Journal articles on the topic 'HIV (Viruses) – Asia'
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Ghimire, Hallett, Gray, Lobo, and Crawford. "What Works? Prevention and Control of Sexually Transmitted Infections and Blood-Borne Viruses in Migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa, Northeast Asia and Southeast Asia Living in High-Income Countries: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 7 (April 10, 2019): 1287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071287.
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Migration is a significant risk factor for the acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). An increasing proportion of these infections in high-income countries, such as Australia, are among migrants moving from low and middle-income countries with a high prevalence of HIV, HBV and other STIs. This systematic review explored the prevention and control of HIV, HBV and other STIs in migrants (>18 years) from Southeast Asia, Northeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa living in high-income countries with universal health care. This systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines and was registered with PROSPERO. Six academic databases were searched for articles published between 2002 and 2018. Sixteen peer-reviewed articles met the inclusion criteria, consisting of fourteen quantitative and two qualitative studies conducted in Australia, the Netherlands, Canada, Spain, Italy, and Germany. Three levels of interventions were identified: individual, community and structural interventions. Most studies addressed factors at an individual level; interventions were most commonly outreach testing for HIV, HBV and other STIs. Few studies addressed structural factors or demonstrated comprehensive evaluation of interventions. Limited population-specific findings could be determined. To prevent further transmission of HIV, HBV and other STIs, comprehensive public health approaches must consider the complex interactions between migration, health care system determinants, and broader socioeconomic and sociocultural factors.
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Leung, Janni, Amy Peacock, Samantha Colledge, Jason Grebely, Evan B. Cunningham, Matthew Hickman, Peter Vickerman, et al. "A Global Meta-analysis of the Prevalence of HIV, Hepatitis C Virus, and Hepatitis B Virus Among People Who Inject Drugs—Do Gender-Based Differences Vary by Country-Level Indicators?" Journal of Infectious Diseases 220, no. 1 (February 6, 2019): 78–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz058.
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Abstract Background Women-specific factors exist that increases vulnerability to drug-related harms from injection drug use, including blood-borne viruses (BBVs), but gender-based differences in BBV prevalence have not been systematically examined. Methods We conducted meta-analyses to estimate country, regional, and global prevalence of serologically confirmed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV; based on detection of anti-HCV antibody), and hepatitis B virus (HBV; based on detection of HBV surface antigen) in people who inject drugs (PWID), by gender. Gender-based differences in the BBV prevalence (calculated as the risk among women relative to the risk among men) were regressed on country-level prevalence and inequality measures (Gender inequality index, Human development index, Gini coefficient, and high, low or middle income of the country). Results Gender-based differences varied by countries and regions. HIV prevalence was higher among women than men in sub-Saharan Africa (relative risk [RR], 2.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8–4.4) and South Asia (RR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1–2.7); anti-HCV was lower among women in the Middle East and North Africa (RR, 0.6; 95% CI, .5–.7) and East and Southeast Asia (RR, 0.8; 95% CI, .7–.9). Gender-based differences varied with country-levels of the BBV prevalence in the general population, human development, and income distribution. Conclusion HIV was more prevalent in women who inject drugs as compared to their male counterparts in some countries, but there is variation between and within regions. In countries where women are at higher risks, there is a need to develop gender-sensitive harm-reduction services for the particularly marginalized population of women who inject drugs.
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Anderson, Jon P., Allen G. Rodrigo, Gerald H. Learn, Anup Madan, Claire Delahunty, Michael Coon, Marc Girard, Saladin Osmanov, Leroy Hood, and James I. Mullins. "Testing the Hypothesis of a Recombinant Origin of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype E." Journal of Virology 74, no. 22 (November 15, 2000): 10752–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.74.22.10752-10765.2000.
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ABSTRACT The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) epidemic in Southeast Asia has been largely due to the emergence of clade E (HIV-1E). It has been suggested that HIV-1E is derived from a recombinant lineage of subtype A (HIV-1A) and subtype E, with multiple breakpoints along the E genome. We obtained complete genome sequences of clade E viruses from Thailand (93TH057 and 93TH065) and from the Central African Republic (90CF11697 and 90CF4071), increasing the total number of HIV-1E complete genome sequences available to seven. Phylogenetic analysis of complete genomes showed that subtypes A and E are themselves monophyletic, although together they also form a larger monophyletic group. The apparent phylogenetic incongruence at different regions of the genome that was previously taken as evidence of recombination is shown to be not statistically significant. Furthermore, simulations indicate that bootscanning and pairwise distance results, previously used as evidence for recombination, can be misleading, particularly when there are differences in substitution or evolutionary rates across the genomes of different subtypes. Taken jointly, our analyses suggest that there is inadequate support for the hypothesis that subtype E variants are derived from a recombinant lineage. In contrast, many other HIV strains claimed to have a recombinant origin, including viruses for which only a single parental strain was employed for analysis, do indeed satisfy the statistical criteria we propose. Thus, while intersubtype recombinant HIV strains are indeed circulating, the criteria for assigning a recombinant origin to viral structures should include statistical testing of alternative hypotheses to avoid inappropriate assignments that would obscure the true evolutionary properties of these viruses.
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Kazennova, E. V., V. Yu Laga, K. B. Gromov, M. N. Sankov, E. S. Popova, E. G. Lgumnova, E. N. Oparina, T. A. Sorokina, and M. R. Bobkova. "MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF HIV INFECTION IN NORTHERN SEAPORTS OF RUSSIA." Problems of Virology, Russian journal 62, no. 4 (August 20, 2017): 154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0507-4088-2017-62-4-154-161.
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The results of the molecular-epidemiological analysis of HIV-1 variants circulating in Arkhangelsk and Murmansk - northern seaports of Russia - were presented. In these seaports the HIV-1 variants belonging to subtype A1 were predominant (93% in Murmansk, 83% in Arkhangelsk). In addition to these variants, viruses of other subtypes such as B, C, D and recombinant forms CRF02_AG and CRF03_AB were identified. The heterogeneity of circulating HIV-1 variants was higher in Arkhangelsk than in Murmansk. According to the results of phylogenetic analysis, subtype A1 sequences formed the common branch with nucleotide sequences of IDU-A strains found in other regions of Russia. HIV-1 variants of subtype B sub-clustered with sequences of East European B-variants. The recombinant strains CRF02_AG formed the common branch with HIV-1 sequences from Central Asia republics of the former USSR. Among 124 therapy-naive patients from Arkhangelsk and Murmansk (n = 124) the transmitted resistance was less than 5%.
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van der Kuyl, Antoinette C. "Contemporary Distribution, Estimated Age, and Prehistoric Migrations of Old World Monkey Retroviruses." Epidemiologia 2, no. 1 (February 3, 2021): 46–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/epidemiologia2010005.
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Old World monkeys (OWM), simians inhabiting Africa and Asia, are currently affected by at least four infectious retroviruses, namely, simian foamy virus (SFV), simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), simian T-lymphotropic virus (STLV), and simian type D retrovirus (SRV). OWM also show chromosomal evidence of having been infected in the past with four more retroviral species, baboon endogenous virus (BaEV), Papio cynocephalus endogenous virus (PcEV), simian endogenous retrovirus (SERV), and Rhesus endogenous retrovirus-K (RhERV-K/SERV-K1). For some of the viruses, transmission to other primates still occurs, resulting, for instance, in the HIV pandemic. Retroviruses are intimately connected with their host as they are normally spread by close contact. In this review, an attempt to reconstruct the distribution and history of OWM retroviruses will be made. A literature overview of the species infected by any of the eight retroviruses as well as an age estimation of the pathogens will be given. In addition, primate genomes from databases have been re-analyzed for the presence of endogenous retrovirus integrations. Results suggest that some of the oldest retroviruses, SERV and PcEV, have travelled with their hosts to Asia during the Miocene, when a higher global temperature allowed simian expansions. In contrast, younger viruses, such as SIV and SRV, probably due to the lack of a primate continuum between the continents in later times, have been restricted to Africa and Asia, respectively.
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Liang, Binhua, Ma Luo, T. Blake Ball, and Francis A. Plummer. "QUASI analysis of the HIV-1 envelope sequences in the Los Alamos National Laboratory HIV sequence database: pattern and distribution of positive selection sites and their frequencies over yearsThis paper is one of a selection of papers in this Special Issue, entitled International Symposium on Recent Advances in Molecular, Clinical, and Social Medicine, and has undergone the Journal's usual peer-review process." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 85, no. 2 (April 2007): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o06-143.
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The envelope (env) protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) plays a crucial role in virus entry and is a central target for HIV vaccine design. Using the QUASI program, we analyzed the conserved regions of all currently available env sequences in the Los Alamos National Laboratory HIV Sequence Database and identified positive selection (PS) sites that are likely to be restricted by host immune responses. We found that PS sites are dispersed across conserved regions of env sequence, and that the C3, C4, and C5 regions were the most targeted. Several regions were identified as being PS free and were mainly distributed in the C1 and C2 regions. When comparing individual QUASI PS site frequencies across clades and geographical regions with the overall frequency of the entire env database, the env sequences from North America showed significantly lower PS site frequency, while those from Asia were significantly higher using Student's t test. The QUASI PS site frequency of env proteins from viruses isolated from different years showed that the PS site frequencies of the env population increased over time. Our study provides an overview of PS sites across the conserved regions of HIV-1 env sequences.
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Lian, Ying, Indresh Srivastava, V. Rául Gómez-Román, Jan zur Megede, Yide Sun, Elaine Kan, Susan Hilt, et al. "Evaluation of Envelope Vaccines Derived from the South African Subtype C Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 TV1 Strain." Journal of Virology 79, no. 21 (November 1, 2005): 13338–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.21.13338-13349.2005.
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ABSTRACT Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype C infections are on the rise in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Therefore, there is a need to develop an HIV vaccine capable of eliciting broadly reactive immune responses against members of this subtype. We show here that modified HIV envelope (env) DNA vaccines derived from the South African subtype C TV1 strain are able to prime for humoral responses in rabbits and rhesus macaques. Priming rabbits with DNA plasmids encoding V2-deleted TV1 gp140 (gp140TV1ΔV2), followed by boosting with oligomeric protein (o-gp140TV1ΔV2) in MF59 adjuvant, elicited higher titers of env-binding and autologous neutralizing antibodies than priming with DNA vaccines encoding the full-length TV1 env (gp160) or the intact TV1 gp140. Immunization with V2-deleted subtype B SF162 env and V2-deleted TV1 env together using a multivalent vaccine approach induced high titers of oligomeric env-binding antibodies and autologous neutralizing antibodies against both the subtypes B and C vaccine strains, HIV-1 SF162 and TV1, respectively. Low-level neutralizing activity against the heterologous South African subtype C TV2 strain, as well as a small subset of viruses in a panel of 13 heterologous primary isolates, was observed in some rabbits immunized with the V2-deleted vaccines. Immunization of rhesus macaques with the V2-deleted TV1 DNA prime/protein boost also elicited high titers of env-binding antibodies and moderate titers of autologous TV1 neutralizing antibodies. The pilot-scale production of the various TV1 DNA vaccine constructs and env proteins described here should provide an initial platform upon which to improve the immunogenicity of these subtype C HIV envelope vaccines.
