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Journal articles on the topic "HLS-EU-Q6"

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Pedro, Ana Rita, Beatriz Raposo, Luís Luís, Odete Amaral, Ana Escoval, and Sara Simões Dias. "Portuguese Version of the HLS-EU-Q6 and HLS-EU-Q16 Questionnaire: Psychometric Properties." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 4 (February 7, 2023): 2892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042892.

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Health literacy refers to the competencies of individuals and the general population to navigate all the areas of health care, making health decisions. Health professionals need a set of skills and information to adapt to people’s health literacy. To succeed, it is crucial to determine the health literacy level of a population, in this case, the Portuguese. This study aims to measure the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of HLS-EU-Q16 and HLS-EU-Q6 from the long form of HLS-EU-Q47, already validated for Portugal. To analyse these results, a comparison was made with the HLS-EU-PT index. Spearman correlation analysis was performed between the single items and scale scores. Cronbach’s alphas for all the indexes were calculated. For the statistical analysis, SPSS (version 28.0) was used. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for HLS-EU-PT-Q16 internal consistency was 0.89 overall, and for HLS-EU-PT-Q6 was 0.78 overall. Indexes were not normally distributed, and the Spearman correlation was computed. The correlation between G HL47 and G HL16 indexes was ρ = 0.95 (p < 0.001), and between G HL6 and HLS-EU-PT-Q6 was perfect. The HLS-EU-PT-Q16 and HLS-EU-PT-Q6 are concise and present adequate psychometric properties to measure the HL level of the Portuguese population. However, more similarities are found between the 47-item and the 16-item forms.
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Lastrucci, Vieri, Chiara Lorini, Marco Del Riccio, Eleonora Gori, Fabrizio Chiesi, Andrea Moscadelli, Beatrice Zanella, et al. "The Role of Health Literacy in COVID-19 Preventive Behaviors and Infection Risk Perception: Evidence from a Population-Based Sample of Essential Frontline Workers during the Lockdown in the Province of Prato (Tuscany, Italy)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 24 (December 19, 2021): 13386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413386.

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Background: The effectiveness of pandemic control measures requires a broad understanding from the population. This study aimed to evaluate the role played by health literacy (HL) in influencing the adherence to COVID-19 preventive measures and risk perception of essential frontline workers during the lockdown period. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted on a population-based sample of frontline workers from Prato Province (Italy). Data on knowledge, attitudes and practices towards COVID-19 preventive measures and risk perception were collected. HL was measured with the HLS-EU-Q6 tool. Multivariate linear regression analyses were performed. Results: A total of 751 people participated in this study, and 56% of the sample showed a sufficient level of HL. In the multivariate models, HL resulted in being positively correlated with both knowledge (beta 0.32 for sufficient HL, 0.11 for problematic HL) and attitudes (beta 0.33 for sufficient HL, 0.17 for problematic HL) towards the importance of COVID-19 preventive measures. The HL level was not associated with the adoption of preventive behaviors and COVID-19 risk perception. Conclusions: HL may play a key role in maintaining a high adherence to infection prevention behaviors and may be a factor to take into account in the implementation of public health interventions in pandemic times.
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Zanobini, Patrizio, Chiara Lorini, Vieri Lastrucci, Valentina Minardi, Valentina Possenti, Maria Masocco, Giorgio Garofalo, Giovanna Mereu, and Guglielmo Bonaccorsi. "Health Literacy, Socio-Economic Determinants, and Healthy Behaviours: Results from a Large Representative Sample of Tuscany Region, Italy." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 23 (November 26, 2021): 12432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312432.

