Relevant bibliographies by topics / HIV spread

Academic literature on the topic 'HIV spread'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "HIV spread"

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LeBrasseur, Nicole. "Nanotubes spread HIV." Journal of Cell Biology 180, no. 3 (January 28, 2008): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.1803rr2.

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Stratton, Pamela, and Nancy J. Alexander. "Heterosexual spread of HIV infection." Reproductive Medicine Review 3, no. 2 (July 1994): 113–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096227990000082x.

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Sexual transmission is the most common route of spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), with heterosexual transmission of HIV infection accounting for 90% of those infected in 1992 and over 75% of the 10–12 million of those infected to date worldwide. Yet, heterosexual transmission is poorly understood. Since HIV can be transmitted from HIV-infected people who are asymptomatic as well as from those who have the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), we must better define the potential for transmission of HIV from HIV-infected individuals as well as the factors which influence the susceptibility of HIV-uninfected individuals.
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Holmes, E. C. "When HIV spread afar." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, no. 47 (November 14, 2007): 18351–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0709179104.

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Srivenkataramana, T., and C. Nagaraja Rao. "HIV Spread: Some Statistical Results." Mapana - Journal of Sciences 1, no. 1 (July 12, 2002): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.12723/mjs.1.3.

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The spread of AIDS causative agent HIV has now entered the third decade. The infection was first noticed in 1981 in the USA. Within 2 decades, it has quickly grown to the level of an endemic. Unlike several other infectious diseases, AIDS endemiology is interdisciplinary, surrounded by many complex socio-economic, psychological, legal, behavioural and statistical issues. Knowledge of HIV incidence is important to formulate sensible intervention strategies aimed at its control. This article discusses: i) Important special features of the spread mechanism which render the syndrome a lethal and silent killer. ii) A method to evaluate probability of infection in a heterosexual relation. iii) A method for estimating HIV infections in perinatal transmissions, and iv) The Indian HIV perspective and makes a few suggestions to control the reckless spread of HIV across the country.
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Liu, Jia. "HIV Digital Vaccine Strategy: Proposal for Applying Blockchain in Preventing the Spread of HIV." JMIR Research Protocols 11, no. 6 (June 13, 2022): e37133. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/37133.

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Background The HIV epidemic imposes a heavy burden on societal development. Protection of susceptible populations is the most feasible method for eliminating the spread of HIV. In the absence of a biological vaccine, the definitive solution is enabling susceptible populations to recognize and avoid high-risk sexual behavior. Objective The objective of this study is to use specific technologies and strategies to establish a system by which high-HIV-risk individuals can determine the HIV infection status of one another anonymously, conveniently, and credibly. Methods This study proposes an HIV digital vaccine (HDV) strategy, a decentralized application (Dapp) based on blockchain for use by individuals with a high risk of HIV and accredited testing agencies (ATAs). Following testing, only the HIV-negative results (or linked information) are uploaded to the blockchain, which results in high-risk individuals being able to determine the HIV-negative status of each other anonymously, conveniently, and credibly. Results Future work includes the following: (1) a survey of the willingness to use Dapps among high-HIV-risk populations, (2) a larger framework containing both HDV and people living with HIV (PLH) and discussing the influence of HDV on PLH and its possible solutions, and (3) coordinating with the blockchain development team, ATAs, community-based organizations, and third-party organizations to raise funds, develop the Dapp, formulate detailed plans, and publicize and promote it. The exact timeline for achieving these objectives cannot be determined at present. Conclusions The HDV strategy may reduce the occurrence of high-risk sexual behavior and effectively protect susceptible populations; combined with current strategies, it is a promising solution to prevent the spread of HIV. The included concepts of decentralized surveillance and surveillance as intervention may spark a change in current infectious disease prevention and control modes to introduce beneficial innovations in public health systems globally. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/37133
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TÁVORA, Lara Gurgel Fernandes, Elodie Bomfim HYPPOLITO, José Napoleão Monte da CRUZ, Nyvia Maria Barroso PORTELA, Samuel Montenegro PEREIRA, and Camila Monteiro VERAS. "HEPATITIS B, C AND HIV CO-INFECTIONS SEROPREVALENCE IN A NORTHEAST BRAZILIAN CENTER." Arquivos de Gastroenterologia 50, no. 4 (December 2013): 277–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-28032013000400007.

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ContextThe occurrence of HIV and hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) virus associations is of great concern since co-infected patients respond poorly to antiviral treatment and usually progress to chronic and more complicated hepatic disease. In Brazil, these co-infections prevalence is not well known since published data are few and sometimes demonstrate conflicting results. Also, a significant number of co-infected individuals are HBV/HCV asymptomatic carriers, leading to under notification.ObjectivesThe present study aimed to determine the prevalence of the HBV and HCV infection in a recently diagnosed HIV population in the state of Ceará/Brazil.MethodsRetrospective cohort, with >18yo patients diagnosed HIV+ from 2008-2010. First year medical attention information was collected.ResultsA total of 1.291 HIV+ patients were included. HBV serologies were collected in 52% (23% had previous hepatitis B, 3.7% were co-infected) and HCV in 25.4% (1.5% had previous hepatitis C, 5.4% co-infection). The majority of HBV/HIV patients referred multiple sexual partners/year, 28% homosexualism and 20% bisexualism. In the HCV/HIV group 38.8% individuals had > one sexual partner/year and 22.2% used intravenous drugs.ConclusionThe study reinforce the need for better training healthcare workers and providing laboratory support for a prompt hepatitis diagnosis and adequate medical management to avoid complications and decrease viral spread.
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Oberhardt, Valerie, Maike Hofmann, Robert Thimme, and Christoph Neumann-Haefelin. "Adaptive Immune Responses, Immune Escape and Immune-Mediated Pathogenesis during HDV Infection." Viruses 14, no. 2 (January 20, 2022): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14020198.