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Rashid, MH, MA Alim, MK Rahman, MM Hoque Chowdhary, MM Rahman Khan, I. Mahmood, and ARMS Ekram. "Hepatitis E Vaccine: Present and Future." TAJ: Journal of Teachers Association 22, no. 2 (December 1, 2009): 330–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/taj.v22i2.37755.
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Viral hepatitis is a major public health problem in the world, and it can be caused by blood- and food-borne viruses. Blood-borne 'hepatitis agents are HBV, HCV and HDV, whereas HAV and HEV are food-borne hepatitis viruses. HEV infection is an important infectious agent in developing countries, but it is also an emerging disease in developed countries, which is likely due to travel or immigration from endemic areas. The main route of human HEV transmission is fecal-oral (fecally contaminated water), although other routes were also reported such as person-to-person transmission, blood products, mother-to-child transmission and zoonotic transmission (e.g., by pigs, particularly in developed countries, and seafood. Epidemiologically, only one serotype of HEV exists in the world, Genetically , the virus has been classified into four genotypes and several subgenotypes designated 1 (1a-e), 2 (2a and b), 3 (3aj) and 4 (4a-g). Each genotype shows a distinct geographical distrib ution. Genotype 1 of HEV is reported from developing countries in Asia and Africa; genotype 2 has been detected in some countries in Africa as well as in Mexico; genotype 3 is distributed globally and genotype 4 of HEV is only found in Asian countries. The genotypes may not only vary with respect to their geographical distribution, but also in their pathogenicity. Genotypes 1 and 2 are primarily human pathogens, causing acute hepatitis in young, nonimmunocompromised people; genotypes 3 and 4, however, have been found in swine and other animals and could therefore be responsible for zoonotic transmissions, preferentially in the elderly or in immunocompromised patients.TAJ 2009; 22(1): 330-336
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Himathongkham, Sunee, Nancy S. Halpin, Jinling Li, Michael W. Stout, Christopher J. Miller, and Paul A. Luciw. "Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Containing a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype-E Envelope Gene: Persistent Infection, CD4+ T-Cell Depletion, and Mucosal Membrane Transmission in Macaques." Journal of Virology 74, no. 17 (September 1, 2000): 7851–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.74.17.7851-7860.2000.
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ABSTRACT The envelope (env) glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) determines several viral properties (e.g., coreceptor usage, cell tropism, and cytopathicity) and is a major target of antiviral immune responses. Most investigations on env have been conducted on subtype-B viral strains, prevalent in North America and Europe. Our study aimed to analyze env genes of subtype-E viral strains, prevalent in Asia and Africa, with a nonhuman primate model for lentivirus infection and AIDS. To this end, we constructed a simian immunodeficiency virus/HIV-1 subtype-E (SHIV) recombinant clone by replacing the env ectodomain of the SHIV-33 clone with theenv ectodomain from the subtype-E strain HIV-1CAR402, which was isolated from an individual in the Central African Republic. Virus from this recombinant clone, designated SHIV-E-CAR, replicated efficiently in macaque peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Accordingly, juvenile macaques were inoculated with cell-free SHIV-E-CAR by the intravenous or intravaginal route; virus replicated in these animals but did not produce hematological abnormalities. In an attempt to elicit the pathogenic potential of the recombinant clone, we serially passaged this viral clone via transfusion of blood and bone marrow through juvenile macaques to produce SHIV-E-P4 (fourth-passage virus). The serially passaged virus established productive infection and CD4+ T-cell depletion in juvenile macaques inoculated by either the intravenous or the intravaginal route. Determination of the coreceptor usage of SHIV-E-CAR and serially passaged SHIV-E-P4 indicated that both of these viruses utilized CXCR4 as a coreceptor. In summary, the serially passaged SHIV subtype-E chimeric virus will be important for studies aimed at developing a nonhuman primate model for analyzing the functions of subtype-E env genes in viral transmission and pathogenesis and for vaccine challenge experiments with macaques immunized with HIV-1 env antigens.
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Matthews, Philippa C., Colin Sharp, Peter Simmonds, and Paul Klenerman. "Human parvovirus 4 ‘PARV4’ remains elusive despite a decade of study." F1000Research 6 (January 27, 2017): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.9828.1.
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Human parvovirus 4 (‘PARV4’) is a small DNA tetraparvovirus, first reported in 2005. In some populations, PARV4 infection is uncommon, and evidence of exposure is found only in individuals with risk factors for parenteral infection who are infected with other blood-borne viruses. In other settings, seroprevalence studies suggest an endemic, age-associated transmission pattern, independent of any specific risk factors. The clinical impact of PARV4 infection remains uncertain, but reported disease associations include an influenza-like syndrome, encephalitis, acceleration of HIV disease, and foetal hydrops. In this review, we set out to report progress updates from the recent literature, focusing on the investigation of cohorts in different geographical settings, now including insights from Asia, the Middle East, and South America, and discussing whether attributes of viral or host populations underpin the striking differences in epidemiology. We review progress in understanding viral phylogeny and biology, approaches to diagnostics, and insights that might be gained from studies of closely related animal pathogens. Crucial questions about pathogenicity remain unanswered, but we highlight new evidence supporting a possible link between PARV4 and an encephalitis syndrome. The unequivocal evidence that PARV4 is endemic in certain populations should drive ongoing research efforts to understand risk factors and routes of transmission and to gain new insights into the impact of this virus on human health.
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Olajide Ajayi, Adedayo. "Milestone of World Pandemics: A Review on Remedy for COVID-19 Diseases to Revitalize Human Race from Deadly Corona Virus." Journal of Biotechnology Research, no. 72 (April 14, 2021): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jbr.72.27.33.
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Viruses are microscopic organisms that can only grow within living host cells. Various types of animals such as Rats, Bat, Cows, snakes, and related wild animals can serve as vehicles of transmission of this group of organisms. Novel SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the Coronaviridae family that was reported to have emanated from Wuhan, China in December 2019. It alerts world response against strange viral respiratory disease. As the world reflects on pandemics historically. Epidemics like the London plague of 1665 and the Plague that emanates from Marseille, France of 1720 claimed millions of lives. Among the most dreadful world pandemics are the “Antonine Plague” which occurred in 165AD and claimed 5 million lives in Egypt, Asia, Italy, and Greece. “Plague of Justinian” was reported to have occurred between the years 541 and 542. In addition to this, “The Flu Pandemic” is also referred to as Spanish flu ravaged the world during the year 1918 to 1920, which is about a century ago.”3rd Plague of 1855” originated from China and was responsible for the death of 10 million Indians within one year.” The Black Death” which is a 7 years long pandemic devastated the world between the years 1346 to 1353. It leads to the death of half of the global population and was by far the worst pandemic. HIV-AIDS has peak record deaths between 2005-2012. In the year 2019/2020 COVID-19 broke out severely than MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV which occurred in recent years. One possible best approach for the control of COVID-19 diseases caused by SARS-CoV-2 is to improve the hosts’ immune system. Evidence shows that inflammatory conditions militate against the immune systems of COVID-19 patients. Some other control strategies will include the use of face masks, physical distancing, hand washing, or use of alcohol-based sanitizers and related personal hygiene are important to contain the diseases.
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Karaki, Hideaki. "Special Issue on Biological Disasters." Journal of Disaster Research 2, no. 2 (April 1, 2007): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2007.p0065.
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Looking back on history, we find that human beings have suffered from many biological disasters. Most of these have been infectious diseases such as cholera, plague, and small pox. Medical advances have brought vaccines and other specific cures enabling us to avoid damages from some of infectious diseases, yet many remain to be conquered. Highly pathogenic avian influenza, a disease in birds occurring repeatedly since ancient times, is now found worldwide. A World Health Organization (WHO) announced on February 15, 2007 that of 273 bird flu victims in 11 countries in Asia, the Middle East, and Africa, 166 have died. Since bird flu does not spread easily to human beings, the number of victims is limited. Once it mutates to a new strain of virus, however, it may be transmitted so easily that it could cause a large number of deaths. Many such cases have actually occurred in the past. The worst historically recorded ones involved Spanish flu, which started in 1918 during World War I among French and German soldiers and spread globally, resulting in 20 million to 60 million deaths. Spanish flu - said to have been named after its effects on the Spanish royal family - is known to have caused the highest number of deaths of any single infection. More than 30 types of emerging infectious diseases have recently been discovered including Lassa virus, Ebola virus, and Helicobacter pylori which causes stomach ulcers and stomach cancer. Among them, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS, has produced 30 million victims globally since its discovery in Los Angeles in 1981. Many infectious diseases are also reemerging after having once been decreased. These include malaria, plague, diphtheria, tuberculosis, and influenza, according to WHO. Rabies is another such case that alone kills 50,000 people a year worldwide. Even in Japan, where no rabies cases have originated since 1956, two victims contracted rabies and died within the last year after being bitten during trips to Southeast Asia. Besides microorganisms or viruses, abnormal protein named 'prion' was found to cause disease. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) was such a case which set off a global panic when it spread from cattle to human beings, in whom it causes variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). We have experienced biological terrorisms, which are intentionally-caused biological disasters by human. For example, the terrorist sent anthrax bacillus through the mail in the United States in 2001 - an act killed 5 people. WHO has warned that smallpox virus, plague bacillus, and botulinum toxin could also be used in bioterrorism. This issue features cases of biological disasters that are sure to prove both interesting and informational to readers. We thank the authors and others who, through their dedication and hard work, have made this edition possible.
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Amaya, Moushimi, and Christopher C. Broder. "Vaccines to Emerging Viruses: Nipah and Hendra." Annual Review of Virology 7, no. 1 (September 29, 2020): 447–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology-021920-113833.
