Relevant bibliographies by topics / HIV Viruses

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'HIV Viruses'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "HIV Viruses"

1

Tserashkou, D. V., V. M. Mitsura, E. V. Voropaev, and O. V. Osipkina. "VIRAL COINFECTIONS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B: THEIR PREVALENCE AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE." Hepatology and Gastroenterology 4, no. 2 (2020): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.25298/2616-5546-2020-4-2-171-176.

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Background. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a global public health problem. Objective – to analyze the prevalence of viral coinfections with human immunodefciency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis delta virus (HDV), TT-viruses and SENV in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and to assess their influence on liver disease severity. Material and methods. The observational cross-sectional study included 287 patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) – those with monoinfection and coinfected with HIV, HCV, HDV. Routine hematological and biochemical tests were performed, serum HBV DNA level as well as liver fbrosis stage were measured. Blood samples from 62 patients for Torque teno virus (TTV), Torque teno mini virus, Torque teno midi virus, SENV (D and H genotypes) DNAs were examined by polymerase chain reaction. Results. Among patients with CHB the prevalence of coinfection HBV + HIV is 6.6%, HBV + HCV – 6.3%, HBV + HDV – 3.8% and HBV + HDV + HCV – 1.7%. CHB patients coinfected with HIV, HCV, HDV had more pronounced biochemical differences and higher proportion of liver cirrhosis vs. HBV-monoinfected ones. The detection rate of TT viruses and their various combinations in patients with CHB is 91.9%, SENV – 66.1%. Conclusion. Coinfection with HIV, HCV, HDV in CHB patients is associated with more severe forms of chronic liver disease as compared to HBV-monoinfection. TT viruses and SENV are widespread and don’t affect the severity of liver disease in patients with CHB.
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Mustafin, R. N. "Prospects for the use of statins in antiviral therapy." Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 25, no. 1 (2023): 56–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.36488/cmac.2023.1.56-67.

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Inhibitors of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase, in addition to suppressing cholesterol synthesis, have an antiviral effect. Clinical studies have shown antiviral efficacy of statins against COVID-19, HCV, HBV, RSV, HIV, influenza viruses. The ability of statins to inhibit influenza viruses, COVID-19, RSV, HIV, as well as Ebola, Zika, Dengue, Coxsackie, rotaviruses, ADV, HDV, HHV was experimentally confirmed. Statins can also enhance the effects of antiviral drugs, making them more effective in treating infections. Therefore, the use of statins in the complex therapy of viral infections is promising. In addition, the role of influenza viruses, T-cell leukemia and herpesviruses, HIV, HBV, HCV, HPV in the development of atherosclerosis has been identified, so the use of statins in complex treatment is also necessary to correct endothelial dysfunction that occurs under the influence of viruses. Since the activity of retroelements that are evolutionarily related to exogenous viruses increases with aging, it has been suggested that retrotransposons can also be targets for statins. This is evidenced by a change in the expression of non-coding RNAs under the action of statins, since the key sources of non-coding RNAs are retroelements. This property may be an additional factor in the prescription of statins to increase life expectancy, in addition to the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis, since pathological activation of retroelements are the causes of aging. Viruses, like retroelements, are involved in the pathogenesis of malignant neoplasms, in the treatment of which statins have shown their effectiveness and the ability to enhance the effect of anticancer drugs, overcoming chemoresistance (similar to the potentiation of antiviral drugs). One of the mechanisms of this activity of statins may be their effect on retroelements and viruses.
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Kartashov, Mikhail Yu, Kirill A. Svirin, Ekaterina I. Krivosheina, Elena V. Chub, Vladimir A. Ternovoi, and Galina V. Kochneva. "Prevalence and molecular genetic characteristics of parenteral hepatitis B, C and D viruses in HIV positive persons in the Novosibirsk region." Problems of Virology 67, no. 5 (November 19, 2022): 423–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-133.

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Introduction. Parenteral viral hepatitis (B, C, D) and HIV share modes of transmission and risk groups, in which the probability of infection with two or more of these viruses simultaneously is increased. Mutual worsening of the course of viral infections is important issue that occurs when HIV positive patients are coinfected with parenteral viral hepatitis. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of HCV, HBV and HDV in HIV positive patients in the Novosibirsk region and to give molecular genetic characteristics of their isolates. Materials and methods. Total 185 blood samples were tested for the presence of total antibodies to HCV, HCV RNA, HBV DNA and HDV RNA. The identified isolates were genotyped by amplification of the NS5B gene fragment for HCV, the polymerase gene for HBV and whole genome for HDV. Results. The total antibodies to HCV were detected in 51.9% (95% CI: 44.758.9), HCV RNA was detected in 32.9% (95% CI: 26.639.5) of 185 studied samples. The distribution of HCV RNA positive cases completely repeated the distribution of HCV serological markers in different sex and age groups. The number of HCV infected among HIV positive patients increases with age. HCV subgenotypes distribution was as follows: 1b (52.5%), 3а (34.5%), 1а (11.5%), 2а (1.5%). 84.3% of detected HCV 1b isolates had C316N mutation associated with resistance to sofosbuvir and dasabuvir. The prevalence of HBV DNA in the studied samples was 15.2% (95% CI: 10.721.0). M204I mutation associated with resistance to lamivudine and telbivudine was identified in one HBV isolate. Two HDV isolates that belonged to genotype 1 were detected in HIV/HBV coinfected patients. Conclusion. The data obtained confirm the higher prevalence of infection with parenteral viral hepatitis among people living with HIV in the Novosibirsk region compared to the general population of that region. The genetic diversity of these viruses among HIV infected individuals is similar to that observed in the general population.
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Basimane-Bisimwa, Parvine, Giscard Wilfried Koyaweda, Edgarthe Ngaïganam, Ulrich Vickos, Ornella Anne Demi Sibiro, Brice Martial Yambiyo, Benjamin Seydou Sombié, et al. "Seroprevalence and molecular characterization of viral hepatitis and HIV co-infection in the Central African Republic." PLOS ONE 19, no. 5 (May 9, 2024): e0291155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0291155.

