Journal articles: 'HIV spread'

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LeBrasseur, Nicole. "Nanotubes spread HIV." Journal of Cell Biology 180, no. 3 (January 28, 2008): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.1803rr2.

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Stratton, Pamela, and Nancy J. Alexander. "Heterosexual spread of HIV infection." Reproductive Medicine Review 3, no. 2 (July 1994): 113–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096227990000082x.

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Sexual transmission is the most common route of spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), with heterosexual transmission of HIV infection accounting for 90% of those infected in 1992 and over 75% of the 10–12 million of those infected to date worldwide. Yet, heterosexual transmission is poorly understood. Since HIV can be transmitted from HIV-infected people who are asymptomatic as well as from those who have the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), we must better define the potential for transmission of HIV from HIV-infected individuals as well as the factors which influence the susceptibility of HIV-uninfected individuals.

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Holmes, E. C. "When HIV spread afar." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, no. 47 (November 14, 2007): 18351–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0709179104.

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Srivenkataramana, T., and C. Nagaraja Rao. "HIV Spread: Some Statistical Results." Mapana - Journal of Sciences 1, no. 1 (July 12, 2002): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.12723/mjs.1.3.

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The spread of AIDS causative agent HIV has now entered the third decade. The infection was first noticed in 1981 in the USA. Within 2 decades, it has quickly grown to the level of an endemic. Unlike several other infectious diseases, AIDS endemiology is interdisciplinary, surrounded by many complex socio-economic, psychological, legal, behavioural and statistical issues. Knowledge of HIV incidence is important to formulate sensible intervention strategies aimed at its control. This article discusses: i) Important special features of the spread mechanism which render the syndrome a lethal and silent killer. ii) A method to evaluate probability of infection in a heterosexual relation. iii) A method for estimating HIV infections in perinatal transmissions, and iv) The Indian HIV perspective and makes a few suggestions to control the reckless spread of HIV across the country.

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Liu, Jia. "HIV Digital Vaccine Strategy: Proposal for Applying Blockchain in Preventing the Spread of HIV." JMIR Research Protocols 11, no. 6 (June 13, 2022): e37133. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/37133.

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Background The HIV epidemic imposes a heavy burden on societal development. Protection of susceptible populations is the most feasible method for eliminating the spread of HIV. In the absence of a biological vaccine, the definitive solution is enabling susceptible populations to recognize and avoid high-risk sexual behavior. Objective The objective of this study is to use specific technologies and strategies to establish a system by which high-HIV-risk individuals can determine the HIV infection status of one another anonymously, conveniently, and credibly. Methods This study proposes an HIV digital vaccine (HDV) strategy, a decentralized application (Dapp) based on blockchain for use by individuals with a high risk of HIV and accredited testing agencies (ATAs). Following testing, only the HIV-negative results (or linked information) are uploaded to the blockchain, which results in high-risk individuals being able to determine the HIV-negative status of each other anonymously, conveniently, and credibly. Results Future work includes the following: (1) a survey of the willingness to use Dapps among high-HIV-risk populations, (2) a larger framework containing both HDV and people living with HIV (PLH) and discussing the influence of HDV on PLH and its possible solutions, and (3) coordinating with the blockchain development team, ATAs, community-based organizations, and third-party organizations to raise funds, develop the Dapp, formulate detailed plans, and publicize and promote it. The exact timeline for achieving these objectives cannot be determined at present. Conclusions The HDV strategy may reduce the occurrence of high-risk sexual behavior and effectively protect susceptible populations; combined with current strategies, it is a promising solution to prevent the spread of HIV. The included concepts of decentralized surveillance and surveillance as intervention may spark a change in current infectious disease prevention and control modes to introduce beneficial innovations in public health systems globally. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/37133

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TÁVORA, Lara Gurgel Fernandes, Elodie Bomfim HYPPOLITO, José Napoleão Monte da CRUZ, Nyvia Maria Barroso PORTELA, Samuel Montenegro PEREIRA, and Camila Monteiro VERAS. "HEPATITIS B, C AND HIV CO-INFECTIONS SEROPREVALENCE IN A NORTHEAST BRAZILIAN CENTER." Arquivos de Gastroenterologia 50, no. 4 (December 2013): 277–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-28032013000400007.

