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Journal articles on the topic 'HIV research'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Guo, Fuying, and Lingzhou Yang. "Research Progress on HIV/AIDS with Concomitant Hepatitis B Virus and/or Hepatitis C Virus Infection." Infection International 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ii-2017-0099.

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Abstract Hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) involve similar transmission routes, namely, blood, sexual contact, and mother-baby contact. Therefore, HIV infection is usually accompanied by HBV and HCV infections. This observation poses a great challenge to the prevention and treatment of HIV/human acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) accompanied by HBV and HCV infection. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been extensively applied. Hence, liverrelated diseases have become the main causes of complication and death in HIV-infected individuals. This paper summarizes the current epidemiology, mutual influence, and treatment of HIV/AIDS accompanied by HBV or HCV infection.

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2

Zheng, Yinan, Claudia Hawkins, Edith Okeke, Olufunmi A. Lesi, Yishu Qu, Lewis R. Roberts, Demirkan Gursel, et al. "Acceleration of blood-based circulating cell-free DNA epigenetic age among HIV-infected patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in Nigeria." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2021): e16137-e16137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.e16137.

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e16137 Background: Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in Nigeria. HIV and viral hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) co-infection are common in Nigeria that significantly accelerates liver disease progression including HCC. Aging-related DNA methylation signatures obtained in liquid biopsy, such as circulating cell-free DNA (ccfDNA) extracted from serum/plasma are promising minimally-invasive biomarkers that may inform HIV-associated HCC. We examined the epigenetic age acceleration (EpiAgeAccel) in ccfDNA in HCC patients with HIV. Methods: The study included three groups of participants: a) HIV positive with HCC (n=7); b) HIV positive and cancer-free (n=45); and c) HIV negative with HCC (n=33). Epigenetic age was estimated by Horvath’s calculator using genome-wide ccfDNA methylation data profiled by Illumina EPIC array. EpiAgeAccel was computed as the residuals of a linear model of epigenetic age on chronological age, namely the unexplained portion of epigenetic age by chronological age. We used multiple linear regression to compare EpiAgeAccel between HIV/HCC groups, adjusting for sex, age, education, alcohol intake, and HBV/HCV infection. Results: Among HIV positive participants, there was a higher percentage of men (57% vs. 22%, p<0.001), HBV infection (29% vs. 11%, p=0.004), and HCV infection (57% vs. 2%, p<0.001) in the HCC group compared to the cancer-free group. EpiAgeAccel was 4.8 years higher in HIV positive patients with HCC compared to cancer-free HIV positives (p=0.02). Among HCC patients, EpiAgeAccel was 2.1 years higher in HIV positives compared to HIV negative but not statistically significant. Conclusions: Epigenetic age in ccfDNA is accelerated in HIV-positive HCC patients. EpiAgeAccel measured in ccfDNA may be developed into a surrogate biomarker for minimally invasive HCC detection among HIV-infected patients in low- and middle-income countries.

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Mukthinuthalapati, V. V. Pavan Kedar, Aakash Putta, Muhammad Zain Farooq, Kunnal Batra, Paul G. Rubinstein, and Shweta Gupta. "HIV associated hepatocellular cancer (HCC) in an inner-city minority population." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2019): e15680-e15680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.e15680.

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e15680 Background: The Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) era has seen a rise in the incidence of non-AIDs defining cancers. This study was undertaken to study the characteristics associated with HIV+ HCC in an inner-city minority population. Methods: Patients with diagnosis of HCC since January 2011 until December 2018 were identified from our hospital’s electronic medical database using ICD-9/ICD-10 codes. Charts were retrospectively screened to confirm diagnosis of HCC and identify HIV+ patients. HIV+ HCC were compared to HIV- cohort from 2011 to 2016. Statistical analysis was done using the chi-square and t-test. Results: A total of 14 HIV+ HCCs were identified and compared to 239 HIV- HCC (Table 1). All HIV+ HCC were men (100%) with 86% African Americans (AA) (p < 0.05). HIV+ HCC were more likely to be HCV+, HBV+ and less likely to have history of alcoholism. Seventy-nine percent HIV+ HCC were Child-Pugh A at diagnosis compared to 35% in HIV- HCC. The median years between diagnosis of HIV and HCC was 18. All 14 HIV+ HCC (100%) were on HAART at the time of HCC diagnosis with viral load (available for 12) undetectable in 10 (83%) and < 100 copies/mL in 2 (17%). The average CD4 count at HCC diagnosis was 258 cells/µL with 10 (71%) having CD4 counts > 200 cells/µL. HCC was multifocal in 71% HIV+ compared to 49% of HIV- patients. AFP levels were < 20 ng/mL for 50% of the HIV+ HCC patients. There were 43% BCLC B and no BCLC D patients in HIV+ HCC compared to 17% and 24% in HIV- (p < 0.05 for both). 67% HIV+ BCLC Stage C patients died within 20 weeks of HCC diagnosis. Conclusions: HIV+ HCC is predominantly AA, exclusively male disease in our inner-city population. Compared to other studies showing HIV+ HCC to be younger than the HIV- patients, our HIV+ patients were similar in age to the HIV- cohort. HIV+ HCC is more multifocal with early mortality despite early BCLC stage.. Studies are needed to investigate if frequent HCC screening may be needed in HIV+ patients with HCV/HBV co-infection.[Table: see text]

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4

Žikić, Bojan. "Qualitative Field Research in Anthropology: An Overview of Basic Research Methodology." Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology 2, no. 2 (September 3, 2007): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21301/eap.v2i2.7.