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Background: Health Literacy (HL) is one of the main determinants of health and is crucial for the prevention of noncommunicable diseases, by influencing key health-related behaviours. The aim of the present study was to assess the role of HL and sociodemographic factors in predicting the adoption of two healthy behaviours—physical activity and fruits and vegetables consumption. Methods: This study was conducted on the Tuscan population subsample of the Italian Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System in 2017–2018. HL was assessed using the Italian version of the six-item European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire (HLS-EU-Q6). Results: About 40% of the 7157 interviewees reported an inadequate or problematic HL level. Female sex, poor financial status, foreign nationality, and low education were associated with a problematic HL level, while an inadequate HL level was associated with being 50–69 years old, low education level, foreign nationality, poor financial status and unemployment or inactive status. Inadequate HL level was a strong predictor of both eating less than three portions of fruits/vegetables per day and not engaging in sufficient PA during leisure times. Conclusions: Our findings showed that an inadequate level of HL could negatively affect physical activity and diet, independently from the other sociodemographic conditions, confirming the role of HL as a relevant social determinant of health.
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Zanobini, Patrizio, Chiara Lorini, Saverio Caini, Vieri Lastrucci, Maria Masocco, Valentina Minardi, Valentina Possenti, Giovanna Mereu, Rossella Cecconi, and Guglielmo Bonaccorsi. "Health Literacy, Socioeconomic Status and Vaccination Uptake: A Study on Influenza Vaccination in a Population-Based Sample." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 11 (June 6, 2022): 6925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116925.

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Background: Health Literacy (HL) has been recently hypothesized to affect the relationship between socio-economic status (SES) and health conditions. However, to date no study has yet assessed the potential contribution of HL in the pathway through which SES affects influenza vaccination status. We aim to examine the relationships among HL, SES factors, and influenza vaccination uptake in Tuscan (Italy) residents belonging to different high-risk groups (HRGs) for influenza. Methods: The study was performed within the Tuscan population sample selected in the Italian Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System in 2017–2018. HL was assessed using the Italian version of the 6-items European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire (HLS-EU-Q6). Mediation analyses were conducted using SES variables as independent variables, influenza vaccination status as dependent variable and HL as mediator variable. Results: A total of 3278 people belonged to HRGs for influenza. In the whole sample, 19.4% of the participants were vaccinated against influenza. Participants who were not employed or had a poor financial status were more likely to be vaccinated against influenza (OR 1.56, 95%CI 1.26–1.94, p < 0.001, and OR 1.21, 95%CI 1.00–1.48, p = 0.047 respectively). HL did not mediate the relationship of any of the independent variables with influenza vaccination status. Conclusions: Some SES determinants resulted to influence influenza vaccination uptake, while HL did not affect the likelihood of influenza vaccination uptake among HRGs. Universal health care systems, as in the case of Italy, offering influenza vaccination free of charge to HRGs help in reducing inequalities and mitigating HL demands.
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Meng, Karin, Verena Heß, Thomas Schulte, Hermann Faller, and Michael Schuler. "Health literacy bei onkologischen Rehabilitanden und deren Relevanz für den subjektiven Rehabilitationsverlauf." Die Rehabilitation 60, no. 02 (April 2021): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1361-4072.

