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Journal articles on the topic 'HIV infections Victoria Epidemiology'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Gertig, Dorota, Nick Crofts, Elaine Stevenson, and Alan Breschkin. "The epidemiology of HIV‐1 infection in Victoria." Medical Journal of Australia 158, no. 1 (January 1993): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1993.tb121641.x.

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2

Zablotska, Iryna B., Garrett Prestage, Andrew E. Grulich, and John Imrie. "Differing trends in sexual risk behaviours in three Australian states: New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland, 1998-2006." Sexual Health 5, no. 2 (2008): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh07076.

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Background: In Australia, the HIV epidemic is concentrated among gay men. In recent years, the number of new diagnoses stabilised in New South Wales (NSW), but increased in other states. We reviewed the trends in sexual behaviours to explain this difference. Methods: We used the Gay Community Periodic Surveys in NSW, Victoria and Queensland during 1998–2006 and restricted analyses to the 30–49 year olds who contribute most of the HIV cases. We used the χ2-test for trends in unprotected anal intercourse with casual partners (UAIC) and regular partners, number of partners, type of relationships, knowledge of HIV serostatus and its disclosure. We compared behaviours of HIV-positive and -negative men and men across states using logistic regression adjusted for the year of report. Results: Trends in behaviours differed across the states: following a period of increase, UAIC prevalence declined in NSW since 2001, but continued to increase in Victoria and Queensland. There were other changes in NSW that were not observed in Victoria and Queensland: a decline in factors increasing HIV risk (the proportions of men with multiple sex partners and men engaging in UAIC and not knowing or not disclosing HIV serostatus) and an increase in behaviours reducing it (the proportions of men in monogamous relationships and men disclosing HIV serostatus while having UAIC). Conclusion: There were patterns of declining HIV risk behaviours in NSW, and increasing risk behaviours elsewhere, that mirrored recent changes in HIV case notifications in Australia. These data suggest that behavioural surveillance can predict changes in HIV epidemiology.

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3

Cowie, Benjamin C., Jim Adamopoulos, Karen Carter, and Heath Kelly. "Hepatitis E Infections, Victoria, Australia." Emerging Infectious Diseases 11, no. 3 (March 2005): 482–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1103.040706.

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4

Peach, Elizabeth, Chris Lemoh, Mark Stoove, Paul Agius, Carol El Hayek, Nasra Higgins, and Margaret Hellard. "Aiming for 90–90–90 – the importance of understanding the risk factors for HIV exposure and advanced HIV infection in migrant populations and other groups who do not report male-to-male sex." Sexual Health 15, no. 5 (2018): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh17192.

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Background In Australia, new HIV diagnoses increasingly occur among people who do not report male-to-male sex. Among migrants, it is not clear what proportion acquired infection before migration. Similarly, among Australian-born people, it is not clear what proportion acquired infection in-country. There is a need to better understand the epidemiology of HIV in people who do not report male-to-male sex. Methods: Victorian public health surveillance data were used to classify migrants as having likely acquired HIV before or after arrival to Australia using a CD4 cell count decline method to estimate date of infection. Place of exposure for Australian-born people was estimated based on self-report. Factors associated with place of HIV acquisition, advanced infection and newly acquired infection were explored among migrants and among Australian-born people. Results: Between July 1996 and June 2014, there were 821 new non-MSM HIV diagnoses. Most (58%) were migrants, and of these, half (54%) were estimated to have acquired HIV before migration. Among Australian-born people, 27% reported exposure likely occurring abroad; the majority of these were men who reported exposure in South-East Asia. Advanced infection was common in migrants (45%) and Australian-born people (35%). Among migrants, birth in South-East Asia was associated with increased odds of advanced infection. Conclusion: These results highlight the potential vulnerability of migrants after arrival in Australia, especially those from South-East Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, and that of Australian-born men travelling to these regions. Public health practice must be strengthened to meet prevention needs of these populations in line with Australian policy.

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5

Loftus, Michael J., Ee Laine Tay, Maria Globan, Caroline J. Lavender, Simon R. Crouch, Paul D. R. Johnson, and Janet A. M. Fyfe. "Epidemiology of Buruli Ulcer Infections, Victoria, Australia, 2011–2016." Emerging Infectious Diseases 24, no. 11 (November 2018): 1988–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2411.171593.

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6

Desjeux, P., and J. Alvar. "Leishmania/HIV co-infections: epidemiology in Europe." Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology 97, sup1 (October 2, 2003): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/000349803225002499.