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Methodology of qualitative anthropology study is presented, as it was used in investigating HIV/HCV vulnerability in Belgrade injecting drug users and sex workers, as well in documenting lives of people living with HIV. Fieldwork techniques, ethical considerations, and some wider contribution of research of this type to the health issues particularly have been reviewed.

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Nottingham, Phil. "HIV dementia research." Nursing Standard 2, no. 18 (February 6, 1988): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.2.18.37.s83.

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6

Ullah, Qudrat, Usman Ali Rehman, Asif Hanif, and Sami Ullah Bhatti. "Frequency of Parenternal Exposure and Seroprevelence of HBV, HCV and HIV among Operating Room Personnel." International Journal of Frontier Sciences 2, no. 2 (July 1, 2018): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37978/tijfs.v2i2.36.

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Background: There are many experiences in the operation theatre professionals to get Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus and Human immunodeficiency virus during their profession in operating room due to accidental needle pricks or through cut by any sharp. The objective of this study is to find out the Frequency of parenteral exposure and seroprevelence of HBV, HCV and HIV among operating room personnel.Methodology: Frequency of parenteral exposure and seroprevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV among operating room personnel was found using ICT method.Results: All 108 (100 %) operating room personnel were HBV, HCV and HIV negative, none of them showed positive results. Among these 108 operating room personnel to complete my research, among these 58 (53.7%) were male and 50 (46.3%) were female.Conclusion: It is concluded by the study that there are no positive cases of HBV, HCV and HIV among operating room personnel in Gulab devi hospital and Masood hospital.

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Anh, Le Hieu Thuy, and Suchada Thaweesit. "FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH HEPATITIS B AND C CO-INFECTION AMONG PEOPLE LIVING WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS IN VIETNAM." Belitung Nursing Journal 5, no. 4 (August 28, 2019): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33546/bnj.813.

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Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are the leading causes of death from infectious diseases. Because of sharing same transmission routes, the co-infection of HIV with HBV or HCV is common. And the co-infections make HIV infected persons have higher morbidity and mortality than those who infected only with HIV. This study aims to investigate factors that may have influence on the co-infections of HBV or HCV among HIV positive individuals.Objective: The goals of this study were to identify factors associated with the co-infection of HBV or HCV among people living with HIV. Methods: Quantitative research method was applied in this study to examine factors associated with HBV or HCV co-infection among HIV infected people. A total of 250 HIV infected individuals in Khanh Hoa province, Vietnam were the sample of this study. It employed the Social Ecological Model (SEM) as a theoretical perspective that focused on multiple levels of factors. Descriptive statistic was used to describe the general characteristics of the respondents. And Binary logistic regression was carried out to measure the influence of factors on the co-infection. Results: The multivariate analysis of this study showed that HIV-HBV co-infection was associated significantly with residents of Nha Trang (OR= 7.179). Regarding HIV-HCV co-infection, being men (OR= 7.617), unemployed (OR= 4.013), a resident of Nha Trang (OR=10.894) and an injecting drug user (OR= 16.688) were risk factors of the co-infection.Conclusions: This study recommended that intervention strategies to prevent HIV-positive individuals from co-infection with either HBV or HCV should focuses on altering individuals’ risk behaviors and their socio-economic environments. Also, specific preventing programs should be implemented and focus on unemployed populations, injecting drug users, men in general, as well as people living in particular areas, especially cities having a large number of people living with HIV.

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Taylor, Tonya. "Ageism in HIV Research." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.3106.

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Abstract Sex and sexuality are important determinants of health and wellbeing across the life course. The desire and capacity for sexual intimacy and pleasure among older adults are neglected areas of research due to ageist assumptions that they no longer engage in sexual activity. These assumptions are most pronounced in HIV research, where we aggressively studied intimate details of sexual behaviors of people living with HIV until they became “old.” Interest in the sexual behaviors among older adults with HIV has waned in HIV prevention, suggesting an inherent ageism within the field. We will discuss emerging new HIV and STI risks for older adults, declining trends in gerosexuality funding, HIV media campaigns targeted for older adults, and new evidence that suggest that interventions that engage older adults with HIV in conversations about sexual health, menopause, and erectile dysfunction may be an effective strategy for promoting overall successful aging

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9

McGinnis, Kathleen A., Shawn L. Fultz, Melissa Skanderson, Joseph Conigliaro, Kendall Bryant, and Amy C. Justice. "Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: The Roles of HIV, Hepatitis C Infection, and Alcohol Abuse." Journal of Clinical Oncology 24, no. 31 (November 1, 2006): 5005–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2006.05.7984.