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The hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is the smallest known human virus, yet it causes great harm to patients co-infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). As a satellite virus of HBV, HDV requires the surface antigen of HBV (HBsAg) for sufficient viral packaging and spread. The special circumstance of co-infection, albeit only one partner depends on the other, raises many virological, immunological, and pathophysiological questions. In the last years, breakthroughs were made in understanding the adaptive immune response, in particular, virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, in self-limited versus persistent HBV/HDV co-infection. Indeed, the mechanisms of CD8+ T cell failure in persistent HBV/HDV co-infection include viral escape and T cell exhaustion, and mimic those in other persistent human viral infections, such as hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and HBV mono-infection. However, compared to these larger viruses, the small HDV has perfectly adapted to evade recognition by CD8+ T cells restricted by common human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I alleles. Furthermore, accelerated progression towards liver cirrhosis in persistent HBV/HDV co-infection was attributed to an increased immune-mediated pathology, either caused by innate pathways initiated by the interferon (IFN) system or triggered by misguided and dysfunctional T cells. These new insights into HDV-specific adaptive immunity will be discussed in this review and put into context with known well-described aspects in HBV, HCV, and HIV infections.
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Grulich, Andrew E., and John M. Kaldor. "Tracking the spread of HIV." Medical Journal of Australia 163, no. 2 (July 1995): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1995.tb126113.x.

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Singh, Sunit Kumar. "HIV/AIDS spread among women." Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy 5, no. 5 (October 2007): 755–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14787210.5.5.755.

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Northridge, Mary E. "The Global Spread of HIV." American Journal of Public Health 92, no. 3 (March 2002): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.92.3.335.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "HIV spread"

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Duncan, Christopher J. A. "Macrophage-CD4⁺ T cell interactions in HIV-1 spread." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669849.

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Macrophages and CD4+ T cells are the main targets for productive human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection in vivo. HIV-1 transmission at immune cell synapses, such as the multi-molecular HIV-1-induced virological synapse (VS) formed between T cells, is a more efficient method of viral dissemination than infection by cell-free virus, with important implications for HIV-1 prophylaxis and eradication. Infected macrophages can transfer HIV-1 to CD4+ T cells in a contact- dependent manner. However, the mechanism(s) of intercellular HIV-1 transmission between primary macrophages and CD4+ T cells are poorly defined. Here I investigate the organisation of the macrophage-T cell VS, which like the VS formed between T cells is dependent on envelope glycoprotein (Env) binding to CD4, and is stabilised by ICAM-1/LFA-1 interactions. However, unlike the T cell VS, where polarised budding of virions occurs at the donor cell membrane, VS-transmission from macrophages involves actin-dependent relocation of HIV-1 contained within the macrophage virus-containing compartment. Macrophage VS-mediated transmission results in highly efficient productive T cell infection at multiplicities capable of largely overcoming antiretroviral inhibition. Compared with cell-free infection of T cells, VS-transmission by macrophages is equally susceptible to broadly neutralising antibodies (bNAbs) against gp120, but relatively resistant to bNAbs targeting the membrane-proximal external region of gp41, probably via steric hindrance. In a related project, I investigated how HIV-1-infected CD4+ T cells might infect macrophages. Interaction of macrophages with HIV-1-infected CD4+ T cells resulted in rapid phagocytic uptake of the infected T cells, which correlated with efficient productive macrophage infection. This route of transmission also permitted macrophage infection with transmitted/founder HIV-1 clones that inefficiently replicate in macrophages following cell-free inoculation, potentially implicating macrophages in the mucosal amplification of transmitted HIV-1. Overall, these data indicate an important role for cell-to-cell transmission between macrophages and CD4+ T cells in various aspects of HIV-1 pathogenesis.
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Eaton, Jeffrey. "The spread and control of HIV in southern Africa." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/11065.

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HIV has disproportionately affected southern Africa. This region, which comprises 2% of the worlds population, is home to an estimated 34% of all people living with HIV, 29% of new HIV infections globally in 2010, and 30% of AIDS-related deaths. A strengthened response to the epidemic by countries in southern Africa in recent years has brought life-prolonging antiretroviral therapy to the majority of those in need of treatment, and declines from peak levels of HIV incidence over the past decade are a reason for optimism. But, in 2010, 770,000 new HIV infections occurred. A better understanding of why the epidemic has spread so severely in this region is required to inform strategies to reduce and eventually eliminate new HIV infections. This thesis uses data analysis and mathematical modelling to understand the interaction between behavioural and biological factors that may have contributed to the spread of HIV in southern Africa, and the implications of these for controlling the epidemic. It focuses specifically on two topics of recent attention for public health decision makers in southern Africa: concurrent sexual partnerships and HIV treatment as prevention. Chapters explore the interaction between high HIV infectiousness during primary HIV infection and concurrent sexual partnerships, describe and evaluate a consensus indicator for concurrency, develop a method to adjust for high levels of missing data in sexual behaviour surveys and examine trends in sexual behaviours in a high HIV prevalence population in South Africa, create a mathematical model to examine the potential impact of antiretroviral therapy on HIV incidence in hyperendemic settings, and systematically compare the predictions of twelve different mathematical models of the impact of HIV treatment as prevention in South Africa. Taken together, through these topics we come to understand more broadly the complexity of the epidemiological context in which HIV spreads in southern Africa.
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Iwuagwu, Chinyere I. "Preventing the Spread of HIV Among Homeless Youth in California." Thesis, Capella University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10685916.

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The implications of nonadherence consistently show that nonadherence or poor adherence diminishes the efficacy of ART and have resulted in the increasing rate of hospitalization, mortality and morbidity among people living with HIV/AIDS despite advancement in medicine and science. The purpose of this study was to explore the phenomenon of adherence to HIV antiretroviral regimens among HIV-infected homeless youth in California. The goal of the study was to clearly understand the perception and perspectives of the issue of adherence from the standpoint of those closest to the individuals experiencing the phenomenon.