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Background The Central African Republic (CAR) is one of the countries with the highest prevalence of viral hepatitis infection in the world. Coinfection with HIV increases the morbidity and mortality beyond that of mono-infection with either hepatitis or HIV. The present study describes the geographic distribution of viral hepatitis infections and molecular characterization of these viruses in the CAR. Methodology Out of 12,599 persons enrolled during the fourth Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey of 2010 in the CAR, 10,621 Dried Blood Spot (DBS) samples were obtained and stored at -20°C. Of these DBS, 4,317 samples were randomly selected to represent all regions of the CAR. Serological tests for hepatitis B, D, and C viruses were performed using the ELISA technique. Molecular characterization was performed to identify strains. Results Of the 4,317 samples included, 53.2% were from men and 46.8% from women. The HBsAg prevalence among participants was 12.9% and that HBc-Ab was 19.7%. The overall prevalence of HCV was 0.6%. Co-infection of HIV/HBV was 1.1% and that of HBV/HDV was 16.6%. A total of 77 HBV, 6 HIV, and 6 HDV strains were successfully sequenced, with 72 HBV (93.5%) strains belonging to genotype E and 5 (6.5%) strains belonging to genotype D. The 6 HDV strains all belonged to clade 1, while 4 recombinants subtype were identified among the 6 strains of HIV. Conclusion Our study found a high prevalence of HBV, HBV/HDV and HBV/HIV co-infection, but a low prevalence of HCV. CAR remains an area of high HBV endemicity. This study’s data and analyses would be useful for establishing an integrated viral hepatitis and HIV surveillance program in the CAR.
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Gurung, Kishor, T. P. Poudel, G. J. Shah, and D. Mishra. "Seroprevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus in Nepalgunj Medical College, Nepal." Journal of Nepalgunj Medical College 16, no. 1 (July 31, 2018): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngmc.v16i1.24233.

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Introduction: Human immune deficiency viruses (HIV), Hepatitis B viruses (HBV) and Hepatitis C viruses (HCV) are the three most common chronic viral pathogens known. The viruses have common routes of transmission (such as blood and blood products, sharing needles to inject drugs and sexual activities) and similar risk factors. Aim and objective: The aim of study was to determine the seroprevalence of HIV, HBV and HCV in Kohalpur Teaching Hospital, Nepalgunj Medical College. Materials and methods: This is a descriptive hospital based study. The study was conducted at Nepalgunj Medical College, KTH, Banke. In this study, 2865 were tested for HIV, 2849 were tested for HBV and 2950 were tested for HCV from 12-01-2017 to 06-07-2017. Results: In case of HIV, 1781 (62.16%) were male and 1064 (37.84%) were female. The study revealed that in HIV reactive case was found to be 0.14% where 0.16% (3) were males and 0.09% (1) were females. In case of HBV, 1743 (61.18%) were males and 1106 (38.82%) were females. The prevalence of HBV reactive was found to be 1.65% where 1.2% (34) in male and 0.45% (13) in female. In case of HCV, 1200 (40.67%) were male and 1750 (59.33%) were female. The prevalence of HCV reactive was found to be 0.03% (1) which was only in female. Conclusion: We found that the prevalence of HIV was more predominant in males 0.16% (3). The HBV was more prevalent followed by HIV and HCV and the prevalence of HBV in male was more 1.2% (34) as compared to females 0.45% (13).
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Groener, Albrecht, Thomas Nowak, and Wolfram Schäfer. "Two Virus Reduction Steps Are Inherent in the Manufacturing Process of Berinert P, a C1-Esterase-Inhibitor Concentrate." Blood 106, no. 11 (November 16, 2005): 4170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.4170.4170.

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Abstract The clinical picture of hereditary angio-edema (HAE) is characterized by acute attacks of circumscribed swellings of the skin and sub-mucosa which recur after symptomless intervals of days to years. Episodes of swelling may involve the upper respiratory tract, including the tongue, pharynx, and larynx. This contributes to the mortality of up to 30% (or more in some families) due to suffocation as complication of laryngeal edema. This increased vascular permeability and massive local uncontrolled edema is most probably caused by uncontrolled activation of the complement system and by increased formation of bradykinin and C2 kinin due to deficiency or complete absence of C1-esterase inhibitor (C1-INH). The first line therapy for treatment of an acute attack and for short-term prophylaxis is intravenous administration of a plasma-derived C1-INH concentrate (where licensed). Such a C1-INH product is Berinert® P, licensed in e.g., Germany, Switzerland, France, and Japan. As, in general, plasma-derived products may potentially transmit viruses, special care is taken to minimize this risk by careful selection of plasma collection centers and donors. Furthermore, each donation is tested thoroughly for the absence of hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV), and high titers of parvovirus B19 (B19V) by serological and/or NAT/PCR methods. In addition, the plasma pool for fractionation is tested and only released for further processing if the pool is non-reactive (negative) for HBsAg and non-reactive for antibodies against HCV and HIV-1/-2 as well as non-reactive for genomic sequences of HAV, HBV, HCV, HIV-1, and high titers of B19V (not exceeding 105 IU/ml). Selecting and testing the starting material for absence of blood borne viruses is a very important prerequisite to the production of the C1-INH concentrate; however, the manufacturing process of this product with its inherent capacity to inactivate and/or remove potentially present viruses in the plasma pool for fractionation complements the effort for a final product with a high margin of safety with regard to viruses. Two manufacturing steps - pasteurization (heat treatment of stabilized aqueous solution at 60°C for 10 hours) and hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) - were validated for their capacity to inactivate and/or remove viruses. In these laboratory studies, the relevant blood borne viruses or specific and non-specific model viruses were employed: HIV and HAV as viruses of risk, bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) as model virus for HCV and related viruses as West Nile virus (WNV), and canine parvovirus (CPV) as model virus for parvovirus B19 (B19V) demonstrating a very effective reduction of the infectivity by both manufacturing steps independently. Based on these virus validation studies it is evident that two complementary virus reduction steps are inherent in the manufacturing process of Berinert® P. Mean overall virus reduction factors for Berinert® P Virus Virus Reduction by Two Manufacturing Steps [log 10 ] HI Chromatography Pasteurization Overall Virus Reduction HIV ≥ 4.5 ≥ 6.6 ≥ 11.1 BVDV ≥ 5.1 ≥ 9.2 ≥ 14.3 PRV ≥ 6.7 6.6 ≥ 13.3 HAV ≥ 3.3 ≥6.4 ≥9.7 CPV 6.7 1.4 8.1 Furthermore, investigational studies demonstrate (i) an effective inactivation of B19V by pasteurization resulting in a virus reduction factor of ≥ 4.3 log10 and (ii) the removal of two different prion preparations by a single manufacturing step (microsomes and purified PrPSc by 3.1 log10 and 3.2 log10, respectively). Therefore, a high safety margin for pathogens can be attributed to Berinert® P.
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Tekin, Suda, Gule Cınar, Orcun Barkay, and Ilhami Celik. "HBV and HCV Coinfection in Patients Living with HIV." Klimik Dergisi/Klimik Journal 36, no. 1 (March 21, 2023): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.36519/kd.2023.4473.