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Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) are bat-borne zoonotic para-myxoviruses identified in the mid- to late 1990s in outbreaks of severe disease in livestock and people in Australia and Malaysia, respectively. HeV repeatedly re-emerges in Australia while NiV continues to cause outbreaks in South Asia (Bangladesh and India), and these viruses have remained transboundary threats. In people and several mammalian species, HeV and NiV infections present as a severe systemic and often fatal neurologic and/or respiratory disease. NiV stands out as a potential pandemic threat because of its associated high case-fatality rates and capacity for human-to-human transmission. The development of effective vaccines, suitable for people and livestock, against HeV and NiV has been a research focus. Here, we review the progress made in NiV and HeV vaccine development, with an emphasis on those approaches that have been tested in established animal challenge models of NiV and HeV infection and disease.
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Watt, George, Pacharee Kantipong, Thierry Burnouf, Cecilia Shikuma, and Sean Philpott. "Natural scrub typhus antibody suppresses HIV CXCR4(X4) viruses." Infectious Disease Reports 5, no. 1 (May 15, 2013): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/idr.2013.e8.
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Viral load generally rises in HIV-infected individuals with a concomitant infection, but falls markedly in some individuals with scrub typhus (ST), a common Asian rickettsial infection. ST infection appears to shift the viral population from CXCR4-using (X4) to CCR5-utilizing (R5) strains, and there is evidence of cross-reactivity between ST-specific antibodies and HIV-1. We examined the mechanism of ST suppression of HIV by measuring the effects of ST infection on X4 and R5 viruses <em>in vivo</em> and <em>in vitro</em>, and assessing the relative contributions of antibodies and chemokines to the inhibitory effect. <em>In vivo</em>, a single scrub typhus plasma infusion markedly reduced the subpopulation of HIV-1 viruses using the X4 co-receptor in all 8 recipients, and eliminated X4 viruses 6 patients. <em>In vitro</em>, the 14 ST sera tested all inhibited the replication of an X4 but not an R5 virus. This inhibitory effect was maintained if ST sera were depleted of chemokines but was lost upon removal of antibodies. Sera from ST-infected mice recognized a target that co-localized with X4 HIV gp120 in immunofluorescent experiments. These <em>in vivo </em>and <em>in vitro </em>data suggest that acute ST infection generates cross-reactive antibodies that produce potent suppression of CXCR4- but not CCR5-using HIV-1 viruses. ST suppression of HIV replication could reveal novel mechanisms that could be exploited for vaccination strategies, as well as aid in the development of fusion inhibitors and other new therapeutic regimens. This also appears to be the first instance where one pathogen is neutralized by antibody produced in response to infection by a completely unrelated organism.
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Vasickova, P., I. Psikal, P. Kralik, F. Widen, Z. Hubalek, and I. Pavlik. "Hepatitis E virus: a review." Veterinární Medicína 52, No. 9 (January 7, 2008): 365–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1999-vetmed.
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The hepatitis E virus (HEV), the causative agent of hepatitis E, is a non-enveloped RNA virus. The HEV genome is formed by a non-segmented positive-sense RNA chain. The 3´end of the chain is polyadenylated and the 5´end is structurally characterised by the so called “capping”. According to currently accepted taxonomy, HEV is classified in the genus <i>Hepevirus</i>, the only member of the Hepeviridae family. HE is usually transmitted via the faecal-oral route due to the fact that drinking water or water for industrial purposes is contaminated due to poor sanitation. This spread of HEV has been reported in developing countries of Asia, Africa, South and Central America. However, cases in countries with the sporadic occurrence of HEV have been associated with travelling to countries with an increased risk of infection (developing countries in Asia, Africa and America). HEV infections have subsequently been described in people who have not travelled to endemic countries. Further studies of the HEV suggested other routes of transmission and a zoonotic potential of the virus (pigs and deer as the potential source of human infection).
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Valles, Kenneth A., and Lewis R. Roberts. "1068. Large-Scale Migration and the Changing Viral Hepatitis Prevalences in North America: A modeling approach." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.1254.
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Abstract Background Infection by hepatitis B and C viruses causes inflammation of the liver and can lead to cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The WHO’s ambition to eliminate viral hepatitis by 2030 requires strategies specific to the dynamic disease profiles each nation faces. Large-scale human movement from high-prevalence nations to the United States and Canada have altered the disease landscape, likely warranting adjustments to present elimination approaches. However, the nature and magnitude of the new disease burden remains unknown. This study aims to generate a modeled estimate of recent HBV and HCV prevalence changes to the United States and Canada due to migration. Methods Total migrant populations from 2010-2019 were obtained from United Nations Migrant Stock database. Country-of-origin HBV and HCV prevalences were obtained for the select 40 country-of-origin nations from the Polaris Observatory and systematic reviews. A standard pivot table was used to evaluate the disease contribution from and to each nation. Disease progression estimates were generated using the American Association for the Study of the Liver guidelines and outcome data. Results Between 2010 and 2019, 7,676,937 documented migrants arrived in US and Canada from the selected high-volume nations. Primary migrant source regions were East Asia and Latin America. Combined, an estimated 878,995 migrants were HBV positive, and 226,428 HCV positive. The majority of both migrants (6,477,506) and new viral hepatitis cases (HBV=840,315 and HCV=215,359) were found in the United States. The largest source of HBV cases stemmed from the Philippines, and HCV cases from El Salvador. Conclusion Massive human movement has significantly changed HBV and HCV disease burdens in both the US and Canada over the past decade and the long-term outcomes of cirrhosis and HCC are also expected to increase. These increases are likely to disproportionally impact individuals of the migrant and refugee communities and screening and treatment programs must be strategically adjusted in order to reduce morbidity, mortality, and healthcare expenses. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures
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Flores, Eduardo Furtado, Rudi Weiblen, Juliana Felipetto Cargnelutti, Fernando Viçosa Bauermann, Fernando Rosado Spilki, Enio Mori, and Ana Cláudia Franco. "Emerging animal viruses: real threats or simple bystanders?" Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 33, no. 10 (October 2013): 1161–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2013001000001.
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The list of animal viruses has been frequently added of new members raising permanent concerns to virologists and veterinarians. The pathogenic potential and association with disease have been clearly demonstrated for some, but not for all of these emerging viruses. This review describes recent discoveries of animal viruses and their potential relevance for veterinary practice. Dogs were considered refractory to influenza viruses until 2004, when an influenza A virus subtype H3N8 was transmitted from horses and produced severe respiratory disease in racing greyhounds in Florida/USA. The novel virus, named canine influenza virus (CIV), is considered now a separate virus lineage and has spread among urban canine population in the USA. A new pestivirus (Flaviviridae), tentatively called HoBi-like pestivirus, was identified in 2004 in commercial fetal bovine serum from Brazil. Hobi-like viruses are genetically and antigenically related to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and induce similar clinical manifestations. These novel viruses seem to be widespread in Brazilian herds and have also been detected in Southeast Asia and Europe. In 2011, a novel mosquito-borne orthobunyavirus, named Schmallenberg virus (SBV), was associated with fever, drop in milk production, abortion and newborn malformation in cattle and sheep in Germany. Subsequently, the virus disseminated over several European countries and currently represents a real treat for animal health. The origin of SBV is still a matter of debate but it may be a reassortant from previous known bunyaviruses Shamonda and Satuperi. Hepatitis E virus (HEV, family Hepeviridae) is a long known agent of human acute hepatitis and in 1997 was first identified in pigs. Current data indicates that swine HEV is spread worldwide, mainly associated with subclinical infection. Two of the four HEV genotypes are zoonotic and may be transmitted between swine and human by contaminated water and undercooked pork meat. The current distribution and impact of HEV infection in swine production are largely unknown. Avian gyrovirus type 2 (AGV2) is a newly described Gyrovirus, family Circoviridae, which was unexpectedly found in sera of poultry suspected to be infected with chicken anemia virus (CAV). AGV2 is closely related to CAV but displays sufficient genomic differences to be classified as a distinct species. AGV2 seems to be distributed in Brazil and also in other countries but its pathogenic role for chickens is still under investigation. Finally, the long time and intensive search for animal relatives of human hepatitis C virus (HCV) has led to the identification of novel hepaciviruses in dogs (canine hepacivirus [CHV]), horses (non-primate hepaciviruses [NPHV] or Theiler's disease associated virus [TDAV]) and rodents. For these, a clear and definitive association with disease is still lacking and only time and investigation will tell whether they are real disease agents or simple spectators.
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Warren, Kristin S., Jonathan L. Heeney, Ralph A. Swan, Heriyanto, and Ernst J. Verschoor. "A New Group of Hepadnaviruses Naturally Infecting Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)." Journal of Virology 73, no. 9 (September 1, 1999): 7860–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.73.9.7860-7865.1999.
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ABSTRACT A high prevalence (42.6%) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection was suspected in 195 formerly captive orangutans due to a large number of serum samples which cross-reacted with human HBV antigens. It was assumed that such viral infections were contracted from humans during captivity. However, two wild orangutans were identified which were HBV surface antigen positive, indicating that HBV or related viruses may be occurring naturally in the orangutan populations. Sequence analyses of seven isolates revealed that orangutans were infected with hepadnaviruses but that these were clearly divergent from the six known human HBV genotypes and those of other nonhuman hepadnaviruses reported. Phylogenetic analyses revealed geographic clustering with Southeast Asian genotype C viruses and gibbon ape HBV. This implies a common origin of infection within this geographic region, with cross-species transmission of hepadnaviruses among hominoids.
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Victoria, Joseph G., Amit Kapoor, Linlin Li, Olga Blinkova, Beth Slikas, Chunlin Wang, Asif Naeem, Sohail Zaidi, and Eric Delwart. "Metagenomic Analyses of Viruses in Stool Samples from Children with Acute Flaccid Paralysis." Journal of Virology 83, no. 9 (February 11, 2009): 4642–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02301-08.
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ABSTRACT We analyzed viral nucleic acids in stool samples collected from 35 South Asian children with nonpolio acute flaccid paralysis (AFP). Sequence-independent reverse transcription and PCR amplification of capsid-protected, nuclease-resistant viral nucleic acids were followed by DNA sequencing and sequence similarity searches. Limited Sanger sequencing (35 to 240 subclones per sample) identified an average of 1.4 distinct eukaryotic viruses per sample, while pyrosequencing yielded 2.6 viruses per sample. In addition to bacteriophage and plant viruses, we detected known enteric viruses, including rotavirus, adenovirus, picobirnavirus, and human enterovirus species A (HEV-A) to HEV-C, as well as numerous other members of the Picornaviridae family, including parechovirus, Aichi virus, rhinovirus, and human cardiovirus. The viruses with the most divergent sequences relative to those of previously reported viruses included members of a novel Picornaviridae genus and four new viral species (members of the Dicistroviridae, Nodaviridae, and Circoviridae families and the Bocavirus genus). Samples from six healthy contacts of AFP patients were similarly analyzed and also contained numerous viruses, particularly HEV-C, including a potentially novel Enterovirus genotype. Determining the prevalences and pathogenicities of the novel genotypes, species, genera, and potential new viral families identified in this study in different demographic groups will require further studies with different demographic and patient groups, now facilitated by knowledge of these viral genomes.