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Purpose To explore the relationship of HIV, hepatitis C (HCV), and alcohol abuse/dependence to risk for hepatocellular carcinoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Patients and Methods Male veterans (n = 14,018) with a first HIV diagnosis in the Veterans Affairs Healthcare System from October 1997 to September 2004; and 28,036 age-, race-, sex-, and location-matched HIV-negative veterans were identified. We examined the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and NHL and presence of HCV and alcohol abuse/dependence using International Classification of Diseases, ninth revision (ICD-9-CM) codes. HIV-positive to HIV-negative incident rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% CIs for the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma and NHL were calculated using Poisson regression models. Results HIV-positive veterans were at greater risk for hepatocellular carcinoma than HIV-negative veterans (IRR = 1.68; 95% CI, 1.02 to 2.77). After adjusting for HCV infection and alcohol abuse/dependence, HIV status was not independently associated with hepatocellular cancer (IRR = 0.96; 95% CI, 0.56 to 1.63). HIV-positive veterans had 9.71 times (95% CI, 6.99 to 13.49) greater risk of NHL than HIV-negative veterans. After adjusting for HCV and alcohol abuse/dependence, the IRR for NHL comparing HIV-positive with HIV-negative veterans is similar (IRR = 10.03, 95% CI, 7.19 to 13.97). Conclusion HIV-positive veterans have a higher relative incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and NHL than HIV-negative veterans. For hepatocellular carcinoma, this association appears to be largely explained by the higher prevalence of HCV and alcohol abuse/dependence. Efforts to decrease hepatocellular carcinoma among persons with HIV should focus primarily on detecting and treating HCV and reducing heavy alcohol use.

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Oliveira, Silvano Barbosa de, Edgar Merchan-Hamann, and Leila Denise Alves Ferreira Amorim. "HIV/AIDS coinfection with the hepatitis B and C viruses in Brazil." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 30, no. 2 (February 2014): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00010413.

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The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of HIV/HBV and HIV/HCV coinfections among AIDS cases reported in Brazil, and to describe the epidemiological profile of these cases. Coinfection was identified through probabilistic record linkage of the data of all patients carrying the HIV virus recorded as AIDS patients and of those patients reported as carriers of hepatitis B or C virus in various databases from the Brazilian Ministry of Health from 1999 to 2010. In this period 370,672 AIDS cases were reported, of which 3,724 were HIV/HBV coinfections. Women are less likely to become coinfected than men and the chance of coinfection increases with age. This study allowed an important evaluation of HBV/HIV and HCV/HIV coinfections in Brazil using information obtained via merging secondary databases from the Ministry of Health, without conducting seroprevalence research. The findings of this study might be important for planning activities of the Brazilian epidemiologic surveillance agencies.

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11

Pathare, Anil, and Salam Alkindi. "PREVALENCE OF HEPATITIS B, HEPATITIS C AND HIV IN MULTIPLY TRANSFUSED SICKLE CELL DISEASE PATIENTS FROM OMAN." Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases 11, no. 1 (October 30, 2019): e2019058. http://dx.doi.org/10.4084/mjhid.2019.058.

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Background: In Oman, the prevalence of hepatitis B (HBV) infection is 5.8% with 2.8–7.1% HBV carriers. Hepatitis C (HCV) prevalence amongst Omanis is 0.41%. A total of 2917 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections were notified amongst Omanis by 2017. This study was performed as there was no data on the prevalence of HIV, HBV and HCV in sickle cell disease (SCD) patients from Oman. Study Design and Methods: In this retrospective, cross-sectional study, medical records of all SCD patients who attended our hospital between 2011 to 2017 were retrieved from the hospital information system. Following approval by the local medical research and ethics committee, data on HIV, HBV and HCV exposure were recorded to estimate the prevalence. Results: Amongst a total of 1000 SCD patients (491 males and 509 females), twenty-three (2.3%) patients showed positive serology for hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg), of whom sixteen (1.6%) were HBV DNA positive. 126 (12.6%) had anti-HCV antibodies (anti-HCV), of whom fifty-two (5.2%) were HCV RNA positive. None of the patients had positive serology for HIV. A normal liver was observed on abdominal ultrasound in 788 (78.8%) patients, whereas, 208 (20.8%) had hepatomegaly and 4 (0.4%) had liver cirrhosis. Thirty-six (3.6%) patients died, but in only two patients, the mortality was due to cirrhosis of the liver. Conclusion: This study provides the first comprehensive data on the prevalence of HBV and HCV infections among Omani SCD patients exposed to blood transfusions. Reassuringly, no case with HIV was observed. Keywords: Prevalence; Hepatitis; HBV; HCV; HIV; infection

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Macklin, Ruth. "Ethics in preventive HIV vaccine research." HIV Therapy 3, no. 3 (May 2009): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/hiv.09.7.

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13

Kaur, Harjot, Parul Garg, Nirmaljot Kaur, Harmandeep Singh, Guneet Kaur Bakshi, Amandeep Kaur, Danish Sood, and Shilpa Shilpa. "Seroprevalence and Trends of Transfusion Transmitted Coinfections among Blood Donors in North West Punjab - A Retrospective Study." Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 8, no. 14 (April 5, 2021): 840–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2021/164.

