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Tserashkou, D. V., V. M. Mitsura, E. V. Voropaev, and O. V. Osipkina. "VIRAL COINFECTIONS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B: THEIR PREVALENCE AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE." Hepatology and Gastroenterology 4, no. 2 (2020): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.25298/2616-5546-2020-4-2-171-176.
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Background. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a global public health problem. Objective – to analyze the prevalence of viral coinfections with human immunodefciency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis delta virus (HDV), TT-viruses and SENV in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and to assess their influence on liver disease severity. Material and methods. The observational cross-sectional study included 287 patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) – those with monoinfection and coinfected with HIV, HCV, HDV. Routine hematological and biochemical tests were performed, serum HBV DNA level as well as liver fbrosis stage were measured. Blood samples from 62 patients for Torque teno virus (TTV), Torque teno mini virus, Torque teno midi virus, SENV (D and H genotypes) DNAs were examined by polymerase chain reaction. Results. Among patients with CHB the prevalence of coinfection HBV + HIV is 6.6%, HBV + HCV – 6.3%, HBV + HDV – 3.8% and HBV + HDV + HCV – 1.7%. CHB patients coinfected with HIV, HCV, HDV had more pronounced biochemical differences and higher proportion of liver cirrhosis vs. HBV-monoinfected ones. The detection rate of TT viruses and their various combinations in patients with CHB is 91.9%, SENV – 66.1%. Conclusion. Coinfection with HIV, HCV, HDV in CHB patients is associated with more severe forms of chronic liver disease as compared to HBV-monoinfection. TT viruses and SENV are widespread and don’t affect the severity of liver disease in patients with CHB.
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Mustafin, R. N. "Prospects for the use of statins in antiviral therapy." Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 25, no. 1 (2023): 56–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.36488/cmac.2023.1.56-67.
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Inhibitors of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase, in addition to suppressing cholesterol synthesis, have an antiviral effect. Clinical studies have shown antiviral efficacy of statins against COVID-19, HCV, HBV, RSV, HIV, influenza viruses. The ability of statins to inhibit influenza viruses, COVID-19, RSV, HIV, as well as Ebola, Zika, Dengue, Coxsackie, rotaviruses, ADV, HDV, HHV was experimentally confirmed. Statins can also enhance the effects of antiviral drugs, making them more effective in treating infections. Therefore, the use of statins in the complex therapy of viral infections is promising. In addition, the role of influenza viruses, T-cell leukemia and herpesviruses, HIV, HBV, HCV, HPV in the development of atherosclerosis has been identified, so the use of statins in complex treatment is also necessary to correct endothelial dysfunction that occurs under the influence of viruses. Since the activity of retroelements that are evolutionarily related to exogenous viruses increases with aging, it has been suggested that retrotransposons can also be targets for statins. This is evidenced by a change in the expression of non-coding RNAs under the action of statins, since the key sources of non-coding RNAs are retroelements. This property may be an additional factor in the prescription of statins to increase life expectancy, in addition to the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis, since pathological activation of retroelements are the causes of aging. Viruses, like retroelements, are involved in the pathogenesis of malignant neoplasms, in the treatment of which statins have shown their effectiveness and the ability to enhance the effect of anticancer drugs, overcoming chemoresistance (similar to the potentiation of antiviral drugs). One of the mechanisms of this activity of statins may be their effect on retroelements and viruses.
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Kartashov, Mikhail Yu, Kirill A. Svirin, Ekaterina I. Krivosheina, Elena V. Chub, Vladimir A. Ternovoi, and Galina V. Kochneva. "Prevalence and molecular genetic characteristics of parenteral hepatitis B, C and D viruses in HIV positive persons in the Novosibirsk region." Problems of Virology 67, no. 5 (November 19, 2022): 423–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-133.
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Introduction. Parenteral viral hepatitis (B, C, D) and HIV share modes of transmission and risk groups, in which the probability of infection with two or more of these viruses simultaneously is increased. Mutual worsening of the course of viral infections is important issue that occurs when HIV positive patients are coinfected with parenteral viral hepatitis.
The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of HCV, HBV and HDV in HIV positive patients in the Novosibirsk region and to give molecular genetic characteristics of their isolates.
Materials and methods. Total 185 blood samples were tested for the presence of total antibodies to HCV, HCV RNA, HBV DNA and HDV RNA. The identified isolates were genotyped by amplification of the NS5B gene fragment for HCV, the polymerase gene for HBV and whole genome for HDV.
Results. The total antibodies to HCV were detected in 51.9% (95% CI: 44.758.9), HCV RNA was detected in 32.9% (95% CI: 26.639.5) of 185 studied samples. The distribution of HCV RNA positive cases completely repeated the distribution of HCV serological markers in different sex and age groups. The number of HCV infected among HIV positive patients increases with age. HCV subgenotypes distribution was as follows: 1b (52.5%), 3а (34.5%), 1а (11.5%), 2а (1.5%). 84.3% of detected HCV 1b isolates had C316N mutation associated with resistance to sofosbuvir and dasabuvir. The prevalence of HBV DNA in the studied samples was 15.2% (95% CI: 10.721.0). M204I mutation associated with resistance to lamivudine and telbivudine was identified in one HBV isolate. Two HDV isolates that belonged to genotype 1 were detected in HIV/HBV coinfected patients.
Conclusion. The data obtained confirm the higher prevalence of infection with parenteral viral hepatitis among people living with HIV in the Novosibirsk region compared to the general population of that region. The genetic diversity of these viruses among HIV infected individuals is similar to that observed in the general population.
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Basimane-Bisimwa, Parvine, Giscard Wilfried Koyaweda, Edgarthe Ngaïganam, Ulrich Vickos, Ornella Anne Demi Sibiro, Brice Martial Yambiyo, Benjamin Seydou Sombié, et al. "Seroprevalence and molecular characterization of viral hepatitis and HIV co-infection in the Central African Republic." PLOS ONE 19, no. 5 (May 9, 2024): e0291155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0291155.
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Background The Central African Republic (CAR) is one of the countries with the highest prevalence of viral hepatitis infection in the world. Coinfection with HIV increases the morbidity and mortality beyond that of mono-infection with either hepatitis or HIV. The present study describes the geographic distribution of viral hepatitis infections and molecular characterization of these viruses in the CAR. Methodology Out of 12,599 persons enrolled during the fourth Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey of 2010 in the CAR, 10,621 Dried Blood Spot (DBS) samples were obtained and stored at -20°C. Of these DBS, 4,317 samples were randomly selected to represent all regions of the CAR. Serological tests for hepatitis B, D, and C viruses were performed using the ELISA technique. Molecular characterization was performed to identify strains. Results Of the 4,317 samples included, 53.2% were from men and 46.8% from women. The HBsAg prevalence among participants was 12.9% and that HBc-Ab was 19.7%. The overall prevalence of HCV was 0.6%. Co-infection of HIV/HBV was 1.1% and that of HBV/HDV was 16.6%. A total of 77 HBV, 6 HIV, and 6 HDV strains were successfully sequenced, with 72 HBV (93.5%) strains belonging to genotype E and 5 (6.5%) strains belonging to genotype D. The 6 HDV strains all belonged to clade 1, while 4 recombinants subtype were identified among the 6 strains of HIV. Conclusion Our study found a high prevalence of HBV, HBV/HDV and HBV/HIV co-infection, but a low prevalence of HCV. CAR remains an area of high HBV endemicity. This study’s data and analyses would be useful for establishing an integrated viral hepatitis and HIV surveillance program in the CAR.
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Gurung, Kishor, T. P. Poudel, G. J. Shah, and D. Mishra. "Seroprevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus in Nepalgunj Medical College, Nepal." Journal of Nepalgunj Medical College 16, no. 1 (July 31, 2018): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngmc.v16i1.24233.
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Introduction: Human immune deficiency viruses (HIV), Hepatitis B viruses (HBV) and Hepatitis C viruses (HCV) are the three most common chronic viral pathogens known. The viruses have common routes of transmission (such as blood and blood products, sharing needles to inject drugs and sexual activities) and similar risk factors.
Aim and objective: The aim of study was to determine the seroprevalence of HIV, HBV and HCV in Kohalpur Teaching Hospital, Nepalgunj Medical College.
Materials and methods: This is a descriptive hospital based study. The study was conducted at Nepalgunj Medical College, KTH, Banke. In this study, 2865 were tested for HIV, 2849 were tested for HBV and 2950 were tested for HCV from 12-01-2017 to 06-07-2017.
Results: In case of HIV, 1781 (62.16%) were male and 1064 (37.84%) were female. The study revealed that in HIV reactive case was found to be 0.14% where 0.16% (3) were males and 0.09% (1) were females. In case of HBV, 1743 (61.18%) were males and 1106 (38.82%) were females. The prevalence of HBV reactive was found to be 1.65% where 1.2% (34) in male and 0.45% (13) in female. In case of HCV, 1200 (40.67%) were male and 1750 (59.33%) were female. The prevalence of HCV reactive was found to be 0.03% (1) which was only in female.
Conclusion: We found that the prevalence of HIV was more predominant in males 0.16% (3). The HBV was more prevalent followed by HIV and HCV and the prevalence of HBV in male was more 1.2% (34) as compared to females 0.45% (13).
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Groener, Albrecht, Thomas Nowak, and Wolfram Schäfer. "Two Virus Reduction Steps Are Inherent in the Manufacturing Process of Berinert P, a C1-Esterase-Inhibitor Concentrate." Blood 106, no. 11 (November 16, 2005): 4170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.4170.4170.