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7

Weber, J. "The biology and epidemiology of HIV infections." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 23, suppl A (January 1, 1989): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/23.suppl_a.1.

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8

Hargreaves, J., L. Howe, and E. Slaymaker. "P2-515 Investigating Victoria's inverse equity hypothesis: the changing social epidemiology of HIV infection in Tanzania." Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 65, Suppl 1 (August 1, 2011): A363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2011.142976m.42.

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9

Bennett, Noleen J., Ann L. Bull, David R. Dunt, Lyle C. Gurrin, Denis W. Spelman, Philip L. Russo, and Michael J. Richards. "MRSA infections in smaller hospitals, Victoria, Australia." American Journal of Infection Control 35, no. 10 (December 2007): 697–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2006.12.011.

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10

Takebe, Y., H. Sato, K. Taniguchi, Y. Tomita, A. Ono, S. Oka, T. Miyakuni, et al. "Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 infections in asia." Pathophysiology 1 (November 1994): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0928-4680(94)90151-1.

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11

Feigin, Anita, Carol El-Hayek, Margaret Hellard, Alisa Pedrana, Ellen Donnan, Christopher Fairley, B. K. Tee, and Mark Stoové. "Increases in newly acquired HIV infections in Victoria, Australia: epidemiological evidence of successful prevention?" Sexual Health 10, no. 2 (2013): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh12064.

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Background Rates of newly acquired HIV notifications provide useful data for monitoring transmission trends. Methods: We describe 10-year (2001–10) trends in newly acquired HIV notifications in Victoria, Australia. We also examine recent trends in HIV testing and incidence and risk behaviours among gay and other men who have sex with men (MSM) attending four high MSM caseload clinics. Results: Between 2001 and 2010 there was a significant increasing linear trend in newly acquired HIV that was driven primarily by increases between 2009–2010. MSM accounted for 85% of newly acquired HIV notifications. Between 2007–10, the total number of HIV tests per year at the high caseload clinics increased 41% among MSM and HIV incidence declined by 52%; reported risk behaviours remained relatively stable among these MSM. Conclusion: More newly acquired HIV notifications may reflect recent increased testing among MSM; continued scrutiny of surveillance data will assess the sustained effectiveness of testing as prevention, health promotion and the contribution of risk and testing behaviours to HIV surveillance outcomes.

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12

Olczak, Anita. "Gynecologic infections in HIV-infected women." HIV & AIDS Review 6, no. 4 (January 2007): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1730-1270(10)60052-5.

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13

Zhang, Kong-Lai, Shao-jun Ma, and Dong-yan Xia. "Epidemiology of HIV and sexually transmitted infections in China." Sexual Health 1, no. 1 (2004): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh03015.

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As the most populous country in the world, China has been confronted with the huge challenges that HIV and sexually transmitted infections pose. The HIV infection rate among adults is lower than 0.1%, however, the estimated number of HIV infections sits around one million, according to the estimation of some experts. HIV infection is highly prevalent in some regional areas of China and the incidence rate of sexually transmitted infections has sharply increased since the 1980s. The number of HIV infections may reach 10 million if no effective measures are taken. This article aims to outline the profile of the epidemic in China as well as to elaborate on the contributing factors and the response of the government and community.

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14

Chandeying, V. "Epidemiology of HIV and sexually transmitted infections in Thailand." Sexual Health 1, no. 4 (2004): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh04032.

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There are very few developing countries in the world where public policy has been effective in preventing the spread of HIV/AIDS on a national scale. Thailand is an exception, a massive program to control HIV has reduced visits to commercial sex workers by half, raised condom usage, decreased sexually transmitted infections dramatically, and achieved substantial reductions in new HIV infections. However, unless past efforts are sustained and new sources of infection are addressed, the striking achievements made in controlling the epidemic could be put at risk. There is a need in Thailand to continue strong HIV/AIDS prevention and education efforts in the future, as well as to provide treatment and care for those living with HIV/AIDS.

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15

Coppola, R. C., RE Manconi, R. Piro, M. L. Di Martino, and G. Masia. "HCV, HIV, HBV and HDV infections in intravenous drug addicts." European Journal of Epidemiology 10, no. 3 (June 1994): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01719350.