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ContextThe occurrence of HIV and hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) virus associations is of great concern since co-infected patients respond poorly to antiviral treatment and usually progress to chronic and more complicated hepatic disease. In Brazil, these co-infections prevalence is not well known since published data are few and sometimes demonstrate conflicting results. Also, a significant number of co-infected individuals are HBV/HCV asymptomatic carriers, leading to under notification.ObjectivesThe present study aimed to determine the prevalence of the HBV and HCV infection in a recently diagnosed HIV population in the state of Ceará/Brazil.MethodsRetrospective cohort, with >18yo patients diagnosed HIV+ from 2008-2010. First year medical attention information was collected.ResultsA total of 1.291 HIV+ patients were included. HBV serologies were collected in 52% (23% had previous hepatitis B, 3.7% were co-infected) and HCV in 25.4% (1.5% had previous hepatitis C, 5.4% co-infection). The majority of HBV/HIV patients referred multiple sexual partners/year, 28% homosexualism and 20% bisexualism. In the HCV/HIV group 38.8% individuals had > one sexual partner/year and 22.2% used intravenous drugs.ConclusionThe study reinforce the need for better training healthcare workers and providing laboratory support for a prompt hepatitis diagnosis and adequate medical management to avoid complications and decrease viral spread.

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Oberhardt, Valerie, Maike Hofmann, Robert Thimme, and Christoph Neumann-Haefelin. "Adaptive Immune Responses, Immune Escape and Immune-Mediated Pathogenesis during HDV Infection." Viruses 14, no. 2 (January 20, 2022): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14020198.

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The hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is the smallest known human virus, yet it causes great harm to patients co-infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). As a satellite virus of HBV, HDV requires the surface antigen of HBV (HBsAg) for sufficient viral packaging and spread. The special circumstance of co-infection, albeit only one partner depends on the other, raises many virological, immunological, and pathophysiological questions. In the last years, breakthroughs were made in understanding the adaptive immune response, in particular, virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, in self-limited versus persistent HBV/HDV co-infection. Indeed, the mechanisms of CD8+ T cell failure in persistent HBV/HDV co-infection include viral escape and T cell exhaustion, and mimic those in other persistent human viral infections, such as hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and HBV mono-infection. However, compared to these larger viruses, the small HDV has perfectly adapted to evade recognition by CD8+ T cells restricted by common human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I alleles. Furthermore, accelerated progression towards liver cirrhosis in persistent HBV/HDV co-infection was attributed to an increased immune-mediated pathology, either caused by innate pathways initiated by the interferon (IFN) system or triggered by misguided and dysfunctional T cells. These new insights into HDV-specific adaptive immunity will be discussed in this review and put into context with known well-described aspects in HBV, HCV, and HIV infections.

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Grulich, Andrew E., and John M. Kaldor. "Tracking the spread of HIV." Medical Journal of Australia 163, no. 2 (July 1995): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1995.tb126113.x.

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Singh, Sunit Kumar. "HIV/AIDS spread among women." Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy 5, no. 5 (October 2007): 755–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14787210.5.5.755.

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Northridge, Mary E. "The Global Spread of HIV." American Journal of Public Health 92, no. 3 (March 2002): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.92.3.335.

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Hospedales, J. "Heterosexual Spread of HIV Infection." Clinical Infectious Diseases 11, no. 4 (July 1, 1989): 663–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinids/11.4.663a.

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Barlow, D., and J. Sherrard. "Heterosexual spread of HIV infection." BMJ 305, no. 6846 (July 18, 1992): 179–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.305.6846.179-d.

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SPLETE, HEIDI. "Serosorting May Decrease HIV Spread." Internal Medicine News 39, no. 21 (November 2006): 48–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1097-8690(06)74472-9.

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Talbert-Slagle, K., D. Berg, and E. H. Bradley. "Innovation spread: lessons from HIV." International Journal for Quality in Health Care 25, no. 4 (May 21, 2013): 352–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzt038.

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Bahcall, Orli. "HIV-1 origins and spread." Nature Genetics 46, no. 11 (October 29, 2014): 1159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.3133.

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Dolins, Stanley L. "Modeling the Spread of HIV." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 262, no. 10 (September 8, 1989): 1329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1989.03430100063025.

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Stephenson, Joan. "Herpes Drug and HIV Spread." JAMA 297, no. 11 (March 21, 2007): 1182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.297.11.1182-b.