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Coinfection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals results in increased hepatic complications. HBV and HIV viruses are transmitted by blood and unprotected sexual intercourse. People with HIV and HBV coinfection are at increased risk for liver-related morbidity and mortality. HCV-related liver injury progresses more rapidly among people coinfected with HIV. HCV coinfection may also affect the management of HIV infection. This review aims to go over the management of HIV-HCV and HIV-HBV coinfections.
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Sattarova, Gulsunai. "PREVALENCE AND GENOTYPES OF HEPATITIS B AND C VIRUS AMONG HIV-INFECTED PEOPLE." Alatoo Academic Studies 23, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 497–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.17015/aas.2023.233.50.

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Viruses of parenteral hepatitis HBV, HCV and human immunodeficiency (HIV) are characterized by similar transmission routes and risk groups, in which the probability of acquiring two or more of these infections at once is increased. The aim of the research is to study the prevalence and determine the genotypes of hepatitis B and C virus circulating among HIV-infected people. The results of the studies show a high prevalence of HCV markers (HCV – 45% and HBV- 16%) among HIV-infected people. Co-infected patients had high viral replication of HBV (60%) and HCV (62.7%). Аlso by molecular genetic method, HBV DNA was detected among HBsAg negative and HCV RNA in the absence of anti- HCV. Among those co-infected with HIV+HCV, genotype 1b of hepatitis C virus prevailed so the proportion of the total number was 45.7%. Among those co-infected with HIV+HBV, genotype D of the hepatitis B virus prevailed, which amounted to 70%. The genetic diversity of variants of hepatitis B and C viruses among HIV-infected people is similar to the diversity observed in the general population of the republic.
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Oliveira, Silvano Barbosa de, Edgar Merchan-Hamann, and Leila Denise Alves Ferreira Amorim. "HIV/AIDS coinfection with the hepatitis B and C viruses in Brazil." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 30, no. 2 (February 2014): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00010413.

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The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of HIV/HBV and HIV/HCV coinfections among AIDS cases reported in Brazil, and to describe the epidemiological profile of these cases. Coinfection was identified through probabilistic record linkage of the data of all patients carrying the HIV virus recorded as AIDS patients and of those patients reported as carriers of hepatitis B or C virus in various databases from the Brazilian Ministry of Health from 1999 to 2010. In this period 370,672 AIDS cases were reported, of which 3,724 were HIV/HBV coinfections. Women are less likely to become coinfected than men and the chance of coinfection increases with age. This study allowed an important evaluation of HBV/HIV and HCV/HIV coinfections in Brazil using information obtained via merging secondary databases from the Ministry of Health, without conducting seroprevalence research. The findings of this study might be important for planning activities of the Brazilian epidemiologic surveillance agencies.
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Larke, RP Bryce. "Blood Borne Viral Infections in Transplantation: Hepatitis Viruses and Retroviruses." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 4, suppl c (1993): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1993/248042.

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Hepatitis viruses B (HBV), C (HCV) and D (HDV) and the retroviruses human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) and human T celllymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-1) and type ll (HTLV-11) have been transmitted from infected organ and tissue donors to allograft recipients. Ascertainment of personal risk factors by health questionnaire may exclude volunteer blood donors recently exposed to transmissible diseases who could be in the 'window period' of the infection, when routine serological screening tests are negative. Difficulty in obtaining historical evidence of possible recent exposure from a critically ill prospective organ donor may make the residual risk of infection slightly higher than the risk estimated per unit of transfused products from serologically screened volunteer blood donors. Current estimates of residual risk from transfusion based on United States data are: one in 200,000 units for HBV; one in 2000 to one in 6000 units for HCV; one in 40.000 lo one in 60,000 units for HIV-1; and one in 69,272 units for HTLV-1/11. Despite recent improvements in anti-HCV testing, current screening assays underestimate the incidence of transmission and prevalence of HCV infection among immunosuppressed organ recipients: evidence of ongoing HCV infection depends on detection of HCV RNA by polymerase chain reaction. Determination of I-IIV-1 p24 antigen may facilitate identification of prospective organ donors in ll1e window period of early infection and may enhance serological follow-up of allograft recipients al risk of transplantation-associated HIV-1 infection. Highly sensitive assays that can be completed very rapidly are needed to ensure greater safely for the recipient of an emergency organ transplant, where time to screen a prospective donor for infectious diseases may be extremely limited.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "HIV Viruses"

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Wang, Yuan Min. "In vivo and in vitro dynamics of HIV-1 in patients with and without antiretroviral treatment." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2002. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27848.