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16

DELORENZE, G. N., M. A. HORBERG, M. J. SILVERBERG, A. TSAI, C. P. QUESENBERRY, and R. BAXTER. "Trends in annual incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients." Epidemiology and Infection 141, no. 11 (February 18, 2013): 2392–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268813000228.

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SUMMARYWe describe trends in incidence rates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients enrolled in a large northern California Health Plan, and the ratio of MRSA to methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) case counts. Between 1995 and 2010, 1549 MRSA infections were diagnosed in 14060 HIV-infected patients (11·0%) compared to 89546 MRSA infections in 6597396 HIV-uninfected patients (1·4%) (P = 0·00). A steady rise in MRSA infection rates began in 1995 in HIV-uninfected patients, peaking at 396·5 infections/100000 person-years in 2007. A more rapid rise in MRSA infection rates occurred in the HIV-infected group after 2000, peaking at 3592·8 infections/100000 in 2005. A declining trend in MRSA rates may have begun in 2008–2009. Comparing the ratio of MRSA to MSSA case counts, we observed that HIV-infected patients shouldered a greater burden of MRSA infection during most years of study follow-up compared to HIV-uninfected patients.

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17

Gurjar, R. Susmita, V. Ravi, and Anita Desai. "Molecular Epidemiology of HIV Type 2 Infections in South India." AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 25, no. 3 (March 2009): 363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/aid.2008.0259.

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18

Ippolito, Giuseppe, Giovanni Rezza, Enrico Girardi, Miroslav Malkovsky, and J. Scott Cairns. "HIV Infections: The Global Epidemiology and Goals for Vaccine Research." Molecular Medicine 6, no. 2 (February 2000): 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03401775.

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19

Smoleń-Dzirba, Joanna, Magdalena Rosińska, Piotr Kruszyński, Jolanta Bratosiewicz-Wąsik, Janusz Janiec, Marek Beniowski, Monika Bociąga-Jasik, et al. "Molecular epidemiology of recent HIV-1 infections in southern Poland." Journal of Medical Virology 84, no. 12 (October 10, 2012): 1857–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.23395.

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20

Chesney, M. A. "Prevention of HIV and STD Infections." Preventive Medicine 23, no. 5 (September 1994): 655–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/pmed.1994.1109.

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21

Guy, Rebecca, and Margaret Hellard. "Rising HIV infections in Victoria, the need for a new approach to preventative interventions." Sexual Health 1, no. 2 (2004): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh03003.

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22

Hoare, Alexander, David P. Wilson, David G. Regan, John Kaldor, and Matthew G. Law. "Using mathematical modelling to help explain the differential increase in HIV incidence in New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland: importance of other sexually transmissible infections." Sexual Health 5, no. 2 (2008): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh07099.

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Background: Since 1999 there has been an increase in the number of HIV diagnoses in Australia, predominantly among men who have sex with men (MSM), but the magnitude of increase differs between states: ~7% rise in New South Wales, ~96% rise in Victoria, and ~68% rise in Queensland. Methods: Epidemiological, clinical, behavioural and biological data were collated into a mechanistic mathematical model to explore possible reasons for this increase in HIV notifications in MSM. The model was then used to make projections to 2015 under various scenarios. Results: The model suggests that trends in clinical and behavioural parameters, including increases in unprotected anal intercourse, cannot explain the magnitude of the observed rise in HIV notifications, without a substantial increase in a ‘transmission-increasing’ factor. We suggest that a highly plausible biological factor is an increase in the prevalence of other sexually transmissible infections (STI). It was found that New South Wales required an ~2-fold increase in other STI to match the data, Victoria needed an ~11-fold increase, and Queensland required an ~9-fold increase. This is consistent with observed trends in Australia for some STI in recent years. Future projections also indicate that the best way to control the current rise in HIV notifications is to reduce the prevalence of other STI and to promote condom use, testing for HIV, and initiation of early treatment in MSM diagnosed during primary infection. Conclusions: Our model can explain the recent rise in HIV notifications with an increase in the prevalence of other STI. This analysis highlights that further investigation into the causes and impact of other STI is warranted in Australia, particularly in Victoria.

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23

Najafi, Zeinab, Leila Taj, Omid Dadras, Fatemeh Ghadimi, Banafsheh Moradmand, and SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi. "Epidemiology of HIV in Iran." Current HIV Research 18, no. 4 (September 8, 2020): 228–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570162x18666200605152317.