A renowned HIV/AIDS service organization in California was selected for the study, and the staff were interviewed. The findings from the study uncovered specific facilitators and barriers to adherence faced by homeless youth living with HIV/AIDS. The study established that one of the major differences between homeless youth and the general population was their attitude to HIV/AIDS; unfortunately, most of the homeless youth in California do not regard HIV as a serious health problem. The study also found that the most serious public health problems in the county where the research study was conducted were homelessness and substance abuse and as such some of the HIV infected youth sell their HIV medications to buy street drugs, while some who are lucky to be HIV-negative wished they were positive, so they could qualify for free housing and other free financial services.

The research study concluded that the quicker homelessness is addressed among youth living with HIV/AIDS the more realistic it will be to focus on medication adherence and ultimately focus on preventing the spread of HIV in California. The research study provides direction for future multifaceted study directed towards addressing the issues of homelessness, substance abuse and prevention of the spread of HIV/AIDS among homeless youth living with HIV/AIDS disease as they are all interconnected and one cannot be solved without the other.

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Hay, Gordon. "Modelling the spread of HIV/AIDS amongst injecting drug users." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1999. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21443.

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The sharing of injecting equipment by injecting drug users (IDUs) is one of the primary causes of the spread of HIV in Scotland. Mathematical models of disease spread can explore the transmission dynamics and can assist in evaluating control strategies such as needle exchanges. A simple deterministic model is examined and local and global stability results are presented. A deterministic model in which infected IDUs are considered separately from uninfected IDUs is created. The infectivity of a needle is then examined. It is first assumed that the infectivity of a needle depends on the amount of infectious material within it, then models in which this infectivity varies over time from injection are explored. Models in which the initial infectiousness of a needle depend on the length of time the person who infected it had been infected with HIV are also presented. A stochastic model is developed and explored in a threefold manner; analytically, numerically and using Monte-Carlo simulation methods. In particular, the probability that the disease dies out is examined. Although these simple models use only a small number of parameters, little is known about the values that these parameters may take. Seroprevalence and behavioural data from Glasgow are used to inform these models, and also to provide an estimate for the probability than an IDU becomes infected after injecting with an infected needle. The effect that the variability in the parameter values may have on the spread of the disease is examined by performing both an uncertainty analysis and a sensitivity analysis. These show that the two behavioural parameters that can be altered by control strategies have a greater influence on the spread of the disease than some other parameters.
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Lutambi, Angelina Mageni. "Basic properties of models for the spread of HIV/AIDS." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/19641.

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Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: While research and population surveys in HIV/AIDS are well established in developed countries, Sub-Saharan Africa is still experiencing scarce HIV/AIDS information. Hence it depends on results obtained from models. Due to this dependence, it is important to understand the strengths and limitations of these models very well. In this study, a simple mathematical model is formulated and then extended to incorporate various features such as stages of HIV development, time delay in AIDS death occurrence, and risk groups. The analysis is neither purely mathematical nor does it concentrate on data but it is rather an exploratory approach, in which both mathematical methods and numerical simulations are used. It was found that the presence of stages leads to higher prevalence levels in a short term with an implication that the primary stage is the driver of the disease. Furthermore, it was found that time delay changed the mortality curves considerably, but it had less effect on the proportion of infectives. It was also shown that the characteristic behaviour of curves valid for most epidemics, namely that there is an initial increase, then a peak, and then a decrease occurs as a function of time, is possible in HIV only if low risk groups are present. It is concluded that reasonable or quality predictions from mathematical models are expected to require the inclusion of stages, risk groups, time delay, and other related properties with reasonable parameter values.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Terwyl navorsing en bevolkingsopnames oor MIV/VIGS in ontwikkelde lande goed gevestig is, is daar in Afrika suid van die Sahara slegs beperkte inligting oor MIV/VIGS beskikbaar. Derhalwe moet daar van modelle gebruik gemaak word. Dit is weens hierdie feit noodsaaklik om die moontlikhede en beperkings van modelle goed te verstaan. In hierdie werk word ´n eenvoudige model voorgelˆe en dit word dan uitgebrei deur insluiting van aspekte soos stadiums van MIV outwikkeling, tydvertraging by VIGS-sterftes en risikogroepe in bevolkings. Die analise is beklemtoon nie die wiskundage vorme nie en ook nie die data nie. Dit is eerder ´n verkennende studie waarin beide wiskundige metodes en numeriese simula˙sie behandel word. Daar is bevind dat insluiting van stadiums op korttermyn tot ho¨er voorkoms vlakke aanleiding gee. Die gevolgtrekking is dat die primˆere stadium die siekte dryf. Verder is gevind dat die insluiting van tydvestraging wel die kurwe van sterfbegevalle sterk be¨ınvloed, maar dit het min invloed op die verhouding van aangestekte persone. Daar word getoon dat die kenmerkende gedrag van die meeste epidemi¨e, naamlik `n aanvanklike styging, `n piek en dan `n afname, in die geval van VIGS slegs voorkom as die bevolking dele bevat met lae risiko. Die algehele gevolgtrekking word gemaak dat vir goeie vooruitskattings met sinvolle parameters, op grond van wiskundige modelle, die insluiting van stadiums, risikogroepe en vertragings benodig word.
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Do, Thao. "Imaging of HIV-1 spread from T cells and macrophages to astrocytes." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:07ffd971-0b25-4990-8d17-001d943ebfa5.