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Karim, Shanaz, Ehteshamul Hoque, and Mazharul Hoque. "Transfusion Transmissible Diseases Among Healthy Blood Donors Attended at Transfusion Medicine Department of DMCH in 2014." Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal 7, no. 1 (February 16, 2017): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/akmmcj.v7i1.31606.

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Background: This study was carried out to find out the seropositive of HBV, HCV, HIV, Treponema pallidum and Malarial parasite among the blood donors attended at transfusion medicine department of DMCH in 2014. Our objective is to prevent the spread of Transfusion transmissible disease through blood transfusion and awareness of mass population about TTI.Method: This study was carried out at transfusion medicine department of DMCH from 1st January 2014 to 31st December 2014.Total blood donors were 39,512.Blood donors of 18 - 60 years of both sexes were included in this study.Results: Among 39,512 blood donors relative blood donors were 32,778(82.95 %), voluntary blood donors were 6734.( 17.04% Among 39,512 blood donors , HBsAg positive 456 (1.154%), Anti HCV positive 33(.090%), Malarial Parasite positive 04 (.010), Treponema pallidum positive 87 (.220%) and positive for HIV 01(.0025%)Conclusion: Prevention of spread of TTIs should be the main goal at the current time. It is important to follow the WHO guidelines to tests every donor for HBV, HCV, HIV and Syphilis to decrease the transmission of TTIs.Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal Vol. 7, No. 1: Jan 2016, P 11-13

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Srivenkataramana, T., and C. Nagaraja Rao. "Modelling for HIV Spread in Homosexual Population." Mapana - Journal of Sciences 4, no. 1 (August 22, 2005): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.12723/mjs.6.13.

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Statical modeling of HIV infection is useful to understand HIV spread mechanism, for predicting HIV and AIDS counts and for forecasting health care needs. This article: i. stresses the need for modeling of HIV and AIDS . ii. discusses the appropriateness of a stochastic mode for HIV transmission and iii. examines the applicability of diffusion of news and rumors model of Taga & Isli(1959), reported in Bartholomew(1967) and presents the adapted version of this model to suit HIV spread in homosexual populations. Three different cases are considered under this model.

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Sid Ahmed, Samy, Nils Bundgaard, Frederik Graw, and Oliver Fackler. "Environmental Restrictions: A New Concept Governing HIV-1 Spread Emerging from Integrated Experimental-Computational Analysis of Tissue-Like 3D Cultures." Cells 9, no. 5 (April 30, 2020): 1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9051112.

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HIV-1 can use cell-free and cell-associated transmission modes to infect new target cells, but how the virus spreads in the infected host remains to be determined. We recently established 3D collagen cultures to study HIV-1 spread in tissue-like environments and applied iterative cycles of experimentation and computation to develop a first in silico model to describe the dynamics of HIV-1 spread in complex tissue. These analyses (i) revealed that 3D collagen environments restrict cell-free HIV-1 infection but promote cell-associated virus transmission and (ii) defined that cell densities in tissue dictate the efficacy of these transmission modes for virus spread. In this review, we discuss, in the context of the current literature, the implications of this study for our understanding of HIV-1 spread in vivo, which aspects of in vivo physiology this integrated experimental–computational analysis takes into account, and how it can be further improved experimentally and in silico.

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Zuhaib Khan, Muhammad, Shahab Saqib, Sayed Irtiza Hussain Shah Gardyzi, and Javaria Qazi. "Prevalence of Blood-Borne Viruses in Health Care Workers of a Northern District in Pakistan: Risk Factors and Preventive Behaviors." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 2016 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2393942.

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Background. Blood-borne viral infections like viral hepatitis are highly prevalent in Pakistan. There is also a potential threat of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) spread in the country. Health care workers (HCWs) are a high risk population for acquiring such viral infections and potential spread to the patients. This study aimed to determine the frequency of three blood-borne viruses: HCV, HBV, and HIV in HCWs of district Malakand in northern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province of Pakistan. Moreover, risk factors and preventive behaviors among HCWs were investigated in detail.Materials and Methods.Prevalence was investigated using serological assays followed by real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) based characterization. A total of 626 health care workers working at 17 different health care units, belonging to 6 different job categories, were included in this study.Results.HIV was not detected in the HCWs while rate of prevalence of HCV and HBV was far less (0.8 % and 0.64 %, resp.) as compared to general population (4.7%–38%). The majority of HCWs were aware of the mode of spread of these viruses and associated risk factors. Needle stick injury was found to be the most important risk factor for possible acquisition of these infections.