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Salvador, Daniel, Célia Neto, Maria João Benoliel, and Maria Filomena Caeiro. "Assessment of the Presence of Hepatitis E Virus in Surface Water and Drinking Water in Portugal." Microorganisms 8, no. 5 (May 19, 2020): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8050761.
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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a non-enveloped single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus, belonging to the Hepeviridae family, resistant to environmental conditions, and transmitted by the consumption of contaminated water. This virus is responsible for both sporadic and epidemic outbreaks, leading to thousands of infections per year in several countries, and is thus considered an emerging disease in Europe and Asia. This study refers to a survey in Portugal during 2019, targeting the detection and eventual quantification of enteric viruses in samples from surface and drinking water. Samples positive for HEV RNA were recurrently found by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), in both types of matrix. The infectivity of these samples was evaluated in cultured Vero E6 cells and RNA from putative viruses produced in cultures evidencing cytopathic effects and was subjected to RT-qPCR targeting HEV genomic RNA. Our results evidenced the existence of samples positive either for HEV RNA (77.8% in surface water and 66.7% in drinking water) or for infectious HEV (23.0% in surface water and 27.7% in drinking water). These results highlight the need for effective virological control of water for human consumption and activities.
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WONG, S. S. Y., C. C. Y. YIP, S. K. P. LAU, and K. Y. YUEN. "Human enterovirus 71 and hand, foot and mouth disease." Epidemiology and Infection 138, no. 8 (January 8, 2010): 1071–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268809991555.
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SUMMARYHand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is generally a benign febrile exanthematous childhood disease caused by human enteroviruses. The route of transmission is postulated to be faeco-oral in developing areas but attributed more to respiratory droplet in developed areas. Transmission is facilitated by the prolonged environmental survival of these viruses and their greater resistance to biocides. Serious outbreaks with neurological and cardiopulmonary complications caused by human enterovirus 71 (HEV-71) seem to be commoner in the Asian Pacific region than elsewhere in the world. This geographical predilection is unexplained but could be related to the frequency of intra- and inter-typic genetic recombinations of the virus, the host populations' genetic predisposition, environmental hygiene, and standard of healthcare. Vaccine development could be hampered by the general mildness of the illness and rapid genetic evolution of the virus. Antivirals are not readily available; the role of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of serious complications should be investigated. Monitoring of this disease and its epidemiology in the densely populated Asia Pacific epicentre is important for the detection of emerging epidemics due to enteroviruses.
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Guo, Yu, Yaxin Wang, Lin Cao, Peng Wang, Jie Qing, Qizhen Zheng, Luqing Shang, Zheng Yin, and Yuna Sun. "A Conserved Inhibitory Mechanism of a Lycorine Derivative against Enterovirus and Hepatitis C Virus." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 60, no. 2 (November 23, 2015): 913–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.02274-15.
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ABSTRACTEnterovirus 71 (EV71) (Picornaviridaefamily) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) (Flaviviridaefamily) are the causative agents of human hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and hepatitis C, resulting in a severe pandemic involving millions of infections in the Asia-Pacific region and worldwide. The great impact of EV71 and HCV on public health highlights the need to further our understanding of the biology of these two viruses and develop effective therapeutic antivirals. Here, we evaluated a total of 32 lycorine derivatives and demonstrated that 1-acetyllycorine suppressed the proliferation of multiple strains of EV71 in various cells. The results of the drug resistance analysis revealed that 1-acetyllycorine targeted a phenylalanine (F76) in EV71 2A protease (2Apro) to stabilize the conformation of a unique zinc finger. Most interestingly, the zinc binding site in EV71 2Aprois the exclusive homolog of HCV NS3 among all viruses. Further analysis revealed that 1-acetyllycorine also inhibits HCV with high efficacy, and the mutation on R118 in HCV NS3, which corresponds to F76 in EV71 2Apro, confers the resistance of HCV to 1-acetyllycorine. These results revealed a conserved mechanism of 1-acetyllycorine against EV71 and HCV through targeting viral proteases. We also documented the significant synergistic anti-EV71 and anti-HCV effects of 1-acetyllycorine with reported inhibitors, supporting potential combination therapy for the treatment of EV71 and HCV infections.
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DiNapoli, Sarah R., Vanessa M. Hirsch, and Jason M. Brenchley. "Macrophages in Progressive Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infections." Journal of Virology 90, no. 17 (June 15, 2016): 7596–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00672-16.
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The cells that are targeted by primate lentiviruses (HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus [SIV]) are of intense interest given the renewed effort to identify potential cures for HIV. These viruses have been reported to infect multiple cell lineages of hematopoietic origin, including all phenotypic and functional CD4 T cell subsets. The two most commonly reported cell types that become infectedin vivoare memory CD4 T cells and tissue-resident macrophages. Though viral infection of CD4 T cells is routinely detected in both HIV-infected humans and SIV-infected Asian macaques, significant viral infection of macrophages is only routinely observed in animal models wherein CD4 T cells are almost entirely depleted. Here we review the roles of macrophages in lentiviral disease progression, the evidence that macrophages support viral replicationin vivo, the animal models where macrophage-mediated replication of SIV is thought to occur, how the virus can interact with macrophagesin vivo, pathologies thought to be attributed to viral replication within macrophages, how viral replication in macrophages might contribute to the asymptomatic phase of HIV/SIV infection, and whether macrophages represent a long-lived reservoir for the virus.
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Noppornpanth, Suwanna, Yong Poovorawan, Truong Xuan Lien, Saskia L. Smits, Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus, and Bart L. Haagmans. "Complete genome analysis of hepatitis C virus subtypes 6t and 6u." Journal of General Virology 89, no. 5 (May 1, 2008): 1276–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.83593-0.
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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genomes exhibit high nucleotide sequence diversity. In this study, we performed complete genome sequence analysis of 11 HCV genotype 6 samples from Vietnam and Thailand. We identified nine HCV complete genomes belonging to subtypes 6a (D9), 6e (D42 and D88), 6f (TH52), 6i (TH24), 6l (D33), 6n (TH22 and TH31) and 6o (D85). Phylogenetic analysis of the core/E1 and NS5B regions from unclassified genotype 6 isolates from Asian immigrants in Canada revealed that two other viruses (D49 and D83) could be classified as novel candidates of HCV subtypes 6t and 6u.
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Boxall, E., S. Skidmore, C. Evans, and S. Nightingale. "The prevalence of hepatitis B and C in an antenatal population of various ethnic origins." Epidemiology and Infection 113, no. 3 (December 1994): 523–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800068539.
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SUMMARYA total of 3522 samples of serum, collected anonymously from women attending an antenatal clinic, was tested for hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody to hepatitis C. The prevalence of anti-HCV was low; only five confirmed positives were found (0·14%). The prevalence of hepatitis B overall was 0·56%, but was 1·04% in women from immigrant groups. Hepatitis B carriage is therefore four times more common than hepatitis C carriage in the antenatal population comprised of various ethnic origins. The patterns of infection in the two viruses are reversed, hepatitis B being more common in Asian, S.E. Asian and West Indian mothers and hepatitis C being more common in mothers of white Caucasian origin. Routine antenatal screening for anti-HCV is discussed.
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Al-Sadeq, Duaa W., Sara A. Taleb, Roan E. Zaied, Sara M. Fahad, Maria K. Smatti, Balsam R. Rizeq, Asmaa A. Al Thani, Hadi M. Yassine, and Gheyath K. Nasrallah. "Hepatitis B Virus Molecular Epidemiology, Host-Virus Interaction, Coinfection, and Laboratory Diagnosis in the MENA Region: An Update." Pathogens 8, no. 2 (May 11, 2019): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8020063.
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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an enveloped partial double-stranded DNA virus that can cause acute and chronic hepatitis. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 257 million people are living with HBV. Moreover, 20,900 acute hepatitis B cases were reported in 2016. Hepatitis B is highly prevalent in the African, Western Pacific, Eastern Mediterranean, South-East Asia, and European regions, respectively. Due to the high mutational rate of HBV and lack of reverse transcriptase proofreading activity, ten different genotypes with different geographical distributions have been identified. HBV pathogenesis and severity of infection depend on several host and viral factors, particularly, the genetic variability of both the host and virus. Although HBV infection is a global health concern, there is a lack of adequate studies and reports in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Here, we provide a review on HBV epidemiology, pathogenesis, host–pathogen interactions, coinfection with selected viruses, and laboratory diagnosis, focusing on studies conducted in the MENA region to determine the current situation of the HBV infection and outline the future study areas.
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Humphrey, C. D., K. A. McCaustland, P. Paltel, Yu E. Khudyakov, and H. A. Fields. "Identification of antigenic epitotes on hepatitis E virus by immune Electron Microscopy." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 53 (August 13, 1995): 796–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010014035x.
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Outbreaks of enterically transmitted hepatitis involving many thousands of cases have occurred in southern and central Asia, North Africa, and Latin American countries. Hepatitis E virus (HEV), a major cause of the disease is a 27-32nm virus that has features resembling those of "small round structured viruses" (e.g. Norwalk agent). Usually, for identification by electron microscopy, immune electron microscopy (IEM) is required to trap or aggregate the virus.Analysis of the HEV genome has identified 3 open reading frames (ORF) within the positive single-stranded RNA 7.5kb molecule. ORF1 appears to code for nonstructural proteins, while ORF2 and ORF3 are considered to code for structural capsid-associated proteins. Recently, the antigenic nature of the ORF2 and 3 coded putative structural proteins was shown in various immunoassays by the application of synthetic peptides and recombinant proteins. In this study, we tested whether antisera (guinea pig) to immunoreactive synthetic peptides encoded by ORF2 and ORF3 would identify HEV by IEM.
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Swanstrom, Adrienne E., Gregory Q. Del Prete, Claire Deleage, Samra E. Elser, Andrew A. Lackner, and James A. Hoxie. "The SIV Envelope Glycoprotein, Viral Tropism, and Pathogenesis: Novel Insights from Nonhuman Primate Models of AIDS." Current HIV Research 16, no. 1 (April 19, 2018): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570162x15666171124123116.