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Zusammenfassung Ziel der Studie „Health literacy“ (HL) umfasst das Wissen, die Motivation und die Fähigkeiten von Menschen, gesundheitsrelevante Informationen zu finden, zu verstehen, zu beurteilen, anzuwenden und Entscheidungen bezüglich Gesundheitsfragen treffen zu können. Geringe HL ist mit gesundheitsbezogenen Verhaltensweisen und Gesundheit negativ assoziiert. Die explorative Studie untersucht die HL von onkologischen Rehabilitanden und deren Zusammenhang mit Reha-Zielparametern. Methodik Es erfolgte eine Sekundärdatenanalyse einer längsschnittlichen Fragebogenstudie mit 449 Rehabilitanden mit Brustkrebs, Prostatakrebs oder Darmkrebs in der stationären onkologischen Rehabilitation. Die Daten wurden zu 3 Messzeitpunkten (Reha-Ende, Follow-up nach 3 und 9 Monaten) erhoben. HL wurde mit einer Kurzform des European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire (HLS-EU-Q6) erfasst. Als Reha-Zielparameter wurden Progredienzangst (PA-F-KF), psychosozialer Unterstützungsbedarf, körperliche Funktionsfähigkeit und globale Lebensqualität (EORTC QLQ-C30) sowie Arbeitsfähigkeit (WAI-Einzelitem) festgelegt. Die Zusammenhangsanalyse erfolgte mittels Regressionsanalysen kontrolliert für weitere Einflussparameter. Ergebnisse Zum Rehabilitationsende werden HL-Anforderungen von bis zu 56% der Rehabilitanden als schwierig bewertet. Es bestehen signifikante Zusammenhänge mit den Reha-Zielparametern. Eine höhere HL ist mit geringerer Progredienzangst (β=− 0,33), geringerem psychosozialem Unterstützungsbedarf (OR=0,28), höherer körperlicher Funktionsfähigkeit (β=0,22) und höherer globaler Lebensqualität (β=0,23) sowie besserer subjektiver Arbeitsfähigkeit (β=0,21) assoziiert. Im Längsschnitt liegen meist signifikante Zusammenhänge (0,18≤ β≤0,24) zwischen der Verbesserung der HL und der Verbesserung in allen Reha-Zielparametern vor. Schlussfolgerung Die Studie verweist auf die Relevanz von HL in der onkologischen Rehabilitation. Viele Patienten haben zum Rehabilitationsende Schwierigkeiten im Umgang mit Gesundheitsinformationen. HL ist auch ein Prädiktor für psychosoziale und physische Outcomes bis zu 9 Monaten nach der Rehabilitation. Strategien zur Förderung der Kompetenz im Umgang mit Gesundheitsinformationen könnten daher ergänzend zu Wissens- und Selbstmanagementkompetenzen in der Rehabilitation berücksichtigt werden.
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Bergman, Lina, Ulrica Nilsson, Karuna Dahlberg, Maria Jaensson, and Josefin Wångdahl. "Validity and reliability of the arabic version of the HLS-EU-Q16 and HLS-EU-Q6 questionnaires." BMC Public Health 23, no. 1 (February 10, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15226-5.

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Abstract Background Health literacy is an important social determinant of health and affects the ability to make decisions and take action to manage one’s health. The purpose of this study was to psychometrically examine the Arabic versions of HLS-EU-Q16 and HLS-EU-Q6 and their response patterns among Arabic-speaking persons in Sweden. Methods By convenience sampling from a variety of settings, a total of 335 participants were invited to participate. The participants completed a self-assessment of comprehensive health literacy by answering the Ar-HLS-EU-Q16 questionnaire, also including the six items for Ar-HLS-EU-Q6. Statistical analysis was guided by The COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments. Floor/ceiling effects, construct, structural and criterion validity, test-retest reliability and internal consistency reliability were analysed. Results In total, 320 participants were included in the psychometric evaluation. Mean age was 42.1 (SD 12.5), 63% (n = 199) were females and 53% (n = 169) had at least 10 years of education. No floor or ceiling effect were found for the Ar-HLS-EU-Q16 or Ar-HLS-EU-Q6. For both instruments, construct validity was confirmed in four out of five expected correlations (weak positive correlation to educational level, self-perceived health, and years in Sweden; moderate positive correlation with higher sum score on the Arabic electronic health literacy scale, and strong positive correlation to higher Ar-HLS-EU-Q16/Ar-HLS-EU-Q6). For Ar-HLS-EU-Q16, the principal component analysis resulted in a three-factor model with all items significantly correlating to only one factor. For Ar-HLS-EU-Q6, the principal component analysis supported a one-factor solution. Criterion validity showed poor agreement between the two questionnaires with a Cohen κ 0.58 (p < 0.001). Test-retest reliability showed a substantial agreement, Cohen’s κ for Ar-HLS-EU-Q16 and Ar-HLS-EU-Q6 were both 0.89. The internal consistency of both versions was acceptable, Cronbach alpha for Arabic-HLS-EU-Q16 was 0.91 and for Arabic-HLS-EU-Q6, 0.79. Split-half reliability was 0.95 and 0.78, respectively. Conclusion The Arabic version of HLS-EU-Q16 shows good psychometric properties, validated in a Swedish setting. The findings can further inform and guide future validation studies in other settings worldwide. Furthermore, the results of the present study did not support criterion validity of Ar-HLS-EU-Q6.