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Abstract The clinical picture of hereditary angio-edema (HAE) is characterized by acute attacks of circumscribed swellings of the skin and sub-mucosa which recur after symptomless intervals of days to years. Episodes of swelling may involve the upper respiratory tract, including the tongue, pharynx, and larynx. This contributes to the mortality of up to 30% (or more in some families) due to suffocation as complication of laryngeal edema. This increased vascular permeability and massive local uncontrolled edema is most probably caused by uncontrolled activation of the complement system and by increased formation of bradykinin and C2 kinin due to deficiency or complete absence of C1-esterase inhibitor (C1-INH). The first line therapy for treatment of an acute attack and for short-term prophylaxis is intravenous administration of a plasma-derived C1-INH concentrate (where licensed). Such a C1-INH product is Berinert® P, licensed in e.g., Germany, Switzerland, France, and Japan. As, in general, plasma-derived products may potentially transmit viruses, special care is taken to minimize this risk by careful selection of plasma collection centers and donors. Furthermore, each donation is tested thoroughly for the absence of hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV), and high titers of parvovirus B19 (B19V) by serological and/or NAT/PCR methods. In addition, the plasma pool for fractionation is tested and only released for further processing if the pool is non-reactive (negative) for HBsAg and non-reactive for antibodies against HCV and HIV-1/-2 as well as non-reactive for genomic sequences of HAV, HBV, HCV, HIV-1, and high titers of B19V (not exceeding 105 IU/ml). Selecting and testing the starting material for absence of blood borne viruses is a very important prerequisite to the production of the C1-INH concentrate; however, the manufacturing process of this product with its inherent capacity to inactivate and/or remove potentially present viruses in the plasma pool for fractionation complements the effort for a final product with a high margin of safety with regard to viruses. Two manufacturing steps - pasteurization (heat treatment of stabilized aqueous solution at 60°C for 10 hours) and hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) - were validated for their capacity to inactivate and/or remove viruses. In these laboratory studies, the relevant blood borne viruses or specific and non-specific model viruses were employed: HIV and HAV as viruses of risk, bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) as model virus for HCV and related viruses as West Nile virus (WNV), and canine parvovirus (CPV) as model virus for parvovirus B19 (B19V) demonstrating a very effective reduction of the infectivity by both manufacturing steps independently. Based on these virus validation studies it is evident that two complementary virus reduction steps are inherent in the manufacturing process of Berinert® P. Mean overall virus reduction factors for Berinert® P Virus Virus Reduction by Two Manufacturing Steps [log 10 ] HI Chromatography Pasteurization Overall Virus Reduction HIV ≥ 4.5 ≥ 6.6 ≥ 11.1 BVDV ≥ 5.1 ≥ 9.2 ≥ 14.3 PRV ≥ 6.7 6.6 ≥ 13.3 HAV ≥ 3.3 ≥6.4 ≥9.7 CPV 6.7 1.4 8.1 Furthermore, investigational studies demonstrate (i) an effective inactivation of B19V by pasteurization resulting in a virus reduction factor of ≥ 4.3 log10 and (ii) the removal of two different prion preparations by a single manufacturing step (microsomes and purified PrPSc by 3.1 log10 and 3.2 log10, respectively). Therefore, a high safety margin for pathogens can be attributed to Berinert® P.
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Tekin, Suda, Gule Cınar, Orcun Barkay, and Ilhami Celik. "HBV and HCV Coinfection in Patients Living with HIV." Klimik Dergisi/Klimik Journal 36, no. 1 (March 21, 2023): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.36519/kd.2023.4473.
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Coinfection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals results in increased hepatic complications. HBV and HIV viruses are transmitted by blood and unprotected sexual intercourse. People with HIV and HBV coinfection are at increased risk for liver-related morbidity and mortality. HCV-related liver injury progresses more rapidly among people coinfected with HIV. HCV coinfection may also affect the management of HIV infection. This review aims to go over the management of HIV-HCV and HIV-HBV coinfections.
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Sattarova, Gulsunai. "PREVALENCE AND GENOTYPES OF HEPATITIS B AND C VIRUS AMONG HIV-INFECTED PEOPLE." Alatoo Academic Studies 23, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 497–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.17015/aas.2023.233.50.
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Viruses of parenteral hepatitis HBV, HCV and human immunodeficiency (HIV) are characterized by similar transmission routes and risk groups, in which the probability of acquiring two or more of these infections at once is increased. The aim of the research is to study the prevalence and determine the genotypes of hepatitis B and C virus circulating among HIV-infected people. The results of the studies show a high prevalence of HCV markers (HCV – 45% and HBV- 16%) among HIV-infected people. Co-infected patients had high viral replication of HBV (60%) and HCV (62.7%). Аlso by molecular genetic method, HBV DNA was detected among HBsAg negative and HCV RNA in the absence of anti- HCV. Among those co-infected with HIV+HCV, genotype 1b of hepatitis C virus prevailed so the proportion of the total number was 45.7%. Among those co-infected with HIV+HBV, genotype D of the hepatitis B virus prevailed, which amounted to 70%. The genetic diversity of variants of hepatitis B and C viruses among HIV-infected people is similar to the diversity observed in the general population of the republic.
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Oliveira, Silvano Barbosa de, Edgar Merchan-Hamann, and Leila Denise Alves Ferreira Amorim. "HIV/AIDS coinfection with the hepatitis B and C viruses in Brazil." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 30, no. 2 (February 2014): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00010413.
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The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of HIV/HBV and HIV/HCV coinfections among AIDS cases reported in Brazil, and to describe the epidemiological profile of these cases. Coinfection was identified through probabilistic record linkage of the data of all patients carrying the HIV virus recorded as AIDS patients and of those patients reported as carriers of hepatitis B or C virus in various databases from the Brazilian Ministry of Health from 1999 to 2010. In this period 370,672 AIDS cases were reported, of which 3,724 were HIV/HBV coinfections. Women are less likely to become coinfected than men and the chance of coinfection increases with age. This study allowed an important evaluation of HBV/HIV and HCV/HIV coinfections in Brazil using information obtained via merging secondary databases from the Ministry of Health, without conducting seroprevalence research. The findings of this study might be important for planning activities of the Brazilian epidemiologic surveillance agencies.
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Larke, RP Bryce. "Blood Borne Viral Infections in Transplantation: Hepatitis Viruses and Retroviruses." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 4, suppl c (1993): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1993/248042.
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Hepatitis viruses B (HBV), C (HCV) and D (HDV) and the retroviruses human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) and human T celllymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-1) and type ll (HTLV-11) have been transmitted from infected organ and tissue donors to allograft recipients. Ascertainment of personal risk factors by health questionnaire may exclude volunteer blood donors recently exposed to transmissible diseases who could be in the 'window period' of the infection, when routine serological screening tests are negative. Difficulty in obtaining historical evidence of possible recent exposure from a critically ill prospective organ donor may make the residual risk of infection slightly higher than the risk estimated per unit of transfused products from serologically screened volunteer blood donors. Current estimates of residual risk from transfusion based on United States data are: one in 200,000 units for HBV; one in 2000 to one in 6000 units for HCV; one in 40.000 lo one in 60,000 units for HIV-1; and one in 69,272 units for HTLV-1/11. Despite recent improvements in anti-HCV testing, current screening assays underestimate the incidence of transmission and prevalence of HCV infection among immunosuppressed organ recipients: evidence of ongoing HCV infection depends on detection of HCV RNA by polymerase chain reaction. Determination of I-IIV-1 p24 antigen may facilitate identification of prospective organ donors in ll1e window period of early infection and may enhance serological follow-up of allograft recipients al risk of transplantation-associated HIV-1 infection. Highly sensitive assays that can be completed very rapidly are needed to ensure greater safely for the recipient of an emergency organ transplant, where time to screen a prospective donor for infectious diseases may be extremely limited.
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Mulherkar, Tania H., Daniel Joseph Gómez, Grace Sandel, and Pooja Jain. "Co-Infection and Cancer: Host–Pathogen Interaction between Dendritic Cells and HIV-1, HTLV-1, and Other Oncogenic Viruses." Viruses 14, no. 9 (September 14, 2022): 2037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14092037.
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Dendritic cells (DCs) function as a link between innate and adaptive immune responses. Retroviruses HIV-1 and HTLV-1 modulate DCs to their advantage and utilize them to propagate infection. Coinfection of HTLV-1 and HIV-1 has implications for cancer malignancies. Both viruses initially infect DCs and propagate the infection to CD4+ T cells through cell-to-cell transmission using mechanisms including the formation of virologic synapses, viral biofilms, and conduits. These retroviruses are both neurotrophic with neurovirulence determinants. The neuropathogenesis of HIV-1 and HTLV-1 results in neurodegenerative diseases such as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Infected DCs are known to traffic to the brain (CNS) and periphery (PNS, lymphatics) to induce neurodegeneration in HAND and HAM/TSP patients. Elevated levels of neuroinflammation have been correlated with cognitive decline and impairment of motor control performance. Current vaccinations and therapeutics for HIV-1 and HTLV-1 are assessed and can be applied to patients with HIV-1-associated cancers and adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). These diseases caused by co-infections can result in both neurodegeneration and cancer. There are associations with cancer malignancies and HIV-1 and HTLV-1 as well as other human oncogenic viruses (EBV, HBV, HCV, HDV, and HPV). This review contains current knowledge on DC sensing of HIV-1 and HTLV-1 including DC-SIGN, Tat, Tax, and current viral therapies. An overview of DC interaction with oncogenic viruses including EBV, Hepatitis viruses, and HPV is also provided. Vaccines and therapeutics targeting host–pathogen interactions can provide a solution to co-infections, neurodegeneration, and cancer.
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Qədir qızı Əbilova, Rübayə, Gülnarə Alışa qızı Cəfərova, and Hafiz Maarif oğlu Osmanov. "The role of viruses and bacteria in the development of cancer." NATURE AND SCIENCE 11, no. 06 (August 23, 2021): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2707-1146/11/5-10.
