Journal articles on the topic 'HIV treatment'
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Dickson-Spillmann, Maria, Severin Haug, Ambros Uchtenhagen, Philip Bruggmann, and Michael P. Schaub. "Rates of HIV and Hepatitis Infections in Clients Entering Heroin-Assisted Treatment between 2003 and 2013 and Risk Factors for Hepatitis C Infection." European Addiction Research 22, no. 4 (December 11, 2015): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000441973.
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Background/Aims: We report on the rates of hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in 1,313 clients entering heroin-assisted treatment (HAT) in Switzerland from 2003 to 2013. We identify predictors of HCV infection. Methods: Data were collected using questionnaires within 2 weeks of clients' first entry into HAT. Prevalence of HAV, HBV, HCV and HIV was calculated using laboratory test results collected at entry or using reports of older test results. Predictors of HCV status were identified through multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: Results show stable rates of HIV-positive clients and decreasing proportions of HAV- and HBV-infected clients. In 2013, there were 12% (n = 8) HIV-, 20% (n = 12) HAV-, 20% (n = 12) HBV- and 52% HCV- (n = 34) positive clients. Vaccination against HAV and HBV had become more frequent. Predictors of positive HCV status included older age, female gender, earlier year of entry, having spent 1 month or more in detention or prison, use of injected heroin and more years of intravenous use. Conclusion: Our results highlight the fact that efforts to prevent and test for infections and to promote vaccination against HAV and HBV in heroin users need to be continued.
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Cooper, Curtis L., and Ed Mills. "Comparison of first antiretroviral treatment duration and outcome in HIV, HIV–HBV and HIV–HCV infection." International Journal of STD & AIDS 18, no. 8 (August 1, 2007): 546–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/095646207781439838.
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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infection may differentially influence HIV treatment duration and outcome. This was assessed at The Ottawa Hospital Immunodeficiency Clinic in first-time highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) recipients visited between January 2000 and December 2004. Of 968 patients, 526/700 (75%) HIV, 173/230 (75%) HIV–HCV and 30/38 (79%) HIV–HBV-infected patients initiated HAART. Co-infected patients stopped treatment sooner (HBV – 10 months, HCV – 9 months) than HIV mono-infected (17 months) ( P<0.001). Injection drug history predicted shorter treatment duration (odds ratio [OR]1.59, P<0.001). Use of non-nucleoside-reverse-transcriptase-inhibitor-containing HAART (OR 0.76, P<0.01) and low-dose ritonavir (<400 mg twice daily)-based HAART (OR 0.83, P = 0.06) predicted longer treatment duration. HCV co-infection did not predict duration of therapy (OR 1.19, P=0.19) once controlled for by these three variables. Poor adherence was a major explanation for eventual treatment interruption in those with HIV–HCV (22% versus 5% in HIV alone; P<0.001) as was substance abuse (7% versus < 1% in HIV; P<0.001). Metabolic complications resulted in HAART interruption in HIV mono-infection (8%) but not with HBV or HCV co-infection (both <1%; P<0.001). Antiretroviral selection is critical to the longevity of initially prescribed regimens, irrespective of viral hepatitis co-infection. Attention to this and strategies targeting substance abuse and adherence in HIV–HCV are predicted to increase the duration of HAART.
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Troisi, CL, FB Hollinger, WK Hoots, C. Contant, J. Gill, M. Ragni, R. Parmley, C. Sexauer, E. Gomperts, and G. Buchanan. "A multicenter study of viral hepatitis in a United States hemophilic population." Blood 81, no. 2 (January 15, 1993): 412–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v81.2.412.412.
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Abstract Hemophilia A and B patients seen at nine US regional treatment centers were tested for serologic markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis delta virus (HDV) during 1987 and 1988. Because human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, a potentially confounding variable, was present in 53% of the group, the population was divided by HIV status for analysis purposes. In the HIV-positive group (N = 382), less than 1% had not been infected with HBV, HCV, or HDV, whereas 75% had evidence of infection with HBV and 98% with HCV. HBsAg, a marker of active HBV infection, was present in 12% of subjects; 96% of these were HCV positive. Anti-HDV was detected in 35 subjects (9.1%); all were anti-HBc positive. Ten of the 35 (29%) also were positive for IgM anti-HDV, indicating current infection. All 10 were HBsAg positive and 7 of the 9 tested were HDV RNA positive. Severe/moderate hemophilia B patients were more likely to have experienced an HBV infection and to be anti-HDV positive than were similar hemophilia A patients (22% v 8%, P < .05). In the HIV-negative group (N = 345), the subjects were younger and had less severe hemophilia than the HIV-positive patients. No evidence of HBV, HCV, or HDV infection was found in 18%, whereas 33% had experienced HBV infection and 79% were anti-HCV positive. Within this group, 4% were HBsAg positive. All 13 subjects with anti-HDV (4% of the HIV-negative group) also possessed anti-HBc. One (7.7%) was IgM anti-HDV positive and the serum from another contained HDV RNA. Both of these individuals were HBsAg positive. As in the HIV-positive group, severe/moderate hemophilia B patients were more likely to be HBV and HDV positive than were hemophilia A patients (9% v 3%, P < .05). A prevalence study of viral hepatitis in a large US hemophilic population showed that active infection with HCV is common, occurring in 89% of all study patients regardless of HIV status. Evidence of active HBV infection was found in 8%; 19% of these were actively infected with HDV. HDV was more common in hemophilia B patients after controlling for disease severity.
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Troisi, CL, FB Hollinger, WK Hoots, C. Contant, J. Gill, M. Ragni, R. Parmley, C. Sexauer, E. Gomperts, and G. Buchanan. "A multicenter study of viral hepatitis in a United States hemophilic population." Blood 81, no. 2 (January 15, 1993): 412–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v81.2.412.bloodjournal812412.
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Hemophilia A and B patients seen at nine US regional treatment centers were tested for serologic markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis delta virus (HDV) during 1987 and 1988. Because human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, a potentially confounding variable, was present in 53% of the group, the population was divided by HIV status for analysis purposes. In the HIV-positive group (N = 382), less than 1% had not been infected with HBV, HCV, or HDV, whereas 75% had evidence of infection with HBV and 98% with HCV. HBsAg, a marker of active HBV infection, was present in 12% of subjects; 96% of these were HCV positive. Anti-HDV was detected in 35 subjects (9.1%); all were anti-HBc positive. Ten of the 35 (29%) also were positive for IgM anti-HDV, indicating current infection. All 10 were HBsAg positive and 7 of the 9 tested were HDV RNA positive. Severe/moderate hemophilia B patients were more likely to have experienced an HBV infection and to be anti-HDV positive than were similar hemophilia A patients (22% v 8%, P < .05). In the HIV-negative group (N = 345), the subjects were younger and had less severe hemophilia than the HIV-positive patients. No evidence of HBV, HCV, or HDV infection was found in 18%, whereas 33% had experienced HBV infection and 79% were anti-HCV positive. Within this group, 4% were HBsAg positive. All 13 subjects with anti-HDV (4% of the HIV-negative group) also possessed anti-HBc. One (7.7%) was IgM anti-HDV positive and the serum from another contained HDV RNA. Both of these individuals were HBsAg positive. As in the HIV-positive group, severe/moderate hemophilia B patients were more likely to be HBV and HDV positive than were hemophilia A patients (9% v 3%, P < .05). A prevalence study of viral hepatitis in a large US hemophilic population showed that active infection with HCV is common, occurring in 89% of all study patients regardless of HIV status. Evidence of active HBV infection was found in 8%; 19% of these were actively infected with HDV. HDV was more common in hemophilia B patients after controlling for disease severity.
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Guo, Fuying, and Lingzhou Yang. "Research Progress on HIV/AIDS with Concomitant Hepatitis B Virus and/or Hepatitis C Virus Infection." Infection International 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ii-2017-0099.
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Abstract Hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) involve similar transmission routes, namely, blood, sexual contact, and mother-baby contact. Therefore, HIV infection is usually accompanied by HBV and HCV infections. This observation poses a great challenge to the prevention and treatment of HIV/human acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) accompanied by HBV and HCV infection. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been extensively applied. Hence, liverrelated diseases have become the main causes of complication and death in HIV-infected individuals. This paper summarizes the current epidemiology, mutual influence, and treatment of HIV/AIDS accompanied by HBV or HCV infection.
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Brook, M. G., K. Jones, A. W. S. Dale, and R. F. Miller. "Management of HIV and hepatitis B or C co-infection in 15 HIV treatment centres. Disparity between protocols and practice." International Journal of STD & AIDS 14, no. 7 (July 1, 2003): 469–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/095646203322025777.
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Our aim was to ascertain current guidelines and clinical practices prevalent in HIV treatment centres in the North Thames Region of England on the care of patients co-infected with HIV and hepatitis B or C. A self-completed postal survey of clinic guidelines and retrospective case-note reviews was performed. Fifteen of the 27 units completed the survey and generally had clinic guidelines consistent with current national guidelines. Stated policy was usually to screen HIV patients for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) and to offer specific therapy for the hepatitis as well as the HIV. Many units were unable to contribute cases to the case-note review, probably through lack of case-identification, and therefore 11 units contributed 27 case-note reviews on HIV/HBV and five units contributed 11 case-note reviews on HIV/HCV. Fifty-six percent (25/45) of patients of HBV patients were HBeAg+ve and 88% (22/25) of these had received specific hepatitis B therapy although for 59% (13/22) this was with lamivudine as part of a highly active antiretroviral therapy regimen. None of the HIV/HCV patients had received or been referred for HCV-specific therapy. Testing for hepatitis A immunity in HBV or HCV patients with a view to vaccination was done in only 50% although 96% of HIV/HCV patients had been screened for HBV. There are significant differences between the clinics' intended and actual management of HIV and chronic viral hepatitis co-infection.