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Zayas, Janet P., and João I. Mamede. "HIV Infection and Spread between Th17 Cells." Viruses 14, no. 2 (February 16, 2022): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14020404.

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HIV mainly targets CD4+ T cells, from which Th17 cells represent a major cell type, permissive, and are capable of supporting intracellular replication at mucosal sites. Th17 cells possess well-described dual roles, while being central to maintaining gut integrity, these may induce inflammation and contribute to autoimmune disorders; however, Th17 cells’ antiviral function in HIV infection is not completely understood. Th17 cells are star players to HIV-1 pathogenesis and a potential target to prevent or decrease HIV transmission. HIV-1 can be spread among permissive cells via direct cell-to-cell and/or cell-free infection. The debate on which mode of transmission is more efficient is still ongoing without a concrete conclusion yet. Most assessments of virus transmission analyzing either cell-to-cell or cell-free modes use in vitro systems; however, the actual interactions and conditions in vivo are not fully understood. The fact that infected breast milk, semen, and vaginal secretions contain a mix of both cell-free viral particles and infected cells presents an argument for the probability of HIV taking advantage of both modes of transmission to spread. Here, we review important insights and recent findings about the role of Th17 cells during HIV pathogenesis in mucosal surfaces, and the mechanisms of HIV-1 infection spread among T cells in tissues.

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Kanki, P. J., K. U. Travers, R. G. Marlink, M. E. Essex, S. MBoup, A. Gueye-NDiaye, T. Siby, et al. "Slower heterosexual spread of HIV-2 than HIV-1." Lancet 343, no. 8903 (April 1994): 943–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(94)90065-5.

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O'Brien, T. R. "HIV-2 transmission: implications for spread of HIV-1." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 271, no. 12 (March 23, 1994): 903a—904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.271.12.903a.

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O'Brien, Thomas R. "HIV-2 Transmission: Implications for Spread of HIV-1." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 271, no. 12 (March 23, 1994): 903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1994.03510360027021.

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Watanabe, Myrna. "China faces increased spread of HIV." Nature Medicine 4, no. 11 (November 1998): 1216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/3188.

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FINN, ROBERT. "Investigational Gel, Condom Reduce HIV Spread." Skin & Allergy News 40, no. 6 (June 2009): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0037-6337(09)70288-8.

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Johnson, Doug. "Spread the word on HIV drug." New Scientist 245, no. 3263 (January 2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(20)30022-1.

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Cohen, J. "HIV family trees reveal viral spread." Science 348, no. 6240 (June 11, 2015): 1188–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.348.6240.1188.

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Rübsamen-Waigmann, H., H. V. Briesen, J. K. Maniar, P. K. Rao, C. Scholz, and A. Pfützner. "Spread of HIV-2 in India." Lancet 337, no. 8740 (March 1991): 550–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(91)91333-p.

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Travis, John. "HIV Sexual Spread Exploits Immune Sentinels." Science News 157, no. 11 (March 11, 2000): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4012126.

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Singaratnam, A. E., F. Boag, S. E. Barton, D. A. Hawkins, and A. G. Lawrence. "Preventing the spread of HIV infection." BMJ 302, no. 6774 (February 23, 1991): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.302.6774.469-b.

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French, P. D., D. E. Mercey, D. R. Tomlinson, and J. R. Harris. "Preventing the spread of HIV infection." BMJ 302, no. 6782 (April 20, 1991): 962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.302.6782.962-b.

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Renton, A., and L. Whitaker. "Preventing the spread of HIV infection." BMJ 302, no. 6786 (May 18, 1991): 1207–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.302.6786.1207-c.

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O'Farrell, N. "Preventing the spread of HIV infection." BMJ 302, no. 6788 (June 1, 1991): 1338–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.302.6788.1338-b.

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Daniels, D. G., K. Sweeney, P. D. Kell, N. Hulme, and S. E. Barton. "Preventing the spread of HIV infection." BMJ 302, no. 6789 (June 8, 1991): 1399–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.302.6789.1399-c.