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Recently, there have been some scientific studies proving the role of viruses and bacteria in the development of cancer. Among them are eighteen types of pathogens (Helicobacter pylori, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Opisthorchis viverrini, Clonorchis sinensis, Schistosoma haematobium, human papillomavirus (HPV), Barr (EBV) virus, Ephthia virus-human cell 1 (HTLV-1), human herpes virus type 8 (HHV-8) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), belong to group 1 carcinogens. Further study of the role of viruses and bacteria in the development of cancer is of great importance for the early prevention of cancer. Key words: cancer, viruses, bacteria
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MENDES-CORRÊA, Maria Cássia J., Antonio Alci BARONE, Norma de Paula CAVALHEIRO, Fátima Mitiko TENGAN, and Cristina GUASTINI. "Prevalence of hepatitis B and C in the sera of patients with HIV infection in São Paulo, Brazil." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 42, no. 2 (April 2000): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652000000200004.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of hepatitis B and C viruses in a group of HIV infected patients, followed at a single institution since 1996. 1,693 HIV positive patients (1,162 male, 531 female) were tested for HBV infection. Virological markers for HBV included HBsAg and total anti-HBc by ELISA. 1,457 patients (1,009 male, 448 female) were tested for HCV infection. Detection of HCV antibodies was carried out by ELISA. A sample of HCV antibody positive patients was tested for HCV by PCR to confirm infection. Of 1,693 patients tested for HBV, 654 (38.6%) and 96 (5.7%) were anti-HBc and HBsAg positive, respectively. Of 1,457 patients tested for HCV, 258 (17.7%) were anti-HCV positive. 82 of these patients were also tested by PCR and 81 were positive (98%). Of 1,411 patients tested for HBV and HCV 26 (1.8%) were positive for both viruses.
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Wang, Fang, Yu Sun, Jishou Ruan, Rui Chen, Xin Chen, Chengjie Chen, Jan F. Kreuze, ZhangJun Fei, Xiao Zhu, and Shan Gao. "Using Small RNA Deep Sequencing Data to Detect Human Viruses." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2596782.
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Small RNA sequencing (sRNA-seq) can be used to detect viruses in infected hosts without the necessity to have any prior knowledge or specialized sample preparation. The sRNA-seq method was initially used for viral detection and identification in plants and then in invertebrates and fungi. However, it is still controversial to use sRNA-seq in the detection of mammalian or human viruses. In this study, we used 931 sRNA-seq runs of data from the NCBI SRA database to detect and identify viruses in human cells or tissues, particularly from some clinical samples. Six viruses including HPV-18, HBV, HCV, HIV-1, SMRV, and EBV were detected from 36 runs of data. Four viruses were consistent with the annotations from the previous studies. HIV-1 was found in clinical samples without the HIV-positive reports, and SMRV was found in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma cells for the first time. In conclusion, these results suggest the sRNA-seq can be used to detect viruses in mammals and humans.
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Ostankova, Yu V., A. V. Semenov, E. B. Zueva, E. N. Serikova, A. N. Shchemelev, D. E. Valutite, H. Khanh Thu Huynh, and A. A. Totolian. "Prevalence of hepatitis B and D viruses in HIV-infected persons in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam." HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders 14, no. 1 (May 17, 2022): 46–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2022-14-1-46-58.
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The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B and D viruses among HIV-infected residents of South Vietnam.Materials and methods. The study material was represented by 316 blood serum samples collected from HIV-infected residents of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam taking antiretroviral therapy. The subjects were examined for the presence of HBV markers with a qualitative detection of HBsAg, HBs IgG, HBcore IgG, anti-HDV, DNA HBV, and RNA HDV. HBV and HDV complete genomes nucleotide sequences were obtained for 23 samples from HIV+HBV+HDV co-infected patients. Amplification and subsequent sequencing of HBV and HDV were performed using nested PCR with pair’s overlapping primers jointly flanking the complete HBV and HDV genomes, respectively.Results. Serological markers of HBV and HDV were presented in the following ratios: HBsAg — 9.17%, anti-HBs Ig G — 10.44%, anti-HBcore Ig G — 42.08%, total anti-HDV — 9.81%. HBV DNA was detected in 32.58% of cases, including 23.41% of HBsAg-negative individuals. HDV RNA was detected in 24.13% of HBsAg-positive individuals and 21.62% of HBsAg-negative, which amounted to 22.33% of HBV-positive individuals and 7.27% of the total group, respectively. In phylogenetic analysis, HBV subgenotype B4 (60.89%) prevailed among HIV-infected patients compared to C1 (21.73%), B2 (8.7%), C2 (4.34%) and C5 (4.34%). Phylogenetic analysis of HDV nucleotide sequences showed the prevalence of HDV genotype 1 (78.26%) compared to genotype 2 (21.74%). The hepatitis Delta virus prevalence in patients with HIV+HBV coinfection, and the prevalence of seronegative HDV in patients with OBI indicate the need to use PCR in hepatitis highly endemic regions for hepatitis B and hepatitis D screening of the general population and especially those at-risk groups.
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Todović, Ljiljana, M. Vujović, B. Drakul, and N. Hadživuković. "Blood transmitted diseases prevention and prophylaxis after exposure." Inspirium, no. 9 (2014): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/insp1411024t.
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Infections transmitted by blood are infections where the infectious agent from the blood of one person is transmitted to the other person. These infections usually occur in hospitals and other places of hospitality. A large number of pathogens are transmitted through blood. Except of bacteria and viruses, as the most common pathogens that are transmitted through blood, there has been proven the transfer of the fungus, parasites and spirochetes through blood. Viruses that are the most frequently transmitted through blood and represent the highest risk of infection are: Hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The primary way to prevent transmission HBV, HCV and HIV in hospitals is to avoid occupational exposure of blood. You need to know that for HBV, HCV and HIV infection exist post exposure prophylaxis (PEP), which refers to a set of measures and procedures which prevent the transmission of pathogens transmitted through blood and other body fluids individuals who are infected.
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Danis, K., L. Doherty, M. McCartney, J. McCarrol, and H. Kennedy. "Hepatitis and HIV in Northern Ireland prisons: a cross-sectional study." Eurosurveillance 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.12.01.00674-en.
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A study was undertaken in Northern Ireland (NI) prisons to (i) determine prevalence of bloodborne viruses among inmates, (ii) estimate the extent of self-reported risk behaviours. All three prisons in NI were included in the study. Outcome measures included (i) antibodies to hepatitis C (HCV), hepatitis B (HBV) core antigen, HIV, (ii) self-reported risk behaviour. Five prisoners (0.75 %) tested positive for HBV, seven (1.1%) for HCV and none for HIV. Eleven per cent reported ever having injected drugs. Of these, 20% had started injecting while in prison, and 12% shared injecting equipment in prison. Two per cent had completed HBV immunisation. Injecting drugs was associated with HCV (adjusted prevalence ratio=5.2; 95% CI 0.9-16) and HBV infection (adjusted prevalence ratio=4.1; 95% CI 0.7-23). The low prevalence of bloodborne viruses within NI prisons is not consistent with findings of studies in other countries, possibly reflecting the unique sociopolitical situation in NI. In spite of knowledge of the risks of transmission of bloodborne viruses in prison, high-risk practices are occurring. Preventing risk behaviours and transmission of infection in prisons now poses a challenge for health services in the United Kingdom.
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Poondi, Nivedha, Jysheng Hou, Sarah M. Michienzi, Mahesh C. Patel, and Melissa E. Badowski. "939. Immunity to Hepatitis A and/or Hepatitis B Viruses Among Inmates Living with HIV." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.1125.
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Abstract Background Hepatitis A (HAV) and B viruses (HBV) are vaccine-preventable diseases where screening upon entry into prison provides an ideal public health opportunity to assess vaccination status and administer vaccination while incarcerated. Methods A retrospective, electronic medical record review evaluated incarcerated adults receiving human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) telemedicine care in 26 prisons in Illinois, USA, from 01/01/19 through 12/31/19. Included subjects were living with HIV, incarcerated in the Illinois Department of Corrections (IDOC), and had available data for HAV/HBV serologies, viral load, and CD4 count during incarceration. The primary objective was to assess rates of HAV and/or HBV immunity in individuals with HIV. The secondary objective was to assess factors associated with vaccination status. Statistical analysis included Chi-squared testing and descriptive statistics. Results Among the 524 patients analyzed, the majority were Black men (75%) with an average age of 44 years. 429 patients had existing data for HAV vaccination where 79% had documented immunity. 397 patients had existing data for HBV vaccination where 5% had HBV infection, 1.4% had an equivocal HBV surface antibody and negative HBV surface antigen, and 70% had documented immunity. In total, 387 patients had existing data for HAV and HBV vaccination status where 213 (55%) were immune to both HAV and HBV while (7%) had no immunity to both HAV and HBV. Immunity did not vary based on CD4 count, age, gender, or race (p > 0.05). Conclusion Assessing serologies and providing Hepatitis A and B vaccinations while incarcerated, where indicated, can increase immunity to these vaccine-preventable viruses and thereby reduce transmission of HAV and HBV. This is of particular importance for patients living with HIV as this is an indication for vaccination. Based on these findings, the telemedicine study team has been able to assess serologies and advocate for vaccination for inmates living with HIV entering the IDOC. Over time, we expect our interventions to result in further improvements in rates of immunity. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures
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Latkovic, Marina. "Postexposition prophylaxis for hepatotropic viruses (HBV and HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)." Serbian Dental Journal 57, no. 4 (2010): 212–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sgs1004212l.