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Boston, Naomi S., and Judianne C. Slish. "Management of HIV Infection in Persons Co-infected With Hepatitis." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 18, no. 4 (August 2005): 295–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190005278509.
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Co-infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and/or hepatitis B virus (HBV) is becoming a rampant disparity in HIV-infected patients. The advent of antiretroviral therapy has led to agents that are effective for suppression of both HIV and HBV; however, this can not be extrapolated to patients who are coinfected with HCV. Treatment of HCV disease is often strenuous and can lead to untoward adverse effects. Co-infection with HIV often leads to higher rates of cirrhosis and liver failure in patients with HBV or HCV, compromising antiretroviral treatment in this patient population due to the hepatotoxicity of these agents. The purpose of this review is to familiarize health care providers to the management of HIV infection in patients who are also co-infected with HBV or HCV.
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Ranin, J., D. Salemovic, B. Brmbolic, J. Marinkovic, I. Boricic, Pavlovic I. Pesic, S. Zerjav, M. Stanojevic, and D. Jevtovic. "Comparison of Demographic, Epidemiological, Immunological, and Clinical Characteristics of Patients with HIV Mono-infection Versus Patients Co-infected with HCV or/and HBV: A Serbian Cohort Study." Current HIV Research 16, no. 3 (October 16, 2018): 222–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570162x16666180717115614.
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Objective:The study aimed to correlate the status of hepatitis C (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infection in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection with clinical and demographic data prior to starting highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and assess the impact of HCV and HBV co-infection on the natural history of HIV infection.Patients and Methods:The study involved a total of 836 treatment-naive patients with available serological status for HBV and HCV at the point of therapy initiation. Patients were stratified into four groups: HIV mono-infection, HIV/HCV, HIV/HBV, and HIV/HCV/HBV co-infection. Demographic, epidemiological, immunological and clinical characteristics were analyzed in order to assess the possible impact of HCV and HBV co-infection on HIV - related immunodeficiency and progression to AIDS.Results:The prevalence of HCV and HBV co-infection in our cohort was 25.7% and 6.3%, respectively. Triple HIV/HCV/HBV infection was recorded in 1.7% of the patients. In comparison with those co-infected with HCV, patients with HIV mono-infection had lower levels of serum liver enzymes activity and higher CD4 cell counts, and were less likely to have CD4 cell counts below100 cells/µL and clinical AIDS, with OR 0.556 and 0.561, respectively. No difference in the development of advanced immunodeficiency and/or AIDS was recorded between patients with HIV monoinfection and those co-infected with HBV, or both HCV/HBV.Conclusion:HIV/HCV co-infection was found to be more prevalent than HIV/HBV co-infection in a Serbian cohort. Co-infection with HCV was related to more profound immunodeficiency prior to therapy initiation, reflecting a possible unfavorable impact of HCV on the natural history of HIV infection.
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Seyoum, Eleni, Meaza Demissie, Alemayehu Worku, Andargachew Mulu, Alemseged Abdissa, and Yemane Berhane. "HIV, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus co-infection among HIV positives in antiretroviral treatment program in selected hospitals in Addis Ababa: A retrospective cross-sectional study." PLOS ONE 17, no. 4 (April 22, 2022): e0267230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267230.
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Introduction HIV co-infection with hepatitis B (HIV-HBV) and hepatitis C (HIV-HCV) is known to affect treatment outcomes of antiretroviral therapy (ART); however, its magnitude is not well documented. We aimed to determine the magnitude of HIV-HBV and HIV-HCV co-infections simultaneously in people living with HIV (PLHIV) enrolled in ART care in Addis Ababa. Methods We reviewed the medical records of adults ≥15 years who were receiving ART care in three high burden hospitals in Addis Ababa. Baseline clinical and laboratory test results were extracted from medical records. Co-infection was determined based on hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis C virus antibody (anti-HCV) tests obtained from the medical records. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify the risk factors for hepatitis B and C co-infections. Results A total of 873 HIV-positive participants were included in this study. The median age of the participants was 37.5 years, and 55.7% were women. Overall, HIV-HBV co-infection was 5.96% (95% CI: 4.56–7.74), and HIV-HCV co-infection was 1.72% (95% CI: 1.03–2.83). The multivariable logistic regression showed that the male sex was the most independent predictor for viral hepatitis B co-infection with an odds ratio of 2.42(95% CI:1.27–4.63). However, HIV-HCV co-infection did not show a significant association in any of the sociodemographic data of the participants. Conclusion HIV co-infection with hepatitis B was moderately high in individuals enrolled in ART care in Addis Ababa. Men had significantly higher HIV-HBV co-infection. HIV co-infection with hepatitis C was relatively low. Strengthening integrated viral hepatitis services with HIV care and treatment services should be emphasized to improve patient care in health facilities.
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Barbosa da Silva, Emerson, Carolina Silva Matheus, Camila dos Santos Chagas, Daniela Rodrigues Pereira, and Anita de Carvalho Garcias. "Use of Dolutegravir in Hiv Treatment." Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology Research 5, no. 6 (April 26, 2022): 01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2693-7247/077.
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The present work deals with the theme of the use of the retroviral Dolutegravir in the fight against the HIV virus, aiming to present the pharmacological aspects of the drug. The thematic focus was guided by two major interconnected questions: a) how has the evolution of the disease occurred in Brazil and which policies have been adopted in the fight against HIV/AIDS; b) how is Dolutegravir being used to face this epidemic? The methodological procedures adopted were the research of some normative documents and materials considered of reference in the area. As a result, it was evidenced that because it is a drug that had its use approved in August/2013 by the FDA in the USA and by the European Commission in January/2014, Dolutegravir presents itself as a new efficient pharmacological option for the treatment/coping of HIV/AIDS in the country, incorporated in 2017 to the ministry of health to minimize infection in patients with cross-resistance to other drugs used.
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Reimer, J., H. Stöver, and B. Schulte. "Substitution Treatment and HCV / HIV Infection in a Sample of 31 German Prisons for Sentenced Inmates." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71072-7.
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Injection drug use (IDU) and IDU-related infectious diseases such as hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are highly prevalent among prisoners worldwide. However, little is known about the prevalence of IDUs and HCV/HIV and the availability of respective treatment options in German prisons. Data, provided by prison physicians of 31 prisons, representing 14,187 inmates, were included in this analysis. The proportion of IDUs among all prisoners was 21.9%. Substitution treatment was available in three out of four prisons (74.2%). Overall, 1,137 substitution treatments were provided annually with a wide range of treatment aims. The prevalence rate was 14.3% for HCV and 1.2% for HIV. Around 5.5% of all HCV-infected prisoners were in antiviral treatment annually, 86.5% of all HIV-positive subjects in antiretroviral HIV treatment.Generally, substitution treatment, HCV and HIV testing and treatment are available. However, due to abstinence-oriented treatment aims substitution treatment is rarely available as maintenance treatment, and HCV/HIV treatment is mainly provided for patients with an existing treatment before imprisonment. The inconsistent data quality necessitate changes in prison related policy are needed, to improve surveillance and to generate aggregated data in German prisons. The selection process in this analysis might lead to overestimating the provision substitution - and antiviral HCV-treatment.
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Annison, Lawrence, Henry Hackman, Paulina Franklin Eshun, Sharon Annison, Peter Forson, and Samuel Antwi-Baffour. "Seroprevalence and effect of HBV and HCV co-infections on the immuno-virologic responses of adult HIV-infected persons on anti-retroviral therapy." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (November 23, 2022): e0278037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278037.
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Chronic hepatitis negatively affects persons living with HIV. While varying in their transmission efficiency, HIV, HBV, and HCV have shared routes of transmission. Available data suggest widely variable rates of HBV and HCV infections in HIV-infected populations across sub-Saharan Africa. With prolonged survival rates due to increased accessibility to antiretroviral drugs, HBV and HCV have the potential to complicate the prognosis of HIV co-infected patients by contributing significantly to continued morbidity and mortality. The study sought to determine the seroprevalence of HIV/HBV and HIV/HCV co-infections among HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy and to evaluate the effect of HIV/HBV and HIV/HCV co-infections on the immunologic and virologic responses of patients. A cross-sectional study in which samples were taken from 500 people living with HIV and attending ART clinic at the Fevers unit of the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital and tested for Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) and Hepatitis C virus antibody (HCV). CD4 cell counts and HIV-1 RNA levels were estimated as well. Data generated were analysed using IBM SPSS version 22. The seroprevalence of HIV/HBV and HIV/HCV co-infections among people living with HIV was 8.4% and 0.2% respectively. HIV/HBV coinfection included 15/42 (35.7%) males and 27/42 (64.3%) females out of which the majority (97.6%) were in the 21–60 years old bracket. HIV/HBV and HIV/HCV co-infections have varied effects on the immunological and virological response of HIV patients on ART. The mean CD cell count was 361.0 ± 284.0 in HIV/HBV co-infected patients and 473.8 ± 326.7 in HIV mono-infected patients. The mean HIV-1 RNA level was not significantly different (X2 [df] = .057 [1]; P = .811) among HIV/HBV co-infected patients (Log102.9±2.0 copies/mL), compared to that of HIV mono-infected patients (Log102.8±2.1 copies/mL) although HIV mono-infected patients had lower viral load levels. One-third (14/42) of HIV/HBV co-infected patients had virologic failure and the only HIV/HCV co-infected patient showed viral suppression. 336/500 (67.2%) patients had HIV-1 viral suppression (females [66.1%]; males [33.9%]) while 164/500 (32.8%) had virologic failure (females [67.7%]; males [32.3%]). The mean CD4 count of patients with viral suppression and patients with virologic failure was 541.2 cells/μL (95% CI 508.5–573.8) and 309.9 cell/μL (95% CI 261.9–357.9) respectively.The study concludes that, HIV/HBV and HIV/HCV coinfections do not significantly affect the immunologic and virologic responses of patients who have initiated highly active antiretroviral therapy, and treatment outcomes were better in females than in males. There was no HBV/HCV co-infection among patients.