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: Iran has been one of the active countries fighting against HIV/AIDS in the Middle East during the last decades. Moreover, there is a strong push to strengthen the national health management system concerning HIV prevention and control. In Iran, HIV disease has its unique features, from changes in modes of transmission to improvement in treatment and care programs, which can make it a good case for closer scrutiny. The present review describes the HIV epidemic in Iran from the first case diagnosed until prevention among different groups at risk and co-infections. Not only we addressed the key populations and community-based attempts to overcome HIV-related issues in clinics, but we also elaborated on the efforts and trends in society and the actual behaviors related to HIV/AIDS. Being located in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, given the countryspecific characteristics, and despite all the national efforts along with other countries in this region, Iran still needs to take extra measures to reduce HIV transmission, especially in health education. Although Iran is one of the pioneers in implementing applicable and appropriate policies in the MENA region, including harm reduction services to reduce HIV incidence, people with substance use disorder continue to be the majority of those living with HIV in the country. Similar to other countries in this region, the HIV prevention and control programs aim at 90-90-90 targets to eliminate HIV infection and reduce the transmission, especially the mother-to-child transmission and among other key populations.

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24

ROBINSON, P., K. TAYLOR, and T. NOLAN. "Risk-factors for meningococcal disease in Victoria, Australia, in 1997." Epidemiology and Infection 127, no. 2 (October 2001): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268801005696.

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In Victoria between 1990 and 1996, meningococcal infections occurred in 1–2/100000 people each year, with sometimes devastating outcome. In 1997, a typical year, we conducted a case-control study of all cases notified to the State Disease Control Unit, to investigate personal, environmental and lifestyle risk factors. In bivariate analysis many exposures were statistically significantly different (at P = 0·01) in cases and controls. The level of risk, and specific risks, differed between children (under 16) and adults (16 years and over). In multivariate analysis few exposures remained significant (at P = 0·05). However, these included having a smoker amongst close contacts, exposure to construction dust, recent illness, a history of snoring and speech problems, and sharing a bedroom. Besides confirming some previously identified risk factors, this is the first time that snoring and speech problems have been identified as risk factors for meningococcal disease.

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25

Lemoh, Chris, Claire E. Ryan, Zamberi Sekawi, Anna C. Hearps, Eman Aleksic, Doris Chibo, Jeffrey Grierson, et al. "Acquisition of HIV by African-Born Residents of Victoria, Australia: Insights from Molecular Epidemiology." PLoS ONE 8, no. 12 (December 31, 2013): e84008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0084008.

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26

Rosinska, M. "Current trends in HIV/ AIDS epidemiology in Poland, 1999 – 2004." Eurosurveillance 11, no. 4 (April 1, 2006): 11–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.11.04.00618-en.

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The first HIV/ AIDS cases in Poland were diagnosed in the mid-1980, and the outbreak in injecting drug users was first observed in 1989. For many years the HIV epidemic in Poland was driven by injecting drug use. In this study we examine the trends in the HIV/ AIDS epidemic based on the surveillance data for 1999-2004. During this period, 3561 new HIV infections (annual rate of 15.4 per 1 000 000 inhabitants) were reported and 803 incident AIDS cases (incidence 3.5 per 1 000 000) were diagnosed. Both the annual number of newly detected HIV infections and the AIDS incidence showed a slight increasing trend. In particular, the vertically transmitted AIDS incidence increased from 0.46 in 1999 - 2000 to 0.91 per 1 000 000 children under 15 years in 2003 - 2004. Approximately 36% of AIDS patients aged 15 years or above had not been previously diagnosed with HIV. The annual number of the late presenters increased markedly between 1999 and 2004 and was higher amongst individuals infected through sexual transmission (51.0%) than those infected by injecting drug use (20.1%) . Injecting drug users made up 78.6% of new HIV infections with known transmission route, but for 47.9% of all cases the route of transmission was not reported. In order to generate more accurate data, HIV surveillance must be enhanced. Nevertheless, there is clear evidence for implementation of a comprehensive programme of prevention of vertical transmission and encouraging more extensive HIV testing especially in the groups at risk for sexual transmission. An effort is needed to enhance HIV surveillance and prevention in the framework of programmes for STI.

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27

Ondondo, R. O., Z. W. Ng’ang’a, S. Mpoke, M. K. Kiptoo, and E. A. Bukusi. "P3.220 Incidence and Prevalence of HIV Infections Among Fishermen Around Lake Victoria in Kisumu Kenya." Sexually Transmitted Infections 89, Suppl 1 (July 2013): A217.1—A217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2013-051184.0677.