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A serious occupational risk of transmitting viral infections caused by hepatotropic viruses, such as hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is present in dental practice. The risk of exposure to blood and a variety of pathogenic agents is significantly higher in health care workers. The aim of this study was to present the guidelines in the case of risk contact with potentially infectious material containing hepatotropic viruses (HBV and HCV) and HIV in dental practice. As those viruses cause serious infections, immediately after the exposure (up to 24 hours) it is necessary to visit the referent institution for Postexposition Prophylaxis (PEP) implementation. Complete dental team should be familiar with PEP protocol. PEP should be administered by specialist of infectious diseases who assesses the degree of risk contact. Because of possibly serious complications due to infection by hepatotropic viruses, all health workers should received a vaccine against HBV. Instructions regarding the control testing and counseling are provided by a physician who prescribed PEP. A health worker in Serbia can contact Clinic for Infectious Diseases in Belgrade, Novi Sad and Nis, if PEP is needed.
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Yang, Nancy Yi, Anthony Y. Y. Hsieh, Zhuo Chen, Amber R. Campbell, Izabella Gadawska, Fatima Kakkar, Laura Sauve, et al. "Chronic and Latent Viral Infections and Leukocyte Telomere Length across the Lifespan of Female and Male Individuals Living with or without HIV." Viruses 16, no. 5 (May 10, 2024): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v16050755.
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Background: Chronic/latent viral infections may accelerate immunological aging, particularly among people living with HIV (PLWH). We characterized chronic/latent virus infections across their lifespan and investigated their associations with leukocyte telomere length (LTL). Methods: Participants enrolled in the CARMA cohort study were randomly selected to include n = 15 for each decade of age between 0 and >60 y, for each sex, and each HIV status. Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), and HSV-2 infection were determined serologically; HIV, hepatitis C (HCV), and hepatitis B (HBV) were self-reported. LTLs were measured using monochrome multiplex qPCR. Associations between the number of viruses, LTL, and sociodemographic factors were assessed using ordinal logistic and linear regression modeling. Results: The study included 187 PLWH (105 female/82 male) and 190 HIV-negative participants (105 female/84 male), ranging in age from 0.7 to 76.1 years. Living with HIV, being older, and being female were associated with harbouring a greater number of chronic/latent non-HIV viruses. Having more infections was in turn bivariately associated with a shorter LTL. In multivariable analyses, older age, living with HIV, and the female sex remained independently associated with having more infections, while having 3–4 viruses (vs. 0–2) was associated with a shorter LTL. Conclusions: Our results suggest that persistent viral infections are more prevalent in PLWH and females, and that these may contribute to immunological aging. Whether this is associated with comorbidities later in life remains an important question.
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Movaghar, Nahid T., Saber Mojarrad, Hadi R. Shahraki, Mohammadreza Nazari, Mahtab Hadadi, and Mohammad Motamedifar. "Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and Human Immunodeficiency Viruses in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients, Southern Iran." Current Immunology Reviews 16, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573395516999200819164045.
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Background: Hemodialysis [HD] patients are more prone to blood-borne viruses, such as hepatitis B virus [HBV], hepatitis C virus [HCV], and, to a lesser extent, Human Immunodeficiency Virus [HIV]. Chronic HBV and HCV infections are associated with liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and early graft failure after kidney transplantation. As there was no recent information, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV infection in HD patients in Fars province, southern Iran. This could help health policymakers to run more effective infection control practices for reducing such blood-borne virus infections, if necessary. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 906 HD patients in Fars province, southern Iran. A total of 906 blood samples were obtained from patients and diagnostic tests of HBV, HCV, and HIV were done. Demographic data and some other information, such as duration of dialysis, were extracted from the patients’ medical records. Data were analyzed in SPSS, version 18. Results: Out of the patients enrolled in the study, 547 [60.4%] were male and 359 [39.6%] female. The mean ± SD age of the patients was 58.0 ± 15.8 years. The prevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV infection was 0.88%, 0.55% and 0.44%, respectively. HIV-infected subjects were significantly younger than the HIV-negative group [P <0.017]. Conclusion: It seems that Fars is among the provinces with low HBV and HCV prevalence in HD patients in comparison to other provinces of Iran. On the other hand, HIV prevalence here is higher than other provincial studies. Strict adherence to preventive infection control measures is recommended in HD centers.
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Feoktistova, E. P., D. Yu Konstantinov, E. S. Malova, and I. P. Balmasova. "Contagious order as a risk factor for liver fibrosis progression in co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B and C viruses." Journal Infectology 15, no. 4 (January 11, 2024): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22625/2072-6732-2023-15-4-85-94.
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In triple co-infection with HIV/HCV/HBV, the prognosis is significantly poorer and life expectancy is lower because of the rapid progression of liver fibrosis or development of hepatocellular carcinoma. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that one of the risk factors for the unfavorable course of HIV/HCV/HBV co-infection is contagious order and the interval between coinfections. The study analyzed anamnestic data and the results of direct follow-up of 97 patients co-infected with HIV/HCV/HBV for 1-2 years. Patients were divided into three study groups: (1) HIV as the first pathogen, (2) HCV as the first pathogen, and (3) HBV as the first pathogen. For each patient, the period (in years) between the acquisition of the first and subsequent pathogens was considered. During the fol-low-up period, viral HIV, HCV, and HBV load was assessed by PCR, and annual transient liver fibro-elastometry was performed to determine the fibrosis stage using the METAVIR scoring system. The risk of progressive liver fibrosis in HIV/HCV/HBV co-infection is higher when HIV or HBV is the first pathogen, but the interval between the acquisition of HBV and other viruses is 10 years. Meanwhile, a stable course of liver fibrosis is associated with an HBV viral load of >7,200 copies/ml. In the risk group, the most effective antiretroviral therapy was a combination of reverse transcriptase inhibitors, HIV protease inhibitors, and direct antiviral (anti-HCV) drugs. Therefore, the order of infection and intervals between pathogen acquisition in triple co-infection with HIV/HCV/HBV have a significant effect on liver fibrosis progression, which requires specific approaches to the organization of diagnostic tests and the control of antiretroviral therapy.
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Ostankova, Yulia V., Alexander N. Shchemelev, Sanaba Boumbaly, Thierno A. L. Balde, Elena B. Zueva, Diana E. Valutite, Elena N. Serikova, et al. "Prevalence of HIV and Viral Hepatitis Markers among Healthcare Workers in the Republic of Guinea." Diagnostics 13, no. 3 (January 19, 2023): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13030378.
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Healthcare workers are much more likely to be infected with HIV and hepatitis viruses compared to the general population. Although healthcare workers are more aware of HIV and hepatitis viruses, several countries in Africa lack a comprehensive grasp of disease routes and transmission risks. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of the serological and molecular biological markers of HIV and viral hepatitis among healthcare workers in the Republic of Guinea. The study material was 74 blood serum samples collected from healthcare workers who received additional training at the Institute of Applied Biological Research of Guinea (IRBAG, Kindia, Republic of Guinea). The markers examined included HBsAg, HBeAg, anti-HBs IgG, anti-HBcore IgG, anti-HCV qualitative determination, anti-HEV IgM and IgG, anti-HAV IgM and IgG, and anti-HIV. For viral DNA and RNA detection, nucleic acids were extracted from blood serum, and viral presence was inferred using real-time PCR with hybridization fluorescence detection. A high prevalence of viral hepatitis B markers was shown, and significantly fewer cases of viral hepatitis C and HIV were detected. Almost all examined medical workers had anti-HAV IgG antibodies, but no antibodies to hepatitis E virus. Apparently, the identified markers depend on the general prevalence of certain pathogens in the region and are associated with the traditions and characteristics of the country’s residents.
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Simpore, Abibou, Alice Kiba-Koumare, Arzouma Paul Yooda, Abel Pegdwendé Sorgho, Abdou Azaque Zoure, Valerie Bapio Bazie, Prosper Bado, et al. "Prevalence of serological markers for Hepatitis B and C Viruses, human immuno-deficiency virus and Treponema pallidum among blood donors in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 16, no. 1 (June 8, 2022): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v16i1.2.
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In Sub-Saharan Africa, transfusion safety remains a challenge due to the high endemicity of blood-borne infections. This study aimed to determining the seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), and Treponema pallidum among blood donors in Ouagadougou. This was a retrospective study in blood donor. HIV 1/2 and HCV antibodies and HBsAg were screened and confirmed with two ELISA (Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay). While T. pallidum antibodies were also screened and confirmed with two serology tests. Only samples positive for both tests were counted as positive. Prevalence rates were calculated among first-time blood donors. Of 63,779 registered blood donors, 54,113 (84.84%) were first-time donors. Overall seroprevalences of HIV, HBV, HCV and Treponema pallidum were 2.56%, 11.87%, 5.89% and 3.22% respectively. Seroprevalences of HIV-HBV, HBV-HCV, HBV- T. pallidum and HIV-HBV-HCV co-infections were 0.36; 1.21; 0.54 and 0.02 respectively. The study reports that HIV, HBV, HCV and Treponema pallidum seroprevalences remain high among blood donors. These results highlight a potential infectious risk to blood products recipients.
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Latkovic, Marina. "Prevention of viral infection transmission in dental practice." Serbian Dental Journal 61, no. 4 (2014): 210–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sgs1404210l.
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The risk of transmission of viral infections in dentistry has caused great public fear both among patients and dentists. This is primarily related to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis viruses (HBV and HCV), which can cause many complications. This problem is particularly important in dental practice where the appropriate protection during all dental procedures is required. The application of preventive measures against blood-borne infections (HIV, HBV and HCV) may prevent transmission of these infectious agents during dental intervention. The aim of this study was to emphasize possible ways of transmission and advise prevention and protection measures against HIV, HBV and HCV infections in dental practice.