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Background: Cellular tropism of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) is closely linked to interactions between the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) with CD4 and chemokine receptor family members, CCR5 and CXCR4. This interaction plays a key role in determining anatomic sites that are infected in vivo and the cascade of early and late events that result in chronic immune activation, immunosuppression and ultimately, AIDS. CD4+ T cells are critical to adaptive immune responses, and their early and rapid infection in gut lamina propria and secondary lymphoid tissues in susceptible hosts likely contributes to viral persistence and progression to disease. CD4+ macrophages are also infected, although their role in HIV-1 pathogenesis is more controversial.Methods: Pathogenic infection by simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) in Asian macaques as models of HIV-1 infection has enabled the impact of cellular tropism on pathogenesis to be directly probed. This review will highlight examples in which experimental interventions during SIV infection or the introduction of viral mutations have altered cellular tropism and, subsequently, pathogenesis.Results: Alterations to the interaction of Env and its cellular receptors has been shown to result in changes to CD4 dependence, coreceptor specificity, and viral tropism for gut CD4+ T cells and macrophages.Conclusion: Collectively, these findings have yielded novel insights into the critical role of the viral Env and tropism as a driver of pathogenesis and host control and have helped to identify new areas for targeted interventions in therapy and prevention of HIV-1 infection.
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Xu, Baoyan, Ning Zhi, Gangqing Hu, Zhihong Wan, Sachiko Kajigaya, Keji Zhao, Qing Mao, and Neal S. Young. "Identification and Characterization of a Novel Parvovirus-Like Virus in Seronegative Hepatitis Patients by Next Generation Sequencing." Blood 120, no. 21 (November 16, 2012): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v120.21.273.273.
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Abstract Abstract 273 Seronegative hepatitis—non-hepatitis A, non-B, non-C, non-E—is poorly characterized but strongly associated with serious complications, especially aplastic anemia and fulminant hepatitis of childhood. Seronegative hepatitis is rare in the United States but more prevalent in Asia, constituting about 10–20% of acute cases. We applied next-generation sequencing to blood samples of patients from western China with seronegative hepatitis for virus discovery. A total of 92 plasma specimens were collected at Chongqing, China, between 1999 and 2007. Twenty-seven patients were diagnosed as having acute hepatitis by clinical and laboratory characteristics. Sixty-five patients had biopsy-proven chronic aggressive hepatitis, ten of which had cirrhosis. Serologic assays for hepatitis viruses A, B, C, E, HIV, Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus were all negative. Additional tests for antinuclear antibody, rheumatoid factor, anti-mitochondrial antibody also were normal. Ten plasma pools derived from 93 specimens of the patients were screened by Solexa deep sequencing. We discovered a 3780-bp contig present in all ten-pools that yielded tBLASTx E scores of 0.003 to 1.5 against parvoviruses. The sequence of the in silico assembled 3780-bp contig was confirmed by overlapping PCRs, indicating the contig that contained the nearly complete new virus genome indeed existed in the patient samples rather than being artificially generated by misassembly. The new virus is provisionally designated NIH-CQV. Further analysis revealed that the contig was composed of two major open reading frames (ORF). Protein Blast showed that ORF1 encoded a protein that contained a conserved P-loop NTPase domain, homologous to the replication-associated protein of bat circovirus (E score=4e-04). ORF2 was homologous to capsid protein of porcine parvovirus (E scores=7e-06). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the NIH-CQV represents a new subfamily of parvovirus, located at the interface of Parvoviridae and Circoviridae (Figure 1). Prevalence of the NIH-CQV in hepatitis patients was investigated by qPCR. Sixty three out of 92 (69%) patient samples were positive, while all 45 healthy controls were negative. The average virus titer in the patients was 1.28 E4 copies/ul, and the highest one was 3.2 E4 copies/ul. Specific antibodies against NIH-CQV were sought by immunoblot using a recombinant capsid protein. No cross reactivity was detected between the capsid protein of NIH-CQV and other major human parvoviruses. Eighty five percent (78/92) of patients were positive for IgG, and 32% (29/92) of them were positive for IgM. In contrast, 78% (35/45) of healthy controls were positive for IgG and 16% (7/45) were positive for IgM. Viral particles were purified from IgM-positive patient plasma by ultracentrifugation through a 40% sucrose cushion and examined by electron microscopy: spherical, naked, parvovirus-like particles approximately 26–29 nm in diameter were visualized. There was no correlation between clinical diagnosis and the presence or absence of the viral DNA or specific antibodies. Although more work is needed to determine the etiologic role of NIH-CQV in human disease, our data indicate that a novel parvovirus-like virus is highly prevalent in a cohort of patients with seronegative hepatitis. Figure 1, whole-proteome tree of the new parvovirus and members of the families Parvoviridae and Circoviridae. Figure 1,. whole-proteome tree of the new parvovirus and members of the families Parvoviridae and Circoviridae. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Kai, Chieko, and Misako Yoneda. "Henipavirus Infections - An Expanding Zoonosis from Fruit Bats." Journal of Disaster Research 6, no. 4 (August 1, 2011): 390–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2011.p0390.
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The henipavirus genus has two members – the Hendra virus (HeV) and the Nipah virus (NiV). HeV and NiV, identified in the 1990s as a paramyxovirus, cause fatalities in humans and animals. They are now classified as biosafety level 4 pathogens. HeV caused fatal respiratory infection in horses and humans in Australia in 1994, in which 2 persons died. The first-known, largest NiV outbreak occurred on theMalay Peninsula in 1998, in pigs and humans. The human fatality rate was 40%, killing 105. To cope, the Malaysian government culled over 1 million pigs at huge economic loss. The natural virus reservoir, the fruit bat (Pteropus), inhabits areas from Australia, through South Asia to Africa. InMalaysia, NiV to humans was through pigs, and the reemergence has never observed after that. However, sporadic outbreaks of NiV are continuously occurring in Bangladesh and India, in some of which epidemics human mortality exceeds 75%. The transmission is directly from fruit bats to humans, and even human-to-human transmissions are found. To prevent the outbreaks, it is important to have an intense monitoring for these diseases, to accumulate basic knowledge about the viruses and the diseases, and to develop effective vaccines.
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Li, Chunhua, Richard Njouom, Jacques Pépin, Tatsunori Nakano, Phil Bennett, Oliver G. Pybus, and Ling Lu. "Characterization of full-length hepatitis C virus sequences for subtypes 1e, 1h and 1l, and a novel variant revealed Cameroon as an area in origin for genotype 1." Journal of General Virology 94, no. 8 (August 1, 2013): 1780–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.048835-0.
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In this study, we characterized the full-length genome sequences of seven hepatitis C virus (HCV) isolates belonging to genotype 1. These represent the first complete genomes for HCV subtypes 1e, 1h, 1l, plus one novel variant that qualifies for a new but unassigned subtype. The genomes were characterized using 19–22 overlapping fragments. Each was 9400–9439 nt long and contained a single ORF encoding 3019–3020 amino acids. All viruses were isolated in the sera of seven patients residing in, or originating from, Cameroon. Predicted amino acid sequences were inspected and unique patterns of variation were noted. Phylogenetic analysis using full-length sequences provided evidence for nine genotype 1 subtypes, four of which are described for the first time here. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis of 141 partial NS5B sequences further differentiated 13 subtypes (1a–1m) and six additional unclassified lineages within genotype 1. As a result of this study, there are now seven HCV genotype 1 subtypes (1a–1c, 1e, 1g, 1h, 1l) and two unclassified genotype 1 lineages with full-length genomes characterized. Further analysis of 228 genotype 1 sequences from the HCV database with known countries is consistent with an African origin for genotype 1, and with the hypothesis of subsequent dissemination of some subtypes to Asia, Europe and the Americas.
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Fukuda, Yoshihide, Tetsuo Hayakawa, Junki Takamatsu, Hidehiko Saito, Hiroaki Okamoto, and Hidenori Toyoda. "GB Virus C/Hepatitis G Virus Isolates in Japanese Haemophiliacs and their Origins." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 80, no. 08 (1998): 242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1615181.
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SummaryJapanese haemophiliacs have been at high risk for infection with parenterally-transmissible viruses through the use of blood products, especially imported ones. Recently, novel transfusion-transmissible virus, GB virus C (GBV-C)/hepatitis G virus (HGV) were isolated. We investigated the origin and route of transmission of GBV-C/HGV isolates in haemophiliacs in Japan. GBV-C/HGV RNA was measured by nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in 91 Japanese haemophiliacs. Phylogenetic analysis and genotypic grouping of GBV-C/HGV isolates in Japanese haemophiliacs were performed based on sequences in the 5’ untranslated region, and the characteristics were compared with those of reported isolates. GBV-C/HGV infection was present in 19 of 91 haemophiliacs (20.9%). Sequence analysis showed that 15 of the 19 isolates (78.9%) showed sequence similarity to a group in which mainly West African isolates have been reported. The other 4 isolates (21.1%) showed sequence similarity to Asian isolates. None of the GBV-C/HGV isolates showed sequences similar to those generally found in isolates from USA and Europe. The majority of GBV-C/HGV isolates found in Japanese haemophiliacs who are considered to have been infected by imported blood products were similar to those detected in West Africa.
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Kingsley, David H., Gloria K. Meade, and Gary P. Richards. "Detection of both Hepatitis A Virus and Norwalk-Like Virus in Imported Clams Associated with Food-Borne Illness." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 8 (August 2002): 3914–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.8.3914-3918.2002.
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ABSTRACT Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and Norwalk-like virus (NLV) were detected by reverse transcription-PCR in clams imported into the United States from China. An epidemiological investigation showed that these clams were associated with five cases of Norwalk-like gastroenteritis in New York State in August 2000 (Food and Drug Administration Import Alert 16-50). They were labeled “cooked” but appeared raw. Viral RNA extraction was performed by using dissected digestive tissues rather than whole shellfish meats; this was followed by glycine buffer elution, polyethylene glycol precipitation, Tri-Reagent treatment, and purification of poly(A) RNA with magnetic beads coupled to poly(dT) oligonucleotides. We identified HAV and NLV as genotype I and genogroup II strains, respectively. Both viruses have high levels of homology to Asian strains. An analysis of fecal coliforms revealed a most-probable number of 93,000/100 g of clam meat, which is approximately 300-fold higher than the hygienic standard for shellfish meats.