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Joly, Marcel, Darci Odloak, and Patrícia H. C. Rondó. "Human immunomodulation and initial HIV spread." Computers & Chemical Engineering 84 (January 2016): 255–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2015.09.004.

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Ponnighaus, J. M., and S. M. Oxborrow. "Construction projects and spread of HIV." Lancet 336, no. 8724 (November 1990): 1198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(90)92821-x.

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Friedman, Samuel R. "Modeling the Spread of HIV-Reply." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 262, no. 10 (September 8, 1989): 1330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1989.03430100063026.

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Chen, Yen-Ju, Jason C. Huang, Hung-Chin Tsai, Yu-Hui Lin, Kuo-Feng Hsu, and Hsin-Fu Liu. "Geographic Transmission and Epidemic History of HIV-1 CRF01_AE, CRF07_BC, and HCV Subtype-6w among Taiwanese Persons Who Inject Drugs." Viruses 14, no. 10 (September 28, 2022): 2142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14102142.

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Persons who inject drugs (PWID) and their risk-related behaviors (e.g., unprotected sex and sharing needles/syringes/other injection equipment) have caused severe public health problems, especially in the rapid spread of HIV-1 and HCV. Here, we reconstructed the epidemic history of HIV-1 circulating recombinant form (CRF) 01_AE, CRF07_BC, and HCV subtype-6w among Taiwanese PWID. The timescales were estimated using phylogenetic and Bayesian coalescent analyses. The results revealed that CRF01_AE started to circulate in the Taiwanese PWID population in central Taiwan at 1992.5 (95% credible region: 1988.8–1995.9) and spread to other regions of Taiwan, while CRF07_BC was first identified in southern Taiwan at 2000.0 (95% CR: 1997.8–2002.2) and then spread northward to central-northern Taiwan. All HCV-6 strains were from Asia (that is, China, Myanmar, Taiwan, and Vietnam) and originated in 1928.1 (95% CR: 1890.2–1966.0). Furthermore, subtype-6w isolates from different regions of Taiwan appeared to share a common source that existed in the mid-1990s (95% CR: 1985.0–2001.8) or thereabouts. The routes of drug trafficking and the resulting high prevalence of HIV-1/HCV co-infections among PWID might have contributed to the virus transmission and promoted its spread worldwide. Long-term monitoring and policy implementation in at-risk populations would be useful for disease control.

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Balde, T. A. L., S. Boumbaly, E. N. Serikova, D. E. Valutite, A. N. Shchemelev, Yu V. Ostankova, E. B. Zueva, and A. V. Semenov. "Comparative Analysis of the Vertical Risk of Transmission of Some Blood-Borne Infections in the Republic of Guinea." Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, no. 1 (April 16, 2021): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2021-1-87-94.

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The aim of our work was to compare the HBV, HCV and HIV vertical transmission risk in the Republic of Guinea.Materials and methods. The material for the study was 305 blood plasma samples from pregnant women living in Conakry, Republic of Guinea. The samples were examined for the presence of serological (HBsAg, antibodies antiHBs IgG, anti-HBcore IgG, anti-HCV IgG, Ag/Ab-HIV) and molecular (HBV DNA, HCV RNA, HIV RNA) markers.Results and discussion. When assessing the overall prevalence of serological markers among patients, the incidence of HBV markers was 76.06 %. Antibodies to HCV were detected only in 1 case, which amounted to 0.32 %. HIV markers were detected in 3 cases, which amounted to 0.98 %. The prevalence of HBsAg in the group under examination significantly differed between the groups of pregnant women aged 13–19 years (17.33 %) and 20–24 years (12.12 %), p<0.0001, RR=5.107 with 95 % CI: 2.458–10.612. When assessing the overall prevalence of molecular-biological markers among patients, we did not detect HIV RNA, in one patient, HCV RNA was determined, which was 0.32 %, while the incidence of HBV DNA was 20 %. Among HBsAg-positive individuals, HBV DNA was detected in 86.11 %, which was 10.16 % of the total group. Among the HBsAg-negative individuals, HBV DNA was detected in 11.15 % (9.84 % of the total group). It should be noted that in nine cases, HBV DNA was detected without any serological markers, which amounted to 14.75 % (2.95 % of the total group). Assessment of the blood-borne infections prevalence in pregnant women is significant for the subsequent identification of pathogen transmission routes in order to control and/or prevent the spread of infection.