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Dwek, Nicole Zitzmann, Joanne M. O'Leary and Raymond A. "Glycobiology against viruses: Antiviral drug discovery." Biochemist 28, no. 3 (June 1, 2006): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio02803023.
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Most aspects of glycobiology play important roles in the ‘life’ of viruses, for example in the correct folding of their envelope glycoproteins as well as in immune representation and escape. The pathogenicity of three major human pathogens, HCV (hepatitis C virus), HBV (hepatitis B virus) and HIV, which collectively infect more than 560 million people worldwide, is dependent on their glycoproteins. As the sugars (or glycans) that the viruses rely on are supplied by the host cell, we can exploit our knowledge of glycobiology to target this apparent Achilles' heel of these viruses.
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Dagnew, Mulat, Yihenew Million, Mucheye Gizachew, Setegn Eshetie, Gashaw Yitayew, Lakachew Asrade, Mulat Adefris, Feleke Moges, and Moges Tiruneh. "Hepatitis B and C Viruses’ Infection and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care in Hospitals in the Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia." International Journal of Microbiology 2020 (October 9, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8848561.
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Introduction. Hepatitis virus infection is a major public health burden and silent killer disease in sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of hepatitis B and C viruses and associated factors among pregnant women attending an antenatal clinic in three tertiary hospitals in Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1121 pregnant women. Data on sociodemographic and associated factors were collected using a structured questionnaire. Serum samples were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-hepatitis C virus antibody (anti-HCV) using ELISA. SPSS version 20 was used for data analysis, and a multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between factors associated with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis virus C infection. Results. A total of 1121 pregnant women were included in the study. The mean age of study participants was 27.2 ± 4.8 yrs. The majority of pregnant women (895 (79.8%)) were from urban areas. The overall seroprevalence of HBsAg and anti-HCV antibody was 52 (4.6%) and 18 (1.6%), respectively. The coinfection rate of HBV/HCV was 1.4% (1/69). Ten (19.2%) of HBV positive cases were coinfected with HIV. There were no coinfections of HCV and HIV. Interestingly, pregnant women with a history of multiple sexual partners (AOR = 3.2, 95% CI, 1.7–7.6), blood transfusion (AOR = 7.6, 95% CI, 2.9–16.9), family history of HBV (AOR = 3.5, 95% CI, 1.7–7.6), being HIV-positive (AOR = 2.5, 95% CI, 1–5.9), and tattooing (AOR = 2, 95% CI, 1–3.8) were significant predictors of HBV infection. Similarly, young age (17–25 yrs) (AOR = 3.2, 95% CI, 1.8–8.6) and no educational background (AOR = 5, 95 CI, 1.7–14.8) were significant predictors of HCV infection. Conclusions. Hepatitis B and C viruses’ infection was intermediate among pregnant women; some risk factors were significantly associated with the majority of cases. Infants born from these infected mothers are at risk of infection. This calls for screening and integration of HBV prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) into HIV. Thus, the provision of health education on hepatitis B and C viruses’ transmission, vaccination, and screening of all pregnant women routinely are essential for the prevention of these viruses.
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Hoyos-Orrego, Alvaro, Mónica Massaro-Ceballos, Marta Ospina-Ospina, Carolina Gómez-Builes, Nora Vanegas-Arroyave, Juan Tobón-Pereira, Javier Jaramillo-Hurtado, and María Teresa Rugeles-López. "Serological markers and risk factors for hepatitis B and C viruses in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 48, no. 6 (December 2006): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652006000600004.
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Both hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses (HBV and HCV) infection are common in HIV-infected individuals as a result of shared risk factors for acquisition. A serological study for HBV and HCV was performed in 251 HIV-positive individuals from Medellín, Colombia. A qualitative RT-PCR for HCV was done in 90 patients with CD4+ T-cell count < 150 per mm³. Serological markers for HBV infection were present in 97 (38.6%) patients. Thirty six of them (37.1%) had isolated anti-HBc. A multivariate analysis indicated that the following risk factors were significantly associated with the presence of these markers: age (OR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01-1.08), pediculosis pubis (OR = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.01-3.33), men who have sex with men and women (OR = 3.23, 95% CI: 1.46-7.13) and men who have sex only with men (OR = 3.73, 95% CI: 1.58-8.78). The same analysis restricted to women showed syphilis as the only significant risk factor. Thus, HBV infection was considerably associated with high risk sexual behavior. HCV was present in only two (0.8%) of HIV patients. Both of them were positive by RT-PCR and anti-HCV. This low frequency of HIV/HCV coinfection was probably due to the uncommon intravenous drug abuse in this population. The frequent finding of isolated anti-HBc warrants molecular approaches to rule out the presence of cryptic HBV infection.
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Baruti, Kabo, Wonderful T. Choga, Bonolo B. Phinius, Basetsana Phakedi, Lynnette Bhebhe, Gorata G. A. Mpebe, Patience C. Motshosi, et al. "Impact of Hepatitis Delta Virus Infection on the Selection of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Mutations." Genes 15, no. 8 (July 25, 2024): 982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes15080982.
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The interaction of multiple viruses in one host is thought to enhance the development of mutations. However, the impact of hepatitis D virus (HDV) positivity on the development of unique hepatitis B virus (HBV) mutations among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLWH) remains poorly understood in African countries, including Botswana. We used HBV sequences generated from the Botswana Combination Prevention Project (BCPP), which is the largest pair-matched cluster-randomized HIV trial in Botswana. Only participants with available HBV sequences (n = 55) were included in our study ([HIV/HBV-positive (n = 50) and HIV/HBV/HDV-positive (n = 5)]. Geno2pheno was used to determine HBV genotypes, and HBV surface region sequences (all subgenotype A1) were aligned in AliView for mutational analysis, while the impact of mutations was assessed using Phyre2. Our results identified 182 common mutations between the two groups. In the HIV/HBV/HDV cohort, only three mutations (L95W, W156Q, C221Y) were classified as deleterious, with only L95W being the most frequent. In the HIV/HBV cohort, four mutations (W199R, C221A, C221S, W223G) were also classified as deleterious. Our results demonstrate the presence of unique HBV mutations among the HIV/HBV/HDV-positive cohort. Functional characterization of these mutations is recommended to determine their effect on HDV.
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Ichimura, Hiroshi, Osamu Kurimura, Ikuo Tamura, Ichiro Tsukue, Hideaki Tsuchie, and Takashi Kurimura. "Prevalence of Blood-Borne Viruses among Intravenous Drug Users and Alcoholics in Hiroshima, Japan." International Journal of STD & AIDS 6, no. 6 (November 1995): 441–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095646249500600613.
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Summary: We investigated the prevalence of human immunodeficiency viruses-1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2), human T-lymphotropic virus type I and II, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis D virus among intravenous drug users (IVDU) in Hiroshima, Japan, where little is known about their present levels. From June to December 1993, serum samples were collected from 47 IVDU and 98 alcoholics in Hiroshima, Japan, and examined for markers of virus infection. The prevalence of antibody to HCV (anti-HCV) and/or HCV-RNA was significantly higher in IVDU than alcoholics (74.5% vs 20.4%, 44.7% vs 10.2% respectively, P < 0.001). In contrast, the prevalence of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen and/or core antigen (anti-HBs and/or anti-HBc) showed no significant difference between the 2 groups (57.4% vs 66.3%). HIV-1 infection was found in one (2.1%) IVDU and genome analysis indicated that it was subtype B according to Myers' classification. Thus, an extremely low level of HIV infection and a high level of HCV infection was found in IVDU. Careful follow-up of this group is thought to be needed to minimize an outbreak of HIV-1 infection in Japan.
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Hibbert, Matthew, Ruth Simmons, Peter Dearman, James Lester, Annabel Powell, Cuong Chau, Clare Humphreys, et al. "Testing for Hepatitis B and C virus and HIV in mental healthcare settings in England between 2015–2021." PLOS Mental Health 1, no. 2 (July 10, 2024): e0000011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmen.0000011.
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People living with severe mental illness have an increased prevalence of bloodborne viruses (BBVs) such as hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C viruses (HCV), and HIV. To help improve the physical health of people living with severe mental illness, we aim to understand associations with BBV testing and treatment provision among those tested in mental healthcare settings in England. HBV surface antigen [HBsAg], antibody HCV [anti-HCV] and HIV testing and demographic information pertaining to people tested in mental health settings in England were extracted from a BBV testing dataset. Records pertaining to individuals diagnosed with HCV or HIV were linked to treatment datasets. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to understand demographic associations with test positivity for each BBV. Between 2015–2021, 18,221 people tested for a BBV in a mental health setting (56% male, 71% White ethnicity), 90% of whom were in inpatient care. Testing positive for HBsAg, anti-HCV and HIV was 1.1% (95%CI: 0.93–1.26%), 4.3% (4.00–4.63%) and 1.1% (0.92–1.25%) respectively. In multivariable analyses, women had reduced odds of testing positive for anti-HCV and HIV compared to men. Being of Asian, Black, or another ethnicity was associated with increased odds of testing HBsAg positive and Black ethnicity was associated with a positive HIV test result compared to White ethnicity. White ethnicity was associated with testing anti-HCV test positive compared to all other ethnicities. Half (344/708) of those who were anti-HCV positive would have benefitted from treatment (HCV-RNA positive), of which 58% received treatment. HIV treatment (96%) and viral suppression (94%) after testing in mental healthcare was high. To improve the physical health of people living with mental health conditions and to aid England’s hepatitis elimination and HIV transmission goals, opt-out testing for BBVs may be beneficial to reduce health inequalities among people experiencing mental illness.