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CD4+ T cells and macrophages are the principal targets of HIV-1. They can be productively infected with the virus and transfer virions to contacting bystander cells. It has been suggested that soon after initial infection, free virions and virus-bearing or infected T cells and macrophages can enter the brain, triggering a cascade of inflammatory signals and recruitment of other immune cells. Chronic inflammation and increased viral antigens in the brain lead to HIV-1 associated neuropathy. Once free virions or infected cells enter the central nervous system, the first type of brain cells that they are likely to encounter are astrocytes, which extend endfeet around the blood vessels. These cells have been observed to contain virions and viral products, but their permissivity to productive infection has not been clearly demonstrated. By contrast, productive infection of resident microglia and perivascular macrophages is well established. Here, I investigate the permissivity of astrocytes to HIV-1 infection and found no evidence of infection by the free route. However, I found that astrocytes intimately contact HIV-1 infected macrophages and CD4+ T cells and, in some cases, extend filopodial membrane toward the infected cell. In astrocyte-T cell contact sites, termed synapses, virions appear to move along the astrocytic filopodia from the T cell to the astrocyte. In this case, the target cell mediated viral transfer across the intercellular gap. HIV-1-infected macrophages released virus that associated with astrocytes, remaining either on the surface of the astrocytes or within intracellular compartments. HIV-1 bound to astrocytes could be transmitted efficiently to permissive cells in trans. However, astrocyte-associated virus was sensitive to inhibitors including proteases and neutralizing antibodies, suggesting a surface-accessible compartment. This work provides insight into mechanisms of HIV-1 spread in the brain from infected CD4+ T cells and macrophages to astrocytes and their potential as virus reservoirs. I also optimized high resolution, correlative focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy technology to answer fundamental biological questions. I demonstrate the application of the technology to study skeletal muscle cell differentiation mechanisms. I combine the power of genetic mapping with structural analysis to qualitatively and quantitatively describe cellular states and functions. Using semi-automatic image processing analysis, I was able to compute high volumes of data and generate statistics that relate quantitative measurements of cellular structures to functions. The toolset developed here will be instrumental in studying cells and tissues in both research and clinical applications.
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Ngubane, Siegfried Johan. "Gender roles in the African culture : implications for the spread of HIV/AIDS." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4195.

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Thesis (MPhil (Industrial Psychology. Africa Centre for HIV/AIDS Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The AIDS epidemic presently engulfing South Africa is mostly based on heterosexual transmission. This paper discusses the male role in African culture in the HIV and AIDS context. Issues facing African women, domestic violence in particular, remain a pervasive problem. Women have not yet reached a level of equality and are still being dominated by their male partners. Women’s subordination can be directly linked to the increasing number of women becoming infected with HIV/AIDS, especially within the African cultural context. Culture plays a vital role in determining the level of health of the individual, the family and the community. This is particularly relevant in the context of Africa, where the values of extended family and community significantly influence the behaviour of the individual. The behaviour of the individual in relation to family and community is one major cultural factor that has implications for sexual behaviour and HIV/AIDS prevention and control efforts. As the impact of HIV/AIDS in South Africa remains unabated, a culture-centred approach to prevention, care and support is increasingly desirable as a critical strategy. The focus of prevention of the heterosexual AIDS epidemic has been on women. The role of men in sexual decision-making has not been emphasized enough in AIDS prevention approaches. As a result, the heterosexual epidemic for women continues unabated because of the lack of attention to the behaviour of male sex partners. Discussion focuses on the cultural and contemporary sexual culture as shaping factors in the enactment of high-risk sexual behaviour. There are numerous social, political, cultural and economic factors affecting the HIV pandemic in the SA region. The main ones are: low status of women and male dominance in sexual and economic relations; sexual abuse (of particularly young girls); historic and current separation of families resulting from the migrant labour system which resulted in multiple sexual partners; high use of sex workers due to single-sex quarters at the workplace; cultural resistance to the use of condoms; high rates of other STD’s; and high levels of poverty and other inequalities such as health access and education. Stigma about HIV is also a barrier to reaching the most vulnerable, including those already infected. The paper draws the conclusion that discrimination against women, coupled with male dominance in all aspects of social structures; polygamous marriages were prescribed and supervised by maledominated social structures has increased the prevalence rate of HIV/AIDS in the African cultural context.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die HIV/Vigs pandemie wat tans Suid Afrika oorweldig is meestal die gevolg van heteroseksuele oordrag. Hierdie verhandeling bespreek die manlike rol in die Afrika kultuur in die konteks van MIV en Vigs. Aspekte wat die Afrika vroue in die gesig staar in terme van gesinsgeweld bly `n aanhoudende probleem. Vroue word steeds deur hul manlike maats gedomineer word en dus steeds nie `n vlak van gelykheid bereik het nie. Die onderdrukking van vroue kan direk gekoppel word aan die toenemende aantal vroue wat met MIV/Vigs geïnfekteer word – veral in die Afrika konteks. Kultuur speel ʼn kritieke rol in die bepaling van die gesondheidsvlak van die individu, gesin en gemeenskap. Dit is besonder relevant in die Afrika konteks, waar die waardes van `n uitgebreide gesin en gemeenskap ʼn enorme invloed het op die optrede van `n individu. Hierdie optrede in verhouding tot die gesin en gemeenskap is `n geweldige factor wat implikasies het op seksuele gedrag en op pogings tot voorkoming en beheer van MIV/Vigs. Terwyl die impak van MIV/Vigs in Suid Afrika ongesteurd voortstu, word `n kultuur gesentreerde benadering tot voorkoming, versorging en ondersteuning toenemend nodig as `n kritieke strategie. Die fokus op die voorkoming van die heteroseksuele Vigs pandemie was tot nou toe op vroue. Die rol van mans in seksuele besluitneming was tot dusvêr nie voldoende beklemtoon in Vigs voorkomende benaderings nie. Die gevolg is dat die heteroseksuele Vigs pandemie vir vroue ongesteurd voortduur weens die gebrek aan aandag op die gedrag van manlike seksmaats. Bespreking fokus op die kulturele en kontemporêre seksuele kultuur as vormende faktore in die uitvoer van hoë risiko seksuele gedrag. Daar is verskeie sosiale, politieke, kulturele en ekonomiese faktore wat die MIV/Vigs pandemie in die streek beïnvloed. Die belangrikstes is: lae status van vroue; manlike dominasie in seksuele en ekonomiese verhoudings; seksuele mishandeling – veral van jong meisies; historiese en huidige skeiding van gesinne voortspruitend uit die stelsel van trekarbeid – wat aanleiding gegee het tot `n verskeidenheid van seksuele maats; die hoë voorkoms van sekswerkers agv enkelgeslag woonkwartiere by die werksplek; kulturele weerstand teen die gebruik van kondome; hoë voorkoms van seksueel oordraagbare siektes; hoë vlakke van armoede en ander ongelykhede soos toegang tot gesondheidsdienste en onderwys. Die stigma van MIV/Vigs is ook `n hindernis in die bereiking van die mees kwesbare, insluitend die wat geïnfekteer is. Hierdie verhandeling maak die gevolgtrekking dat diskriminasie teen vroue, gekoppel met manlike dominasie in alle aspekte van sosiale strukture; poligamiese huwelike wat voorgeskryf word en onder toesig is van manlik gedomineerde sosiale strukture, die voorkoms van MIV/Vigs in die Afrika kulturele konteks verhoog het.
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Symeonides, Menelaos. "HIV-1-Induced Cell-Cell Fusion: Host Regulation And Consequences For Viral Spread." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2016. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/589.