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Mialhe, Fábio Luiz, Katarinne Lima Moraes, Fernanda Maria Rovai Bado, Virginia Visconde Brasil, Helena Alves De Carvalho Sampaio, and Flávio Rebustini. "Psychometric properties of the adapted instrument European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire short-short form." Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem 29 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.4362.3436.

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Objective: to investigate the psychometric properties of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the health literacy questionnaire European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire short-short form (HLS-EU-Q6) in Brazilian adults. Method: the instrument was translated and pre-tested in a sample of 50 individuals. Subsequently, it was applied to a sample of 783 adult individuals. The data went through an appropriate process of testing the properties, with the combination of techniques of Exploratory Factor Analysis, Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Item Response Theory. For the assessment of reliability, the Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's Omega indicators were used. Cross-validation with full data analysis was applied. Results: the majority of the participants was female (68.1%), with a mean age of 38.6 (sd=14.5) years old and 33.5% studied up to elementary school. The results indicated a unidimensional model with an explained variance of 71.23%, adequate factor load levels, commonality and item discrimination, as well as stability and replicability of the instrument to other populations. Conclusion: the Brazilian version of HLS-EU-Q6 indicated that the instrument is suitable for indiscriminate application in the population to which it is intended to assess health literacy levels.
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Del Riccio, M., V. Lastrucci, A. Bechini, S. Boccalini, F. Chiesi, E. Gori, C. Lorini, A. Moscadelli, B. Zanella, and G. Bonaccorsi. "Health Literacy and COVID-19 preventive behaviours in during the Lock-Down Phase in Tuscany (Italy)." European Journal of Public Health 31, Supplement_3 (October 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckab164.522.

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Abstract In the first COVID-19 pandemic period, when no vaccines were available, individual behaviours were essential for controlling the spread of the virus. In this context of rapidly changing guidance, emerging new evidence, fake news and misinformation, there have been new challenges for health literacy (HL). This study explored whether guidance-compliant healthy behaviours were associated with HL in individuals who have performed essential activities (public employees and volunteers of the Civil Protection) during the lock-down period in the Province of Prato, Italy. Items on knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) towards COVID-19 preventive measures and COVID-19 risk perception, along with the Italian version of the 6-items European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire (HLS-EU-Q6), were collected using a self-administered structured questionnaire. In May 2020, 751 responses were collected; respondents were mostly males (59%), younger than 65 years old (83.5%), with sufficient HL (56%), and never smokers (54.2%). Most of the items related to the KAP towards COVID-19 preventive measures were significantly correlated with the HLS-EU-Q6 score in the total sample. In the multiple linear model, HL results to be a predictor of both a better self-reported knowledge of COVID-19 preventive measures (beta 0.32 for sufficient HL, 0.11 for problematic HL, 1.00 for inadequate HL) and a higher score of attitude towards the importance of COVID-19 preventive measures (beta 0.33 for sufficient HL, 0.17 for problematic HL, 1.00 for inadequate HL), while it has no role in predicting a higher risk perception. These findings can be useful to understand the importance of HL in promoting guidance-compliant healthy behaviours and in helping people to understand the rapidly changing public health messages and then act accordingly. Key messages Lower levels of Health Literacy predict poor COVID-19 related knowledge and a worse attitudes towards the importance of COVID-19 preventive measures. Health Literacy may be an important factor in promoting guidance-compliant healthy behaviours and in helping people to understand the rapidly changing public health messages and then act accordingly.
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Zanobini, P., C. Lorini, S. Caini, V. Lastrucci, M. Masocco, V. Minardi, B. Contoli, and G. Bonaccorsi. "Measuring Health Literacy in Tuscany through the Italian risk factor surveillance system (PASSI)." European Journal of Public Health 30, Supplement_5 (September 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa165.1046.