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Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) successfully reduces plasma levels of HIV-1 RNA and improves the quality of life for HIV-infected patients. However, these clinical benefits may be limited by the emergence of multiple drug- and cross drug resistance in HIV-1, and also by the concealment of these viral variants in other sanctuary sites such as tissues, brain, lung and other blood cell types. Furthermore, the persistence of HIV reservoirs, including latently infected resting CD4 cells, brain, lymph tissue, bone marrow and genital tract, have posed a challenge to the long—term control or eradication of HIV infected patients received HAART. To determine the effect of HAART on the distribution of viral variants, drug resistance variants, co-receptor surface expression and co—receptormediated viral entry in treated and untreated patients, we have carried out a detailed longitudinal and a comparative study on 6 seroconverters receiving HAART, in addition to 6 antiretroviral naive patients, and four patients receiving structured treatment interruption (STI). All treated patients were followed for 26 to 36 months from the initiation of HAART. In this study we have compared the interrupted and non-interrupted HAART patients to analyze the overall molecular, biological and cellular receptor dynamics over time, and highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the two therapies.
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Burnside, Helen C. "Evaluation of Montana's HIV Prevention Social Marketing Campaign a descriptive study /." CONNECT TO THIS TITLE ONLINE, 2006. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-12042006-150921/.

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Wang, Bin. "Molecular mechanisms in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) pathogenesis and mother to child transmission of HIV-1." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1996. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27541.

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This thesis is divided into three parts (1) the mechanisms by which HIV—1 generates genetic diversity in vivo to escape the human immune system and generate a hybrid genome, (2) the viral factors responsible for long-term survival of HIV-1 infected patients, and (3) the molecular mechanisms in HIV-1 transmission from mother to child and also non—transmission. Recombination has long been known to represent an important means by which retroviruses genetic diversity. Recombination between HIV- strains involving divergent strains has been previously reported, but so far, the in vivo recombinational events between closely related HIV-1 strains/variants (belonging to the same subtype) have been difficult to detect. If the recombination is happening between closely related strains or within the same subtypes of HIV-1, it may pose a threat to designing of subtype based vaccines for HIV-1 control.
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Razali, Karina National Centre in HIV Epidemiology &amp Clinical Research Faculty of Medicine UNSW. "Estimates and projections of HIV and Hepatitis C virus in Australia and the Asia-Pacific region." Publisher:University of New South Wales. National Centre in HIV Epidemiology & Clinical Research, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41095.

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The use of mathematical models in studying disease epidemics can be diverse, from the focused study of the role of a single determinant of the epidemic, or to the overall estimation of morbidity and mortality. In using simple deterministic models, a balance is struck between biological and social complexities, and the high data input demands of mathematical models. This thesis aims to apply the use of deterministic mathematical models to the studies of HIV and hepatitis C epidemiology in the Asia-Pacific region. In Australia, about 85% of reported HIV cases are among homosexual men. Casual homosexual partnerships made up 40% of incident HIV cases in 1995 increasing to 65% in 2004. In the state of New South Wales, it was estimated that over 7,500 people were living with HIV/AIDS in 2005, increasing to over 10,000 by 2016 with existing levels of intervention. Intervention measures were estimated to have prevented some 44,500 cases, the majority being among injecting drug users through the Needle and Syringe Programmes. Models for the HIV epidemics in developing countries were also developed incorporating multiple routes of HIV transmission. For Papua New Guinea, it was estimated 64,000 people were living with HIV/AIDS in 2005, rising to over 500,000 by 2025 with current levels of intervention. High levels of interventions, in particular increased condom use, will be required to achieve a stabilisation or reduction in HIV prevalence. In East Timor, the HIV epidemic is still in the early stages with 138 people estimated to be living with HIV/AIDS, rising to 5,000 by 2025 with minimal intervention. For HCV, models of the epidemic in Australia showed HCV incidence peaking in 1999, followed by a decline reaching 9,700 incident cases in 2005. Of 197,000 estimated chronic HCV cases in 2005, 58% had stage F 0/1 liver disease, 15% F 2/3 liver disease, and 2% HCV-related cirrhosis. Models estimated 210 and 105 people developed HCV-related liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma, respectively. Comparisons of modelled HCV long-term sequelae projections with linkage data showed relatively good agreement, despite discrepancies in liver-related deaths. To decrease the number of chronic HCV, at least a tripling of treatment coverage would be required. These models provide estimates of the current levels of epidemics as well as projections of future scenarios under different intervention strategies, which have an important role in the planning of strategies, as well as assessment of previous epidemic conditions.
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Lau, Katherine Aik Hee. "Biology and molecular biology of new HIV-1 recombinant forms from Malaysia." Connect to full text, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/4129.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2009.
Title from title screen (viewed 31 March 2009). Submitted in fulfilment of the of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Discipline of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine. Degree awarded 2009; thesis submitted 2008. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.
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Hutchinson, Angela Blair. "A health technology assessment of HIV counseling and testing technologies evidence of effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and the consumer perspective /." Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004:, 2003. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-06072004-131203/unrestricted/hutchinson%5Fangela%5Fb%5F200405%5Fphd.pdf.

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Juarez, Molina Claudia Ivette. "Population-specific HLA impact in immune control of HIV in Mexico and non-Mexican HIV infected cohorts." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2a6242d2-91bf-4029-9067-a922cbf1d8e4.