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Alemu, Jemal, Balako Gumi, Aster Tsegaye, Ziyada Rahimeto, Dessalegn Fentahun, Fozia Ibrahim, Abdulaziz Abubeker, Amha Gebremedhin, Tesfaye Gelanew, and Rawleigh Howe. "Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and Hepatitis B Virus Coinfections among Ethiopians with Acute Leukemia." Cancers 16, no. 8 (April 22, 2024): 1606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers16081606.
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SARS-CoV-2 and blood-borne viral coinfections are well reported. Nevertheless, little is known regarding the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and coinfection with blood-borne viruses in hematologic malignancy patients in Ethiopia. We aimed to assess the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and associated infections with hepatitis B and other viruses among adolescent and adult acute leukemia patients at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2020 to June 2021. Blood samples were tested for the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2, HBV, HCV, and HIV with ELISA kits and occult hepatitis B infection with a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. Out of a total 110 cases, the SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was 35.5%. The prevalence showed a significant increment from July 2020 to the end of June 2021 (p = 0.015). In 22.7% and 2.7% of leukemia cases, HBV and HIV, respectively, were detected. No HCV was identified. The rate of SARS-CoV-2 coinfection with HBV and HIV was 28% (11/39) and 2.6% (1/39), respectively; however, there was no statistically significant association between SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity with HBV and HIV (p > 0.05). There is a need for viral screening in leukemia cases to monitor infections and inform management.
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Shamsdin, Seyedeh Azra, Mohamad Reza Fatahi, Ali Reza Ansari, and Ali Reza Safarpour. "Prevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV Infections among Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis in Fasa, Iran: A Six-Year Follow-up Study." Middle East Journal of Digestive Diseases 14, no. 3 (July 30, 2022): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/mejdd.2022.289.
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Background: Hemodialysis (HD) patients are at risk of viral infections such as hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV). Current study aimed to determine the prevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV among HD patients who attended the dialysis center in Fasa, Iran. Methods: Collectively, 2082 HD patients (1291 men, 791 women) took part in our 6-year follow-up study. Results: 2082 HD patients with a mean age of 56.2±17.8 were included in our study. One (0.09%) patient was HBsAg positive, two (0.18%) patients were anti-HCV positive, and one (0.09%) was anti-HIV positive. There was no significant correlation between the paraclinical parameters of men and women. Conclusion: The present study showed a reduction in the prevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV infections during 6 years of follow-up in HD patients.
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Goh, Gerard, A. Dunker, James Foster, and Vladimir Uversky. "HIV Vaccine Mystery and Viral Shell Disorder." Biomolecules 9, no. 5 (May 8, 2019): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9050178.
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Hundreds of billions of dollars have been spent for over three decades in the search for an effective human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine with no success. There are also at least two other sexually transmitted viruses, for which no vaccine is available, the herpes simplex virus (HSV) and the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Traditional textbook explanatory paradigm of rapid mutation of retroviruses cannot adequately address the unavailability of vaccine for many sexually transmissible viruses, since HSV and HCV are DNA and non-retroviral RNA viruses, respectively, whereas effective vaccine for the horsefly-transmitted retroviral cousin of HIV, equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), was found in 1973. We reported earlier the highly disordered nature of proteins in outer shells of the HIV, HCV, and HSV. Such levels of disorder are completely absent among the classical viruses, such as smallpox, rabies, yellow fever, and polio viruses, for which efficient vaccines were discovered. This review analyzes the physiology and shell disorder of the various related and non-related viruses to argue that EIAV and the classical viruses need harder shells to survive during harsher conditions of non-sexual transmissions, thus making them vulnerable to antibody detection and neutralization. In contrast, the outer shell of the HIV-1 (with its preferential sexual transmission) is highly disordered, thereby allowing large scale motions of its surface glycoproteins and making it difficult for antibodies to bind to them. The theoretical underpinning of this concept is retrospectively traced to a classical 1920s experiment by the legendary scientist, Oswald Avery. This concept of viral shapeshifting has implications for improved treatment of cancer and infections via immune evasion.
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Štukovnik, Zala, and Urban Bren. "Recent Developments in Electrochemical-Impedimetric Biosensors for Virus Detection." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 24 (December 14, 2022): 15922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232415922.
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Viruses, including influenza viruses, MERS-CoV (Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus), SARS-CoV (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus), HAV (Hepatitis A virus), HBV (Hepatitis B virus), HCV (Hepatitis C virus), HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), EBOV (Ebola virus), ZIKV (Zika virus), and most recently SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), are responsible for many diseases that result in hundreds of thousands of deaths yearly. The ongoing outbreak of the COVID-19 disease has raised a global concern and intensified research on the detection of viruses and virus-related diseases. Novel methods for the sensitive, rapid, and on-site detection of pathogens, such as the recent SARS-CoV-2, are critical for diagnosing and treating infectious diseases before they spread and affect human health worldwide. In this sense, electrochemical impedimetric biosensors could be applied for virus detection on a large scale. This review focuses on the recent developments in electrochemical-impedimetric biosensors for the detection of viruses.
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Baldo, Vincenzo, Annarosa Floreani, Luigino Dal Vecchio, Marco Cristofoletti, Maristella Carletti, Silvia Majori, Angela Di Tommaso, and Renzo Trivello. "Occupational Risk of Blood-Borne Viruses in Healthcare Workers: A 5-Year Surveillance Program." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 23, no. 6 (June 2002): 325–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/502059.
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Objective:This study presents the results of a 5-year surveillance program involving the prospective follow-up of health-care workers (HCWs) in the Veneto region of Italy exposed to blood-borne viruses.Design:All HCWs who reported an occupational exposure to blood-borne infection joined the surveillance program. Both HCWs and patients were tested for viral markers (hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg], antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen [anti-HBs], antibody to hepatitis B core antigen [anti-HBc], antibody to hepatitis C virus [anti-HCV], HCV RNA, and antibody to human immunodeficiency virus [HIV]) and had these markers plus transaminases assayed at 3, 6, and 12 months and then yearly thereafter. Moreover, a program of hepatitis B virus (HBV) prophylaxis was offered to those whose anti-HBs levels were less than 10 IU/mL.Participants:Two hundred forty-five HCWs (156 women and 89 men) with a mean age of 37 (± 10) years who reported occupational exposure during the 5-year period.Results:At the time of exposure, 1HCW was positive for HBsAg (0.4%) and 2 were positive for HCV RNA (0.8%). Among the patients involved, 28 (11.4%) were positive for HBsAg, 68 (27.8%) were positive for HCV RNA, 6 (2.4%) were positive for HIV, and 147 (60.0%) were negative for all viral markers (4 patients were positive for both HCV and HIV). During the follow-up period after exposure (mean, 2.7 [± 1.6] years), there was no increase in transaminases or seroconversions to any of the viral markers.Conclusion:Our accurate postexposure follow-up revealed a lack of transmission of HBV, HCV, and HIV.
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Liberto, Maria Carla, Emilia Zicca, Grazia Pavia, Angela Quirino, Nadia Marascio, Carlo Torti, and Alfredo Focà. "Virological Mechanisms in the Coinfection between HIV and HCV." Mediators of Inflammation 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/320532.
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Due to shared transmission routes, coinfection with Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is common in patients infected by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The immune-pathogenesis of liver disease in HIV/HCV coinfected patients is a multifactorial process. Several studies demonstrated that HIV worsens the course of HCV infection, increasing the risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Also, HCV might increase immunological defects due to HIV and risk of comorbidities. A specific cross-talk among HIV and HCV proteins in coinfected patients modulates the natural history, the immune responses, and the life cycle of both viruses. These effects are mediated by immune mechanisms and by a cross-talk between the two viruses which could interfere with host defense mechanisms. In this review, we focus on some virological/immunological mechanisms of the pathogenetic interactions between HIV and HCV in the human host.
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Bakhti, Mehrnaz, Mohammadreza Haghshenas, Reza Valadan, and Mehdi Rabie Rudsari. "Prevalence of HBV/HCV Infections in HIV-Positive Patients in Northern Iran." Research in Molecular Medicine 5, no. 4 (October 10, 2018): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/rmm.v5i4.3066.
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Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection increases the risk of infection with other pathogens, including hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). A crucial aspect of HIV prevention and treatment programs is knowledge of the prevalence of co-infection of HIV and HBV and/or HCV. This study sought to determine HBV and HCV co-infection in HIV-positive patients in northern Iran. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were collected from 83 HIV-positive patients whose infection was previously confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction in the HIV center in the North of Iran. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain socio-demographic data from participants. Samples were screened for hepatitis B surface antigen and anti-HCV antibody. All non-reactive samples were recorded as negative. Results: The 83 patients comprised 50 (60%) males and 33 (40%) females. Twenty eight (33%) and 15 (18%) subjects were positive for HCV antibody and hepatitis B surface antigen, respectively. Seven (8%) of subjects were co-infected with all three viruses. Conclusion: Seroprevalence of HCV and HIV co-infection was high and was strongly related to mutual acquisition.
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Hamad Mohamed, Motaz Obeidallah, and Mohamed Hassan Osman Ebar. "Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B, Anti-Hepatitis C, Human Immunodeficiency Viruses and Treponema Pallidum among Random Blood Donors at Somali Sudanese Specialized Hospital (SSSH), Mogadishu, Somalia." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 13, no. 4 (April 15, 2023): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v13i4.6028.
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Background: Blood transfusion is one of essential and important components in Human health care system. Blood transfusion at sometimes poses the risk of transfusion transmitted infections; HBV, HCV, HIV and Syphilis infections. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of HBV, anti-HCV, HIV and syphilis in random blood donors.