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28

Varma, Jay K., Kimberly D. McCarthy, Theerawit Tasaneeyapan, Patama Monkongdee, Michael E. Kimerling, Eng Buntheoun, Delphine Sculier, et al. "Bloodstream Infections among HIV-Infected Outpatients, Southeast Asia." Emerging Infectious Diseases 16, no. 10 (October 2010): 1569–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1610.091686.

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29

Mallitt, Kylie-Ann, David P. Wilson, Ann McDonald, and Handan Wand. "HIV incidence trends vary between jurisdictions in Australia: an extended back-projection analysis of men who have sex with men." Sexual Health 9, no. 2 (2012): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh10141.

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Background Trends in HIV diagnoses differ across Australia and are primarily driven by men who have sex with men (MSM). We use national population surveillance data to estimate the incidence of HIV infections among MSM by jurisdiction and infer the proportion of undiagnosed infections. Methods: Annual surveillance data for AIDS diagnoses, HIV diagnoses and recently acquired HIV infections were obtained from 1980 to 2009. A modified statistical back-projection method was used to reconstruct HIV incidence by jurisdiction. Results: HIV incidence among MSM peaked for all jurisdictions in the early 1980s and then declined into the early 1990s, after which incidence increased. Trends then differ between jurisdictions. In New South Wales (NSW) and South Australia, estimated HIV incidence peaked at 371 and 50 cases respectively in 2003, and has since decreased to 258 and 24 cases respectively in 2009. HIV infections in Queensland (Qld) have more than doubled over the past decade, from 84 cases in 2000 to 192 cases in 2009. Victoria and Western Australia have seen a rise in HIV incidence from 2000 to 2006 (to a peak of 250 and 38 incident cases respectively), followed by a plateau to 2009. HIV incidence in the Northern Territory, Tasmania and Australian Capital Territory have increased since 2000; however, case numbers remain small (<20 per year). The estimated proportion of HIV infections not yet diagnosed to 2009 ranges from 10% (NSW) to 18% (Qld), with an average of 12% across Australia. Conclusions: HIV diagnosis trends among MSM in Australia reflect changes in estimated incidence to 2009, and reveal the largest increase in the past 10 years in Qld.

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30

Cauthen, G., J. Figueroa, and K. Theall. "THE CHANGING EPIDEMIOLOGY OF GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) INFECTIONS IN HIV-INFECTED INDIVIDUALS." Journal of Investigative Medicine 52 (January 2004): S295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042871-200401001-00767.

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31

MATSUMOTO, TAKAO. "Current epidemiology on AIDS and recommendations for dealing with HIV infections." Juntendo Medical Journal 40, no. 3 (1994): 306–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.14789/pjmj.40.306.

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32

Łapiński, Tadeusz Wojciech, Robert Flisiak, Alicja Wiercińska-Drapało Joanna Pogorzelska, and Magda Rogalska. "The concentrations of IL-22, sFas and sFasL in HCV, HIV and HCV/HIV infections." HIV & AIDS Review 6, no. 1 (January 2007): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1730-1270(10)60038-0.

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33

Viscidi, Raphael P., Brad Snyder, Susan Cu-Uvin, Joseph W. Hogan, Barbara Clayman, Robert S. Klein, Jack Sobel, and Keerti V. Shah. "Human Papillomavirus Capsid Antibody Response to Natural Infection and Risk of Subsequent HPV Infection in HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Women." Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.283.14.1.

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Abstract The association between seropositivity to virus-like particles (VLP) of human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16, 18, 31, 35, or 45 and subsequent cervical HPV infection was examined in 829 women with HIV and 413 risk-matched HIV-negative women. We found no statistically significant differences between HPV-seropositive and HPV-seronegative women in the risk of a new infection with the homologous HPV type, with the exception of a reduced risk of HPV 45 infections 4.5 years beyond the baseline serology measurement in HIV-positive women [hazard ratio, 0.21; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.05-0.89]. Among HIV-negative women, HPV seropositivity was not associated with a statistically significant reduced risk of infections with related viruses in the HPV 16, HPV 18, or “other” HPV groups. Among HIV-positive women, HPV seropositivity was associated with a slightly increased risk of infection with group-related viruses, but the differences were only statistically significant for infection with HPV 16 group viruses (hazard ratio, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1-2.3) in HPV 18-seropositive women and for infections with “other” HPV group viruses in HPV 31-seropositive women (hazard ratio, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.0-2.0). The lack of a protective immune effect from natural infection is most likely due to the low level of antibody elicited by natural HPV infection and/or the potential for reactivation of HPV, especially in HIV-positive women.