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Li, Yaohui, Ruihua Li, Meirong Wang, Yujiao Liu, Ying Yin, Xiaodong Zai, Xiaohong Song, Yi Chen, Junjie Xu, and Wei Chen. "Fc-Based Recombinant Henipavirus Vaccines Elicit Broad Neutralizing Antibody Responses in Mice." Viruses 12, no. 4 (April 23, 2020): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12040480.
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The genus Henipavirus (HNVs) includes two fatal viruses, namely Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV). Since 1994, NiV and HeV have been endemic to the Asia–Pacific region and responsible for more than 600 cases of infections. Two emerging HNVs, Ghana virus (GhV) and Mojiang virus (MojV), are speculated to be associated with unrecognized human diseases in Africa and China, respectively. Despite many efforts to develop vaccines against henipaviral diseases, there is presently no licensed human vaccine. As HNVs are highly pathogenic and diverse, it is necessary to develop universal vaccines to prevent future outbreaks. The attachment enveloped glycoprotein (G protein) of HNVs mediates HNV attachment to the host cell’s surface receptors. G proteins have been used as a protective antigen in many vaccine candidates for HNVs. We performed quantitative studies on the antibody responses elicited by the G proteins of NiV, HeV, GhV, and MojV. We found that the G proteins of NiV and HeV elicited only a limited cross-reactive antibody response. Further, there was no cross-protection between MojV, GhV, and highly pathogenic HNVs. We then constructed a bivalent vaccine where the G proteins of NiV and HeV were fused with the human IgG1 Fc domain. The immunogenicity of the bivalent vaccine was compared with that of monovalent vaccines. Our results revealed that the Fc-based bivalent vaccine elicited a potent antibody response against both NiV and HeV. We also constructed a tetravalent Fc heterodimer fusion protein that contains the G protein domains of four HNVs. Immunization with the tetravalent vaccine elicited broad antibody responses against NiV, HeV, GhV, and MojV in mice, indicating compatibility among the four antigens in the Fc-fusion protein. These data suggest that our novel bivalent and tetravalent Fc-fusion proteins may be efficient candidates to prevent HNV infection.
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Sarkar, Probir Kumar, Nital Kumar Sarker, and Md Abu Tayab. "Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD): An Update." Bangladesh Journal of Child Health 40, no. 2 (February 13, 2017): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjch.v40i2.31567.
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Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) also known as vesicular stomatitis with exanthema, first reported in New Zealand in 1957 is caused by Coxsackie virus A16 (CVA16), human enterovirus 71 (HEV71) and occasionally by other HEV-A serotypes, such as Coxsackie virus A6 and Coxsackie virus A10, are also associated with HFMD and herpangina. While all these viruses can cause mild disease in children, EV71 has been associated with neurological disease and mortality in large outbreaks in the Asia Pacific region over the last decade. It is highly contagious and is spread through direct contact with the mucus, saliva, or feces of an infected person. This is characterized by erythrematous papulo vesicular eruptions over hand, feet, perioral area, knee, buttocks and also intra-orally mostly in children, typically occurs in small epidemics usually during the summer and autumn months. HFMD symptoms are usually mild and resolve on their own in 7 to 10 days. Treatment is symptomatic but good hygiene during and after infection is very important in preventing the spread of the disease. Though only small scale outbreaks have been reported from United States, Europe, Australia Japan and Brazil for the first few decade, since 1997 the disease has conspicuously changed its behavior as noted in different Southeast Asian countries. There was sharp rise in incidence, severity, complications and even fatal outcomes that were almost unseen before that period. There are reports of disease activity in different corners of India since 2004, and the largest outbreak of HFMD occurred in eastern part of India in and around Kolkata in 2007and Bhubaneswar, Odisha in 2009. In recent years there are cases of HFMD have been seen in Bangladesh also. Although of milder degree, continuous progress to affect larger parts of the neighboring may indicate vulnerability of Bangladesh from possible future outbreaks.Bangladesh J Child Health 2016; VOL 40 (2) :115-119
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Baillie, Vicky L., David P. Moore, Azwifarwi Mathunjwa, Henry C. Baggett, Abdullah Brooks, Daniel R. Feikin, Laura L. Hammitt, et al. "Epidemiology of the Rhinovirus (RV) in African and Southeast Asian Children: A Case-Control Pneumonia Etiology Study." Viruses 13, no. 7 (June 27, 2021): 1249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13071249.
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Rhinovirus (RV) is commonly detected in asymptomatic children; hence, its pathogenicity during childhood pneumonia remains controversial. We evaluated RV epidemiology in HIV-uninfected children hospitalized with clinical pneumonia and among community controls. PERCH was a case-control study that enrolled children (1–59 months) hospitalized with severe and very severe pneumonia per World Health Organization clinical criteria and age-frequency-matched community controls in seven countries. Nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs were collected for all participants, combined, and tested for RV and 18 other respiratory viruses using the Fast Track multiplex real-time PCR assay. RV detection was more common among cases (24%) than controls (21%) (aOR = 1.5, 95%CI:1.3–1.6). This association was driven by the children aged 12–59 months, where 28% of cases vs. 18% of controls were RV-positive (aOR = 2.1, 95%CI:1.8–2.5). Wheezing was 1.8-fold (aOR 95%CI:1.4–2.2) more prevalent among pneumonia cases who were RV-positive vs. RV-negative. Of the RV-positive cases, 13% had a higher probability (>75%) that RV was the cause of their pneumonia based on the PERCH integrated etiology analysis; 99% of these cases occurred in children over 12 months in Bangladesh. RV was commonly identified in both cases and controls and was significantly associated with severe pneumonia status among children over 12 months of age, particularly those in Bangladesh. RV-positive pneumonia was associated with wheezing.
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Jikal, Muhammad, Daisuke Mori, Ahmad Faudzi Yusoff, Sarawasthi Bina Rai, M. Hafiz Mukhsam, Ismail Ali, Liza Abd Latif, et al. "Probable Nipa Palm Wine-Associated Hepatitis A Outbreak after Attending a Funeral Ceremony in Sabah." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 105, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): 777–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.21-0036.
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ABSTRACT. Foodborne outbreaks of hepatitis A virus (HAV) are most commonly associated with fresh and frozen produce and with various types of shellfish. Alcoholic beverage-borne outbreaks of hepatitis A are extremely rare. Here, we report an outbreak of hepatitis A associated with the consumption of a traditional wine at a funeral ceremony in the Sabah state of Malaysian Borneo. Confirmed cases were determined by serum anti-HAV immunoglobulin M and/or for fecal HAV by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The amplicons of RT-PCR were subjected to nucleotide sequencing followed by phylogenetic analysis. We conducted a 1:2 case–control study to identify the possible exposure that led to the outbreak. Sixteen patients met the case definition, they were 18 to 58 years old and 90% of them were males. The case–control study showed that the consumption of nipa palm wine during the ceremony was significantly associated (P = 0.0017) with hepatitis A infection (odds ratio, 5.44; 95% CI, 1.80–16.43). Untreated river water was used to dilute the traditional wine, which was assumed to be the source of the infection. Phylogenetically, these viruses belonged to genotype IA and formed an independent cluster with strains from Taiwan, Japan, and the Philippines. This strain might be an emerging HAV in Asian countries. Environmental assessments were performed and environmental samples were negative for HAV. The incidence of hepatitis A in Sabah was also determined and it was 0.795/100,000 population. Strict monitoring of traditional wine production should be implemented by the local authority to prevent future outbreaks.
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Smith, Donald B., Peter Simmonds, Shahid Jameel, Suzanne U. Emerson, Tim J. Harrison, Xiang-Jin Meng, Hiroaki Okamoto, Wim H. M. Van der Poel, and Michael A. Purdy. "Consensus proposals for classification of the family Hepeviridae." Journal of General Virology 95, no. 10 (October 1, 2014): 2223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.068429-0.
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The family Hepeviridae consists of positive-stranded RNA viruses that infect a wide range of mammalian species, as well as chickens and trout. A subset of these viruses infects humans and can cause a self-limiting acute hepatitis that may become chronic in immunosuppressed individuals. Current published descriptions of the taxonomical divisions within the family Hepeviridae are contradictory in relation to the assignment of species and genotypes. Through analysis of existing sequence information, we propose a taxonomic scheme in which the family is divided into the genera Orthohepevirus (all mammalian and avian hepatitis E virus (HEV) isolates) and Piscihepevirus (cutthroat trout virus). Species within the genus Orthohepevirus are designated Orthohepevirus A (isolates from human, pig, wild boar, deer, mongoose, rabbit and camel), Orthohepevirus B (isolates from chicken), Orthohepevirus C (isolates from rat, greater bandicoot, Asian musk shrew, ferret and mink) and Orthohepevirus D (isolates from bat). Proposals are also made for the designation of genotypes within the human and rat HEVs. This hierarchical system is congruent with hepevirus phylogeny, and the three classification levels (genus, species and genotype) are consistent with, and reflect discontinuities in the ranges of pairwise distances between amino acid sequences. Adoption of this system would include the avoidance of host names in taxonomic identifiers and provide a logical framework for the assignment of novel variants.
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Kumar, Balvinder, Anju Manuja, BR Gulati, Nitin Virmani, and B. N. Tripathi. "Zoonotic Viral Diseases of Equines and Their Impact on Human and Animal Health." Open Virology Journal 12, no. 1 (August 31, 2018): 80–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874357901812010080.
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Introduction:Zoonotic diseases are the infectious diseases that can be transmitted to human beings and vice versa from animals either directly or indirectly. These diseases can be caused by a range of organisms including bacteria, parasites, viruses and fungi. Viral diseases are highly infectious and capable of causing pandemics as evidenced by outbreaks of diseases like Ebola, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, West Nile, SARS-Corona, Nipah, Hendra, Avian influenza and Swine influenza.Expalantion:Many viruses affecting equines are also important human pathogens. Diseases like Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), Western equine encephalitis (WEE), and Venezuelan-equine encephalitis (VEE) are highly infectious and can be disseminated as aerosols. A large number of horses and human cases of VEE with fatal encephalitis have continuously occurred in Venezuela and Colombia. Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is prevalent in horses in North America and has zoonotic potential causing encephalitis in children. Hendra virus (HeV) causes respiratory and neurological disease and death in man and horses. Since its first outbreak in 1994, 53 disease incidentshave been reported inAustralia. West Nile fever has spread to many newer territories across continents during recent years.It has been described in Africa, Europe, South Asia, Oceania and North America. Japanese encephalitis has expanded horizons from Asia to western Pacific region including the eastern Indonesian archipelago, Papua New Guinea and Australia. Rabies is rare in horses but still a public health concern being a fatal disease. Equine influenza is historically not known to affect humans but many scientists have mixed opinions. Equine viral diseases of zoonotic importance and their impact on animal and human health have been elaborated in this article.Conclusion:Equine viral diseases though restricted to certain geographical areas have huge impact on equine and human health. Diseases like West Nile fever, Hendra, VS, VEE, EEE, JE, Rabies have the potential for spread and ability to cause disease in human. Equine influenza is historically not known to affect humans but some experimental and observational evidence show that H3N8 influenza virus has infected man. Despite our pursuit of understanding the complexity of the vector-host-pathogen mediating disease transmission, it is not possible to make generalized predictions concerning the degree of impact of disease emergence. A targeted, multidisciplinary effort is required to understand the risk factors for zoonosis and apply the interventions necessary to control it.