Materials and methods: The study was descriptive cross-sectional hospital-based study conducted at Somali Sudanese Specialized Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia, during the period from December 2022 to March 2023. Blood samples were collected from 420 random blood donors. A total of five ml of whole blood was collected from each participant and divided into EDTA ant coagulated containers for hemoglobin estimation and into sterile plain containers for HBV, anti-HCV, HIV and syphilis screening. Estimation of hemoglobin concentration was done by using Hematology analyzer (URIT 5380), where HBV, anti-HCV, HIV, and Syphilis screening was done by using Immunochromatographic test (ICT).
Results: The results of this study revealed that the prevalence of HBV and Syphilis in the donors was 2.1% and 0.7% respectively, where the prevalence of HIV and HCV was 0%. The distribution of blood groups was 4.0%, 12.4%, and 26.9%, 0.5%, 51.4% and 4.8% (AB+ve, B+ve, A+ve, A-ve, O+ve, and O-ve) respectively, this showed that the most frequent Blood group was O positive followed by A positive.
Conclusion: This study concluded that the prevalence of HBV and syphilis was high in blood donors, where HIV and anti-HCV had low prevalence rate in the study population.
Keywords: HBV, HCV, HIV, syphilis, blood bank, blood transfusion, viral screening
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Kayesh, Mohammad Enamul Hoque, Michinori Kohara, and Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara. "Toll-like Receptor Response to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 or Co-Infection with Hepatitis B or C Virus: An Overview." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 11 (June 1, 2023): 9624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24119624.
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Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily conserved pattern recognition receptors that play important roles in the early detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns and shaping innate and adaptive immune responses, which may influence the consequences of infection. Similarly to other viral infections, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) also modulates the host TLR response; therefore, a proper understanding of the response induced by human HIV-1 or co-infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV), due to the common mode of transmission of these viruses, is essential for understanding HIV-1 pathogenesis during mono- or co-infection with HBV or HCV, as well as for HIV-1 cure strategies. In this review, we discuss the host TLR response during HIV-1 infection and the innate immune evasion mechanisms adopted by HIV-1 for infection establishment. We also examine changes in the host TLR response during HIV-1 co-infection with HBV or HCV; however, this type of study is extremely scarce. Moreover, we discuss studies investigating TLR agonists as latency-reverting agents and immune stimulators towards new strategies for curing HIV. This understanding will help develop a new strategy for curing HIV-1 mono-infection or co-infection with HBV or HCV.
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Yokozaki, Shouichi, Junki Takamatsu, Isao Nakano, Yoshiaki Katano, Hidenori Toyoda, Kazuhiko Hayashi, Tetsuo Hayakawa, and Yoshihide Fukuda. "Immunologic dynamics in hemophiliac patients infected with hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus: influence of antiretroviral therapy." Blood 96, no. 13 (December 15, 2000): 4293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v96.13.4293.
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Abstract Infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or both is common in hemophiliac patients due to putative transmission through clotting factor concentrates. Recently, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been found to markedly improve viremia and immunologic parameters in patients infected with HIV. This report considers interactions between these viral infections, the immune system, and antiretroviral therapy. A total of 130 male hemophiliac patients were grouped according to type of viremia (HCV, HIV, both, or neither). Along with 30 healthy men age-matched to viremic patients, these groups were compared with respect to viral load and immunologic parameters. Thirty-five patients treated as above for HIV were serially followed up. HCV infection was associated with reduced peripheral B-cell and CD4+-cell counts and with increased serum IgG and IgM levels, whereas HIV infection was associated with reduced peripheral CD4+-cell counts and increased serum IgG and IgA levels. In patients with both viruses, HCV and HIV RNA load correlated inversely with peripheral B-cell and CD4+-cell counts, respectively. HAART reduced levels of both viruses in the blood. Of the 25 patients with both viruses, HAART eliminated HCV in 2. In conclusion, immunologic dynamics differed between hemophiliac patients infected with HCV, HIV, or both. The relative dynamics of HCV viral load, peripheral B-cell count, and serum IgM level were similar to those of HIV viral load, CD4+-cell count, and serum IgA.
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Yokozaki, Shouichi, Junki Takamatsu, Isao Nakano, Yoshiaki Katano, Hidenori Toyoda, Kazuhiko Hayashi, Tetsuo Hayakawa, and Yoshihide Fukuda. "Immunologic dynamics in hemophiliac patients infected with hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus: influence of antiretroviral therapy." Blood 96, no. 13 (December 15, 2000): 4293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v96.13.4293.h8004293_4293_4299.
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Infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or both is common in hemophiliac patients due to putative transmission through clotting factor concentrates. Recently, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been found to markedly improve viremia and immunologic parameters in patients infected with HIV. This report considers interactions between these viral infections, the immune system, and antiretroviral therapy. A total of 130 male hemophiliac patients were grouped according to type of viremia (HCV, HIV, both, or neither). Along with 30 healthy men age-matched to viremic patients, these groups were compared with respect to viral load and immunologic parameters. Thirty-five patients treated as above for HIV were serially followed up. HCV infection was associated with reduced peripheral B-cell and CD4+-cell counts and with increased serum IgG and IgM levels, whereas HIV infection was associated with reduced peripheral CD4+-cell counts and increased serum IgG and IgA levels. In patients with both viruses, HCV and HIV RNA load correlated inversely with peripheral B-cell and CD4+-cell counts, respectively. HAART reduced levels of both viruses in the blood. Of the 25 patients with both viruses, HAART eliminated HCV in 2. In conclusion, immunologic dynamics differed between hemophiliac patients infected with HCV, HIV, or both. The relative dynamics of HCV viral load, peripheral B-cell count, and serum IgM level were similar to those of HIV viral load, CD4+-cell count, and serum IgA.
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Totaro, Michele, Federica Badalucco, Anna Laura Costa, Benedetta Tuvo, Beatrice Casini, Gaetano Privitera, Giovanni Battista Menchini Fabris, and Angelo Baggiani. "Effectiveness of Disinfection with Chlorine Dioxide on Respiratory Transmitted, Enteric, and Bloodborne Viruses: A Narrative Synthesis." Pathogens 10, no. 8 (August 12, 2021): 1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10081017.
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A viral spread occurrence such as the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has prompted the evaluation of different disinfectants suitable for a wide range of environmental matrices. Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) represents one of the most-used virucidal agents in different settings effective against both enveloped and nonenveloped viruses. This narrative synthesis is focused on the effectiveness of ClO2 applied in healthcare and community settings in order to eliminate respiratory transmitted, enteric, and bloodborne viruses. Influenza viruses were reduced by 99.9% by 0.5–1.0 mg/L of ClO2 in less than 5 min. Higher concentration (20 mg/L) eliminated SARS-CoV-2 from sewage. ClO2 concentrations from 0.2 to 1.0 mg/L ensured at least a 99% viral reduction of AD40, HAV, Coxsackie B5 virus, and other enteric viruses in less than 30 min. Considering bloodborne viruses, 30 mg/L of ClO2 can eliminate them in 5 min. Bloodborne viruses (HIV-1, HCV, and HBV) may be completely eliminated from medical devices and human fluids after a treatment with 30 mg/L of ClO2 for 30 min. In conclusion, ClO2 is a versatile virucidal agent suitable for different environmental matrices.
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Supram, Hosuru Subramanya, Shishir Gokhale, Brijesh Sathian, and Dharma Raj Bhatta. "Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Co-infection among HIV infected individuals at tertiary care hospital in western Nepal." Nepal Journal of Epidemiology 5, no. 2 (June 30, 2015): 488–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nje.v5i2.12831.
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Background: The HIV, HBV and HCV viruses are the major public health concern all over the world including Nepal. The aim of the study is to determine the rate of HBV and HCV co-infections in patients with HIV infection. Methods: The study cohort included 218 consecutive HIV infected patients who were examined for co-infection with HBV or HCV or both at Manipal teaching hospital, Western Nepal. The demographic data of the subjects was collected retrospectively. The data was analyzed with SPSS software and EPI Info to measure the correlation of variables and infection rates. Results: In the course of six years study period, a total of 25,708 samples were collected for HIV screening test. The 218 (0.8%) screen test positive for HIV were confirmed as per WHO guidelines. The overall rate of co-infection with HBV and or HCV was 7.3% (16 of 218 patients). Only 7 (3.2% [CI 1.3, 6.5]) were positive for both HIV and HBV infection markers and 9 (4.1% [CI 1.9, 7.7]) were positive for HIV and HCV infection markers. None were positive of all three virus markers. Conclusion: It is advisable to implement regular screening for Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus among all HIV infected individuals and their sexual partners. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nje.v5i2.12831Nepal J Epidemiol. 2015;5(2); 488-493.
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Valle-Millares, Daniel, Óscar Brochado-Kith, Luz Martín-Carbonero, Lourdes Domínguez-Domínguez, Pablo Ryan, Ignacio De los Santos, Sara De la Fuente, et al. "Different HCV Exposure Drives Specific miRNA Profile in PBMCs of HIV Patients." Biomedicines 9, no. 11 (November 5, 2021): 1627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9111627.
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Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are essential players in HIV and HCV infections, as both viruses modulate cellular miRNAs and interact with the miRNA-mediated host response. We aim to analyze the miRNA profile of HIV patients with different exposure to HCV to explore specific signatures in the miRNA profile of PBMCs for each type of infection. We massively sequenced small RNAs of PBMCs from 117 HIV+ infected patients: 45 HIV+ patients chronically infected with HCV (HIV/HCV+), 36 HIV+ that spontaneously clarified HCV after acute infection (HIV/HCV-) and 36 HIV+ patients without previous HCV infection (HIV). Thirty-two healthy patients were used as healthy controls (HC). Differential expression analysis showed significantly differentially expressed (SDE) miRNAs in HIV/HCV+ (n = 153), HIV/HCV- (n = 169) and HIV (n = 153) patients. We found putative dysregulated pathways, such as infectious-related and PI3K signaling pathways, common in all contrasts. Specifically, putatively targeted genes involved in antifolate resistance (HIV/HV+), cancer-related pathways (HIV/HCV-) and HIF-signaling (HIV) were identified, among others. Our findings revealed that HCV strongly influences the expression profile of PBMCs from HIV patients through the disruption of its miRNome. Thus, different HCV exposure can be identified by specific miRNA signatures in PBMCs.