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Masgala, A., S. Bonovas, and G. K. Nikolopoulos. "Recent Advances in the Treatment of HIV/HBV and HIV/HCV Co-Infection." Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 12, no. 9 (June 1, 2012): 890–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138955712800959062.
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Ndifontiayong, Adamu Ndongho, Innocent Mbulli Ali, Jean Baptiste Sokoudjou, Jerimiah Mbogwe Ndimumeh, and Christopher Bonglavnyuy Tume. "The Effect of HBV/HCV in Response to HAART in HIV Patients after 12 Months in Kumba Health District in the South West Region of Cameroon." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 6, no. 3 (August 10, 2021): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6030150.
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Hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) are two among the numerous forms of infections whose clinical degeneration, morbidity–mortality and low immune responsiveness in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are highly evident. Co-infection of HIV with HBV and HCV has been associated with reduced survival, increased risk of progression to liver diseases and increased risk of hepatotoxicity associated with antiretroviral therapy (ARV). We carried out biochemical, immunological, virological and clinical analysis of hepatitis B and C positive HIV patients as well as some HIV positive individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy in Kumba Health District to evaluate the immune response to the ARV therapy and identified risk factors associated with the treatment outcomes. A total of 52 HIV patients, 36 HIV/HBV and 12 HIV/HCV patients were involved in this study. We performed CD4 counts, viral load test, analyzed ALAT/ASAT, albumin, bilirubin, and creatinine and measured the weights of HIV patients, HIV/HBV and HIV/HCV enrolled for not more than one year in Kumba Health District. The results were analyzed to evaluate the immune response and possible risk factors associated with the treatment outcomes. The mean increase in weight in participants of all groups over 12 months (17.12 kg) was greater than the mean increase in CD4 (8.92 cell/mm3). However, the mean decrease in viral loads over a 12 months was also very high (1035.17 copies/mL). There was a significant change in the mean values from baseline for all the three variables (p < 0.0001). HIV disease outcomes following HAART (high active antiretroviral therapy) do not appear to be adversely affected by HBV or HCV co-infection, except for slightly poorer CD4 count responses in HIV/HCV co-infected patients. Concerning the renal and liver functions, all the biomarkers witnessed a decrease in patients of all groups in response to HAART over time, with a more rapid decrease in mono-infected patients as compared with those co-infected with HBV but the case was contrary for those co-infected with HCV. Co-infection with HBV or HCV was relatively common among HIV infected participants in Kumba Health District. There were differences in response to HAART between the mono-infected compared with the co-infected, taking into consideration the weight, CD4 count, and viral load. In addition, there was also a variation in the different biomarkers of liver and renal function between mono-infected and co-infected patients.
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Huy, Bùi Vũ, Kanxay Vernavong, and Nguyễn Văn Kính. "HBV and HCV Coinfection among HIV/AIDS Patients in the National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, Vietnam." AIDS Research and Treatment 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/581021.
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Aim. To examine prevalence and characterization of HBV and HCV coinfection among HIV/AIDS patients.Methods. This cross-sectional, retrospective study analyzed 724 HIV/AIDS patients in the HIV clinic at the National Hospital of Tropical Diseases (NHTD), from 5/2005 to 4/2011.Results. The prevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV coinfection was 50.3% (364/724), of which HbsAg, HCV, and both of HbsAg, and HCV positivity were 8.4%, 35.4%, and 6.5%, respectively. The cohort (364 patients) with HBV, HCV, and HIV coinfection live in the 30 provinces/cities in the North and Central area of Vietnam. We found statistically significant associations between heightened risk of coinfection with HIV and HCV in the age group 30–39 years (P<0.001), male gender (P<0.001), never married patients (P<0.001), patients with a history of injection drug use (P<0.001), and clinical stages 2–4 (P<0.001). Coinfection with HBV/HIV was statistically significant associations between heightened risk of marital status (never married) (P<0.001) and those who reported transmission through sexual intercourse.Conclusion. Coinfection with viral hepatitis is common in HIV patients; further study of the impact and evolution of coinfection is necessary to find effective treatment algorithms.
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Bakhti, Mehrnaz, Mohammadreza Haghshenas, Reza Valadan, and Mehdi Rabie Rudsari. "Prevalence of HBV/HCV Infections in HIV-Positive Patients in Northern Iran." Research in Molecular Medicine 5, no. 4 (October 10, 2018): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/rmm.v5i4.3066.
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Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection increases the risk of infection with other pathogens, including hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). A crucial aspect of HIV prevention and treatment programs is knowledge of the prevalence of co-infection of HIV and HBV and/or HCV. This study sought to determine HBV and HCV co-infection in HIV-positive patients in northern Iran. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were collected from 83 HIV-positive patients whose infection was previously confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction in the HIV center in the North of Iran. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain socio-demographic data from participants. Samples were screened for hepatitis B surface antigen and anti-HCV antibody. All non-reactive samples were recorded as negative. Results: The 83 patients comprised 50 (60%) males and 33 (40%) females. Twenty eight (33%) and 15 (18%) subjects were positive for HCV antibody and hepatitis B surface antigen, respectively. Seven (8%) of subjects were co-infected with all three viruses. Conclusion: Seroprevalence of HCV and HIV co-infection was high and was strongly related to mutual acquisition.
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Brackmann, SA, A. Gerritzen, J. Oldenburg, HH Brackmann, and KE Schneweis. "Search for intrafamilial transmission of hepatitis C virus in hemophilia patients." Blood 81, no. 4 (February 15, 1993): 1077–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v81.4.1077.1077.
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Abstract This study was performed to determine the risk of family members of anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV)-positive hemophilia patients (index patients) for infection with HCV compared with the risk of acquiring hepatitis B virus (HBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. All index patients (n = 141) were found to be positive by first and second generation anti-HCV enzyme immunoassays (EIAs). Among their household contacts (n = 228), 224 were negative and 1 positive by both assays. Three contacts gave positive results in first generation anti-HCV EIA and negative results in second generation assay. This latter result was confirmed by further tests (neutralization test, synthetic peptides, and supplemental assay). Percent positivity for anti-HBc was about the same in non-sexual household contacts and sexual partners (13 of 109 [12%] and 7 of 54 [13%], respectively). Percent prevalence of anti-HBc was higher in contacts of index patients with chronic hepatitis B than in those of index patients who had recovered from that disease (6 of 20 [30%] and 14 of 133 [10%], respectively; P < .05). The HBV infection rate of contacts participating in controlled self-treatment was not higher than that of controls (3 of 57 [5%] and 10 of 98 [10%], respectively). Of 44 sexual partners, 5 (11%) were found to be positive for anti-HIV. Prevalence of anti-HAV matched with the age-related distribution in the German population. These findings suggest that intrafamilial transmission of HCV to family members of hemophilia patients is uncommon. In contacts of hemophilia patients, the risk of acquiring HBV infection seems to be as high in household contacts as in sexual contacts. Participation in controlled self-treatment does not appear to be an additional risk for HCV and HBV infection. There is no doubt that sexual transmission of HCV is less common than that of HBV and HIV.
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Brackmann, SA, A. Gerritzen, J. Oldenburg, HH Brackmann, and KE Schneweis. "Search for intrafamilial transmission of hepatitis C virus in hemophilia patients." Blood 81, no. 4 (February 15, 1993): 1077–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v81.4.1077.bloodjournal8141077.
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This study was performed to determine the risk of family members of anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV)-positive hemophilia patients (index patients) for infection with HCV compared with the risk of acquiring hepatitis B virus (HBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. All index patients (n = 141) were found to be positive by first and second generation anti-HCV enzyme immunoassays (EIAs). Among their household contacts (n = 228), 224 were negative and 1 positive by both assays. Three contacts gave positive results in first generation anti-HCV EIA and negative results in second generation assay. This latter result was confirmed by further tests (neutralization test, synthetic peptides, and supplemental assay). Percent positivity for anti-HBc was about the same in non-sexual household contacts and sexual partners (13 of 109 [12%] and 7 of 54 [13%], respectively). Percent prevalence of anti-HBc was higher in contacts of index patients with chronic hepatitis B than in those of index patients who had recovered from that disease (6 of 20 [30%] and 14 of 133 [10%], respectively; P < .05). The HBV infection rate of contacts participating in controlled self-treatment was not higher than that of controls (3 of 57 [5%] and 10 of 98 [10%], respectively). Of 44 sexual partners, 5 (11%) were found to be positive for anti-HIV. Prevalence of anti-HAV matched with the age-related distribution in the German population. These findings suggest that intrafamilial transmission of HCV to family members of hemophilia patients is uncommon. In contacts of hemophilia patients, the risk of acquiring HBV infection seems to be as high in household contacts as in sexual contacts. Participation in controlled self-treatment does not appear to be an additional risk for HCV and HBV infection. There is no doubt that sexual transmission of HCV is less common than that of HBV and HIV.