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Zagdyn, Z. M., O. B. Nechaeva, S. A. Sterlikov, T. P. Vasilyeva, and O. Yu Alexandrova. "HIV and HIV/TB coinfection: cluster distribution of regions in the Northwestern Federal District of Russia." HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders 14, no. 3 (November 10, 2022): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2022-14-3-77-85.

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Introduction. One of the main factors affecting TB burden is HIV progression and, in turn, PLWH predominantly die of TB.The study purpose was to identify high risk regions of HIV, HIV/TB coinfection in NWFD of Russia between years of 2007 to 2018.Materials and methods. K-means method was applied to identify HIV, HIV/TB incidence, prevalence and mortality rates, as well as share of heterosexual HIV transmission route clusters in 10 regions of NWFD. The need data were extracted from relevant forms of federal statistical observation between 2007 to 2018. NAO was excluded from cluster analysis due to absence of HIV/TB coinfection cases in study period. For holistic understanding of HIV/TB coinfection trends, TB incidence, prevalence and mortality rates were estimated too without including them in cluster analysis.Results. Along with significant reduce in TB cases there was increase in HIV case data in most regions, especially in Arkhangelsk oblast where HIV incidence raised by 617.8% in period analyzed. Meanwhile Kaliningrad oblast became the only region where HIV incidence (–21.5%) and mortality (–65.6%), also HIV/TB incidence (–55.0%) is failed in 2007–2018. Heterosexual HIV transmission risk was high in almost all regions, especially in NAO (100.0%), Pskov (89.2%), Novgorod (78.8%) oblasts. K-means method detected the highest HIV spread in Arkhangelsk oblast (first cluster), lowest — in Kaliningrad, Leningrad, Murmansk oblasts and St. Petersburg (third cluster). Other regions with intermediate HIV case data formed second cluster. HIV/TB coinfection most rapidly spreads in Arkhangelsk, Pskov and Novgorod oblasts (first cluster), most slowly — in Kaliningrad, Leningrad oblasts and in St. Petersburg (third cluster). In other regions, spread of HIV/TB coinfection has average rate, forming second intermediate cluster.Conclusion. Along with significant improvement in TB epidemic, spread of HIV and HIV/TB coinfection in regions of NWFD considered as uneven. In regions with high concentration of HIV cases, HIV and HIV/TB coinfection rates are slowed down. Conversely, highest rates of HIV cases, as well as of HIV/TB coinfection case data, are observed in regions with low HIV accumulation, indicating the need to strengthen TB measures in PLWH in regions with a low spread of HIV.

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Belyakov, N. A., V. V. Rassokhin, O. E. Simakina, S. V. Ogurtsova, and N. B. Khalezova. "The role of drug use in the spread and course of HIV-infection: a comprehensive view of the situation." Medicо-Biological and Socio-Psychological Problems of Safety in Emergency Situations, no. 2 (June 17, 2020): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.25016/2541-7487-2020-0-2-69-83.

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Intention. To conduct an analysis of HIV infections spread among drug users and subsequently show how HIV spreads in the society under interaction of drug addicts with other people.Methodology. An analysis of studies related to the area of research made by leading scientists in the field of epidemiology, infectology, narcology, psychiatry for a long-term period has been performed.Results and Discussion. Long-term study and thorough analysis demonstrate a persisting role of drug use and drug users in the spread of HIV infection and viral hepatitis through sexual contact and injection equipment and show main mechanisms of involvement all social groups in infection process.Conclusion. Injecting drug users represent a large number of people living with HIV, the least adherent to antiretroviral therapy and setting the stage for HIV transmitting in healthy population and maintaining the epidemic process at a high level.

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Rosmiati, Nur Hidayat, Adi Nurapandi, Nisa Nuraeni, Fadila Nurizakiah, Amelia Puspita Sukmana, Irena Nurulazmi, Asep Aziz, Reval Al Attaya, and Susi Lestari. "Pencegahan Resiko HIV/AIDS pada Kelompok Rentan Remaja di SMKN 1 Ciamis." KOLABORASI JURNAL PENGABDIAN MASYARAKAT 2, no. 6 (December 2, 2022): 438–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.56359/kolaborasi.v2i6.99.