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BACKGROUND Blood transfusion has been a boon to medical science, but at the same time, it exposes millions of people to transfusion transmitted infections (TTI). TTI are the infections that are transmissible from one person to another through parenteral administration of blood / blood products. Various TTIs are hepatitis C (HCV), hepatitis B (HBV), syphilis, human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) and malaria. With increasing use of blood transfusion, chances of transmission of TTIs is very common but proper screening of donor blood has reduced the chances of TTI. The present study was done to know the seroprevalence of HCV, HBV, HIV and syphilis and their coinfections. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted by reviewing the records from January 2015 to December 2019 at a blood bank of Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research at Amritsar, Punjab. Number of donors included in the study were 43,037. All the donors who came to blood bank were tested for TTIs by enhanced chemiluminescent immunoassay. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted by reviewing the records from January 2015 to December 2019 at a blood bank of Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research at Amritsar, Punjab. Number of donors included in the study were 43,037. All the donors who came to blood bank were tested for TTIs by enhanced chemiluminescent immunoassay. RESULTS Number of donors tested for TTI was 43,037. Out of 43037, 1739 patients had serological evidence of TTIs, out of which 1669 (96.19 %) had mono-infection and 70 (4.04 %) had coinfections. HCV & HBV (28 / 70) was the most common combination, followed by HCV & HIV (20 / 70), HCV & syphilis (9 / 70), HIV & syphilis (5 / 70), HBV & syphilis (3 / 70) and HBV & HIV (1 / 70). Two donors had HIV, HCV & syphilis coinfections and two donors had HIV, HBV & HCV coinfections. CONCLUSIONS The present study documents the high prevalence of TTI out of which hepatitis C is the most common followed by hepatitis B. Among coinfections, two most prevalent coinfections are HCV & HBV and HCV & HIV and it is important to screen for these coinfections due to their impact on the course of disease as well as quality of life. This shows the increasing evidence of transfusion transmissible infection in blood donors in spite of advanced and vigilant screening of donated blood prior to transfusion. So, strategies should be devised for monitoring the implementation of post donation counselling for recruitment of safe donors. KEYWORDS Coinfections, Transfusion Transmitted Infections, Seroprevalence

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Bohlius, Julia, Mhairi Maskew, Mary-Ann Davies, and Matthias Egger. "HHV-8 seroprevalence in HIV-positive and HIV-negative populations." International Journal of Cancer 136, no. 5 (September 18, 2014): 1243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.29183.

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&NA;. "Update on HIV research." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 994 (July 1995): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199509940-00018.

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Saravolatz, Louis D. "Making HIV Research Better." Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice 13, no. 5 (September 2005): 211–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.idc.0000181179.56256.87.

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17

Hovanessian, Ara G., Yves Riviére, and Luc Montagnier. "Techniques in HIV research." Cell 65, no. 7 (June 1991): 1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(91)90004-i.

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Chiasson, Mary Ann, Jeffrey T. Parsons, James M. Tesoriero, Alex Carballo-Dieguez, Sabina Hirshfield, and Robert H. Remien. "HIV Behavioral Research Online." Journal of Urban Health 83, no. 1 (February 14, 2006): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11524-005-9008-3.

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19

Lacombe, Karine, and Juergen Rockstroh. "HIV and viral hepatitis coinfections: advances and challenges." Gut 61, Suppl 1 (April 12, 2012): i47—i58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302062.

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With a prevalence affecting over 30% of HIV infected patients, coinfection with hepatitis B (HBV) or C (HCV) virus remains one of the most frequent comorbidities in this population, with a significant impact in terms of morbidity and mortality associated with liver disease. Recent findings in the physiopathology of HIV in the liver have confirmed that it may contribute, along with hepatotoxicity of antiretrovirals and the burden of metabolic diseases, to a more rapid progression of liver fibrosis, especially when there is underlying chronic hepatitis coinfection. Both fields of research and clinical appraisal of HBV and HCV coinfection are rapidly evolving and prompt a change in the former paradigms of clinical care and management of chronic hepatic coinfection in the context of HIV. The advent of anti-HCV direct antiviral agents has indeed completely shaken up the treatment guidelines for HCV, and the tricky management of these new agents with antiretrovirals means referring patients to specialised centres. In HBV coinfection, therapeutic options have not changed recently but new challenges have emerged regarding the management of low replicating HBV-DNA in optimally treated patients and long term exposure to antivirals. Finally, the global increase in life expectancy in HIV infected patients has been accompanied in coinfected patients by a higher risk of emergence of end stage liver diseases for which access to orthotopic liver transplantation and innovative procedures such as targeted hepatocellular carcinoma therapies should be facilitated.

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Shah, Neil J., Matthew Blackburn, Michael R. Cook, Anas Belouali, Michael Serzan, William Kelly, Athanasios Bikas, et al. "Real-world outcomes of underrepresented patient populations treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs): African American descent, poor ECOG performance status, and chronic viral infections." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2019): 2587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.2587.