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Stenkvist, J., O. Weiland, A. Sönnerborg, A. Blaxhult, and K. Falconer. "P770 LOWER UPTAKE OF HCV TREATMENT THAN HIV TREATMENT IN HIV/HCV CO-INFECTED PATIENTS." Journal of Hepatology 60, no. 1 (April 2014): S327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8278(14)60931-4.
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Herbert, Sophie, Emily Chung, and Laura Waters. "HIV Treatment." Current Treatment Options in Infectious Diseases 6, no. 3 (June 29, 2014): 271–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40506-014-0023-3.
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TÁVORA, Lara Gurgel Fernandes, Elodie Bomfim HYPPOLITO, José Napoleão Monte da CRUZ, Nyvia Maria Barroso PORTELA, Samuel Montenegro PEREIRA, and Camila Monteiro VERAS. "HEPATITIS B, C AND HIV CO-INFECTIONS SEROPREVALENCE IN A NORTHEAST BRAZILIAN CENTER." Arquivos de Gastroenterologia 50, no. 4 (December 2013): 277–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-28032013000400007.
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ContextThe occurrence of HIV and hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) virus associations is of great concern since co-infected patients respond poorly to antiviral treatment and usually progress to chronic and more complicated hepatic disease. In Brazil, these co-infections prevalence is not well known since published data are few and sometimes demonstrate conflicting results. Also, a significant number of co-infected individuals are HBV/HCV asymptomatic carriers, leading to under notification.ObjectivesThe present study aimed to determine the prevalence of the HBV and HCV infection in a recently diagnosed HIV population in the state of Ceará/Brazil.MethodsRetrospective cohort, with >18yo patients diagnosed HIV+ from 2008-2010. First year medical attention information was collected.ResultsA total of 1.291 HIV+ patients were included. HBV serologies were collected in 52% (23% had previous hepatitis B, 3.7% were co-infected) and HCV in 25.4% (1.5% had previous hepatitis C, 5.4% co-infection). The majority of HBV/HIV patients referred multiple sexual partners/year, 28% homosexualism and 20% bisexualism. In the HCV/HIV group 38.8% individuals had > one sexual partner/year and 22.2% used intravenous drugs.ConclusionThe study reinforce the need for better training healthcare workers and providing laboratory support for a prompt hepatitis diagnosis and adequate medical management to avoid complications and decrease viral spread.
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Hayashi, Takuma. "The HIV Biology of pro-viral HIV Gene Expression for Diagnosis and Treatment." Paripex - Indian Journal Of Research 3, no. 7 (January 1, 2012): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22501991/july2014/63.
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Khadka, Sundar, Rupendra Shrestha, Sanjeet Pandit, Roshan Pandit, and Anup Bastola. "Late Response of Antiretroviral Therapy in an HIV-1-Infected Patient due to Hepatitis B and C Coinfections: The First Case Report in Nepal." Case Reports in Medicine 2019 (February 11, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2070973.
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Aim. Dual coinfection of HCV and HBV in HIV-1-infected population is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Also, they share routes of HIV transmission; however, it might be associated with an independent factor like injecting drug use for HCV and unsafe sex for HBV. This case report suggests that hepatitis virus coinfection may lead to late response of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV-1 patients. Patients and Methods. A 49-year-old male patient visited for the routine follow-up investigation at the National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL), Teku, Nepal. He was an HIV-1-positive injecting drug user (IDU) co-infected with HCV and HBV. The patient was under ART as per the National HIV Testing and Treatment Guidelines 2017, Nepal. Further, serological and viral load testing was performed for confirmation and monitoring therapy, respectively. Results. It is the first report that highlights the dual coinfection of HCV and HBV in an HIV-1 patient from Nepal. The follow-up investigation shows improved response to ART with an increase in CD4+ cells. However, detectable viral loads indicated for a late response might be due to effects of coinfections or viral interactions. Conclusions. Dual coinfection is rare; however, it is more serious with poorly defined epidemiology and evolution in an HIV-1-infected population. Thus, universal screening of HBV or/and HCV coinfection in HIV-1-infected population requires immediate implementation for true prevalence, proper management, and early intervention.
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Sheldon, Julie, Belén Ramos, Carlos Toro, Pilar Ríos, José Martínez-Alarcón, Marcelle Bottecchia, Miriam Romero, Javier Garcia-Samaniego, and Vincent Soriano. "Does Treatment of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) Infection Reduce Hepatitis Delta virus (HDV) Replication in HIV-HBV-HDV-Coinfected Patients?" Antiviral Therapy 13, no. 1 (January 2008): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135965350801300110.
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Background Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) has a unique replication process that requires coinfection with hepatitis B virus (HBV). Treatment is currently limited to interferon therapy. The role of potent nucleos(t)ide analogues active against HBV has not been well examined in chronic delta hepatitis (CDH). Methods HIV-positive patients with CDH attending our hospital were identified and longitudinally studied. Serum HBV DNA, HDV RNA and HIV RNA, treatment regimens, and biochemical and serological markers were assessed at yearly intervals. Liver fibrosis was measured by transient elastography during the last 2 years. Results Sixteen patients were identified and treated with anti-HBV therapy (median time 6.1 years). The majority were male and previous intravenous drug users. Median baselines were: HDV RNA 7 log10 copies/ml, HIV RNA 1.7 log10 copies/ml, HBV DNA 1.1 log10 IU/ml and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 98 IU/ml. A significant correlation was found between HDV RNA and HBV DNA (r=0.226, P=0.015), aspartate aminotransferase (r=0.430, P<0.0001), ALT (r=0.441, P<0.0001) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) (r=0.557, P<0.0001). Overall, 13 patients showed a reduction in HDV viraemia and ALT levels, and three of them achieved undetectable HDV RNA and normal ALT levels. Conclusion Patients undergoing successful anti-HBV therapy with potent nucleos(t)ide analogues seem to indirectly benefit from suppression of HDV replication, albeit not very efficiently. Hypothetically, a significant and sustained reduction in serum HDV RNA might only be seen when a reduction in HBV covalently closed circular DNA or HBV surface antigen is achieved, which may require long periods of successful anti-HBV therapy. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence of the benefit of potent anti-HBV nucleos(t)ide analogue therapy in CDH.
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Clarke, M., J. Goodhand, T. Ahmad, V. Cairnes, and N. A. Kennedy. "N28 Effectiveness of pre-biologic screening for viral hepatitis and HIV." Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 14, Supplement_1 (January 2020): S670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjz203.1011.
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Abstract Background Biologic treatments can reactivate viral hepatitis and HIV. Prior to starting biologic therapy, the ECCO guidelines recommend patients are screened for chronic viral infection. We recently diagnosed a patient treated with adalimumab with HIV. As a consequence we sought to assess the effectiveness of our screening process for viral infections and to identify factors linked to non-testing Methods We screened our pharmacy dispensing records and IBD database for all patients currently treated with biologic therapies. We then cross-referenced our virology records for HIV, Hepatitis B (HBV) and Hepatitis C (HCV) screening. We used our IBD database and clinical records to record demographic and clinical factors associated with non-testing. Results As of September 2019 we were treating 453 patients with a biopharmaceutical drug in whom pre-treatment testing for viral hepatitis and HIV is recommended. Amongst whom, 50 (11%), 22 (5%) and 24 (5%) patients had not been tested for HIV, HBV or HCV, respectively. Our patient with HIV had inflammatory ileocolonic Crohn’s disease and been treated with combination azathioprine and adalimumab since October 2016. He was in clinical remission at the time of HIV diagnosis (July 2018). We stopped his azathioprine and adalimumab and he was commenced on antiretroviral therapy. After 13 months’ follow-up, he had not developed immune reconstitution syndrome or had a flare of his Crohn’s disease. Moving forwards, the identified unscreened patients currently on biologic treatment are being tested at the earliest opportunity. Patients receiving infusions of biopharmaceuticals are being screened with their verbal consent at the time of their next infusion. Patients receiving subcutaneous treatments are being screened at their next appointment. Conclusion Comprehensive review of our biologic-treated patients revealed that 11% had not been screened for HIV and/or chronic viral hepatitis.
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Liu, Lin, Lin Wang, Hua Zhang, Weidong Ou, Dan Li, Yi Feng, Hui Zhuang, and Yiming Shao. "Changing Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Coinfection in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Positive Population in China: Results From the Third and Fourth Nationwide Molecular Epidemiologic Surveys." Clinical Infectious Diseases 73, no. 4 (January 27, 2021): 642–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab058.