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Abstract Background Health literacy (HL) can be defined as the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions. A module to measure HL has been implemented in Tuscany since 2017 within the Italian risk factor surveillance system (PASSI). Here, we aimed to assess HL levels and their relations with social determinants and health behaviours. Methods During 2017-2018, a representative sample (N &gt; 7000, aged 18 to 69 years) of the Tuscan population was interviewed in PASSI. HL was measured using the Italian version of the short-short form (HLS-EU-Q6) of the HLS-EU-Q47. Multivariate analysis was performed to investigate associations between HL, social determinants and selected health behaviours (diet and physical activity). Results 61% of the interviewees had an adequate HL level, 30% problematic and 9% inadequate. In the multivariate analysis, the odds of inadequate HL level increased for all social determinants except gender and loneliness. The strongest association was observed for foreign citizenship (OR 3.38, 95% CI 2.63-4.34) followed by financial problems (OR 2.10, 95% CI 1.73-2.55), low education (OR 1.91, 95% CI 1.58-2.32), being aged 50-69 years (OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.18-1.94) and unemployment (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.17-1.72). With regard to health behaviours, subjects with inadequate HL level had the lowest odds of engaging in regular physical activity (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.49-0.71) and one of the lowest odds of eating at least three portions of fruit and vegetables (OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.65-0.95). Conclusions Our findings suggest that HL is strongly associated with social determinants and has major influence on health behaviours. Our study is still ongoing, with the next step being to build a conceptual model to depicting the effect of HL as a mediator of the association between social determinants and health behaviours. Key messages Health Literacy is strongly associated with social determinants. Health Literacy has major influence on health behaviours.
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Ritchie, David, Guido Van Hal, and Stephan Van den Broucke. "Factors affecting intention to screen after being informed of benefits and harms of breast cancer screening: a study in 5 European countries in 2021." Archives of Public Health 80, no. 1 (May 23, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13690-022-00902-6.

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Abstract Background Participation in mammography screening comes with harms alongside benefits. Information about screening provided to women should convey this information yet concerns persist about its effect on participation. This study addressed factors that may influence the intention to screen once a woman has been informed about benefits and harms of participation. Methods A cross-sectional survey of women from five countries (Belgium, France, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom) was performed in January 2021. The survey contained a statement regarding the benefits and harms of mammography screening along with items to measure cognitive variables from the theory of planned behaviour and health belief model and the 6-item version of the European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire (HLS-EU-Q6). Logistic regression and mediation analysis were performed to investigate the effect of cognitive and sociodemographic variables. Results A total of 1180 participants responded to the survey. 19.5% of participants (n = 230) were able to correctly identify that mammography screening carries both benefits and harms. 56.9% of participants (n = 672) responded that they would be more likely to participate in screening in the future after being informed about the benefits and harms of mammography screening. Perceived behavioural control and social norms demonstrated were significant in predicting intention, whereas, the effect of health literacy was limited. Conclusions Informing women about the presence of benefits and harms of in mammography screening participation did not negatively impact upon intention to be screened. Information should also address perception on implementation factors alongside messages on benefits and harms. Overall, screening programme managers should not be discouraged by the assumption of decreased participation through increasing efforts to address the lack of knowledge on benefits and harms.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "HLS-EU-Q6"

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lastrucci, vieri. "L’Health Literacy come strumento al servizio della sanità pubblica: la misurazione dei livelli e delle associazioni dell’Health Literacy in un campione di popolazione generale e la validazione di nuovi strumenti di misura." Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1152687.