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2587 Background: ICIs have now become standard of care treatment for multiple malignancies. However, patients (pts) who are African American decent (AA), have a poor ECOG performance status (PS) or chronic viral infections [human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV)] were underrepresented in early clinical trials with ICIs and outcome data in these pt populations is not well reported. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of pts treated with ICIs (anti-PD(L)-1, anti-CTLA-4, or combination ICIs) across five MedStar Health hospitals from January 2011 to April 2018. Investigator-assessed best responses were noted. CTCAE v4.03 was used to capture immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Results: We identified 765 pts treated with 829 unique ICIs therapies across different malignancies. A total of 203 AA pts, 178 pts with a pre-treatment ECOG PS ≥2, 21pts with HIV, and 50 pts with HBV/HCV were noted. Any grade and grade ≥ 3 irAEs in the HIV cohort were 24% and 10% with an ORR of 29%. Any grade and grade ≥ 3 irAEs in HBV/HCV were 50% and 26% with an ORR of 21%. No viral reactivation or changes in pts anti-viral medications were noted during ICIs treatment. The ORR in AA pts was 35%. Any grade and grade ≥ 3 irAEs in the AA cohort were 27% and 8%, respectively. The ORR in pts with ECOG PS ≥2 was 14%. Any grade and grade ≥ 3 irAEs in this cohort were 20% and 4%. Similar trends were seen in the subset of patients with NSCLC treated with anti-PD(L)1 monotherapy (Table). Outcomes of NSCLC pts treated with anti-PD(L)-1 monotherapy. Conclusions: ICI therapy was not associated with any new safety signal in the above underrepresented populations. Prospective studies are needed to validate this data.[Table: see text]

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Fernández, M. Isabel, Darrell P. Wheeler, and Sarah V. Alfonso. "Embedding HIV Mentoring Programs in HIV Research Networks." AIDS and Behavior 20, S2 (March 24, 2016): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1367-0.

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Blackard, Jason T., Jennifer L. Brown, and Michael S. Lyons. "Synthetic Opioid Use and Common Injection-associated Viruses: Expanding the Translational Research Agenda." Current HIV Research 17, no. 2 (September 2, 2019): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570162x17666190618154534.

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The US is in the midst of a major epidemic of opioid addiction and related comorbidities. People with opioid use disorder (OUD) are at significant risk for transmission of several blood-borne pathogens including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Commonly abused opioids and their receptors promote viral replication and virus-mediated pathology. However, most studies demonstrating an adverse effect of drugs of abuse have been conducted in vitro, the specific effects of synthetic opioids on viral replication have been poorly characterized, and the evaluation of opioid-virus interactions in clinically relevant populations is rare. Rigorous characterization of the interactions among synthetic opioids, host cells, and common injection-associated viral infections will require an interdisciplinary research approach and translational studies conducted on humans. Such research promises to improve clinical management paradigms for difficult-to-treat populations, facilitate rational public health policies given severely strained resources, and reveal additional pathways for novel target-specific therapeutic interventions. This mini-review examines the published literature on the effects of opioids on HIV, HBV, and HCV pathogenesis and proposes a series of scientific questions and considerations to establish a translational research agenda focused on opioid-virus interactions.

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Smith, James. "Public–private partnerships and HIV vaccine research." HIV Therapy 3, no. 4 (July 2009): 345–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/hiv.09.21.

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Alkindi, Salam, Nada AL-Umairi, and Anil Pathare. "Prevalence of Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and HIV in Sickle Cell Disease Patients from Oman." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 4916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-118435.

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Abstract Background and Purpose: Oman is a country with an intermediate prevalence of Hepatitis B (HBV) carriers (2.8-7.1%, 20101), while the prevalence of HBV infection was 5.8% (20142). Hepatitis C (HCV) prevalence reported from Oman was 0.41% (20163). Further, a total of 2394 Human Immunodeficiency (HIV) infections were identified among Omanis (20134). Unfortunately, there are no studies on the prevalence of HIV, HBV and HCV in sickle cell disease (SCD) patients from Oman. Objectives: This study was therefore performed to estimate the prevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV among SCD patients from Oman. Methods: In a retrospective cross-sectional cohort study, medical records of all patients with SCD and sickle cell trait (SCT) patients who received blood transfusions between 2006 to 2017 were retrieved from the hospital information system. Specifically, data on HIV, HBV and HCV exposure were recorded to study the prevalence, following approval for the study from the hospital medical research and ethics committee. Results: Amongst a total of 1000 patient (491 males and 509 females), 126 (12.6%) had anti-HCV antibodies (anti-HCV) based on serology and amongst these 52(5.2%) were PCR positive. Genotype 1 was the most predominant (n=36), followed by genotype 3& 4(n=7 each) followed by genotype 2(n=2). 23 (2.3%) SCD patients showed positive serology for hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg) and amongst these 16 (1.6%) were PCR positive. None of the SCD patients showed positive serology for HIV. Liver Ultrasound was normal in 788 patients (78.8%), whereas, 208(20.8%) had hepatomegaly and 4(0.4%)had liver cirrhosis. Further, only 2 patients amongst the 36 patients who had died had a hepatic cause. Conclusion: This study provides comprehensive data on the prevalence of HBV and HCV infection among SCD patients and raises concerns regarding the HCV prevalence in these patients with its impact on chronic liver disease. Reassuringly, no case with HIV was observed. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Dayal, Seema, Amit Singh, Vineet Chaturvedi, Asha Pathak, Vinay Gupta, and Shweta Jaiswal. "Seroprevalence and Related Risk Factors of HBsAg, Anti–HCV and Anti–HIV Antibody Among Pregnant Women of Rural India." Annals of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 1, no. 2 (October 2, 2015): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/acclm.v1i2.12956.