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Abstract Background The transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV)/hepatitis C virus (HCV) is similar in modes/routes and related risk factors. Understanding the long-term changing epidemiology of HIV, HBV, and HCV coinfection is important for evaluation of existing disease control policy and healthcare planning. We describe HBV and HCV coinfection based on the latest 2 nationwide molecular epidemiologic surveys of HIV infection in mainland China in 2007 and 2015. Methods Seroprevalence of HBV and HCV infections was determined in antiretroviral treatment (ART)–naive people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) from 2 nationwide surveys conducted in 2007 and 2015 from 31 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions in mainland China. Demographic characteristics, route of HIV transmission, and CD4+ cell count were captured in the national database. Logistic regression was used to study the association between coinfection status and possible relevant risk factors. Results A total of 6611 (n = 1571 in 2007; n = 5040 in 2015) ART-naive PLWH met the eligibility criteria. The prevalence of HBV and HCV coinfection in PLWH decreased from 61.1% in 2007 to 18.0% in 2015. Significant coinfection proportion reduction was found for HCV (from 53.7% to 4.9%), and a moderate decrease for HBV (17.8% to 13.9%). There was an increase of HBV/HIV coinfections among 12 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions, associated with domestic migration (adjusted odds ratio, 6.34 [95% confidence interval, 1.82–22.09]). Conclusions A significant decrease of HBV and HCV coinfection in PLWH was observed. Due to limited health resources and high transmission efficiency, concerted efforts should be made to further control viral hepatitis epidemics in HIV-positive populations.
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Sun, Guofang. "Advances in the Treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis B Virus Co-infection." Infection International 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ii-2017-0131.
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AbstractHepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are transmitted through the same pathways. Therefore, the incidence of HBV in the HIV-infected population is higher than that in the healthy population, and is more obvious in China given the high HBV prevalence in the country. HIV and HBV co-infection can accelerate the disease process of HBV. Moreover, the incidence of cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease is higher in patients co-infected with HIV and HBV than in patients infected HBV alone. When treating patients co-infected with HIV and HBV for HBV infection alone, care should be taken to avoid the induction of HIV resistance. HBV should be considered during drug selection for anti-retroviral treatment. Furthermore, the effective HBV treatment should be retained if anti-retroviral drugs require changing.
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Dieterich, Douglas T. "Special Considerations and Treatment of Patients with HBV-HIV Coinfection." Antiviral Therapy 12, no. 3_suppl (April 2007): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135965350701203s06.
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Coinfection with HIV and hepatitis B virus (HBV) substantially alters the natural course of HBV infection as well as its management. Therapy for HBV infection in HIV-coinfected patients requires several factors to be taken into consideration, such as whether the antiviral activity of a particular agent is specific for HBV (that is, adefovir, entecavir, telbivudine and pegylated interferon) or for both viruses (that is, lamivudine, emtricitabine and tenofovir), whether the chosen drug has the potential for inducing drug resistance and cross-resistance, and whether use of the agent is associated with hepatotoxicity. For coinfected patients who do not require therapy for their HIV infection, clinicians should avoid prescribing monotherapy with agents that have activity against HIV (that is, tenofovir, entecavir, emtricitabine or lamivudine) so as not to compromise future HIV care. This review discusses the current status of treatment of hepatitis B in the setting of HIV infection. It describes emerging therapeutic strategies and addresses challenges in the treatment of coinfection.
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Navarro, J. Alberto Juárez. "Treatment of HCV and HIV coinfection." Annals of Hepatology 5 (2006): S42—S48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1665-2681(19)31971-4.
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Puoti, Massimo, Roberto Rossotti, Giovanna Travi, Claudia Panzeri, Marco Morreale, Erika Chiari, Giorgia Cocca, Maurizio Orso, and Maria Cristina Moioli. "Optimizing treatment in HIV/HCV coinfection." Digestive and Liver Disease 45 (September 2013): S355—S362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2013.09.001.
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Konkle, Barbara A., Lehida Melendez-Morales, Liliana Preiss, Mingdong Zhang, Prasad Mathew, M. Elaine Eyster, and James J. Goedert. "Correlates of Spontaneous Clearance of Hepatitis C Virus among HIV-Infected Persons with Hemophilia." Blood 108, no. 11 (November 16, 2006): 1265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.1265.1265.
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Abstract Up to the late 1980s, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected the majority of people with hemophilia (PWH) in the United States (US), via contaminated plasma clotting factor therapy. Approximately two-thirds of the HCV-infected PWH in the US also were infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The Second Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study (MHCS-II) investigated complications of HCV and HIV infections in people with hemophilia. From 2001 - 2005, data and specimens were collected from 2561 anti-HCV positive participants, including 763 who were co-infected with HIV. These data were analyzed for correlates of spontaneous HCV clearance. Results. Of the 763 HIV-positive, anti-HCV-positive participants, 285 were eliminated from the analysis because they had received interferon treatment to clear HCV, lacked HCV treatment data, or lacked sufficient specimens to determine HCV clearance status. Of the remaining 478 interferon-untreated participants, 61 (12.8%) had cleared HCV RNA from plasma. HCV had cleared in 8.6% of the 116 who were never infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), 11.6% of 207 with resolved HBV infection, and 8.9% of 124 with missing HBV status (P≥ 0.41). In contrast, HCV had cleared in 16 (51.6%) of the 31 participants with chronic HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) in serum. Adjusted for gender and race, HCV clearance was increased 7.4-fold (95% CI 3.7 - 15.0) for those with chronic HBsAg. In the HBsAg negative group, HCV clearance was significantly lower among participants of African ancestry (1.6%, p=0.01) and was significantly lower in PWH with severe compared to mild or moderate coagulopathy (8.2% vs 15.9%, p=0.02). Clearance was unrelated to type of initial clotting factor replacement therapy, year of birth, year of primary HCV infection, age at primary HCV infection, age at HIV infection, and year of enrollment in the cohort. HCV clearance occurred in 2 (12.5%) of the 14 participants in whom primary HCV infection occurred after or within one year of HIV infection, compared to 9.1% when HCV infection occurred more than one year before HIV (p=0.65). HCV clearance was unrelated to CD4 count at cohort enrollment, history of immunologically or clinically defined AIDS, and detection of HIV RNA in plasma at cohort enrollment. HCV clearance tended to be higher among the 231 participants on HAART (12.6%) than in those on less intensive (9.1%), anomalous (6.7%) or no anti-HIV therapy (6.5%, Ptrend=0.07), although when restricted to non-African ancestry males, HIV therapy was not associated with clearance (Ptrend=0.26). Conclusion. Unlike in HIV-negative people with hemophilia, HCV clearance in the current study was unrelated to age at or year of primary HCV infection. We were unable to evaluate repeated exposure to and likely re-infection with HCV, although the lower clearance in patients with severe hemophilia, who would have been treated, and thus exposed more frequently, supports the hypothesis of lower clearance with re-infection. While reduced overall, spontaneous HCV clearance was markedly increased by the presence of chronic HBsAg carriage. These findings will increase our understanding of interactions between these viruses and may lead to improved approaches to treatment of co-infected patients.
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Grant, Conor, Sarah O'Connell, Darren Lillis, Anne Moriarty, Ian Fitzgerald, Linda Dalby, Ciaran Bannan, et al. "Opt-out screening for HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C: observational study of screening acceptance, yield and treatment outcomes." Emergency Medicine Journal 37, no. 2 (December 5, 2019): 102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2019-208637.
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BackgroundWe initiated an emergency department (ED) opt-out screening programme for HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) at our hospital in Dublin, Ireland. The objective of this study was to determine screening acceptance, yield and the impact on follow-up care.MethodsFrom July 2015 through June 2018, ED patients who underwent phlebotomy and could consent to testing were tested for HIV, HBV and HCV using an opt-out approach. We examined acceptance of screening, linkage to care, treatment and viral suppression using screening programme data and electronic health records. The duration of follow-up ranged from 1 to 36 months.ResultsOver the 36-month study period, there were 140 550 ED patient visits, of whom 88 854 (63.2%, 95% CI 63.0% to 63.5%) underwent phlebotomy and 54 817 (61.7%, 95% CI 61.4% to 62.0%) accepted screening for HIV, HBV and HCV, representing 41 535 individual patients. 2202 of these patients had a positive test result. Of these, 267 (12.1%, 95% CI 10.8% to 13.6%) were newly diagnosed with an infection and 1762 (80.0%, 95% CI 78.3% to 81.7%) had known diagnoses. There were 38 new HIV, 47 new HBV and 182 new HCV diagnoses. 81.5% (95% CI 74.9% to 87.0%) of known patients who were not linked were relinked to care after screening. Of the new diagnoses, 86.2% (95% CI 80.4 to 90.8%) were linked to care.ConclusionAlthough high proportions of patients had known diagnoses, our programme was able to identify many new infected patients and link them to care, as well as relink patients with known diagnoses who had been lost to follow-up.
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Demosthenes, John Paul, Gnanadurai John Fletcher, Uday George Zachariah, George Mannil Varghese, Susanne Alexander Pulimood, Priya Abraham, and Rajesh Kannangai. "Chronic Immune Activation Among Treatment Naïve HIV/ HBV Coinfected Individuals From Southern India." Current HIV Research 19, no. 4 (August 30, 2021): 332–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570162x19666210506160642.