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Kalish, Marcia L., Bette T. Korber, Satish Pillai, Kenneth E. Robbins, Yee Sin Leo, Ae Saekhou, Iris Verghese, et al. "The Sequential Introduction of HIV-1 Subtype B and CRF01AE in Singapore by Sexual Transmission: Accelerated V3 Region Evolution in a Subpopulation of Asian CRF01 Viruses." Virology 304, no. 2 (December 2002): 311–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/viro.2002.1691.
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Nikoloudis, Dimitris, Dimitrios Kountouras, and Asimina Hiona. "The frequency of combined IFITM3 haplotype involving the reference alleles of both rs12252 and rs34481144 is in line with COVID-19 standardized mortality ratio of ethnic groups in England." PeerJ 8 (November 12, 2020): e10402. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10402.
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Evidence was brought forward in England and the USA that Black, Asian, Latino and Minority Ethnic people exhibit higher mortality risk from COVID-19 than White people. While socioeconomic factors were suggested to contribute to this trend, they arguably do not explain the range of the differences observed, allowing for possible genetic implications. Almost concurrently, the analysis of a cohort in Chinese COVID-19 patients proposed an association between the severity of the disease and the presence of the minor allele of rs12252 of the Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) gene. This SNP, together with rs34481144, are the two most studied polymorphisms of IFITM3 and have been associated in the past with increased severity in Influenza, Dengue, Ebola, and HIV viruses. IFITM3 is an immune effector protein that is pivotal for the restriction of viral replication, but also for the regulation of cytokine production. Following up on these two developments in the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the present study investigates a possible association between the differences in mortality of ethnic groups in England and the combined haplotypes of rs12252 and rs34481144. The respective allele frequencies were collected for 26 populations from the 1000 Genomes Project and subgroups were pooled wherever possible to create correspondences with ethnic groups in England. A significant correlation (r = 0.9687, p = 0.0003) and a striking agreement was observed between the reported Standardized Mortality Ratios and the frequency of the combined haplotype of both reference alleles, suggesting that the combination of the reference alleles of the specific SNPs may be implicated in more severe outcomes of COVID-19. This study calls for further focus on the role of IFITM3 variants in the mechanism of cellular invasion of SARS-CoV-2, their impact in COVID-19 severity and their possible implications in vaccination efficacy.
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Deaver, Darcie, Mojdeh Naghashpour, and Lubomir Sokol. "Kikuchi-Fujimoto Disease In the United States: Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics and Outcomes." Blood 116, no. 21 (November 19, 2010): 5100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.5100.5100.
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Abstract Abstract 5100 Introduction: Kikuchi-Fujimoto Disease (KFD), also known as histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis, is a benign, idiopathic, self-limiting disease manifesting primarily as unilateral cervical lymphadenopathy in younger Asian women. In western countries this condition is very rare. Objectives: To compare clinical laboratory characteristics and delineate major differences between KFD and malignant lymphoproliferative disorders. Methods: This is a retrospective review of two patients with KFD that were evaluated in our institution between 2008 and 2010. Results: Two previously healthy 26-year old Caucasian female patients initially presented with acute onset of B symptoms and cervical or mesenteric lymphadenopathy, respectively. Staging fusion PET/CT scans revealed non-bulky lymphadenopathy with the largest node measuring 2 cm and FDG avidity with SUV maximums ranging from 3.7 to 9.8. Contrast CT scan also noted mild splenomegaly in one patient. CBC and differential revealed mild thrombocytopenia and neutropenia in both patients. Comprehensive work-up for autoimmune and infectious etiologies was negative. Although, bone marrow biopsies were negative for the involvement with lymphoma, a diagnosis of aggressive lymphoma was presumed and chemotherapy was initially recommended. A review of histology of excisional lymph node biopsies revealed partial preservation of lymph node architecture with expansion of the paracortical areas, patchy areas of necrosis, consisting of brightly eosinophilic fibrinoid deposits, and associated karyorrhexis, surrounded by an expanded accumulation of pale-staining histiocytes. Neutrophils and eosinophils were consistently absent. Obliterated sinuses and proliferation of plasmacytoid monocytes and immunoblasts, found adjacent to areas of necrosis, can display atypical morphologic features that may mimic lymphoma. Flow cytometry analysis done on biopsied nodes did not identify clonal B-cell or T cell populations. In both patients B symptoms completely resolved without therapeutic intervention 6 month after diagnosis. Chronic fatigue and residual adenopathy persisted for more than 12 months. Discussion: Most patients with KFD are young Asian women, presenting with unilateral cervical lymphadenopathy. Presentation in axillary and inguinal lymph nodes and generalized lymphadenopathy is less common, and involvement of mesenteric lymph nodes is exceedingly rare. However, it is important to include it in the differential diagnosis of more frequent necrotizing lymphadenopathies associated with infections (i.e. tuberculosis, cat-scratch disease, histoplasmosis), autoimmune disorders (i.e. systemic lupus lymphadenitis), and lymphoma, because its course and treatment are entirely different. Although lymphomas can display extensive necrosis, neoplastic (lymphoma) cells are usually present in the periphery of the necrotic foci. SLE lymph node lesions usually contain prominent neutrophilic infiltrate, plasma cells, and lesions of vasculitis are also seen. In contrast, in KFD neutrophils and eosinophils are consistently absent, representing a distinctive feature of this lesion. Immuno-histochemical studies are useful, as histiocytes stain positively for lysozyme, myeloperoxidase, and CD68. SLE also expresses myeloperoxidase; however, CD68 staining is negative. Infectious agents that cause necrotizing granulomatous lesions can be identified by special stains for organisms. Although HHV-8, EBV, and parvovirus were suggested as possible causes, no correlations between these viruses and development of KFD have been shown so far. Rarely, patients with KFD develop secondary lymphoid malignancy or SLE. Conclusion: Our cases suggested that excisional lymph node biopsy and a review by an experienced hematopathologist is essential for diagnosis of KFD. PET avid adenopathy and B symptoms might initially mimic a manifestation of aggressive lymphoma. However, characteristic histomorphology of the excised lymph node, and a lack of clonal lymphocyte population should be able to confirm diagnosis of KFD and prevent erroneous treatment with chemotherapy. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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"Bioboard." Asia-Pacific Biotech News 11, no. 20 (October 30, 2007): 1325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219030307001425.
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AUSTRALIA — Australian Scientist Urges Parliament to Pass Stem Cell Laws. AUSTRALIA — Aussie Breakthrough for Cancer Patients. AUSTRALIA — Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology Develops Detection Tools for Breast Cancer. AUSTRALIA — Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Uses Stem Cells Research to Treat Diabetes. AUSTRALIA — New Medicare Items for Autism Spectrum Disorders. CHINA — Chinese Medicine Compound has Anti-cancer Effects on Hepatocellular Carcinoma. CHINA — Low Doses of Resveratrol in Red Wine Fights Diabetes. CHINA — New Drug Developed to Fight Human and Bird Flu Viruses. INDIA — India and US Cooperate in Developing Medical Technology. INDIA — India Sets Up First Institute of Nephro-Urology. MALAYSIA — Malaysia Expected to Achieve Millennium Development Goals on HIV/AIDS. NEW ZEALAND — Living Cell Technologies Applies for Clinical Trial for Animal to Human Transplants. SINGAPORE — Singapore First in Asia Pacifc to Get 3D Imaging System for Spinal Surgery. OTHERS — Researchers Identify Key Step Bird Flu Virus Takes to Spread to Humans.
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CENGİZ, Gökhan, Aslı ŞAHİNER, Evren ALGIN YAPAR, Bilge Ahsen KARA, and Rakesh Kumar Sindhu. "POTENTIAL ANIMAL POISONS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIVIRAL THERAPEUTICS." Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, May 15, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ujpr.v6i2.564.
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Recent serious effects of viral infections on humans, anti-viral compound research has gained momentum and has become very important. In particular, viruses such as Cytomegalovirus/CMV, Epstein Barr virus/EBV, Hepatitis B/HBV, Hepatitis C/HCV, Herpes Simplex Virus/HSV, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/HIV, rabies virus, corona virus and Ebola virus are of high importance. Very limited antiviral medicines commercially available and can cause serious-significant side effects for patients receiving treatment. Also, viruses have the mutational capability to infect host cells. For this reason, in recent years, the possibility of producing new antiviral medicines, especially from natural sources, has increased considerably, and animal-based products are now also promising among natural products. Viral-borne infections have been known long ago. However, it was just possible to isolate these viruses that cause infection in the nineteenth century. The management of viral infection, the isolation of the virus, and the control of viral reproduction has played a role in the development of many drugs and vaccines in the studies carried out since that period. In addition to these studies, viruses continue to be one of the primary causes of human and animal diseases today. It has been stated that Antiviral Peptides/AVPs can be used as a defense barrier with previous studies. Some AVPs are known to show a broad spectrum against viruses. In this direction, many studies have been conducted on AVPs and it has been observed that these peptides inhibit the viral particle by the above-mentioned mechanisms. In this study venoms and toxins of some animals, which have antiviral activities are overviewed.
Peer Review History:
Received 24 March 2021; Revised 15 April; Accepted 28 April, Available online 15 May 2021
UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency.
Received file: Reviewer's Comments:
Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10
Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah,
Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, asia_abdullah65@yahoo.com
Dr. Nuray Arı,
Ankara University, Turkiye, ari@ankara.edu.tr
Dr. Terhemen Festus Swem,
Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria, swemfestus422@gmail.com
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Lin, Shang-Kuan, Nicola De Maio, Vincent Pedergnana, Chieh-Hsi Wu, Julien Thézé, Daniel J. Wilson, Eleanor Barnes, and M. Azim Ansari. "Using host genetics to infer the global spread and evolutionary history of HCV subtype 3a." Virus Evolution 7, no. 2 (July 9, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ve/veab065.