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HIV-1 persists to be a major health problem worldwide. A prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine offers the best hope to restrain the HIV-1 epidemic, however a consistent correlate of immune protection is yet to be found. HLA class I expression and their restricting HIV-1 specific CD8+ T cell responses have been shown to play a vital role in the control of HIV-1 infection. The interactions between HIV-1 and CD8+ T cell responses are complex and the mechanisms involved in the success or failure to control viraemia remain uncertain. Thus, the aim of these studies was to help define what CD8+ T cell responses a vaccine needs to induce to achieve durable immune control of HIV-1 infection. Focusing initially on HLA-B*35, an allele that has consistently been associated with rapid HIV-1 disease progression in the context of B clade infection, this study shows substantial differences in markers of HIV-1 disease outcome associated with different HLA-B*35 subtypes. Preliminary data suggest that effective targeting of a single epitope in Gag may be associated with HLA-B*35 mediated control of HIV-1 disease progression. Increased breadth of the Gag- specific CD8+ T cell responses is found to be associated with decreasing viral loads. These data therefore support the Gag hypothesis, and suggest that targeting of certain regions of the HIV-1 genome may have a positive effect in disease outcome, even for individuals carrying “detrimental” alleles. The extensive diversity of the HIV-1 genome and rapid viral adaptation are the main chal- lenges to vaccine design. Previous studies have suggested that effective CD8+ T cell responses drive selection of escape mutations that reduce viral replication capacity (VRC). There is also evidence that certain escape mutations can be transmitted from one host to another allow- ing for its accumulation in a population. The second study looked at the impact of HLA driven evolution of HIV-1 in VRC at a population level. This study compared two ART-naïve HIV-1 B clade infected cohorts, in Mexico and Barbados, in which protective HLA alleles (HLA- B*27/57/58:01/81:01) are expressed at 10% and 35% respectively, to analyze differences in VRC at a population level. Viral loads (VL) were found to be significantly higher in Mexico compared to Barbados and median CD4+ T cell counts significantly lower. Analysis of VRC in a subset of subjects in each cohort matched by CD4+ T cell counts between 300-500 cells/μl revealed that VL and VRC was significantly higher in the Mexican subset. This VRC difference was associated with accumulations in Barbados of eight previously described Gag escape mutation where fitness cost has previously been implicated. Accumulation remained significant in mismatched subjects. These data suggest that VLs and disease progression rates may differ between distinct populations as a result of the frequency of protective alleles in the respective populations, and that CD4+ T cell count-based guidelines to initiate antiretroviral therapy (ART) may need to be modified accordingly, to optimize the effectiveness of treatment-for-prevention strategies and reduce HIV-1 transmission rates to the absolute minimum. The final project aimed to improve the HIV-1 replication fitness assays currently used in the context of C clade infection. In order to achieve this, we attempted to design a clade C infectious molecular clone for the testing of gal-pol gene regions. However, the clones produced were not replication competent. Sequence analysis showed a large quantity of stop codons, most located within env which may explain the lack of infectivity. Chapter 5 describes the methodology used in the construction of the clade C isolate and suggests future work. Although we were unsuccessful in producing a replication competent virus, the construction of a C clade backbone which replicates efficiently remain an aim due to its importance for research directed to the analysis of genetic determinants of C clade virus. Data presented in this thesis suggest that vaccine-induced immune responses should aim to focus on vulnerable regions of the virus. These are conserved regions that can not escape without a high fitness cost and with a complex and difficult selection of compensatory mutations. Although much work remains to be done to achieve an effective CD8+ T cell based vaccine, hope remains that the induction of HIV control may be possible.
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Maison, Barbara. "A content analysis of the New York times' coverage of HIV/AIDS in Africa from January 2000 to December 2007." Muncie, Ind. : Ball State University, 2009. http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/658.

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Omune, Duncan Otieno. "Synthetic analogs of equisetin as potential HIV-1 integrase inhibitors." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3150487.

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Costiniuk, Cecilia T. "Oncolytic Viruses as a Potential Approach to Eliminate the HIV Reservoir." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23933.

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Similar to cancer cells, HIV-infected cells differ from HIV-uninfected cells in that they have altered interferon signaling pathways, the apparent reason for the selectivity of certain oncolytic viruses (OVs). Therefore, it was hypothesized that use of an OV, such as recombinant Maraba virus (MG1), may be a potential approach to eliminate latently-infected cells constituting the HIV reservoir while sparing HIV-uninfected cells. This was studied in U1, ACH-2, OM-10 and J1.1 cells and their respective HIV-uninfected parent cell lines in addition to CD4+CD25-HLADR- cells from HIV-infected individuals on effective antiretroviral therapy. Although MG1 infected and killed latently HIV-infected U1 cells to a greater degree than the HIV-uninfected parent U937 cells, this was not observed in the other HIV-infected cell lines and their respective parent cell lines. Furthermore, results from primary cells suggest that MG1 alone does not appear to eliminate cells which comprise the major HIV reservoir. Challenges of studying the HIV reservoir and priorities for future studies examining the use of OVs as a potential strategy to eliminate the HIV reservoir are discussed.
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Books on the topic "HIV Viruses"

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Sax, Paul E., Calvin J. Cohen, and Daniel R. Kuritzkes. HIV essentials. 5th ed. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2012.

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A, Crandall Keith, ed. The evolution of HIV. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.

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IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Human immunodeficiency viruses and human T-cell lymphotropic viruses. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, 1996.

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), Harvard College (1780, and United States. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, eds. Interactions of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in West Africa. Fort Detrick, Maryland: U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, 1999.

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Anna, Aldovini, and Walker Bruce D, eds. Techniques in HIV research. London: Macmillan, 1990.

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Irwin, Matthew. Problems with HIV science. Toronto: HEAL, 1999.

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Munk, Robert J. Immune restoration in HIV. New York: Community Prescription Service, 2001.

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U.S.), ed. AIDS-related MAC. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 1994.

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M, Parkin J., ed. HIV and AIDS. Oxford, UK: Bios Scientific Publishers, 1994.

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Matsukuru, Makoto. Phosphorothioate analogs of oligodeoxynucleotide inhibit viral replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): Inhibition of de novo infection in uninfected cells and regulation of viral expression in chronically infected cells. [Bethesda, Md.?]: National Cancer Institute, Office of Cancer Communications, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "HIV Viruses"

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Melloy, Patricia G. "HIV/AIDS." In Viruses and Society, 93–117. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003172260-5.

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Wensing, A. M. J., I. T. J. M. Benders, and C. A. B. Boucher. "Transmission of Resistant Viruses." In HIV-Infekt, 22–28. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59683-4_4.