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Background : Chronic immune activation is one of the most widely recognized hallmarks of HIV infection. T-cells that express CD38+ and HLA-DR+ show poor proliferative potential, signal transduction, and increased apoptotic potential. This affects HIV pathogenesis and its outcome and further complicates with a coinfection like HBV. Method: Study Design: Cross-sectional. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for virological markers using ELISA for HBeAg and RT-PCR for HIV&HBV Viral load. Chronic immune activation markers of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells were measured by Flow cytometry for both HIV and HBV Results: There was a significant increase in HBV replication shown by higher HBV DNA (p=0.002), a higher proportion of HBeAg (p=0.0049), and lower CD4 counts (p=0.04) among HIV/HBV coinfected individuals, compared to the monoinfected groups. The frequencies of CD4+ CD38+ HLA-DR+ and CD8+ CD38+ HLA-DR+ in the HIV/HBV coinfection were significantly higher than HBV monoinfected group (P<0.0001) and in the HIV monoinfected group (P< 0.0001). The Liver fibrosis score APRI and FIB-4, were higher in the coinfected group compared with HBV monoinfected group (0.67 vs. 0.25, p = 0.0085; 3.48 vs. 0.98, p = 0.0026) respectively. The cytokine levels of IL-17, Fas-L,TNF -α, IL-10, IL-2 and Granzyme B were also measured and compared among the study groups. Conclusion: Our data suggest that HIV probably influences immune activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and this may play a significant role in accelerating the disease outcome among HIV/HBV coinfected individuals.
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Choudhuri, Sabyasachi, and Soumya Deb. "Smart-Nanobots: The Future of HIV AIDS Treatment." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 9, no. 6 (June 5, 2020): 420–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr20604164637.
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NAFEES, MUHAMMAD, ISHTIAQ AHMED, and GHAZALA JAFFERI. "JAIL POPULATION." Professional Medical Journal 18, no. 04 (December 10, 2011): 697–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2011.18.04.2681.
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Objective: The infections with hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are common among prisoners but such data are sparse from Pakistan; hence in this study, we evaluated the sero-prevalence of these three infections among Jail inmates. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Setting: Central Jail, Lahore. Period: May to November 2009. Methodology: Investigate the seroprevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV infections among the random population of sentenced inmates of Central Jail, Lahore. We examined 3062 jail inmates, 396 of them were females and 2666 males. Majority of the inmates were Pakistani national (97.06 %). All collected blood samples were tested for HIV antibodies, HBsAg, and anti-HCV antibodies with one step chromatographic immunoassay. Results: Seroprevalence rate of HCV, HBV and HIV infections was 15.31%, 3.46 % and 1.79 % respectively. Overall prevalence of these infections in the jail inmates was 20.57 % and 18.77 % of them were positive for markers of viral hepatitis B/C. Conclusions: We evaluated that jail inmates in Pakistan had a high incidence of HCV, HBV and HIV infections. Regular testing is required to identify infected prisoners and refer them for appropriate treatment. In addition, general disease prevention efforts are needed to minimize transmission of these viral infections in this subpopulation, before and after release.
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BUSHNELL, G., N. L. STENNIS, A. M. DROBNIK, D. C. PROOPS, S. D. AHUJA, K. BORNSCHLEGEL, and J. FULD. "Characteristics and TB treatment outcomes in TB patients with viral hepatitis, New York City, 2000–2010." Epidemiology and Infection 143, no. 9 (November 12, 2014): 1972–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268814002970.
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SUMMARYLiterature surrounding the burden of and factors associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in persons with tuberculosis (TB) disease remains limited and focused on populations outside the USA. Cross-matched New York City (NYC) TB and viral hepatitis surveillance data were used to estimate the proportion of NYC adults diagnosed with TB from 2000 to 2010 with a report of viral hepatitis infection and to describe the impact of viral hepatitis infection on TB treatment completion and death. For 9512 TB patients, HCV infection was reported in 4·2% and HBV infection in 3·7%; <1% of TB patients had both HCV and HBV infection. The proportion of TB patients with HCV infection to die before TB treatment completion was larger than in TB patients without a viral hepatitis report (21% vs. 9%); this association remained when stratified by HIV status. There was no significant difference in death before treatment completion for TB patients with HBV infection compared to TB patients without a viral hepatitis report when stratified by HIV status. These findings reinforce the importance of hepatitis testing and providing additional support to TB patients with viral hepatitis infection.
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Maek-a-Nantawat, Wirach, Anchalee Avihingsanon, and Pirapon June Ohata. "Challenges in Providing Treatment and Care for Viral Hepatitis among Individuals Co-Infected with HIV in Resource-Limited Settings." AIDS Research and Treatment 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/948059.
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Hepatitis B and C infections are prevalent among HIV-infected individuals with different epidemiologic profiles, modes of transmission, natural histories, and treatments. Southeast Asian countries are classified as “highly prevalent zones,” with a rate of hepatitis B and C coinfection in people living with HIV/AIDS of approximately 3.2–11%. Majority of hepatitis B coinfection is of genotype C. Most of the patients infected with hepatitis C in Thailand have genotype 3 which is significantly related to intravenous drug use whereas, in Vietnam, it is genotype 6. The options for antiretroviral drugs are limited and rely on global funds and research facilities. Only HBV treatment is available for free through the national health scheme. Screening tests for HBV and HCV prior to commencing antiretroviral treatment are low. Insufficient concern on hepatitis-virus-related liver malignancy and long-term hepatic morbidities is noted. Cost-effective HCV treatment can be incorporated into the national health program for those who need it by utilizing data obtained from clinical research studies. For example, patients infected with HCV genotype 2/3 with a certain IL-28B polymorphism can be treated with a shorter course of interferon and ribavirin which can also help reduce costs.
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Adamu Ndongho, Ndifontiayong, Ali Innocent Mbulli, Sokoudjou Jean Baptiste, Ousenu Karimo, Mbogwe Jerimiah Ndimumeh, Karimo Ousenu, and Tume Christopher Bonglavnyuy. "Risk factors associated with response to highly active antiretroviral therapy after 24 months of administration to HIV, HIV/HBV and HCV patients in Kumba Health District, South West Region of Cameroon." Archives of Clinical Gastroenterology 8, no. 3 (September 26, 2022): 037–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/2455-2283.000111.
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Hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) are two other forms of infections for which co-infection in HIV has been associated with alteration of the immune response, increased risk of progression to liver diseases, and increased risk of hepatotoxicity associated with antiretroviral therapy. This study aimed to establish the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis C antibody (HCVAb) among HIV patients, evaluate response to treatment between the different categories and identify the possible risk factors associated with this burden of hepatitis B/C among HIV patients and the resulting responses to HAART in Kumba Health, in the South West Region of Cameroon. Method: We performed a systematic screening using Rapid Diagnostic Test, for HBsAg and HCVAb among 299 HIV patients enrolled at the treatment centers in Kumba Health District (District hospital Kumba, Kumba Town Sub-Divisional hospital, and the Apostolic hospital Banga Bakundu), with all positives for HBV or HCV confirmed by the ELISA and results analyzed using SPSS version 20. Out of the 299 participants, 52 HIV patients, 36 HIV/HBV, and 12 HIV/HCV patients were involved in the prospective cohort study for 24 months which permitted monitored the immune response (CD4 counts and viral load test), as well as variation of biochemical parameters (ALAT/ASAT, albumin, bilirubine, creatinine) and weights of the studied participants. Result: Out of the 100 HIV patients involved in the prospective cohort, 36 and 12 were hepatitis B and C virus-positive respectively. Following the analysis of the viral load and CD4 cell counts, there were differences in response to HAART after 24 months between the mono-infected and co-infected patients, taking into consideration the, CD4 cell counts (HIV: 930.846 cells/mm3, HIV/HBV: 595.139 cells/mm3 and HIV/HCV: 678.500cells/mm3), and viral load (HIV: 1777.85copies/ml, HIV/HBV: 2232.61copies/ml and HIV/HCV: 750.83copies/ml). There were variations in biomarkers of the liver (ALAT/ASAT, bilirubin, and albumine) and renal function (creatinine) for both patients. There were also variations of the different biomarkers linked to the infection status of the different participants. Conclusion: There were positive variations in viral load and CD4 cell counts among the studied participants, with a more rapid response to the mono-infected HIV patients compared to the co-infected patients. Similar strength was observed in the variation of the different biomarkers and such variation indicates that co-infection of HIV patients with either hepatitis B or C virus can affect rapid response to HAART and the variations in the level of Biochemical markers among the different categories are linked to the alteration of the functions of the respective organs and so this result could be used for health decisions regarding co-infections.
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Mosquera, Diana M., Julius Wilder, Alicia Ellis, and Susanna Naggie. "301. Risk of Virologic Failure with Antiretroviral Switches in HIV/HCV Co-infections." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.2506.
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Abstract Background Direct-acting antivirals (DAA) and antiretroviral (ARV) medications pose treatment challenges in HIV/HCV co-infection. Management of contraindicated combinations varies across practices. ARV switches may increase the risk of HIV virologic and treatment failure, and has been reported to increase the risk of DAA treatment failure. This analysis assesses how switches in ARV regimen impacts treatment outcomes in HIV/HCV co-infection. Methods This retrospective cohort study includes patients 18 years and older with stable HIV/HCV co-infection (HIV RNA<50 for ≥6 months) who received DAA HCV therapy. Data were obtained using the Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems. The “ARV switch” cohort is defined as patients undergoing a switch in ARV regimen within 6 months prior to DAA treatment. The “no ARV switch” cohort was defined as patients without a change in ARV during the same time period. The primary outcome is HIV treatment failure which is a composite endpoint including HIV virologic failure (defined as confirmed loss of HIV viral suppression), discontinuation/change of ARV regimen, progression to AIDS, or death. We compared baseline characteristics, the proportion of patients free of HIV treatment failure, free of HIV virologic failure, and that achieved sustained viral response (SVR) at 12 and 24 weeks after DAA treatment among ARV switch and no ARV switch groups. Results Of the 256 patients, 63/256 (25%) underwent an ARV switch (Table 1). At baseline, the most common regimen in the ARV switch group was protease inhibitor (PI)-based while for the no ARV switch group, it was an integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI)-based regimen. HIV/HCV transmission risk factors, HCV genotype, and AST/ALT were similar among the two groups (Table 1). The proportion with HIV treatment and virologic failure, and the proportion achieving SVR12/24 were similar among the ARV switch and no ARV switch groups. Conclusion HIV treatment and virologic failure, and SVR12/24 were not different among patients who did or did not undergo a switch in their ARV regimen prior to DAA treatment. This suggests that switches in the ARV regimen for DAA treatment of HCV do not negatively impact HIV or HCV outcomes among patients with HIV/HCV Coinfection. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Savaryn, Bohdan, Jessica Round, Sabrina Plitt, Stephen Shafran, and Carmen Charlton. "938. Identifying Gaps in the Treatment of Hepatitis C in Patients Co-Infected with HIV in Edmonton, Alberta." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S502—S503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.1124.