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Gupta, Sakshee, Bharti Malhotra, Jitendra Kumar Tiwari, Prabhu Dayal Khandelwal, and Rakesh Kumar Maheshwari. "Cluster of differentiation 4+ T-cell counts and human immunodeficiency virus-1 viral load in patients coinfected with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus." Journal of Laboratory Physicians 10, no. 02 (April 2018): 162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jlp.jlp_37_17.
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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Coinfections of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with hepatitis viruses may affect the progress of disease and response to therapy. OBJECTIVES: To study the incidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfections in HIV–positive patients and their influence on HIV–1 viral load and cluster of differentiation 4+ (CD4+) T–cell counts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This pilot study was done on 179 HIV–positive patients attending antiretroviral therapy (ART) centre. Their blood samples were tested for HIV-1 viral load, CD4+ T–cell counts, hepatitis B surface antigen, anti–HCV antibodies, HBV DNA and HCV RNA polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Among the 179 patients, 7.82% (14/179) were coinfected with HBV and 4.46% (8/179) with HCV. Median CD4+ T–cell count of HIV monoinfected patients was 200 cells/µl and viral load was 1.67 log10 copies/µl. Median CD4+ T–cell counts of 193 cells/µl for HBV (P = 0.230) and 197 cells/µl for HCV (P = 0.610) coinfected patients were similar to that of HIV monoinfected patients. Viral load was higher in both HBV and HCV infected patients but statistically significant only for HCV (P = 0.017). Increase in CD4+ T–cell counts and decrease in HIV–1 viral load in coinfected patients on 2 years of ART were lower than that in HIV monoinfected patients. CONCLUSION: HBV/HCV coinfected HIV patients had similar CD4+ T–cell counts as in HIV monoinfected patients, higher HIV viral load both in chemo–naive patients and in those on ART as compared to HIV monoinfected patients. However, this study needs to be done on a large scale to assess the impact of coinfection on CD4 count and HIV viral load with proper follow–up of patients every 6 months till at least 2 years.
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Acchioni, Chiara, Silvia Sandini, Marta Acchioni, and Marco Sgarbanti. "Co-Infections and Superinfections between HIV-1 and Other Human Viruses at the Cellular Level." Pathogens 13, no. 5 (April 24, 2024): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13050349.
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Co-infection or superinfection of the host by two or more virus species is a common event, potentially leading to viral interference, viral synergy, or neutral interaction. The simultaneous presence of two or more viruses, even distantly related, within the same cell depends upon viral tropism, i.e., the entry of viruses via receptors present on the same cell type. Subsequently, productive infection depends on the ability of these viruses to replicate efficiently in the same cellular environment. HIV-1 initially targets CCR5-expressing tissue memory CD4+ T cells, and in the absence of early cART initiation, a co-receptor switch may occur, leading to the infection of naïve and memory CXCR4-expressing CD4+ T cells. HIV-1 infection of macrophages at the G1 stage of their cell cycle also occurs in vivo, broadening the possible occurrence of co-infections between HIV-1 and other viruses at the cellular level. Moreover, HIV-1-infected DCs can transfer the virus to CD4+ T cells via trans-infection. This review focuses on the description of reported co-infections within the same cell between HIV-1 and other human pathogenic, non-pathogenic, or low-pathogenic viruses, including HIV-2, HTLV, HSV, HHV-6/-7, GBV-C, Dengue, and Ebola viruses, also discussing the possible reciprocal interactions in terms of virus replication and virus pseudotyping.
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Le Goaster, Jacqueline, Patrice Bourée, Franck N. El Sissy, Johanna Pokossy Epee, Frédéric Tangy, Anne-Lise Haenni, and Allan Goldstein. "Varicella (Human Herpes Virus-3) Vaccine Potential Role Against Herpes (HSV-1/HSV-2) Viruses to Prevent HIV-1 Pandemic in Sub- Saharan Africa." Open Infectious Diseases Journal 10, no. 1 (August 31, 2018): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874279301810010116.
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Background: Synergy exists between DNA and RNA viruses. It was found that the Human Immunodeficiency Viruses (HIV-1) are RNA viruses at the origin of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). The DNA recurrent herpes diseases are associated to AIDS virus at the origin of Sub-Saharan cancer AIDS pandemic. Objective: It is speculated that a varicella virus (HHV-3) immune defect could originate HSV- 1/HSV-2 recurrent herpes diseases that can be cured by varicella vaccine (2012). Methods: At a Symposium held in Kampala, Uganda (1962), impressive Sub-Saharan cancer epidemics: Hodgkin lymphomas and Kaposi sarcomas have been reported since the onset of the 20th century and remained unexplained. Over one thousand publications related to these cancer epidemics were presented. For millenniums, Bantu populations have been living in tropical forests close to chimpanzees infected by Simian Immune Deficiency viruses (SIV). SIV became Human Immune Deficiency viruses (HIV-1). AIDS is a zoonosis. Results: The DNA and RNA viruses, herpes with HIV-1 viruses, are correlated to Sub- Saharan AIDS infections. They induce an extensive immune deficiency with other herpes viruses such as HHV-4 and HHV-8, which are linked to lymphomas and Kaposi sarcomas. It is postulated that a primary HHV-3 immune weakness could be linked to herpes partnership with AIDS pandemic. Conclusion: The Oka, anti-HHV-3, varicella vaccine is able to cure HSV1/HSV2 recurrent herpes diseases. It induces a specific increase of the varicella antibodies. Thus varicella vaccination could prevent herpes recurrences in Sub-Saharan Africa. One- child dose varicella vaccine could be proposed as the first step to overcome HHV-3 herpes deficiency in order to prevent AIDS pandemic.
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Uversky, Vladimir N. "Fight fire with fire: the need for a vaccine based on intrinsic disorder and structural flexibility." Exploration of Immunology 2, no. 5 (October 31, 2022): 731–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00079.
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The absence of advancement in finding efficient vaccines for several human viruses, such as hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), and herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) despite 30, 40, and even 60 years of research, respectively, is unnerving. Among objective reasons for such failure are the highly glycosylated nature of proteins used as primary vaccine targets against these viruses and the presence of neotopes and cryptotopes, as well as high mutation rates of the RNA viruses HCV and HIV-1 and the capability to establish latency by HSVs. However, the lack of success in utilization of the structure-based reverse vaccinology for these viruses is likely to be related to the presence of highly flexible and intrinsically disordered regions in human antibodies (Abs) and the major immunogens of HIV-1, HCV, and HSVs, their surface glycoproteins. This clearly calls for moving from the rational structure-based vaccinology to the unstructural vaccinology based on the utilization of tools designed for the analysis of disordered and flexible proteins, while looking at intrinsically disordered viral antigens and their interactions with intrinsically disordered/flexible Abs.
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Martinez, Miguel Angel, Maria Nevot, Ana Jordan-Paiz, and Sandra Franco. "Similarities between Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Hepatitis C Virus Genetic and Phenotypic Protease Quasispecies Diversity." Journal of Virology 89, no. 19 (July 15, 2015): 9758–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01097-15.
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ABSTRACTHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are two highly variable RNA viruses that cause chronic infections in humans. Although HCV likely preceded the AIDS epidemic by some decades, the global spread of both viruses is a relatively recent event. Nevertheless, HCV global diversity is higher than that of HIV-1. To identify differences in mutant diversity, we compared the HIV-1 protease and HCV NS3 protease quasispecies. Three protease gene quasispecies samples per virus, isolated from a total of six infected patients, were genetically and phenotypically analyzed at high resolution (HIV-1, 308 individual clones; HCV, 299 clones). Single-nucleotide variant frequency did not differ between quasispecies from the two viruses (HIV-1, 2.4 × 10−3± 0.4 × 10−3; HCV, 2.1 × 10−3± 0.5 × 10−3) (P= 0.1680). The proportion of synonymous substitutions to potential synonymous sites was similar (3.667 ± 0.6667 and 2.183 ± 0.9048, respectively) (P= 0.2573), and Shannon's entropy values did not differ between HIV-1 and HCV (0.84 ± 0.02 and 0.83 ± 0.12, respectively) (P= 0.9408). Of note, 65% (HIV-1) and 67% (HCV) of the analyzed enzymes displayed detectable protease activity, suggesting that both proteases have a similar mutational robustness. In both viruses, there was a rugged protease enzymatic activity landscape characterized by a sharp peak, representing the master sequence, surrounded by a collection of diverse variants present at lower frequencies. These results indicate that nucleotide quasispecies diversification during chronic infection is not responsible for the higher worldwide genetic diversity observed in HCV.IMPORTANCEHCV global diversity is higher than that of HIV-1. We asked whether HCV genetic diversification during infection is responsible for the higher worldwide genetic diversity observed in HCV. To this end, we analyzed and compared the genotype and enzymatic activities of HIV-1 and HCV protease quasispecies existing in infected individuals. Our results indicate that HIV-1 and HCV protease quasispecies have very similar genetic diversity and comparable rugged enzymatic activity landscapes. Therapy for HCV has expanded, with new therapeutic agents such as the direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). DAAs, which target HCV NS3 protease and other virus proteins, have improved cure rates. However, major questions remain to be elucidated regarding the virologic correlates of HCV eradication. The findings shown here may help our understanding of the different therapeutic responses observed during chronic HCV infection.