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Clavel, François, and Luc Montagnier. "New HIV-Related Viruses." In Concepts in Viral Pathogenesis III, 197–203. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8890-6_23.

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Heath, Ryan D., Ali Syed, Suha Abu Khalaf, and Veysel Tahan. "HIV-HBV Co-infection, Clinical Concerns." In Human Viruses: Diseases, Treatments and Vaccines, 443–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71165-8_20.

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Goh, Gerard K. M., Bin Xue, A. Keith Dunker, and Vladimir N. Uversky. "Structural Disorder in Matrix Proteins of HIV-Related Viruses." In Flexible Viruses, 143–67. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118135570.ch6.

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Gougeon, M. L. "Apoptotic Pathways Triggered By HIV and Consequences on T Cell Homeostasis and HIV-Specific Immunity." In Viruses and Apoptosis, 95–115. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74264-7_6.

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Kumar, Pankaj, Veenu Minhas, and Charles Wood. "Viral Malignancies in HIV-Associated Immune Deficiency." In Cancer Associated Viruses, 819–51. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0016-5_32.

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Taylor, Milton W. "HIV and AIDS." In Viruses and Man: A History of Interactions, 267–307. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07758-1_15.

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Reingewertz, Tali H., Deborah E. Shalev, and Assaf Friedler. "Making Order in the Intrinsically Disordered Regions of HIV-1 Vif Protein." In Flexible Viruses, 201–21. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118135570.ch8.

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Fernández-Montero, José V., and Vincent Soriano. "Other Hepatitis Viruses and HIV Infection." In HIV and Liver Disease, 113–23. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1712-6_13.

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Conference papers on the topic "HIV Viruses"

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Barrett, P. N., G. Wöber, J. Eibl, and F. Dorner. "EFFICIENCY OF STEAM TREATMENT PROCEDURES USED FOR VIRUS INACTIVATION IN HUMAN COAGULATION FACTORS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644152.

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The transmission of viral agents from blood products derived from humanplasma has long been a serious healthproblem for the recipients. The majoragents involved are HBV, nonA nonB, Delta agent and HIV (LAV/HTLV-III). Wehave attempted to design product-specific viral inactivation procedures toprevent such transmission in blood products. Experiments were carried out with HIV, which is the only one of the above viruses which can be propagated and titrated in cell culture, and with a wide range of model viruses. High titre virus was added to blood products, and they were then subjected to different virus inactivation procedures.Heat treatment was carried out in aqueous solution with and without protein-stabilising agents, and it was demonstrated that such agents added toprevent loss of biological activity of blood products also resulted in a stabilisation of contaminating viruses.Therefore steam treatment inactivation procedures have been developed without the addition of such agents. Steam pressure, temperature and time of inactivation are the main variablesand these can be altered for each product to achieve an optimal balance between the degree of virus inactivation and retention of biological activity.It has been shown that each of thedifferent product-specific treatment procedures has a high HIV inactivation capacity.Studies with various model virusesalso demonstrated that the efficiencyof these procedures could be furtherimproved if necessary by altering various parameters such as steam pressure.
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Schimpf, K. l., B. Kraus, W. Kreuz, H. H. Brackmann, F. Haschke, and W. Schramm. "NO ANTI-HIV SEROCONVERSION AFTER REPLACEMENT THERAPY WITH PASTEURIZED F VIII CONCENTRATE. A STUDY OF 151 PATIENTS WITH HEMOPHILIA A OR VON WILLEBRAND'S DISEASE." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643973.

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Transmission of hepatitis viruses and HIV has proven to be a risk of replacement therapy in hemophilia. As regards F VIII products a concentrate (Hemate HS or P) in which viruses are inactivated by heat-treatment over 10 hours at 60° C in aqueous solution is available since 1979. Our clinical studies have shown that this product does not transmit HBV and HNANBV. As the product was manufactured by 80% from US plasma it was necessary to prove that it also does not transmit HIV. As it is, for ethical reasons, not possible to treat a control group with non-virus-inactivated F VIII, non-transmission of HIV can only proven if anti-HIV seroconversion does not occur in larger groups of patients treated exclusively with this virus-inactivated product.We collected data from 151 patients treated with Hemate HS (P) who had never before received blood or blood products. Therapy was started between Feb. 1979 and Jan. 1986 (median July 7,1983). The median length of observation till the last anti-HIV testing was 24 (3 - 83) months. 112 patients were observed longer than 13 months. The median total dosage was 17,000 (500 -2,155,375) IU of F VIII, the median patient age was 6 (0,5 - 68) years. In none of these patients anti-HIV seroconversion (ELISA test) was observed. According to the rule of three, the upper 95% confidence limit for a random sample of 60 cases with zero events would be 3/60 or 5%. For greater numbers of n cases, as in our study, the range of confidence narrows increasingly. The period of observation of this study is hitherto the longest.
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Schimpf, Kl, H. H. Brackmann, D. Bock, G. Landbeck, E. Lechler, and H. Vinazzer. "NO ANTI-HIV SEROCONVERSION AFTER REPLACEMENT THERAPY WITH STEAM-TREATED FACTOR VIII CONCENTRATE. A STUDY OF 60 PATIENTS WITH HEMOPHILIA A AND VON WILLEBRAND'S DISEASE." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644054.

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Transmission of hepatitis viruses and HIV has proven to be a risk of replacement therapy. Since Dec. 1983 factor VIII concentrates in which viruses are inactivated by steam-treatment (Factor VIII TIM 3 or S-TIM 3) are available for therapy. As they are manufactured by 80% from US plasma it was necessary to prove that they do not transmit HIV. For ethical reasons it is not possible to treat control groups of patients with non-virus- inactivated concentrate. Non-transmission of HIV can, therefore, only be proven if anti-HIV seroconversion does not occur in larger groups of patients treated with this type of product. We collected data from 60 patients, who were “virgin” (24) or, if pre-treated, anti-HIV seronegative. Therapy with Factor VIII TIM 3 or S-TIM 3 was started between Sept. 1984 and April 1986. The median length of observation till the last anti-HIV testing was 12 (6 - 24) months. The median total dosage of Factor VIII was 56,500 (500 - 427,500) IU, the median patient age was 20 (1 - 61) years. In none of the patients anti-HIV seroconversion (ELISA test) was observed. According to the rule ofthree the upper 95% confidence limit for random sample of 60 cases with zero events would be 3/60 or 5%.
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Stephan, W., H. Dichtelmüller, A. M. Prince, L. Gürtler, and F. Deinhardt. "INACTIVATION OF HEPATITIS VIRUSES AND HIV IN PLASMA AND PLASMA DERIVATIVES BY COMBINED TREATMENTWITH β-PR0PI0LACT0NE/UV-IRRADIATION." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644147.