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Abstract Background The Northern Alberta HIV Program (NAHP) provides care and support for about 2500 HIV positive individuals. Part of the program includes screening and therapy for co-morbidities such as hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. This study aims to assess the occurrence of HCV co-infection among these patients, determine whether they had received treatment for HCV, and identify patients who are currently viremic so they can be linked to care. Methods NAHP patients from 2010 to 2019 were linked to their HCV antibody, RNA, and genotyping laboratory testing data from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2019 as well as HCV medication dispensation data. Each patient’s current and previous state of HCV infection and treatment status was assessed. Chart reviews were conducted for patients presently HCV viremic to assess their HIV care and social determinants. Results Of the 2417 NAHP patients, 392 (16.2%) were identified as having been co-infected with HCV at some point between January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2019 and meeting the inclusion criteria. Overall, 198 (50.5%) of the HIV-HCV co-infected patients had received HCV treatment and 232 (59.2%) were no longer viremic at their most recent HCV RNA test. 99 (69.2%) of the 143 HCV viremic patients had a suppressed HIV infection suggesting they are active in their HIV care and good candidates for HCV treatment. Figure 1. 2417 patients in the Northern Alberta HIV Program were evaluated for the presence of an HIV- HCV co-infection. 404 patients were identified as having been HIV-HCV co-infected at some point between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2019. Figure 2. 404 HIV-HCV co-infected patients from the Northern Alberta HIV Program were assessed for the occurrence of treatment as well as the current status of their HCV infection. 143 patients were found to currently have an active HIV-HCV co-infection. Table 2. Characteristics of HIV-HCV co-infected patients from the NAHP with an active HCV infection (n=143) Conclusion The NAHP has been successful in identifying and treating many of their HIV HCV co-infected patients, however, there remain patients with viremic HCV. Despite the availability of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) in Alberta and many of these patients being successfully treated for HIV, a significant proportion of co-infected patients have not initiated HCV treatment The HIV treating physicians of these individuals will be notified and encouraged to assist in getting them linked to HCV care and treatment. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures
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Dumitru, Irina Magdalena, Eugen Dumitru, Liliana Ana Tuta, and Sorin Rugina. "Efficacy Of Pegylated Interferon And Ribavirin Treatment In Coinfected HIV HCV Patients." ARS Medica Tomitana 23, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/arsm-2017-0009.
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Abstract The objectives of the study were to determine the efficacy of pegylated interferon alfa 2 b (PegINF) and ribavirin (RBV) treatment in co-infected HIV / HCV patients, to identify predictive factors associated with sustained viral response (SVR) in these patients. Out of the 956 HIV infected patients, 38 were HCVAb (4%) positive, 14 of which had undetectable HCV RNA, only 6 patients met the inclusion criteria. Screening failure was due to: liver cirrhosis Child Pugh B / C, hepatocellular carcinoma, pulmonary TB, thyroid dysfunction, CD4 <200 cells3, detectable HIV RNA and depressive syndrome. We initiated PegINF and RBV therapy for 48 weeks. SVR was achieved in 16.6% of cases (only one patient) and correlated with HCV RNA level, CD4 count, duration of HIV infection, CDC classification and liver fibrosis. In conclusion, our study group has a low prevalence of HIV / HCV co-infection (2.6%) with a large number of patients HCVAb positive but undetectable HCV RNA. Positive predictive factors for SVR were: low levels of HCV RNA, small duration of HIV infection, high levels of CD4, B1/B2 (CDC classification) and low degree of fibrosis.
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Luma, Henry Namme, Servais Albert Fiacre Bagnaka Eloumou, Domin Sone Majunda Ekaney, Fernando Kemta Lekpa, Olivier Donfack-Sontsa, Bertrand Hugo Mbatchou Ngahane, and Yacouba Njankouo Mapoure. "Sero-prevalence and Correlates of Hepatitis B and C Co-infection Among HIV-infected Individuals in Two Regional Hospitals in Cameroon." Open AIDS Journal 10, no. 1 (November 3, 2016): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874613601610010199.
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Background:Liver disease related to Hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) infection has become a major cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV/AIDS patients. Data on the prevalence of HBV and HCV in Cameroon remains inconclusive.Objective:We aimed to determine the sero-prevalence and correlates of Hepatitis markers in HIV/AIDS patients in two Regional Hospitals.Methods:A cross-sectional study carried out from December 2014 to March 2015. HIV/AIDS patients aged 21 were included and above, receiving care at HIV treatment centres. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Blood samples were collected to screen for Hepatitis with HBsAg and anti HCV antibody rapid immunochromatographic test kits. Correlates of hepatitis were investigated by logistic regression. STATA was used for data analysis.Results:We included 833 HIV/AIDS patients,78.8% (657) were female. Mean age was 44(SD 11) years. Prevalence of Hepatitis in general (total of two viral markers tested) was 8.9% (74/833), with 6.1% for HBsAg and 2.8% for Anti-HCV antibodies. From multivariate analysis, the likelihood of having hepatitis was independently increased by a history of surgical interventions [OR: 1.82(1.06-3.14)], and of sexually transmitted infections [OR: 2.20(1.04-4.67)].Conclusion:Almost one in ten participants with HIV/AIDS attending the BRH and LRH tested positive for either HBsAg or anti HCV antibodies. Screening for HBV and HCV should therefore be integrated to the existing guidelines in Cameroon as it can influence management. More studies are needed to evaluate the extent of liver disease and magnitude of HIV suppression in hepatitis and HIV coinfection in this setting.
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Allyn, PR, SM O’Malley, J. Ferguson, CH Tseng, KW Chew, and D. Bhattacharya. "Attitudes and potential barriers towards hepatitis C treatment in patients with and without HIV coinfection." International Journal of STD & AIDS 29, no. 4 (August 18, 2017): 334–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462417725462.
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This study aimed to assess attitudes and potential barriers towards treatment in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, comparing those with and without HIV coinfection. A cross-sectional survey of 82 HCV-infected adults with and without HIV was conducted in greater Los Angeles between November 2013 and July 2015. Overall, there were 53 (64.6%) with HIV coinfection, 20 (25.0%) with self-reported cirrhosis, and 22 (26.8%) with a history of prior HCV treatment. Of all, 93.2% wanted HCV treatment, but 45.9% were unwilling/unable to spend anything out of pocket, 29.4% were waiting for new therapies, and 23.5% were recommended to defer HCV treatment. HIV/HCV-coinfected patients were more likely to want treatment within one year (90.2% versus 68.2%, p = 0.02), more willing to join a clinical trial (74.5% versus 8.0%, p < 0.01), more willing to take medications twice daily (86.3% versus 61.5%, p = 0.01), and more likely to prefer hepatitis C treatment by an infectious diseases/HIV physician (36.7% versus 4.0%, p < 0.01). Of all, 77.1% of coinfected patients were willing to change antiretroviral therapy if necessary to treat HCV, but only 48.0% of patients were willing to take a medication if it had not been studied in HIV-positive patients. Treatment preferences differ between HIV/HCV-coinfected and HCV-monoinfected patients. Despite a strong willingness among the study cohort to start HCV treatment, other factors such as cost, access to medications, and provider reluctance may be delaying treatment initiation.
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Phinius, Bonolo B., Resego Bokete, Motswedi Anderson, Tshepiso Mbangiwa, Wonderful Choga, Sikhulile Moyo, Rosemary Musonda, Richard Marlink, and Simani Gaseitsiwe. "PO 8481 HIGH HEPATITIS B VIRUS INCIDENCE AMONG HIV-1-INFECTED TREATMENT-NAIVE ADULTS IN BOTSWANA." BMJ Global Health 4, Suppl 3 (April 2019): A44.1—A44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-edc.115.
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BackgroundHepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide despite a moderately potent vaccine. HBV prevalence has been shown to be higher in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hence increased liver-related morbidity and mortality, as well as general poor health outcomes in HIV-HBV co-infection. We estimated the HBV incidence among HIV-1-infected treatment-naïve adults in a longitudinal cohort in Botswana.MethodsPlasma samples from 200 HIV-1C-infected treatment-naïve participants from a completed longitudinal cohort from 2004 to 2007 were screened for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). HBsAg was assessed using Murex version 3 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as per manufacturer’s instructions at 4 timepoints, 12 months apart. We estimated HBV incidence with 95% confidence interval (CI). Cox proportional regression method was used to estimate hazard ratios [gender, age (≤35 or>35) years, CD4+ T cell count (≤450 or>450) cells/µL and HIV viral load suppression (≤400 or>400) copies/mL].ResultsThe median age of screened individuals was 32 years [Q1, Q3; 28, 40] and 83.5% [167/200] were female. Baseline median CD4+ T cell count was 466.35 cells/µL [Q1, Q3: 380.43, 605.75] and median HIV viral load was 13 450 copies/mL [Q1, Q3: 2365, 37 400]. The HBV incidence was 3.6/100 person-years [95% CI: 2.2–5.6]. There were no significant differences by gender, age, HIV viral load suppression and CD4+ T cell count.ConclusionWe report for the first time a high HBV incidence among HIV-infected adults in Botswana. HBV incidence was high in this population despite generally high CD4 +T cell counts and lower HIV viral loads. Early screening of HBV in HIV-infected individuals is vital and should be included in the national HIV treatment guidelines.
