Academic literature on the topic 'HIV, site-specific transmission'
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Journal articles on the topic "HIV, site-specific transmission"
1
Gelbart, Maoz, and Adi Stern. "Site-Specific Evolutionary Rate Shifts in HIV-1 and SIV." Viruses 12, no. 11 (November 16, 2020): 1312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12111312.
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Site-specific evolutionary rate shifts are defined as protein sites, where the rate of substitution has changed dramatically across the phylogeny. With respect to a given clade, sites may either undergo a rate acceleration or a rate deceleration, reflecting a site that was conserved and became variable, or vice-versa, respectively. Sites displaying such a dramatic evolutionary change may point to a loss or gain of function at the protein site, reflecting adaptation, or they may indicate epistatic interactions among sites. Here, we analyzed full genomes of HIV and SIV-1 and identified 271 rate-shifting sites along the HIV-1/SIV phylogeny. The majority of rate shifts occurred at long branches, often corresponding to cross-species transmission branches. We noted that in most proteins, the number of rate accelerations and decelerations was equal, and we suggest that this reflects epistatic interactions among sites. However, several accessory proteins were enriched for either accelerations or decelerations, and we suggest that this may be a signature of adaptation to new hosts. Interestingly, the non-pandemic HIV-1 group O clade exhibited a substantially higher number of rate-shift events than the pandemic group M clade. We propose that this may be a reflection of the height of the species barrier between gorillas and humans versus chimpanzees and humans. Our results provide a genome-wide view of the constraints operating on proteins of HIV-1 and SIV.
2
SenGupta, Devi, Susan Ribeiro, Henri-Alexandre Michaud, Liyen Loh, Ravi Tandon, R. Jones, Keith Garrison, et al. "Identification of human endogenous retrovirus (HERV-K(HML-2))-specific mucosal CD4+ T cell responses in HIV-1-exposed, seronegative individuals (P6195)." Journal of Immunology 190, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2013): 118.21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.118.21.
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Abstract The transcriptional silence of human endogenous retroviruses (HERV) can be disrupted in HIV-1 infection. We have reported that the strength of the HERV-specific CD8+ T cell response predicts lower HIV-1 viral load in untreated adults. To determine whether HERV-K immunity plays a role in inhibiting HIV-1 replication at a major site of transmission and CD4+ T cell depletion, we assessed these responses in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) from rectosigmoid biopsies and blood of HIV-1 exposed, seronegative (HESN) individuals (n=6) by flow cytometry. CMV pp65- and HIV-1 Gag-specific T cells were also measured, and all responses were compared with peripheral antigen-specific responses in uninfected, low-risk controls (n=11). With the exception of stronger CMV-specific CD8+ T cell responses in the HESN group (p=0.024), there were no significant differences between the magnitudes of peripheral antigen-specific T cell responses in the HESN vs. controls. However, HESN subjects had remarkably robust mucosal HIV-1- (median %CD4+cytokine+cells=2.67) and HERV-specific (median %CD4+cytokine+cells=3.41) CD4+ responses, which were much stronger than the corresponding PBMC responses (p=0.0079 and p<0.0001, respectively). These findings suggest that the GALT is an important site of HERV-K expression and immunity in individuals exposed to HIV-1, and should be further investigated in the context of novel vaccine strategies that target conserved antigens such as HERV.
3
Doyle, Allison, Claudia Cicala, Katija Jelicic, Donald Van Ryk, Aftab Ahmed Ansari, Anthony S. Fauci, and James Arthos. "Evaluation of a newly developed assay designed to assess the interaction between α4β7 and MAdCAM." Journal of Immunology 196, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2016): 207.14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.196.supp.207.14.