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Introduction: HIV is a virus that can be caused by the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). The HIV virus that is increasingly spreading or severe will lead to and cause AIDS. White blood cells are attacked by the HIV virus and cause damage to a person's immune system. This virus spreads rapidly and the African continent is its root and origin. No one has ever found a medicine to cure someone from this disease. A person's change from children to adults is definitely physical, attitude, and others experience changes. HIV/AIDS can arise if a person's changes are not appropriate. Objective: Health education regarding the prevention of HIV/AIDS can help educate the students of SMKN 1 Ciamis on how to keep the spread of HIV/AIDS and avoid various HIV/AIDS viruses. Method: Health education research is used in the HIV/AIDS risk prevention education method in the Adolescent Range. This health education was conducted with 36 students at SMKN 1 Ciamis, Ciamis Regency, with 15 respondents as respondents. Result: Results of health education on HIV/AIDS risk prevention in adolescents at SMKN 1 Ciamis. There are still students who don't seem to understand about the spread of HIV/AIDS, even their concern for HIV/AIDS is still very porly understood. This will actually cause harm to a group of teenagers and their surroundings, for example promiscuity in adolescence, bringing negative sources to adolescents, causing the spread of HIV/AIDS. Conclussion: Results of health education on HIV/AIDS risk prevention in adolescents at SMKN 1 Ciamis. Previously given counseling on HIV/AIDS prevention, there were students who did not understand HIV/AIDS prevention, but after being given knowledge about definition of HIV/AIDS, HIV/AIDS prevention, reason HIV/AIDS, ways of transmitting HIV/AIDS, it showed that students understood little the importance of preventing HIV/AIDS.

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Watanabe, Tsunamasa, Susumu Hamada-Tsutsumi, Yoshiyuki Yokomaku, Junji Imamura, Wataru Sugiura, and Yasuhito Tanaka. "Postexposure Prophylactic Effect of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)-Active Antiretroviral Therapy against HBV Infection." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 59, no. 2 (December 15, 2014): 1292–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.04459-14.

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ABSTRACTRetrospective study indicates that hepatitis B virus (HBV)-active nucleoside (nucleotide) analogues (NAs) used for antiretroviral therapy reduce the incidence of acute HBV infections in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. Learning from HIV postexposure prophylaxis (PEP), we explored the possibility of using NAs in PEP following HBV exposure, if preexposure prophylaxis is feasible clinically. Using freshly isolated primary human hepatocytes culturedin vitro, we analyzed the effect of HBV-active tenofovir and lamivudine in primary HBV infection and also the effect of treatment with these NAs after HBV infection. HBV-active NAs applied from 24 h before inoculation could not prevent the secretion of hepatitis B surface antigen into the culture medium, and cessation of the NAs after inoculation allowed the cells to establish an apparent HBV infection. In contrast, hepatitis B immune globulin was able to prevent HBV infection completely. NA treatment before infection, however, can control the spread of HBV infection, as detected by immunohistochemistry. Practically, starting NA treatment within 2 days of primary HBV infection inhibited viral spread effectively, as well as preexposure treatment. We demonstrated that preexposure NA treatment was not able to prevent the acquisition of HBV infection but prevented viral spread by suppressing the production of mature progeny HBV virions. The effect of postexposure treatment within 2 days was similar to the effect of preexposure treatment, suggesting the possibility of HBV PEP using HBV-active NAs in HIV- and HBV-susceptible high-risk groups.

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Cohen, Jon. "Pinpointing HIV spread in Africa poses risks." Science 356, no. 6338 (May 11, 2017): 568–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.356.6338.568.

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Seachrist, L. "Immune Factor Inhibits the Spread of HIV." Science News 148, no. 5 (July 29, 1995): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3979321.

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Johnson, A. M. "Heterosexual spread of HIV infection: Author's reply." BMJ 305, no. 6846 (July 18, 1992): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.305.6846.180.

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O’Hara, Phillip Anthony. "The Global Spread of AIDS and HIV." Journal of Economic Issues 41, no. 2 (June 2007): 459–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2007.11507034.

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BURSAW, MICHAEL, KATHLEEN KEENAN, and MANON EHRHART. "HIV update Faster treatment slows the spread." Nursing 31, no. 2 (February 2001): 62–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-200131020-00026.

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Journal articles on the topic 'HIV spread'

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