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Lemoine, Maud, Jacqueline Capeau, and Lawrence Serfaty. "PPAR and Liver Injury in HIV-Infected Patients." PPAR Research 2009 (2009): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/906167.
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Due to the introduction of active HIV antiretroviral treatment, AIDS-related morbidity and mortality have markedly decreased and liver diseases are now a major cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected patients. Chronic liver injury encompasses a wide spectrum of diseases due to HCV and HBV coinfection, drug-related toxicity, and NASH. HIV-infected patients who are receiving treatment present with a high prevalence of metabolic complications and lipodystrophy. Those patients are at high risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, the liver feature of the metabolic syndrome. This review will focus on (1) the liver injuries in HIV-infected patients; (2) both the current experimental and human data regarding PPAR and liver diseases; (3) the interactions between HIV and PPAR; (4) the potential use of PPAR agonists for the management of HIV-related liver diseases.
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Malavaud, Bernard, Barbara Dinh, Eric Bonnet, Jacques Izopet, Jean-Louis Payen, and Bruno Marchou. "Increased Incidence of Indinavir Nephrolithiasis in Patients with Hepatitis B or C Virus Infection." Antiviral Therapy 5, no. 1 (January 2000): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135965350000500105.
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Materials and Methods A HIV-1 patient database was scanned in March 1998, and 750 patients were identified who had received HAART including indinavir. Of these, 28 cases had nephrolithiasis; and 85 asymptomatic indinavir-treated patients were randomly selected as controls. The characteristics of cases and controls were compared by analysis of variance for quantitative parameters and by Fisher's exact test for classes. Results We observed a significant increase in the incidence of nephrolithiasis in patients co-infected with HIV-1 and either hepatitis C virus (HCV) (HCV RNA-positive) or hepatitis B virus (HBV) (HBs antigen-positive) (odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals: 2.8 and 1.1–7.7), whereas no significant differences were demonstrated between cases and controls with regard to age (42.4±8.0 versus 39.8±9.8 years), sex (male patients 70.4 versus 74.1%), duration of HIV-1 infection (8.6±3.1 versus 7.7±4.0 years), duration of indinavir treatment (16.1±5.8 versus 14.1±5.4 months), AST increase ≥1.25 of normal (29.6 versus 25.9%), or ALT increase ≥1.25 of normal (33.3 versus 22.4%). In co-infected patients, ALT increase (≥1.25 of normal), but not AST increase, at the time of indinavir initiation was statistically related to the occurrence of nephrolithiasis. Conclusions We found a significant increase of nephrolithiasis incidence in patients co-infected with HIV-1 and HCV or HBV, which suggests that underlying multifactorial hepatic damage may limit liver catabolism of indinavir, and consequently increase its renal excretion and the risk of nephrolithiasis. Caution is therefore advised when initiating indinavir treatment in HIV patients with evidence of HBV or HCV infection.
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Martin, Natasha K., Klaus Jansen, Matthias an der Heiden, Christoph Boesecke, Anders Boyd, Knud Schewe, Axel Baumgarten, et al. "Eliminating Hepatitis C Virus Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Men Who Have Sex With Men in Berlin: A Modeling Analysis." Journal of Infectious Diseases 220, no. 10 (July 12, 2019): 1635–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz367.
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Abstract Background Despite high hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment rates, HCV incidence among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected men who have sex with men (HIV-infected MSM) in Germany rose before HCV direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). We model what intervention can achieve the World Health Organization (WHO) elimination target of an 80% reduction in HCV incidence by 2030 among HIV-infected MSM in Berlin. Methods An HCV transmission model among HIV-diagnosed MSM was calibrated to Berlin (rising HCV incidence and high rates of HCV testing and treatment). We modeled the HCV incidence among HIV-diagnosed MSM in Berlin until 2030 (relative to 2015 WHO baseline) under scenarios of DAA scale-up with or without behavior change (among HIV-diagnosed MSM and/or all MSM). Results Continuing current treatment rates will marginally reduce the HCV incidence among HIV-diagnosed MSM in Berlin by 2030. Scaling up DAA treatment rates, beginning in 2018, to 100% of newly diagnosed HCV infections within 3 months of diagnosis and 25% each year of previously diagnosed and untreated HCV infections could reduce the HCV incidence by 61% (95% confidence interval, 55.4%–66.7%) by 2030. The WHO target would likely be achieved by combining DAA scale-up with a 40% reduction in HCV transmission among HIV-diagnosed MSM and a 20% reduction among HIV-undiagnosed or HIV-uninfected MSM. Discussion HCV elimination among HIV-infected MSM in Berlin likely requires combining DAA scale-up with moderately effective behavioral interventions to reduce risk among all MSM.
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Wagner, Glenn, Karen Chan Osilla, Jeffrey Garnett, Bonnie Ghosh-Dastidar, Laveeza Bhatti, Matthew Bidwell Goetz, and Mallory Witt. "Patient Characteristics Associated with HCV Treatment Adherence, Treatment Completion, and Sustained Virologic Response in HIV Coinfected Patients." AIDS Research and Treatment 2011 (2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/903480.
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Background. Hepatitis C (HCV) treatment efficacy among HIV patients is limited by poor treatment adherence and tolerance, but few studies have examined the psychosocial determinants of treatment adherence and outcomes.Methods. Chart abstracted and survey data were collected on 72 HIV patients who had received pegylated interferon and ribavirin to assess correlates of treatment adherence, completion, and sustained virologic response (SVR).Results. Nearly half (46%) the sample had active psychiatric problems and 13% had illicit drug use at treatment onset; 28% reported <100% treatment adherence, 38% did not complete treatment (mostly due to virologic nonresponse), and intent to treat SVR rate was 49%. Having a psychiatric diagnosis was associated with nonadherence, while better HCV adherence was associated with both treatment completion and SVR.Conclusions. Good mental health may be an indicator of HCV treatment adherence readiness, which is in turn associated with treatment completion and response, but further research is needed with new HCV treatments emerging.
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Mayanja, Edison, Livingstone S. Luboobi, Juma Kasozi, and Rebecca N. Nsubuga. "Mathematical Modelling of HIV-HCV Co-infection Dynamics in Presence of HIV Therapy." BIOMATH 11, no. 1 (August 11, 2022): 2207158. http://dx.doi.org/10.55630/j.biomath.2022.07.158.
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In this work, we formulated and analysed a deterministic model to study the HIV-HCV co-infection dynamics in presence of HIV therapy. The HCV chronic stage was split into two periods: the period before and the period after onset of cirrhosis. This was done because the HCV chronic stage of infection is long, asymptomatic and infectious. The effective reproduction numbers, one of our outcome measures, were computed using the next generation matrix method. Numerical simulations were performed to support the analytical results from the model. The different parameters in the model were subjected to a sensitivity analysis to determine their relative importance on the HIV-HCV co-infection dynamics. The results indicated that both HIV and HCV infections enhance each other; and in the long run, increasing the rates at which people are put on HIV treatment reduces the prevalence of HCV in the community; however, it increases the prevalence of HIV. Therefore, there should be increased safer sexual behaviour campaigns among individuals on HIV treatment.
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Anigilaje, Emmanuel Ademola, and Ayodotun Olutola. "Prevalence and Clinical and Immunoviralogical Profile of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Hepatitis B Coinfection among Children in an Antiretroviral Therapy Programme in Benue State, Nigeria." ISRN Pediatrics 2013 (April 3, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/932697.
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Background. Nigeria has the world largest burden of paediatric HIV and is also highly endemic for Hepatitis B virus (HBV). However, relatively little is known regarding the prevalence of HBV-HIV coinfections among Nigerian children. Methods. A retrospective study among treatment naive HIV-infected children attending the pediatric clinic of the APIN Plus/Harvard PEPFAR program of the Federal Medical Centre, Makurdi, between June 2008 and June 2012. Results. The mean age of the 395 subjects studied was 7.53±4.23 years. Thirty-one subjects (7.8%) were positive for HBV. No subject was HIV-HBV-HCV triply infected. Significantly higher HIV-HBC coinfections were found, in older subjects (11–15 years), subjects that did not receive nor complete Hepatitis B vaccinations, and subjects that had a severe immunosuppression of < 15% with respective P values of 0.00, 0.01, and 0.00. HIV-HBV co-infection did not significantly impact on other baseline characteristics including, gender, WHO clinical stage, median absolute CD4 count, mean viral load, median ALT, and hepatotoxicity. Conclusion. A high seroprevalence of HBV among this cohort of HIV-infected children contributes to the calls for pre-ART screening for HBV and the necessary paradigm shift in the ART nucleoside backbone to include agent(s) more dually effective against HIV and HBV.