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Abstract HIV infection is characterized by high-level replication in gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT). This occurs in part because α4β7 +/CD4+ T cells are a preferred target of HIV infection. α4β7 functions as a gut homing receptor. Homing is mediated through a specific interaction with MAdCAM that is expressed on the surface of the high-endothelial venules that line the gut. In addition, α4β7 binds to the V2 domain of HIV gp120. In an SIV model of HIV mucosal transmission, an antibody specific for α4β7 +was found to prevent infection, but the underlying mechanism for this protection is not fully understood. We have proposed that signaling through α4β7 + facilitates HIV transmission, and that the protection from infection that we observed may reflect the capacity of the anti-α4β7 mAb we employed to interfere with this signaling. In order to investigate the role of α4β7+ signaling in mucosal transmission, we have employed a newly developed adhesion assay (Peachman and Rao) that measures the interaction between either the V2 domain of HIV gp120 or MAdCAM with cells expressing α4β7. We have used this assay to evaluate small molecules and antibody antagonists of these interactions. We have found that small molecule antagonists that bind to the active site in α4β7 abrogate binding of cells to both MAdCAM and the V2 domain of HIV gp120. In addition, we determined that retinoic acid increases the adhesion of MAdCAM and V2 to α4β7 expressing cells. This assay should aid in the development of novel strategies designed to interfere with the trafficking of α4β7 +cells to GALT and to mucosal transmission of HIV.
4
Musey, L., Y. Ding, J. Cao, J. Lee, C. Galloway, A. Yuen, K. R. Jerome, and M. J. McElrath. "Ontogeny and Specificities of Mucosal and Blood Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Specific CD8+ Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes." Journal of Virology 77, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.1.291-300.2003.
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ABSTRACT Induction of adaptive immunity to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) at the mucosal site of transmission is poorly understood but crucial in devising strategies to control and prevent infection. To gain further understanding of HIV-1-specific T-cell mucosal immunity, we established HIV-1-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) cell lines and clones from the blood, cervix, rectum, and semen of 12 HIV-1-infected individuals and compared their specificities, cytolytic function, and T-cell receptor (TCR) clonotypes. Blood and mucosal CD8+ CTL had common HIV-1 epitope specificities and major histocompatibility complex restriction patterns. Moreover, both systemic and mucosal CTL lysed targets with similar efficiency, primarily through the perforin-dependent pathway in in vitro studies. Sequence analysis of the TCRβ VDJ region revealed in some cases identical HIV-1-specific CTL clones in different compartments in the same HIV-1-infected individual. These results clearly establish that a subset of blood and mucosal HIV-1-specific CTL can have a common origin and can traffic between anatomically distinct compartments. Thus, these effectors can provide immune surveillance at the mucosa, where rapid responses are needed to contain HIV-1 infection.
5
Obisesan, Oluwafemi Samuel, Nomathamsanqa Patricia Sithebe, and Hazel Tumelo Mufhandu. "Seroprevalence and characterisation of herpes simplex virus from human immunodeficiency virus in samples collected from two provinces in South Africa: a retrospective study." F1000Research 10 (October 15, 2021): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.28105.3.
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Background: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a widely distributed human pathogen that is known for its ulcerative lesions at the infection site. HSV can cause persistent infection in the host that is often followed by a period of latency within the neurons. Considering the high rate of HIV infection in South Africa, it is important to assess the seroprevalence of HSV with a focus to determine the epidemiological association between HSV-DNA and HIV-1 in the population. Methods: A total of 44 sera samples were screened for HSV and HIV-1 using the highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The ELISA positive samples were characterized using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to confirm the positivity of both viruses and to further differentiate HSV into HSV-1 and -2. Thereafter, the samples were analysed for relatedness using phylogenetic analysis. Results: Of the 44 samples, 36 (81.8%) were positive for HIV-1, while 35 (79.5%) were positive for HSV when screened with ELISA kits. The PCR results, with the use of type specific primers, showed that 4/35 (11.4%) samples were specific for HSV-1 while 30/35 (85.7%) were specific for HSV-2. Statistical analysis performed using the chi-squared goodness-of-fit test showed that there is a significant relationship between HSV-2 and HIV-1 transmission. Conclusions:There is a significant relationship between HSV-2 and HIV-1 in the study population. Our study shows that some of the HSV-2 isolates are not related to the clinical isolate SD90e from South Africa, suggesting diversity in HSV-2 viral transmission.