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Abstract Studies have shown that hepatitis C virus subtype 3a (HCV-3a) is likely to have been circulating in South Asia before its global spread. However, the time and route of this dissemination remain unclear. For the first time, we generated host and virus genome-wide data for more than 500 patients infected with HCV-3a from the UK, North America, Australia, and New Zealand. We used the host genomic data to infer the ancestry of the patients and used this information to investigate the epidemic history of HCV-3a. We observed that viruses from hosts of South Asian ancestry clustered together near the root of the tree, irrespective of the sampling country, and that they were more diverse than viruses from other host ancestries. We hypothesized that South Asian hosts are more likely to have been infected in South Asia and used the inferred host ancestries to distinguish between the location where the infection was acquired and where the sample was taken. Next, we inferred that three independent transmission events resulted in the spread of the virus from South Asia to the UK, North America, and Oceania. This initial spread happened during or soon after the end of World War II. This was subsequently followed by many independent transmissions between the UK, North America, and Oceania. Using both host and virus genomic information can be highly informative in studying the virus epidemic history, especially in the context of chronic infections where migration histories need to be accounted for.
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Cieply, L., R. Simmons, S. Ijaz, E. Kara, A. Rodger, W. Rosenberg, A. McGuinness, et al. "Seroprevalence of HCV, HBV and HIV in two inner-city London emergency departments." Epidemiology and Infection 147 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268819000360.
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AbstractSummary: In this paper we build on work investigating the feasibility of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing in emergency departments (EDs), estimating the prevalence of hepatitis B, C and HIV infections among persons attending two inner-London EDs, identifying factors associated with testing positive in an ED. We also undertook molecular characterisation to look at the diversity of the viruses circulating in these individuals, and the presence of clinically significant mutations which impact on treatment and control.Blood-borne virus (BBV) testing in non-traditional settings is feasible, with emergency departments (ED) potentially effective at reaching vulnerable and underserved populations. We investigated the feasibility of BBV testing within two inner-London EDs. Residual samples from biochemistry for adults (⩾18 years) attending The Royal Free London Hospital (RFLH) or the University College London Hospital (UCLH) ED between January and June 2015 were tested for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)Ag/Ab, anti-hepatitis C (HCV) and HBsAg. PCR and sequence analysis were conducted on reactive samples. Sero-prevalence among persons attending RFH and UCLH with residual samples (1287 and 1546), respectively, were 1.1% and 1.0% for HBsAg, 1.6% and 2.3% for anti-HCV, 0.9% and 1.6% for HCV RNA, and 1.3% and 2.2% for HIV. For RFH, HBsAg positivity was more likely among persons of blackvs.white ethnicity (odds ratio 9.08; 95% confidence interval 2.72–30), with anti-HCV positivity less likely among females (0.15, 95% CI 0.04–0.50). For UCLH, HBsAg positivity was more likely among non-white ethnicity (13.34, 95% CI 2.20–80.86 (Asian); 8.03, 95% CI 1.12–57.61 (black); and 8.11, 95% CI 1.13–58.18 (other/mixed)). Anti-HCV positivity was more likely among 36–55 year oldsvs.⩾56 years (7.69, 95% CI 2.24–26.41), and less likely among females (0.24, 95% CI 0.09–0.65). Persons positive for HIV-markers were more likely to be of blackvs.white ethnicity (4.51, 95% CI 1.63–12.45), and less likely to have one ED attendance (0.39, 95% CI 0.17–0.88), or female (0.12, 95% CI 0.04–0.42). These results indicate that BBV-testing in EDs is feasible, providing a basis for further studies to explore provider and patient acceptability, referral into care and cost-effectiveness.
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Singh, Adhunika, and Yogendra Kumar Tiwari. "STATUS OF HEPATITIS A VIRUS (HAV) AND HEPATITIS E VIRUS (HEV) INFECTION IN THE PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH ACUTE VIRAL HEPATITIS ATTENDING A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN JHALAWAR, RAJASTHAN." International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies 4, no. 3 (March 30, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.32553/ijmbs.v4i3.1033.
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Viral hepatitis refers to a primary infection and inflammation of the liver by any of the heterogenous group of hepatitis virus types A,B,C,D and E.1 The condition can be self-limiting or can progress to fibrosis (scarring), cirrhosis or liver cancer. Hepatitis viruses are the most common cause of hepatitis in the world but other infections, toxic substances (e.g. alcohol, certain drugs), and autoimmune diseases can also cause hepatitis. There are 5 main hepatitis viruses, referred to as types A, B, C, D and E. These 5 types are of greatest concern because of the burden of illness and death they cause and the potential for outbreaks and epidemic spread. In particular, types B and C lead to chronic disease in hundreds of millions of people and, together, are the most common cause of liver cirrhosis and cancer. Around 400 million people all over the world suffer from chronic hepatitis and the Asia-Pacific region constitutes the epicentre of this epidemic.2
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Forni, Diego, Rachele Cagliani, Mario Clerici, Uberto Pozzoli, and Manuela Sironi. "Evolutionary analysis of exogenous and integrated HHV-6A/HHV-6B populations." Virus Evolution 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ve/veaa035.
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Abstract Human betaherpesviruses 6A and 6B (HHV-6A and HHV-6B) are highly prevalent in human populations. The genomes of these viruses can be stably integrated at the telomeres of human chromosomes and be vertically transmitted (inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6A/HHV-6B, iciHHV-6A/iciHHV-6B). We reconstructed the population structures of HHV-6A and HHV-6B, showing that HHV-6A diverged less than HHV-6B genomes from the projected common ancestral population. Thus, HHV-6B genomes experienced stronger drift, as also supported by calculation of nucleotide diversity and Tajima’s D. Analysis of ancestry proportions indicated that HHV-6A exogenous viruses and iciHHV-6A derived most of their genomes from distinct ancestral sources. Conversely, ancestry proportions were similar in exogenous HHV-6B viruses and iciHHV-6B. In line with previous indications, this suggests the distinct exogenous viral populations that originated iciHHV-6B in subjects with European and Asian ancestry are still causing infections in the corresponding geographic areas. Notably, for both iciHHV-6A and iciHHV-6B, we found that European and American sequences tend to have high proportions of ancestry from viral populations that experienced considerable drift, suggesting that they underwent one or more bottlenecks followed by population expansion. Finally, analysis of HHV-6B exogenous viruses sampled in Japan indicated that proportions of ancestry components of most of these viruses are different from the majority of those sampled in the USA. More generally, we show that, in both viral species, both integrated and exogenous viral genomes have different ancestry components, partially depending on geographic location. It would be extremely important to determine whether such differences account for the diversity of HHV-6A/HHV-6B-associated clinical symptoms and epidemiology. Also, the sequencing of additional exogenous and integrated viral genomes will be instrumental to confirm and expand our conclusions, which are based on a relatively small number of genomes, sequenced with variable quality, and with unequal sampling in terms of geographic origin.
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Houzet, Laurent, Marcos Pérez-Losada, Giulia Matusali, Claire Deleage, Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet, Anne-Pascale Satie, Florence Aubry, et al. "Seminal Simian Immunodeficiency Virus in Chronically Infected Cynomolgus Macaques Is Dominated by Virus Originating from Multiple Genital Organs." Journal of Virology 92, no. 14 (May 2, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00133-18.
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ABSTRACTThe sexual transmission of viruses is responsible for the spread of multiple infectious diseases. Although the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS pandemic remains fueled by sexual contacts with infected semen, the origin of virus in semen is still unknown. In a substantial number of HIV-infected men, viral strains present in semen differ from the ones in blood, suggesting that HIV is locally produced within the genital tract. Such local production may be responsible for the persistence of HIV in semen despite effective antiretroviral therapy. In this study, we used single-genome amplification, amplicon sequencing (envgene), and phylogenetic analyses to compare the genetic structures of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) populations across all the male genital organs and blood in intravenously inoculated cynomolgus macaques in the chronic stage of infection. Examination of the virus populations present in the male genital tissues of the macaques revealed compartmentalized SIV populations in testis, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and urethra. We found genetic similarities between the viral strains present in semen and those in epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles. The contribution of male genital organs to virus shedding in semen varied among individuals and could not be predicted based on their infection or proinflammatory cytokine mRNA levels. These data indicate that rather than a single source, multiple genital organs are involved in the release of free virus and infected cells into semen. These findings have important implications for our understanding of systemic virus shedding and persistence in semen and for the design of eradication strategies to access viral reservoirs.IMPORTANCESemen is instrumental for the dissemination of viruses through sexual contacts. Worryingly, a number of systemic viruses, such as HIV, can persist in this body fluid in the absence of viremia. The local source(s) of virus in semen, however, remains unknown. To elucidate the anatomic origin(s) of the virus released in semen, we compared viral populations present in semen with those in the male genital organs and blood of the Asian macaque model, using single-genome amplification, amplicon sequencing (envgene), and phylogenetic analysis. Our results show that multiple genital tissues harbor compartmentalized strains, some of them (i.e., from epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles) displaying genetic similarities with the viral populations present in semen. This study is the first to uncover local genital sources of viral populations in semen, providing a new basis for innovative targeted strategies to prevent and eradicate HIV in the male genital tract.
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Nelson, Kenrad E., and Brittany L. Kmush. "Viral Hepatitis E." DeckerMed Family Medicine, June 1, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/fm.14073.
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Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) infections are among the most frequent causes of viral hepatitis globally. They are especially common in southern Asia where large epidemics of waterborne hepatitis, primarily affect adults with increased mortality in pregnant women, occur frequently during and after monsoon rains when there is contamination of the drinking water supply. These epidemics have been recognized throughout modern history. Similar epidemics have been reported from Sub-Saharan Africa during humanitarian crises, when the water supply is compromised. The causal virus, HEV, was discovered in 1983. About a decade later, similar HEV viruses were found to be transmitted as a foodborne infection from infected pigs, deer, wild boar, and other zoonotic reservoirs. There are 4 genotypes of HEV that infect humans: genotypes 1 and 2 are strictly human pathogens, and genotypes 3 and 4 have zoonotic reservoirs and are transmitted as a foodborne infection or from contact with the zoonotic reservoir. Although most HEV infections cause asymptomatic infections or acute selflimited hepatitis in humans, in recent years, chronic infections among immunocompromised patients after solid organ transplants or other immunocompromising conditions have been reported among persons with genotype 3 infections. This review contains 4 figues, 4 tables and 162 references Key Words: epidemiology, global impact, Hepatitis E Vaccine, HEV, prevention, reservoirs, risk factors, treatment