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Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a human retrovirus of the lentivirus subgroup which primarily infects T cells and macrophages, and causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Since its emergence in the early 1980s, HIV-1 has caused a global pandemic which is still responsible for over one million deaths per year, primarily in sub-Saharan Africa. HIV-1 has been the subject of intense study for over three decades, which has resulted not only in major advances in cell biology, but also in numerous drug treatments that effectively control the infection. However, cessation of treatment always results in reemergence of the infection due to the ability of HIV-1 (and other lentiviruses) to establish a persistent quiescent infection known as latency. The elimination of latently-infected cells is the primary goal of current research towards a cure for HIV-1, alongside efforts to develop vaccines, which have thus far been fruitless. The spread of HIV-1 to susceptible target cells (which express the receptor CD4 and a co-receptor; CXCR4 or CCR5) can take place when antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, capture virus particles and then pass them on to target cells, without themselves becoming infected. Alternatively, productively infected T cells or macrophages can spread HIV-1 either by shedding virus particles to the milieu, which are then stochastically acquired by target cells, or through transient contacts between infected and uninfected cells known as virological synapses (VSs). VS-mediated cell-to-cell transmission is thought to be highly efficient due to the release of virus directly onto (or very near to) a target cell, and some evidence suggests that the VS is a privileged site which allows the virus to evade neutralizing antibodies and drugs. However, and most importantly, it is of central interest to us because the same transient cell adhesions that facilitate virus transfer can also result in the fusion of the two cells to form a syncytium, due to the presence of the viral fusogen Env and its receptor and co-receptor on either side of the VS. While T cell syncytia can be found in vivo, they remain small, and it appears that the majority of VSs resolve without fusion. The regulation of HIV-1-induced cell-cell fusion and the fate of those syncytia are the focus of the work presented here. A family of host transmembrane proteins, the tetraspanins, which regulate cell-cell fusion in other contexts (e.g. the fusion of myoblasts to form and maintain myotubes), were found to inhibit HIV-1-induced cell-cell fusion. Our investigations have further characterized this regulation, concluding that tetraspanins allow cells to reach the fusion intermediate known as hemifusion before their ability to repress fusion takes effect. In parallel, because syncytia are nevertheless found both in infected individuals and in a humanized mouse model for HIV-1, we also became interested in whether small T cell-based syncytia were able to participate in HIV-1 spread by transmitting virus to target cells. Using a simple three dimensional in vitro culture system which closely recapitulates those in situ observations, we found that small syncytia can contact target cells and transmit virus without fusing with them. Overall, these studies further our understanding of HIV-1-induced syncytia and reveal a previously unrecognized role for these entities as active participants in HIV-1 spread.
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Culshaw, Rebecca Veronica. "Mathematical models of cell-to-cell and cell-free viral spread of HIV infection." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq24826.pdf.

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Cuadros, Diego Fernando. "THE ROLE OF CO-INFECTION IN THE SPREAD OF HIV IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA." UKnowledge, 2011. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/biology_etds/1.

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The cause of the high HIV prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa is incompletely understood, with heterosexual penile-vaginal transmission proposed as the main mechanism. Heterosexual HIV transmission has a very low probability; further, a single estimation of heterosexual probability of HIV transmission fails to reproduce the variation associated with important biological cofactors. In particular, studies of HIV incidence suggest that co-infection with other infectious diseases influence the HIV transmission, and therefore might substantially vary the pattern of the spread of the infection. To assess the effect of co-infection on the spread of HIV, I developed and analyzed several mathematical and statistical models based on published data. The results show that despite the low probability of heterosexual transmission per sexual contact, the inclusion of individual variation generated by transient but repeated increases in HIV viral load associated with co-infections may provide a biological basis for the accelerated spread of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa, and raises the possibility that that the natural history of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa cannot be fully understood if individual variation in infectiousness is neglected. Co-infection might be a key explanatory variable for the rapid spread of HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa; in fact, co-infection may be a necessary factor, rather than merely being a contributing factor, in the successful spread and survival of HIV in populations where heterosexual vaginal-penile contact is the main mechanism of transmission. Consequently, broad population based control strategies to decrease infectivity and reduce the incidence of other sexual and parasitic infectious diseases might be effective strategies in diminishing the spread of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Books on the topic "HIV spread"

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Sentā, Nihon Kokusai Kōryū. Japan's response to the spread of HIV/AIDS. Tokyo: Japan Center for International Exchange, 2004.