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A combined treatment of plasma andplasma derivatives by β-Propiolactone (β-PL) /UV-irradiation is inuse at Biotest for the preparation ofthe virus safe serum preserve Bisekd® and coagulation factor concentrates.The efficacy of this sterilization procedure has been demonstrated for HAV(> 8.2 log10), HBV ( 7.0 log10) and HNANB (> 4.5 log10). As HIV has become a major problem tne inactivation of HIV by β-PL/UV in human plasma was tested. Pooled human plasma was spiked with 104.2 infectious units per ml of the Gallo strain of HIV/ HTLV-III and sterilized with 0.25 % β-PL, 60 min at pH 7.2 and subsequently UV-irradiated (4 × 20 W). After treatment with β-PL alone orβ-PL/UV no infectious HIV was detectable by reverse transcriptase assay in inoculated H-9 cultures after 14 days of cultivation (> 4.2 log10 inactivation). When the virucidal efficacy of ft-PL and UV was tested separately, β-PL inactivated > 3.5 log10, UV-irradiation another 2.5 log10 of HIV, as demonstrated by immunofluorescence tests in H-9 cultures 27 daysafter inoculation.When cryoprecipitate/F VUI-concentrate was sterilized by ft-PL and UV, > 4.5 log10 of HIV were inactivated by UV and > 3.5 log10 by α-PL. The results indicate, that the combined treatment by β-PL/UV inactivates all potentialtiters of HIV, which can be expected inscreened and pooled human plasma orcryoprecipitate, used for the preparation of virus safe plasma derivatives.
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Menon, Jeevan G., R. Paul Duffin, Richard H. Tullis, and Frank G. Jacobitz. "Hollow-Fiber Cartridges: Model Systems for Virus Removal From Blood." In ASME 2006 Frontiers in Biomedical Devices Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nanobio2006-18034.

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Aethlon Medical is developing an extracorporeal blood filter as a therapeutic device designed to remove viruses and toxins from the blood of patients. The Hemopurifier is a modified hollow-fiber plasmapheresis cartridge containing an affinity matrix in the extra capillary space. The matrix contains a high mannose specific lectin as the active capture agent. The flow configuration of the device is that of Starling flow. The filter is designed to clear viruses and toxins from blood, delaying illness so the patient’s immune system can fight off the virus. Results to date indicate the efficient removal of a variety of enveloped viruses including HIV, HCV and poxviruses with in vitro evidence indicating the ability to capture Dengue fever virus, measles, mumps, influenza, Ebola and Marburg. Possible additional targets include bioweapons such as smallpox and bacterial toxins. A schematic of the use of the filter in a therapeutic application is shown in figure 1. In order to optimize the design of such a filter, the fluid mechanics of the device is modeled analytically and investigated experimentally. Additional information can be found in Tullis et al. [1], Tullis et al. [2], and Duffin and Tullis [2].
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Karges, H. E., P. Fuhge, and N. Heimburger. "PROPERTIES AND VIRUS SAFETY OF A PASTEURIZED ANTITHROMBINIII-CONCENTRATE." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644154.

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The possible occurance of up to now unknown human pathogenic viruses makes it necessary to reconsider thestrategies for the preparation of each plasma protein concentrate used for substitution therapy. Even up to now safe products may be contaminated by infectious particles in the near future. Hence, each procedure for the preparation of such proteins should critically be checked for the elimination of contaminating proteins and should contain an inactivation step for pathogenic agents.Since about 4 decades the pasteurization of albumin in presence of stabilizers has been found to be a safe and mild method to inactivate infectious agents. Using the stabilizersglycine and sucrose, we have now been able to pasteurize antithrombin III without the usual changes in molecular properties.The product is more than 98 % pure and contains only traces of contaminating proteins. The pasteurization does not alter the electrophoretic behavior of the molecule in membrane electrophoresis (ME) and polyacrylamidgel electrophoresis (PAGE). The reactivity with heparin is nearly unchanged as tested by heparin cofactor activity and twodimensional immunoelectrophoresis. No neoantigen formation due to the pasteurization could be detected.Using model viruses the efficacy of the pasteurization step has been tested. The following results have been obtained: HIV ≥106.7 (1), CMV ≥ 104.5 (2), HSV ≥106.8 (4), Poliomyelitis virus ≥106.9 (4); the number in brackets represent the time in hours necessary to totally inactivate the given virus titer.
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Abe, T., T. Terao, Y. Nakayama, Y. Kato, M. Kazama, and I. Takahashi. "HEMOPHILIAC MENINGITIS WITH PARTICULAR MANIFESTATION AND HIV ANTIBODIY IN SPINAL FLUID." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644139.