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BACKGROUND: Vertical transmission is also mode of transmission of HBV, HCV and HIV. Viral infections may cause abortion, ectopic pregnancies and HBV, HCV also causes hepatitis, cirrhosis. ‘Janani Sureksha Yojana’ (safe motherhood program) is a scheme in which pregnant women are benefited if they deliver in government medical facility. Antenatal screening for HBV, HCV and HIV should be done so as to provide appropriate antiviral therapy. The aim of study was to detect the frequency of HBsAg, HCV antibody, HIV antibody and their correlation with risk factors.METHODS: Present study was conducted in central laboratory of Rural Institute of Medical Science and Research Saifai, Etawah (Uttar Pradesh) on pregnant women from 1 January to 31 December 2014.RESULTS: Out of 7867 women, 2.07% were positive for HBsAg, 0.43% and 0.13% for HCV antibody and HIV antibody, respectively. The age group with maximum seropositivity was in 21-30 year (76.44%) and parity with maximum seropositivity was 3-4 children (42.30%). Seropositivity was high among low socio economic status (77.40%). Among the associated risk factors Obstetric and Gynaecology surgeries (46.15%) and blood transfusion (20%) were prominent. These associated risk factors were found more among HBsAg seropositive females (86.66%) and (84.61%) respectively.CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of HBsAg positive (2.07%) was more. Obstetric and Gynaecology surgery, blood transfusion were major risk factors. So, screening for HBsAg, HCV antibody, HIV antibody should be mandatory for pregnant women to reduce mortality and morbidity.

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Waters, L., and JK Rockstroh. "COVID‐19 research: an opinion piece." HIV Medicine 21, no. 8 (July 21, 2020): 536–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hiv.12913.

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Oliveira, Dinamene, Maria do Rosário Martins, Rita Castro, Lemuel Cordeiro, Maria Rosalina Barroso, Maria Antónia Nazaré, and Filomena Pereira. "Seropositivity rate and sociodemographic factors associated to HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis among parturients from Irene Neto Maternity of Lubango city, Angola." Sexually Transmitted Infections 96, no. 8 (May 18, 2020): 587–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2019-054249.

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ObjectivesTo characterise infections by HIV, Treponema pallidum, hepatitis B (HBV) and C virus (HCV) in parturients admitted to Irene Neto Maternity, Lubango city, Huíla province, Angola, namely its seropositivity rate and its association with sociodemographic factors.MethodsAn observational, cross-sectional and analytical facility-based survey was conducted among 500 parturients at Irene Neto Maternity, from October 2016 to September 2017. Women in labour were screened for antibodies against HIV-1/2, T. pallidum and HCV. Antigen detection was used to diagnose HBV infections. Sociodemographic data were also collected. The seropositivity rate and respective CIs were estimated at a level of 95%. Multivariable logistic regression models were performed to explore the association between the studied infections and sociodemographic factors.ResultsIn 11.8% of the parturients (95% CI 9.3 to 14.9), at least one infection was detected. HBV infection was the most common (8.6%), followed by HIV infection (3.0%) and syphilis (1.0%). Coinfection with HBV and HIV was observed in two parturients (0.4%) and HBV, HIV and T. pallidum were all detected in one parturient (0.2%). No HCV infection was detected. For each additional year of formal education, pregnant women had a 10.0% lower chance of being infected with HBV (adjusted OR=0.900, 95% CI 0.816 to 0.992).ConclusionsThis study is one of the few reports contributing for the knowledge of some sexually transmitted infections epidemiology in Angola. The seropositivity rate of the studied infections is of concern, especially the high endemicity of HBV. There is a need for a stronger commitment and further research to design cost-effective public health and clinical interventions to improve the situation.

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Hull, Mark, Stephen Shafran, Alex Wong, Alice Tseng, Pierre Giguère, Lisa Barrett, Shariq Haider, Brian Conway, Marina Klein, and Curtis Cooper. "CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network Coinfection and Concurrent Diseases Core Research Group: 2016 Updated Canadian HIV/Hepatitis C Adult Guidelines for Management and Treatment." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 2016 (2016): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4385643.