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L’health literacy(HL) può essere definita come “l’insieme delle capacità cognitive e sociali che determinano la motivazione e l’abilità degli individui di accedere, comprendere e utilizzare le informazioni, sì da promuovere e mantenere un buon livello di salute”. In letteratura, ad oggi, sono poche le evidenze provenienti dalla misurazione dell’HL a livello di popolazione generale, nonostante che tale misurazione possa essere di notevole beneficio per orientare gli interventi di sanità pubblica. Ad oggi, infatti, molte delle evidenze in merito all’HL, ai suoi predittori e alle sue associazioni con gli outcome di salute, provengono da studi condotti in contesti clinici o su gruppi specifici di popolazione. Inoltre, per le finalità di sanità pubblica, la valutazione dell’HL richiede studi paese e area specifici, in quanto l’HL e le sue relazioni rappresentano un costrutto dinamico, che può variare da paese a paese. A tal proposito, in Italia, la ricerca sull’HL appare essere ancora agli inizi. Considerando i presupposti sopradescritti, il presente studio si è posto l’obiettivo generale di misurare il livello di Health literacy (HL) in un campione di popolazione generale adulta con domicilio sanitario nell’ex-ASL di Firenze, valutarne i predittori e le associazioni con gli outcome di salute, e validare nuovi strumenti di misura della HL per il contesto italiano. Nello specifico, il nostro studio si è concentrato sui seguenti tre obiettivi primari: 1. Obiettivo 1: valutare il livello di health literacy, i suoi predittori e le sue associazioni con gli outcome di salute in un campione di popolazione generale adulta attraverso lo strumento Newest Vital Sign (NVS-IT). 2. Obiettivo 2: Esaminare se l’health literacy costituisca una delle possibili vie attraverso cui i determinanti socio-economici influiscono sulla salute 3. Obiettivo 3: sviluppare e validare la versione short (HLS-EU-Q16) e short-short (HLS-EU-Q6) dello strumento di misura dell’HL utilizzato nella survey europea (HLS-EU-Q47). Tali obiettivi sono stati indagati attraverso il seguente protocollo di studio. Lo studio è stato condotto con un disegno osservazionale trasversale. Il campione di ricerca è stato arruolato tra i soggetti assistiti da 11 Medici di Medicina Generale (MMG) che operano nel territorio della ex-ASL di Firenze. I MMG sono stati scelti con un criterio di convenienza: la possibilità di partecipare allo studio è stata diffusa a tutti i MMG da parte dell’Ordine dei Medici Chirurghi di Firenze e i primi 11 MMG che hanno formalmente aderito all’iniziativa sono stati inseriti nel progetto. Lo studio ha previsto un campione di popolazione generale, selezionato in maniera casuale dagli elenchi degli assistiti dei MMG aderenti. Le dimensioni del campione (circa 450 soggetti) sono state stimate con studi di potenza campionaria. L’unico criterio d’inclusione è stato l’età compresa tra 18 e 69 anni (fascia di età normalmente inclusa nel sistema di sorveglianza PASSI, sistema di sorveglianza che indaga molti aspetti correlati alle finalità del nostro studio). Sono stati invece esclusi dallo studio coloro che risultavano affetti da malattie terminali, demenze o malattie psichiatriche gravi. Ogni soggetto arruolato è stato intervistato telefonicamente (durata media 20 minuti circa). L’intervista ha previsto la somministrazione di domande riguardanti caratteristiche demografiche e socio-economiche, lo stato di salute percepito e altri outcome di salute, e strumenti di misura dell’HL (NVS-IT e HLS-EU-Q16). Dalla esecuzione di tale protocollo di studio, sono stati ottenuti i risultati di seguito riassunti e illustrati per singolo obiettivo specifico: 1. Obiettivo 1: valutare il livello di health literacy, i suoi predittori e le sue associazioni con gli outcome di salute in un campione di popolazione generale adulta attraverso lo strumento NVS-IT. Introduzione: Il NVS è uno strumento di facile e veloce somministrazione sviluppato originariamente per