6
Obisesan, Oluwafemi Samuel, Nomathamsanqa Patricia Sithebe, and Hazel Tumelo Mufhandu. "Seroprevalence and characterisation of herpes simplex virus from human immunodeficiency virus in samples collected from two provinces in South Africa: a retrospective study." F1000Research 10 (November 17, 2021): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.28105.4.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a widely distributed human pathogen that is known for its ulcerative lesions at the infection site. HSV can cause persistent infection in the host that is often followed by a period of latency within the neurons. Considering the high rate of HIV infection in South Africa, it is important to assess the seroprevalence of HSV with a focus to determine the epidemiological association between HSV-DNA and HIV-1 in the population. Methods: A total of 44 sera samples were screened for HSV and HIV-1 using the highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The ELISA positive samples were characterized using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to confirm the positivity of both viruses and to further differentiate HSV into HSV-1 and -2. Thereafter, the samples were analysed for relatedness using phylogenetic analysis. Results: Of the 44 samples, 36 (81.8%) were positive for HIV-1, while 35 (79.5%) were positive for HSV when screened with ELISA kits. The PCR results, with the use of type specific primers, showed that 4/35 (11.4%) samples were specific for HSV-1 while 30/35 (85.7%) were specific for HSV-2. Statistical analysis performed using the chi-squared goodness-of-fit test showed that there is a significant relationship between HSV-2 and HIV-1 transmission. Conclusions: There is a significant positive association between HSV-2 and HIV-1 in the study population. Our study shows that some of the HSV-2 isolates are not related to the clinical isolate SD90e from South Africa, suggesting diversity in HSV-2 viral transmission.
7
Kasting, Christine H., Linda S. Martin, and Robert J. Mullan. "Sharps Disposal Containers: Selection, Evaluation, and Use." Journal of the American Biological Safety Association 2, no. 4 (December 1997): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109135059700200410.
Full textAbstract:
Occupational transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been documented. The risk of infection with HIV following one needlestick exposure is approximately 0.3% and ranges from 6% to 30% for FMV and from 3.3% to 10% for hepatitis C. The diversity of health care settings makes selection of a single sharps disposal container design inappropriate in many cases. No single sharps disposal container design meets all the disposal containment needs for an entire facility. Selection of any specific container(s) should be based on a comprehensive site-specific hazard analysis. Criteria for the design, selection, and appropriate use of sharps containers were developed. The sharps disposal container safety performance criteria are divided into four areas. First, containers should remain functional during their entire usage. Second, containers must be accessible to workers who use, maintain, or dispose of sharp devices. Third, containers should be visible o the workers who must use them. Last, container designs should provide accommodation to the user, the facility, and the environment. Although engineering controls, such as needleless IV systems and “safety” needles, will reduce injuries, proper selection and use of disposal containers is still important. Prevention strategies include implementation of engineering controls, use of personal protective equipment, training, and the involvement of occupational health professionals and workers.
8
Deschambeault, Julie, Jean-Philippe Lalonde, Guillermo Cervantes-Acosta, Robert Lodge, Éric A. Cohen, and Guy Lemay. "Polarized Human Immunodeficiency Virus Budding in Lymphocytes Involves a Tyrosine-Based Signal and Favors Cell-to-Cell Viral Transmission." Journal of Virology 73, no. 6 (June 1, 1999): 5010–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.73.6.5010-5017.1999.
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ABSTRACT Maturation and release of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is targeted at the pseudopod of infected mononuclear cells. However, the intracellular mechanism or targeting signals leading to this polarized viral maturation are yet to be identified. We have recently demonstrated the presence of a functional YXXL motif for specific targeting of HIV-1 virions to the basolateral membrane surface in polarized epithelial Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK). Site-directed mutagenesis was used to demonstrate that the membrane-proximal tyrosine in the intracytoplasmic tail of the HIV-1 transmembrane glycoprotein (gp41) is an essential component of this signal. In the present study, immunolocalization of viral budding allowed us to establish that this tyrosine-based signal is involved in determining the exact site of viral release at the surface of infected mononuclear cells. Substitution of the critical tyrosine residue was also shown to increase the amount of envelope glycoprotein at the cell surface, supporting previous suggestions that the tyrosine-based motif can promote endocytosis. Although alteration of the dual polarization-endocytosis motif did not affect the infectivity of cell-free virus, it could play a key role in cell-to-cell viral transmission. Accordingly, chronically infected lymphocytes showed a reduced ability to transmit the mutant virus to a cocultivated cell line. Overall, our data indicate that the YXXL targeting motif of HIV is active in various cell types and could play an important role in viral propagation; this may constitute an alternative target for HIV therapeutics and vaccine development.