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Background. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection occurs in 20–30% of Canadians living with HIV and is responsible for a heavy burden of morbidity and mortality.Purpose. To update national standards for management of HCV-HIV coinfected adults in the Canadian context with evolving evidence for and accessibility of effective and tolerable DAA therapies. The document addresses patient workup and treatment preparation, antiviral recommendations overall and in specific populations, and drug-drug interactions.Methods. A standing working group with HIV-HCV expertise was convened by The Canadian Institute of Health Research HIV Trials Network to review recently published HCV antiviral data and update Canadian HIV-HCV Coinfection Guidelines.Results. The gap in sustained virologic response between HCV monoinfection and HIV-HCV coinfection has been eliminated with newer HCV antiviral regimens. All coinfected individuals should be assessed for interferon-free, Direct Acting Antiviral HCV therapy. Regimens vary in content, duration, and success based largely on genotype. Reimbursement restrictions forcing the use of pegylated interferon is not acceptable if optimal patient care is to be provided.Discussion. Recommendations may not supersede individual clinical judgement. Treatment advances published since December 2015 are not considered in this document.

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Da Silva Santos, Lilian, Hans Wolff, François Chappuis, Pedro Albajar-Viñas, Marco Vitoria, Nguyen-Toan Tran, Stéphanie Baggio, et al. "Coinfections between Persistent Parasitic Neglected Tropical Diseases and Viral Infections among Prisoners from Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2018 (November 6, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7218534.

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In Swiss prisons, more than 70% of detained people are foreigners and over one-third originate from sub-Saharan Africa or Latin America. These two regions are endemic for various tropical diseases and viral infections, which persist after migration to nonendemic countries. Parasitic infections (schistosomiasis; strongyloidiasis) and cooccurrent viral infections (HIV, hepatitis B (HBV), and hepatitis C (HCV)) are especially of concern for clinical care but have been neglected in empirical research. These diseases often remain silent for years before causing complications, especially if they occur concomitantly. Our research aimed to study the prevalence rates and coinfections of two neglected tropical diseases, namely, Strongyloides stercoralis and Schistosoma sp. and viral infections among sub-Saharan Africans (SSA) and Latin Americans (LA) in Switzerland’s largest pretrial prison. We carried out a cross-sectional prevalence study using a standardized questionnaire and serological testing. Among the 201 participants, 85.6% were SSA and 14.4% LA. We found the following prevalence ratios: 3.5% of HIV (4.1% in SSA, 0% in LA), 12.4% of chronic HBV (14.5% in SSA, 0% in LA), 2.0% of viraemic HCV (1.7% in SSA, 3.4% in LA), and 8.0% of strongyloidiasis (8.1% in SSA, 6.9% in LA). The serological prevalence of schistosomiasis among SSA was 20.3% (not endemic in Latin America). Two infections were simultaneously detected in SSA: 4.7% were coinfected with schistosomiasis and chronic HBV. Four other coinfections were detected among SSA: schistosomiasis-HIV, HIV-chronic HBV, HIV-HCV, and schistosomiasis-strongyloidiasis. To conclude, the high prevalence rates of persistent viral and parasitic infections and their potential coinfections among SSA and LA detained migrants highlight the need to implement control strategies and programs that reach people in detention centers in nonendemic countries.

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Brookmeyer, Ron, Oliver Laeyendecker, Deborah Donnell, and Susan H. Eshleman. "Cross-Sectional HIV Incidence Estimation in HIV Prevention Research." JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 63 (July 2013): S233—S239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qai.0b013e3182986fdf.

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Talaie, Haleh, Atieh Mousavizadeh, and Behjat Barari. "The Low Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coinfection and Hepatitis C Virus Mono-Infection Among Methadone Toxicity Patients." International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Forensic Medicine 10, no. 1 (March 19, 2020): 28457. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijmtfm.v10i1.28457.

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the incidence of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)and Human Immunodeficiency Virus(HIV) coinfection in People Who InjectDrugs (PWIDs) is a public health issue; itpresents various contentions to the healthcareproviders. Although antiretroviral therapy improvedthe life expectancy of HIV-infected people, HCV-relatedmortality turned into a greater concern among these individuals[1]. AccFurthermore, they mentioned, “injectingdrug users in the Taipei methadone maintenancetreatment program had a very high prevalence of HIV/HBV coinfection and HCV mono-infection”[2].Besides, a systematic review and meta-analysis resultssuggested a high frequency of HIV/HBV coinfection(>80%) in Intravenous (IV) drug users [3]. Althoughthe incidence of HIV among IV drug users has beendecreased, HCV is still endemic in this population [4].We aimed to estimate HCV/HIV coinfection frequencyand its related risk factors among methadone poisonedpatients who were admitted to the Loghman Hakim poisoningcenter between March 2012 and March 2017.Loghman-Hakim Hospital is a unique poisoning referralcenter in Tehran, Iran, that admits patients from all citiesin Tehran Province, Iran. Annually, around 20000 hospitalizedpatients are observed and treated in this center,with 80-100 patients daily turn-over.The required data were collected using a questionnaire,clinical examinations, and laboratory findings. The patientswith a history of infectious diseases, like hepatitisB or C, HIV, and IV drug consumption, were excludedfrom the present research. The obtained blood sampleswere screened for antibodies to HCV and HIV using acommercially available Enzyme-Linked ImmunosorbentAssay (ELISA). Furthermore, the relevant urine sampleswere analyzed for the presence of methadone with a rapidtest. Among 200 participants, 134 (67%) were male, and66 (33%) were female with the age range of 1 to 83 years.The methadone serum levels of 129 (64.5%) patients werepositive, 39 (19.5%) were negative, and 32 (16%) patientswere not examined due to the short duration of hospitalization(i.e. <2 days). Underlying diseases, such as noncommunicablediseases (11%), psychotic disorders (1.5%), andrespiratory disease (3.5%) were detected in 30 cases. ReactiveHCV-antibodies, active HIV-antibodies, and HIV/HCV coinfection were observed in 10 (5%), 2 (1%), and 2(1%) of the study subjects, respectively. Figure 1 shows theprevalence of HCV and HIV infection by gender and age.