valutare le capacità di base di HL nei contesti clinici. Ad oggi, le evidenze sull’HL (misurata con il NVS-IT) provenienti da studi condotti a livello di popolazione generale sono limitate nonostante possano fornire utili informazioni per programmare gli interventi di sanità pubblica. Metodi: l’HL è stata valutata con il NVS-IT. I predittori dell’HL e le sue associazioni con gli outcome di salute sono stati valutati attraverso modelli di regressione logistica multivariata. In particolare, sono state esaminate le seguenti variabili: caratteristiche demografiche e socio-economiche; presenza di malattie croniche; utilizzo di diverse tipologie di servizi sanitari negli ultimi 12 mesi; indice di massa corporea e stato di salute auto-percepito. Risultati: in totale, 452 soggetti hanno completato l’intervista (58,8% di genere femminile), di questi l’11,5% presenta alta possibilità di HL limitata, il 24,6% una possibilità di HL limitata e il 63,9% una HL adeguata. All’analisi multivariata, un’età più elevata (OR=1,07; C.I.95% 1,05–1,09), un titolo di studio più basso (OR=4,03; C.I.95% 3,41-7,49) e minori risorse finanziarie a disposizione (OR=1,64; C.I.95% 1,17-2,63) sono risultati aumentare significativamente l’odds di alta probabilità/possibilità di HL limitata. Inoltre, per quanto riguarda gli outcome di salute, all’analisi multivariata i soggetti con alta probabilità/possibilità di HL limitata sono risultati a maggior rischio di riportare un peggior stato di salute auto-percepito (OR=2,25; C.I.95% 1,75-2,75). Conclusioni: i risultati mostrano un buon livello di HL nella popolazione, tuttavia la presenza nei gruppi più fragili della popolazione (le persone più anziane, quelle meno istruite e quelle più povere) di un maggior rischio di HL limitata evidenzia l’importanza di progettare e attuare interventi e politiche sanitarie che tengano in considerazione il livello di HL di queste popolazioni. 2. Obiettivo 2: Esaminare se l’health literacy costituisca una delle possibili vie attraverso cui i determinanti socio-economici influiscono sulla salute. Introduzione: l’influenza dei fattori socio-economici sullo stato di salute è ben documentata, tuttavia i meccanismi con cui essi agiscono non sono ancora del tutto delucidati. Recentemente l’HL è stata proposta come una delle possibili vie attraverso cui i fattori socio-economici influenzano la salute, ad oggi però solo poche ricerche hanno concretamente esplorato questa ipotesi. Metodi: molteplici analisi di mediazione secondo il metodo proposto da Tingley e collaboratori sono state condotte utilizzando: i. le variabili “titolo di studio” e “risorse finanziarie a disposizione per arrivare alla fine del mese” come variabili indipendenti, ii. la variabile “stato di salute auto-percepito” come variabile dipendente e iii. le categorie di NVS come misura di HL. Tutti i modelli sono stati aggiustati per sesso ed età. Risultati: i risultati delle analisi hanno mostrato la presenza di un’associazione positiva tra variabili socio-economiche (titolo di studio e risorse finanziarie a disposizione) e salute auto-percepita (p<0,01 per entrambe le variabili). L’HL è risultata essere un mediatore parziale dell’associazione tra titolo di studio e un peggior stato di salute auto-percepita (proporzione mediata media dall’HL= 18,5%, p=0,02). Simili risultati sono stati evidenziati nella relazione tra risorse finanziarie a disposizione e peggior stato di salute auto-percepito (proporzione mediata media dall’HL= 12,9%, p=0,01). Conclusioni: i risultati suggeriscono che l’HL possa mediare in parte l’effetto che i determinanti socio-economici esercitano sullo stato di salute. Tale risultato permette di dare maggior comprensione ai meccanismi attraverso cui le disparità socio-economiche generano differenze nello stato salute. Inoltre, questo risultato suggerisce anche una possibile opzione di contrasto a tali diseguaglianze di salute: politiche e interventi mirati a aumentare il livello di HL nella popolazione o a rendere i sistemi sanitari più fruibili alle persone con bassa HL possono permettere di intercettare a metà del percorso l’azione dei determinanti socio-economici sulla salute, riducendone gli effetti. Tuttavia, viste le scarse evidenze presenti al momento in letteratura, ulteriori studi risultano necessari per confermare i nostri risultati, e per meglio caratterizzare il ruolo dell’HL come mediatore nella relazione tra determinanti socio-economici e stato di salute. 