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A 25-year-old patient with hemophilia A, who had had thrombocytopenia since 1985, was admitted to a hospital in August 1986 because of headache and slight disturbance of consciousness. Diagnosis of cerebral bleeding was made based on brain CT scan. Lymphadanopathy was noted then, and after relief of the symptoms S. aureus sepsis developed. Examination of serum for HIV antibody performed at this time gave a positive result. He was transferred to our hospital for evaluation of AIDS-relatedimmunologic disorder. The ratio of T4/T8 was 0.16, but no definitive opportunistic infections were found. Soon later, he developed headache and fever. There were no other neurological signs. Spinal fluid examination revealedlymphocytic pleocytosis without bacilli, fungi or antibodiesto viruses commonly causing encephalomeningitis. However, antibodyto HIV was detected in the spinalfluid. By a supportive care with useof antibacterial agents thesymptoms were alleviated with diminishing of the pleocytosis in spinal fluid. Lentinan, an antitumor polysaccharide, was administered with some effect on his immunologic functions. Three months later, meningitis recurred which wasalsorelieved by a supportive care.HIV is known to cause meningeal and CNS diseases. In this case the presence of HIV antibody in the spinal fluid was interpreted to be due to HIV invasion of nervous system. Furthermore, this casehas some particular feature in consideration of the common pictureof neurological involvements of AIDS, indicating that HIV induced a variety of meningeal and CNS manifestations.
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Isnard, Stéphane, John Lin, Brandon Frombuena, Thibaut V. Varin, André Marette, Delphine Planas, Meriem Messaoudene, et al. "Abstract PR04: Potential of metformin to modify the gut microbiota and prevent inflammation in nondiabetic people with HIV." In Abstracts: AACR Special Conference on the Microbiome, Viruses, and Cancer; February 21-24, 2020; Orlando, FL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.mvc2020-pr04.

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Rodrigues, José, Letícia Raposo, and Flavio Nobre. "Development of HIV-1 Coreceptor Tropism Classifiers: An Approach to Improve X4 and R5X4 Viruses Prediction." In 11th International Conference on Bioinformatics Models, Methods and Algorithms. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0009096101830187.

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Rodrigues, José, Letícia Raposo, and Flavio Nobre. "Development of HIV-1 Coreceptor Tropism Classifiers: An Approach to Improve X4 and R5X4 Viruses Prediction." In 11th International Conference on Bioinformatics Models, Methods and Algorithms. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0009096100002513.

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Reports on the topic "HIV Viruses"

1

Roderick Slavcev, Roderick Slavcev. Can bacterial viruses be engineered to protect against human viral infections like HIV? Experiment, May 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/2564.

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Ozano, Kim. Integration of HIV, TB and malaria in Africa: A Reflection Workshop. Institute of Development Studies, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.095.

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Recognising the importance of integrated health service management and delivery to accelerate Universal Health Care (UHC) and tackle the Human Immunodeficiency Viruses (HIV), tuberculosis (TB), and malaria epidemics, the UK’s Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) commissioned the Knowledge, Evidence and Learning for Development (K4D) Programme to undertake an evidence synthesis exercise of a set of BACKUP Health1 and K4D Helpdesk reports across six countries: Uganda, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Tanzania, Mozambique, Nigeria, and Zimbabwe (Ozano, 2022). The K4D reports highlight country-specific epidemiology, disease control programmes, and key interventions for each disease, including those likely to strengthen health systems and promote integration. The BACKUP reports focus more on integration and add country-specific details with recommendations.
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Baker, Stacy. Bradbury Science Museum NOTEs Program Docs: Building Immunity: How fighting HIV and other viruses helps us understand our immune system. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1716730.

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Lowe, John W., Francine McCutchan, John McNeil, Ellen Namie, and Richard Daniella. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Research - AIDS. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada298062.

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Redington, Bryce C., and Martha B. Shaw. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Research (AIDS). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada236988.

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Library, Spring. How Close are We Really to the HIV Cure? Spring Library, January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47496/sl.blog.20.

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The virus’ tricky, constantly mutating nature has so far made it impossible to develop an effective vaccine, even as the constantly improving antiviral drug classes have made HIV infection a manageable chronic health condition.
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Haider, Huma. Malaria, HIV and TB in Nigeria: Epidemiology and Disease Control Challenges. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.040.

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Nigeria has the world’s highest number of people affected by malaria and the world’s second largest human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS burden. There is a high occurrence of co-infection of malaria in HIV patients (Gumel et al., 2021). Nigeria is also ranked as one of the thirty high tuberculosis (TB) and TB-HIV co-infection burden countries in the world (Odume et al., 2020, 8). Co-infection can make each disease more severe and potentially more infectious (Gumel et al., 2021; Jemikalajah et al., 2021; Chukwuocha et al., 2019). This rapid literature review highlights key aspects of the epidemiology of malaria, HIV and TB in Nigeria, in addition to challenges in controlling the three diseases, in terms of prevention, detection and treatment. This is part of a series of reports looking into Epidemiology of Malaria, human immune deficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) across a set of African Nations.
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Perlman, Daniel M., Neil M. Ampel, Ron B. Schifman, David L. Cohn, and Charlotte M. Patton. Persistent Campylobacter Jejuni Infections in Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada265459.

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Erling, Norrby, and Eva M. Fenyo. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infections: Strain and Type Variations; Diagnosis and Prevention. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada237815.

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Bain, Luchuo Engelbert, and Darja Dobermann. Malaria, HIV and TB in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Epidemiology, Disease Control Challenges and Interventions. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.034.

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Malaria, human immune deficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) are leading causes of death and public health threat to millions in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The DRC is the second most malaria affected sub-Saharan African country after Nigeria, with malaria being the leading cause of death in children under 5 years (Lechthaler et al., 2019). The HIV prevalence in the country in the adult population stands at 1%, with extensive variations by region (UNAIDS, 2021c). The DRC is considered a high burden country for TB and HIV infection (Linguissi et al., 2017). This rapid review emphasizes significant elements of the epidemiology of malaria, HIV, and TB in DRC, as well as limitations in prevention, detection, and treatment, and examines a few interventions that aim to address these limitations. Evidence utilised is a mixture of the most recent grey literature NGO (programme reports and related documents) literature supplemented by peer reviewed academic literature from the past five years and national survey data when available. Although the clinical disease aspects of malaria, HIV and TB are well-researched there is less research available on socio-demographic variation, disease control challenges and interventions targeting these in the DRC. This is part of a series of reports looking into Epidemiology of Malaria, human immune deficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) across a set of African Nations.
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