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Canning, Simon. "Government backing for HIV research." Nursing Standard 7, no. 38 (June 9, 1993): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.7.38.5.s5.

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Jacobson, Jeffrey M. "HIV gene therapy research advances." Blood 121, no. 9 (February 28, 2013): 1483–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2013-01-475921.

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Smith Rogers, Audrey. "HIV research in American youth." Journal of Adolescent Health 29, no. 3 (September 2001): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1054-139x(01)00294-4.

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Kingori, Patricia, and Salla Sariola. "Museum of failed HIV research." Anthropology & Medicine 22, no. 3 (September 2, 2015): 213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13648470.2015.1079302.

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Ahmad, Khabir. "Ethiopia loses HIV research centre." Lancet Infectious Diseases 3, no. 8 (August 2003): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(03)00708-4.

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Arita, Isao. "HIV/AIDS research and development." Lancet Infectious Diseases 6, no. 3 (March 2006): 124–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(06)70391-7.

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Levine, Carol. "Women and HIV/AIDS Research." Evaluation Review 14, no. 5 (October 1990): 447–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193841x9001400502.

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Van Der Ryst, E. "Progress in HIV vaccine research." Oral Diseases 8 (July 2002): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1601-0825.2002.00006.x.

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THAYER, ANN. "ROCHE SUSPENDS HIV DRUG RESEARCH." Chemical & Engineering News 86, no. 29 (July 21, 2008): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v086n029.p012a.

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LEVY, J. A. "HIV Research and nef Allelles." Science 253, no. 5018 (July 12, 1991): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.253.5018.366-a.

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Margolis, David. "B-104 HIV cure research." JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 71 (January 2016): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.qai.0000479639.95171.a0.

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&NA;. "Research developments in HIV infection." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 839 (May 1992): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199208390-00016.

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Trussler, Terry, and Rick Marchand. "HIV/AIDS community-based research." New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education 2005, no. 105 (2005): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ace.168.

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Kumar, Anant. "Operations Research in HIV/AIDS." Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work 10, no. 4 (July 2013): 353–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15433714.2012.664044.

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Johnston, Rowena, and Françoise Barré-Sinoussi. "Controversies in HIV cure research." Journal of the International AIDS Society 15, no. 1 (January 2012): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1758-2652-15-16.

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Conyers, Liza Marie. "HIV/AIDS and Employment Research." Counseling Psychologist 36, no. 1 (January 2008): 108–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000007309978.

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Greek, R. "Animal studies and HIV research." BMJ 324, no. 7331 (January 26, 2002): 236a—236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.324.7331.236a.

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Zucker, Kenneth J. "HIV/AIDS: International Behavioral Research." Archives of Sexual Behavior 44, no. 2 (January 29, 2015): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-015-0478-4.

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Parveen, Khaneta, Abdul Faheem Khan, and Abdul Salim Khan. "The seroprevalence of HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C and venereal disease research laboratory test seropositivity in blood donors: a 5-year retrospective comparative study at tertiary care hospital in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 5, no. 6 (May 27, 2017): 2662. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20172466.

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Background: The high seroprevalence of transfusion-transmitted infectious (TTI) diseases such as HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and syphilis in India affects the safety of blood for recipients. This study was undertaken with the aim to screen the blood donor’s demographic profile and to estimate seroprevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV and VDRL transmissible by blood transfusion in voluntary and replacement male and female blood donors during the last 5 year period.Methods: The present study was conducted over a period of 5 years (2001-2005) and involved 1,53,020 blood donors including both (voluntary, replacement males and females) who were thoroughly screened and selected for blood donation in blood bank at Departments of Pathology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.Results: Total five years seropositivity for all four disease marker in all blood donors was 9150 (5.97%). The incidence of HIV seropositivity was 1995 (1.30%), the seroprevalence of HBV in total blood donor was 4673 (3.05%), HCV consist of 1599 (1.04%), and VDRL seropositivity was least, i.e. 883 (0.57%). Out of total 9150 (5.97%) seropositive blood donors, 24 (0.26%) blood donors showed concomitant seropositivity for more than one of the blood transmissible diseases.Conclusions: Seroprevalence rate of all the four blood transmissible diseases was higher in replacement donors, and lower in voluntary group of donors. Therefore, it has been evaluated that the voluntary blood donation is safer and promoted for safe blood donation in comparison to replacement blood donation.

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