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Kombani, Kinyanjui. We can be friends: Theme, Spread of HIV/AIDS. [Nairobi]: Sasa Sema, 2007.

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S, Ayensu Edward, ed. HIV/AIDS, knowledge protects: New and specific approaches to contain the spread of HIV in developing countries. Potsdam: Strauss, 2001.

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I, Mishra Shiraz, Conner Ross F, and Magaña J. Raul, eds. AIDS crossing borders: The spread of HIV among migrant Latinos. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press, 1996.

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Mishra, Vinod K. Levels and spread of HIV seroprevalence and associated factors: Evidence from national household surveys. Calverton, Md: Macro International, 2009.

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Mafolo, Tholoana. The role of culture in contributing to the spread of HIV/AIDS: Understanding how cultral norms and practices, specifically female genital mutilation facilitate the spread of HIV/AIDS. Pretoria, South Africa: Africa Institute of South Africa (AISA), 2010.

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Bongaarts, John. Modeling the spread of HIV and the demographic impact of AIDS in Africa. New York, N.Y. (1 Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, New York 10017): Population Council, 1988.

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Brown, Treeby Williamson. A Changing epidemic: How state Title V programs are addressing the spread of HIV/AIDS in women, children, and youth. Washington, D.C: Association of Maternal and Child Health Programs, 1995.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on International Relations. The spread of AIDS in the developing world: Hearing before the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fifth Congress, second session, September 16, 1998. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1998.

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Hanna, Phan. Men are gold, women are cloth (Khmer proverb): A report on the potential for HIV/AIDS spread in Cambodia and implications for HIV/AIDS education. [Phnom Penh]: CARE International in Cambodia, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "HIV spread"

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Miller, David. "The Virus and Its Spread." In Living with AIDS and HIV, 1–11. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18756-0_1.

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Stadler, Jonathan. "Intentional Infections: Public Discourses of HIV Spread." In Social Aspects of HIV, 91–103. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69437-1_4.

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Merson, Michael, and Stephen Inrig. "Containing the Global Spread of HIV." In The AIDS Pandemic, 171–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47133-4_10.

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Gani, J. "Modelling the spread of HIV in prisons." In Athens Conference on Applied Probability and Time Series Analysis, 277–94. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0749-8_20.

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van den Boom, F. M. L. G., J. C. Jager, D. P. Reinking, M. J. Postma, and C. E. S. Albers. "Risk behaviour and the spread of HIV." In AIDS up to the Year 2000, 197–242. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2848-3_7.

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Flint, Adrian. "Gender, Violence and the Spread of HIV/AIDS." In HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa, 53–68. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230302051_4.

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Athar, Safia, and Monica Gabriela Cojocaru. "Time-Dependent Casual Encounters Games and HIV Spread." In Mathematical and Computational Approaches in Advancing Modern Science and Engineering, 177–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30379-6_17.

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Su, Bin, Maryse Peressin, and Christiane Moog. "Inhibition of HIV-1 Spread: Cell-Free Versus Cell-Cell." In Encyclopedia of AIDS, 1–13. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9610-6_137-2.

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Su, Bin, Maryse Peressin, and Christiane Moog. "Inhibition of HIV-1 Spread: Cell-Free Versus Cell-Cell." In Encyclopedia of AIDS, 1–13. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9610-6_137-3.

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Alam, Shah Jamal, Ruth Meyer, and Emma Norling. "A Model for HIV Spread in a South African Village." In Multi-Agent-Based Simulation IX, 33–45. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01991-3_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "HIV spread"

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Giamberardino, Paolo Di, and Daniela Iacoviello. "Optimal Control to reduce the HIV/AIDS spread." In 2018 22nd International Conference on System Theory, Control and Computing (ICSTCC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icstcc.2018.8540724.

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Aldila, Dipo, Refqi Rifa Aprilliani, and Maulana Malik. "Understanding HIV spread with vertical transmission through mathematical model." In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Ion Sources. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5054546.

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Alimadad, Azadeh, Vahid Dabbaghian, Suraj K. Singhk, and Herbert H. Tsang. "Modeling HIV spread through sexual contact using a cellular automaton." In 2011 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cec.2011.5949907.

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Murugesan, Regan, and Suresh Rasappan. "Factor analysis for spread of HIV in a mobile heterosexual population." In 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS: ICMTA2021. AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0108789.

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Kenyon, C., J. Buyze, and N. Hens. "P3.43 Modelling the spread of gonorrhoea in an msm population." In STI and HIV World Congress Abstracts, July 9–12 2017, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2017-053264.280.

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Artin, I., P. Sawatzky, B. Lefebvre, V. Allen, P. Naidu, L. Hoang, G. Horsman, and MR Mulvey. "P3.154 Clonal spread of azithromycin resistantneisseria gonorrhoeaein canada (2014–2015)." In STI and HIV World Congress Abstracts, July 9–12 2017, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2017-053264.389.

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Beale, M., M. Marks, M. Cole, M. Lee, R. Pitt, C. Ruis, P. Naidu, et al. "O01.8 Contemporary syphilis is characterised by rapid global spread of pandemic Treponema pallidum lineages." In Abstracts for the STI & HIV World Congress, July 14–17 2021. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2021-sti.55.

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Rubtcova, M. V., and A. M. Bolotnik. "THE DEGREE OF INFLUENCE OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS ON THE INCIDENCE OF HIV IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: THE RESULTS OF REGRESSION ANALYSIS." In Regional economy and territorial development. INSTITUTE OF PROBLEMS OF REGIONAL ECONOMICS OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52897/978-5-8088-1636-7-2021-15-1-85-93.