9
Obisesan, Oluwafemi Samuel, Nomathamsanqa Patricia Sithebe, and Hazel Tumelo Mufhandu. "Seroprevalence and characterisation of herpes simplex virus from human immunodeficiency virus in samples collected from two provinces in South Africa: a retrospective study." F1000Research 10 (September 22, 2021): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.28105.2.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a widely distributed human pathogen that is known for its ulcerative lesions at the infection site. HSV can cause persistent infection in the host that is often followed by a period of latency within the neurons. Considering the high rate of HIV infection in South Africa, it is important to assess the seroprevalence of HSV with a focus to determine the epidemiological association between HSV-DNA and HIV-1 in the population. Methods: A total of 44 sera samples were screened for HSV and HIV-1 using the highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The ELISA positive samples were characterized using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to confirm the positivity of both viruses and to further differentiate HSV into HSV-1 and -2. Thereafter, the samples were analysed for relatedness using phylogenetic analysis. Results: Of the 44 samples, 36 (81.8%) were positive for HIV-1, while 35 (79.5%) were positive for HSV when screened with ELISA kits. The PCR results, with the use of type specific primers, showed that 4/35 (11.4%) samples were specific for HSV-1 while 30/35 (85.7%) were specific for HSV-2. Statistical analysis performed using the chi-squared goodness-of-fit test showed that there is a significant relationship between HSV-2 and HIV-1 transmission. Conclusions: The prevalence of HSV in the population is high with an increased HSV-2 infection in women. Our study shows that some of the HSV-2 isolates are not related to the clinical isolate SD90e from South Africa, suggesting diversity in HSV-2 viral transmission.
10
Hoorelbeke, Bart, Dana Huskens, Geoffrey Férir, Katrien O. François, Atsushi Takahashi, Kristel Van Laethem, Dominique Schols, Haruo Tanaka, and Jan Balzarini. "Actinohivin, a Broadly Neutralizing Prokaryotic Lectin, Inhibits HIV-1 Infection by Specifically Targeting High-Mannose-Type Glycans on the gp120 Envelope." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 54, no. 8 (May 24, 2010): 3287–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00254-10.
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ABSTRACT The lectin actinohivin (AH) is a monomeric carbohydrate-binding agent (CBA) with three carbohydrate-binding sites. AH strongly interacts with gp120 derived from different X4 and R5 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) strains, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) gp130, and HIV type 1 (HIV-1) gp41 with affinity constants (KD ) in the lower nM range. The gp120 and gp41 binding of AH is selectively reversed by (α1,2-mannose)3 oligosaccharide but not by α1,3/α1,6-mannose- or GlcNAc-based oligosaccharides. AH binding to gp120 prevents binding of α1,2-mannose-specific monoclonal antibody 2G12, and AH covers a broader epitope on gp120 than 2G12. Prolonged exposure of HIV-1-infected CEM T-cell cultures with escalating AH concentrations selects for mutant virus strains containing N-glycosylation site deletions (predominantly affecting high-mannose-type glycans) in gp120. In contrast to 2G12, AH has a high genetic barrier, since several concomitant N-glycosylation site deletions in gp120 are required to afford significant phenotypic drug resistance. AH is endowed with broadly neutralizing activity against laboratory-adapted HIV strains and a variety of X4 and/or R5 HIV-1 clinical clade isolates and blocks viral entry within a narrow concentration window of variation (∼5-fold). In contrast, the neutralizing activity of 2G12 varied up to 1,000-fold, depending on the virus strain. Since AH efficiently prevents syncytium formation in cocultures of persistently HIV-1-infected HuT-78 cells and uninfected CD4+ T lymphocytes, inhibits dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing nonintegrin-mediated capture of HIV-1 and subsequent virus transmission to CD4+ T lymphocytes, does not upregulate cellular activation markers, lacks mitogenic activity, and does not induce cytokines/chemokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures, it should be considered a potential candidate drug for microbicidal use.