bias, confounding, and chance variation, and how to assess internal validity and external validity (generalisability). Statistical methods are presented assuming no previous knowledge, and showing applications to each study design. Positive features of causation including strength, dose-response, and consistency are discussed. The book shows how to do systematic reviews and meta-analyses, and discusses publication bias. Systems of assessing all evidence are shown, leading to a general method of critical appraisal based on 20 key questions in five groups, which can be applied to any type of study or any topic. Six chapters show the application of this method to randomised trials, prospective and retrospective cohort studies, and case-control studies. An appendix summarises key statistical methods, each with a worked example. Each main chapter has self-test questions, with answers provided.
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Software, Services, and Systems: Essays Dedicated to Martin Wirsing on the Occasion of His Retirement from the Chair of Programming and Software Engineering (Lecture Notes in Computer Science). Springer, 2015.
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Watts, Richard A., and Eleana Ntatsaki. Miscellaneous vasculitides. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0137.
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The vasculitides are a group of relatively rare conditions with a broad spectrum of clinical presentations that can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Classification of the vasculitic syndromes is done according to the size of the vessels affected and also the presence of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA). Vasculitides can be either primary or secondary to an underlying systemic disease, malignancy, or infection. This chapter covers the spectrum of the secondary vasculitides; some of the non-ANCA-associated primary vasculitides and miscellaneous types of vasculitic syndromes. Secondary vasculitis can occur in the background of systemic rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthropathies, or other connective tissue diseases. Vasculitis can also present in relation to precipitants such as drugs (propylthiouracil, hydralazine, leucotriene antagonists) or vaccines. Infection (bacterial, mycobacterial, viral, and fungal) has been associated with vasculitis either as a trigger or as a consequence of iatrogenic immunosuppression. Infection-related vasculitis can affect all types and sizes of vessels. Certain forms of vasculitis such as cryoglobulinaemia are closely associated with viral infections and more specifically with HCV infection. There are forms of vasculitis, which appear to be isolated or localized to a single organ, or site (skin, gastrointestinal, genital, and primary central nervous system vasculitis) that may be histologically similar to systemic syndromes, but have a different prognosis. Other conditions that may mimic vasculitis and miscellaneous conditions such as Cogan's syndrome and relapsing polychondritis are also discussed.