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The spread of the human immunodeficiency virus is one of the main global problems. In all countries of the world there are a number of programs aimed at combating this disease. We conducted a regression analysis to identify the most influencing factors of the population's life on the spread of HIV. The results showed that external socio-economic factors did not have a significant impact on the spread of the virus. It means that the health care system and its level of development directly affect the level of HIV prevalence in the country.
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Grad, Y. "PL10 Using pathogen population genomics to study the evolution, spread, and antibiotic resistance of STIs." In Abstracts for the STI & HIV World Congress, July 14–17 2021. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2021-sti.10.

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Smid, JH, V. Garcia, CH Mercer, N. Low, and CL Althaus. "P3.209 Age differences between heterosexual partners: implications for the spread ofchlamydia trachomatis." In STI and HIV World Congress Abstracts, July 9–12 2017, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2017-053264.444.

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Reports on the topic "HIV spread"

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Stanley, E. A., S. T. Seitz, P. O. Way, P. D. Johnson, and T. F. Curry. The IWG (Interagency Working Group) model for the heterosexual spread of HIV and the demographic impact of the AIDS epidemic. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6975421.

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Elias, Christopher J., and Lori L. Heise. The development of microbicides: A new method of HIV prevention for women. Population Council, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv1993.1001.

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A critical review of current epidemiological trends and social science research demonstrates that there is an urgent need for expanding the range of female-controlled HIV prevention methods. Existing efforts to control the spread of HIV infection primarily through the encouragement of a reduction in the number of sexual partners, widespread condom promotion, and the control of other sexually transmitted infections are inadequate for many of the world's women. Underlying gender power inequities severely limit the ability of many women to protect themselves from HIV infection, especially in the absence of a prevention technology they can use, when necessary, without their partner's consent. Current understanding of biology suggests that developing such methods is a feasible and potentially cost-effective endeavor. This paper describes the growing risk of HIV infection faced by women throughout the world, examines the limitation of contemporary AIDS prevention strategy in meeting the needs of women, reviews the existing data on female-controlled HIV prevention methods, and outlines the challenges for future microbicide development.
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Eschen, Andrea. Community-based AIDS prevention and care in Africa: Workshop report. Population Council, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv1993.1000.

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Representatives from community-based AIDS prevention and care programs in five sub-Saharan African countries spoke about their programs’ strengths, shortcomings, and hopes for the future at a meeting organized by the Population Council that took place on June 5, 1993, in Berlin just prior to the IXth International Conference on AIDS. Participants’ experiences and insights demonstrated the ingenuity and imagination that communities have generated to prevent the spread of HIV and AIDS and how they have taken action where government activities have fallen short. The workshop brought representatives of these programs together with staff of governmental and nongovernmental organizations, funding institutions, technical assistance agencies, and national and international AIDS-prevention programs to present their experiences. Discussion focused on strategies to strengthen community-based AIDS prevention and care in Africa. The meeting was the culmination of the first year of a three-year project established by the Population Council as part of the Positive Action Program’s Developing Country Initiative. This report notes that the aim was to identify successful elements of community-based AIDS prevention and care programs and promote a global exchange of expertise.
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Back, Gerard G., Erin C. Mack, Michelle J. Peatross, Joseph L. Scheffey, and Derek A. White. A Methodology for Predicting Fire and Smoke Spread Following a Weapon Hit. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada417354.

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Yilmaz, Ihsan. Erdogan’s Political Journey: From Victimised Muslim Democrat to Authoritarian, Islamist Populist. European Center for Populism Studies (ECPS), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55271/lp0007.

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With “the people” on his side, Recep Tayyip Erdogan has changed the very fabric of Turkish society. Turkey has been changing from an oppressive Kemalist state to an aggressive autocratic and vindictive Islamist state. All opposition is securitised and deemed “the enemy,” state institutions spread Erdoganism’s populist narratives, and democratic checks and balances have been successfully dismantled.
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Needham, Glenn R., Uri Gerson, Gloria DeGrandi-Hoffman, D. Samatero, J. Yoder, and William Bruce. Integrated Management of Tracheal Mite, Acarapis woodi, and of Varroa Mite, Varroa jacobsoni, Major Pests of Honey Bees. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573068.bard.