3. Obiettivo 3: sviluppare e validare la versione short (HLS-EU-Q16) e short-short (HLS-EU-Q6) dello strumento di misura dell’HL utilizzato nella survey europea (HLS-EU-Q47). Introduzione: recentemente sono stati sviluppati l’HLS-EU-Q16 e HLS-EU-Q6, strumenti di misurazione dell’HL pensati per la popolazione generale che permettono una valutazione approfondita dell’HL e delle sue varie dimensioni. Tale strumento è stato impiegato in numerosi Paesi europei, ma ad oggi una versione validata per il contesto italiano non è disponibile. Metodi: la versione italiana dell’HLS-EU-Q16 e HLS-EU-Q6 è stata sviluppata attraverso una procedura standardizzata di traduzione (backward-forward translation) eseguita da esperti nel settore di madre lingua italiana e inglese. Come misure di affidabilità delle scale (consistenza interna) è stato calcolato il coefficiente alpha di Cronbach. Sono state eseguite analisi di correlazione (Pearson or Spearman, a seconda della distribuzione normale o meno) tra i punteggi delle singole domande dell’HLS-EU-Q16, e tra i punteggi totali delle varie scale considerate (HLS-EU-Q16, HLS-EU-Q6, G-HL Index e NVS-IT). Le associazioni con gli antecedenti e outcome di salute sono state valutate attraverso il test del Chi2 o attraverso analisi di correlazione (Pearson o Spearman). Risultati: l’alpha di Cronbach per l’HLS-EU-Q16 e per l’HLS-EU-Q6 è risultato essere rispettivamente di 0.799 e di 0.672. L’HLS-EU-Q16 e l’HLS-EU-Q6 sono risultati essere fortemente correlati tra loro (Spearman rho: 0,861; p<0,05) ma non con il NVS-IT. Per quanto concerne la distribuzione dei livelli di HL nel campione, all’HLS-EU-Q16, l’11,8% dei partecipanti è risultato avere livelli di HL inadeguati, il 55,2% una HL problematica, mentre il 33% livelli adeguati di HL. Sia l’HLS-EU-Q16 che l’HLS-EU-Q6 sono risultati significativamente associati al titolo di studio, all’aver avuto educazione specifica e/o esperienza lavorativa nel settore sanitario e allo stato di salute auto-percepito. Conclusioni: i risultati ottenuti rappresentano le prime evidenze di affidabilità e validità degli strumenti HLS-EU-Q16 e HLS-EU-Q6 per la popolazione generale italiana. Rispetto ad altri studi pubblicati, si evidenziano alcune differenze nei livelli di HL e nei suoi antecedenti e conseguenti; tali differenze possono essere verosimilmente inquadrate nell’ambito delle specificità socio-culturali del contesto italiano. Tuttavia, per confermare questi primi risultati sono necessari ulteriori studi su campioni più ampi. In conclusione, il presente studio rappresenta uno dei primi tentativi di misurare l’HL a livello della popolazione generale italiana. I risultati ottenuti forniscono evidenze utili sia per programmare gli interventi di prevenzione delle malattie e di promozione della salute a livello comunitario, sia per migliorare l’efficacia della relazione medico-paziente a livello della dimensione assistenziale. In particolare, i risultati sottolineano l’importanza di pianificare interventi di educazione e promozione della salute volti a migliorare il livello di HL nella popolazione e di progettare servizi sanitari più fruibili alle persone con un basso livello di HL. Infine, lo studio ha permesso di validare per il contesto italiano nuovi strumenti di misurazione della HL. Tali strumenti permetteranno una più approfondita valutazione della health literacy, delle sue dimensioni e relazioni a livello della popolazione generale italiana, e consentiranno il confronto con i risultati di altri Paesi Europei.
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