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Objectives: The Israeli work plan regarding HBTM included: (a) producing a better diagnostic method; (b) following infestations during the season and evaluating damage to resistant bees and, (c) controlling HBTM by conventional means under local conditions. For varroa our plans to try novel control (e.g. oil novel control (e.g. oil patties & essential oils) were initially delayed by very low pest populations, then disrupted by the emergence of fluvalinate resistance. We monitored the spread of resistance to understand it better, and analyzed an underlying biochemical resistance mechanism in varroa. The US work plan focused on novel management methods for both mites with an emphasis on reducing use of traditional insecticides due to resistance and contamination issues. Objectives were: (a) evaluating plant essential oils for varroa control; (b) exploring the vulnerability of varroa to desiccation for their management; and (c) looking for biological variation in HBTM that could explain virulence variability between colonies. Although the initial PI at the USDA Beltsville Bee Lab, W.A. Bruce, retired during the project we made significant strides especially on varroa water balance. Subcontracts were performed by Yoder (Illinois College) on varroa water balance and DeGrandi-Hoffman (USDA) who evaluated plant essential oils for their potential to control varroa. We devised an IPM strategy for mite control i the U.S. Background: Mites that parasitize honey bees are a global problem. They are threatening the survival of managed and feral bees, the well-being of commercial/hobby beekeeping, and due to pollination, the future of some agricultural commodities is threatened. Specific economic consequences of these mites are that: (a) apiculture/breeder business are failing; (b) fewer colonies exist; (c) demand and cost for hive leasing are growing; (d) incidences of bee pathogens are increasing; and, (e) there are ore problems with commercial-reared bees. As a reflection of the continued significance f bee mites, a mite book is now in press (Webster & delaplane, 2000); and the 2nd International Conference on Africanized Honey Bees and Bee Mites is scheduled (April, 2000, Arizona). The first such conference was at OSU (1987, GRN was co-organizer). The major challenge is controlling two very different mites within a colony while not adversely impacting the hive. Colony management practices vary, as do the laws dictating acaricide use. Our basic postulates were that: (a) both mites are of economic importance with moderate to high infestations but not at low rates and, (b) once established they will not be eradicated. A novel strategy was devised that deals with the pests concomitantly by maintaining populations at low levels, without unnecessary recourse to synthetic acaricides. Major Conclusions, Solutions, Achievements: A major recent revelation is that there are several species of "Varroa jacobsoni" (Anderson & Trueman 1999). Work on control, resistance, population dynamics, and virulence awaits knowing whether this is a problem. In the U.S. there was no difference between varroa from three locales in terms of water balance parameters (AZ, MN & PA), which bodes well for our work to date. Winter varroa (U.S.) were more prone to desiccation than during other seasons. Varroa sensitivity to desiccation has important implications for improving IPM. Several botanicals showed some promise for varroa control (thymol & origanum). Unfortunately there is varroa resistance to Apistan in Israel but a resistance mechanism was detected for the first time. The Israel team also has a new method for HBTM diagnosis. Annual tracheal mite population trends in Israel were characterized, which will help in targeting treatment. Effects of HBTM on honey yields were shown. HBTM control by Amitraz was demonstrated for at least 6 months. Showing partial resistance by Buckfast bees to HBTM will be an important IPM tactic in Israel and U.S.
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Demand for and cost-effectiveness of integrating RTI/HIV services with clinic-based family planning services in Zimbabwe. Population Council, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1999.1021.

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The current spread of HIV/AIDS poses a major threat to individual lives and national economies in many sub-Saharan African countries. The region also has some of the highest levels of other reproductive tract infections (RTIs) in the world. Some of these RTIs increase the risk of sexual transmission of HIV infection. Thus, the control of RTIs is seen not only as an important reproductive health care strategy to alleviate symptoms of infection and long-term gynecological, obstetric, and neonatal complications, but also as a key strategy in reducing the spread of HIV/AIDS. As a result, all national health care programs in the region are actively seeking cost-effective ways of implementing an RTI management program that would reduce the spread of RTIs and ultimately HIV. Although there are many reasons to support an integrated approach to service delivery, many unanswered questions remain concerning its implementation, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness. In 1998, the Africa OR/TA II Project and the Zimbabwe National Family Planning Council (ZNFPC) undertook a study to assist the ZNFPC in developing the most appropriate and cost-effective approach to managing RTIs in its clinics. Findings from the study are presented in this report.
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Assessing the potential demand for and effectiveness of integrating STI/HIV management services with Zimbabwe National Family Planning Council's clinic-based family planning services. Population Council, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1999.1004.

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HIV/AIDS is a threat to individual lives and the national economies of many sub-Saharan African countries, despite efforts to contain its spread. The region also suffers from high levels of other reproductive tract infections (RTIs), some of which increase the risk of sexual transmission of HIV. The control of RTIs is therefore seen not only as an important reproductive health care strategy, but as a key strategy in reducing the spread of HIV/AIDS. Most national health care programs in the region are actively seeking cost-effective ways of implementing an RTI management program that would reduce and prevent RTIs and HIV. To date, most emphasis has been placed on managing RTI/HIV within high-risk groups, but many programs are now trying to reach a bigger proportion of the at-risk population through integrating RTI/HIV management services into existing maternal and child health/family planning (MCH/FP) programs. As noted in this baseline survey report, a variety of methods were used to collect and synthesize information that could be used in developing an appropriate and cost-effective approach to the integration of RTI/HIV within FP services.
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Integrating STI/HIV management strategies into existing MCH/FP programs: Lessons from case studies in East and Southern Africa. Population Council, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1997.1002.

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Sub-Saharan Africa is confronting an HIV/AIDS epidemic and virtually all health programs in the region are seeking ways of preventing and reducing the spread of this virus. To compound the problem, the presence of certain sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is known to increase risk of the sexual transmission of HIV. The sub-Saharan region is believed to have some of the highest levels of STIs in the world, thus controlling STIs is not only an important reproductive health care strategy in itself but also a key strategy in reducing the spread of HIV. The strongest evidence to support this has come from the Mwanza Intervention Trial in Tanzania, which demonstrated that improved early detection and treatment of STIs can significantly reduce the incidence of HIV. Putting these principles into practice through health care programs in sub-Saharan Africa remains a challenge. This paper describes the results of a few, selected case studies of efforts that have already been made to address this challenge in east and southern Africa. The case studies document the application of these principles in the context of female clients attending MCH/FP clinics.
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Patterns and implications of male migration for HIV prevention strategies in Maharashtra, India. Population Council, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv16.1003.

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Maharashtra was one of the first states to be affected by HIV in India. Results from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) in 2005–06 indicate that 0.62 percent of men and women aged 15–49 years were infected with HIV, as compared to the national average of 0.28 percent. HIV sentinel surveillance data from sites across Maharashtra indicate that 1.3 percent of pregnant women receiving antenatal care (ANC) and 10.4 percent of patients receiving treatment for sexually transmitted infections in 2005 were infected with HIV. At the same time, Maharashtra ranks first nationally in the proportion of total migrants, and there is a growing consensus among policymakers and program managers that migration could be a major contributor in the spread of HIV in the state. However, empirical evidence to support or refute this conjecture is limited. To address this research gap, the Population Council studied the patterns and motivations related to the migration of male laborers and their linkages with HIV risk. The purpose of the research, as stated in this brief, was to document patterns of male migration and determine whether there was a relationship between migration and HIV prevalence.
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