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Chen, Athena, Oliver Laeyendecker, Susan H. Eshleman, Daniel R. Monaco, Kai Kammers, Harry Benjamin Larman, and Ingo Ruczinski. "A top scoring pairs classifier for recent HIV infections." Statistics in Medicine 40, no. 11 (March 3, 2021): 2604–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sim.8920.

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35

Hoare, Alexander, Richard T. Gray, and David P. Wilson. "Could implementation of Australia's National Gay Men's Syphilis Action Plan have an indirect effect on the HIV epidemic?" Sexual Health 9, no. 2 (2012): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh10145.

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Objectives The number of incident infections of syphilis and HIV have increased over the past decade across Australia, particularly among gay men. In other industrialised settings, syphilis epidemics have also resurged coincidentally with increases in HIV diagnoses. Sexually transmissible infections (STI) are a biologically plausible cofactor for increasing HIV transmission. We pose the question: could strategies purely targeting syphilis also have an indirect impact on HIV incidence? Methods: We developed an agent-based computer model that simulates the transmission and disease progression of HIV and syphilis among a population of sexually active gay men, calibrated to reflect the epidemics in Victoria, Australia. The model was informed by detailed behavioural data from a variety of sources and was used to investigate the potential epidemiological impact of different public health interventions. Results: Assuming that syphilis could act as a biological cofactor for HIV transmission, from no effect to increasing risk by five-fold, our model indicates that if Australia’s syphilis action plan is effectively implemented then the number of HIV infections could decrease by up to 48% over the next decade in the absence of any specific HIV interventions. Conclusion: It is plausible that effective implementation of interventions targeting syphilis epidemics can have an indirect effect of mitigating the spread of HIV. The possible effects of STI should be considered in the design, implementation and evaluation of public health strategies and programs.

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36

Tzeng, Jeff S., Leslie L. Clark, Eric C. Garges, and Jean Lin Otto. "Epidemiology of Sexually Transmitted Infections among Human Immunodeficiency Virus Positive United States Military Personnel." Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2013 (April 21, 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/610258.

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Background. Minimal data exist that describe the epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections (STI) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive populations across the pre- and post-diagnosis periods for HIV. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the epidemiology of gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, herpes simplex virus, and human papillomavirus in an HIV-positive population. Methods. All 1,961 HIV seropositive United States active duty military personnel from 2000–2010 were identified. STI diagnoses relative to HIV diagnosis from 1995, which was the earliest electronic medical record available, to 2010 were examined. Results. The incidence diagnosis rates of STI generally increased during the period leading up to eventual HIV diagnosis. The rates of STI during the post-HIV diagnosis period fluctuated, but remained elevated compared to pre-HIV diagnosis period. Approximately 45%–69% with an STI in the HIV seropositive military population were diagnosed with their first STI greater than one year after their HIV diagnosis. Of those who were diagnosed with an STI in the post-HIV diagnosis period, 70.6% had one STI diagnosis, 23.5% had two STI diagnoses, and 5.8% had three or more STI diagnoses. Conclusions. Despite aggressive counseling, high-risk sexual behavior continues to occur in the HIV-positive military population.

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37

CHEMAITELLY, H., and L. J. ABU-RADDAD. "Characterizing HIV epidemiology in stable couples in Cambodia, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and India." Epidemiology and Infection 144, no. 1 (April 28, 2015): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268815000758.

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SUMMARYUsing a set of statistical methods and HIV mathematical models applied on nationally representative Demographic and Health Survey data, we characterized HIV serodiscordancy patterns and HIV transmission dynamics in stable couples (SCs) in four countries: Cambodia, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and India. The majority of SCs affected by HIV were serodiscordant, and about a third of HIV-infected persons had uninfected partners. Overall, nearly two-thirds of HIV infections occurred in individuals in SCs, but only about half of these infections were due to transmissions within serodiscordant couples. The majority of HIV incidence in the population occurred through extra-partner encounters in SCs. There is similarity in HIV epidemiology in SCs between these countries and countries in sub-Saharan Africa, despite the difference in scale of epidemics. It appears that HIV epidemiology in SCs may share similar patterns globally, possibly because it is a natural ‘spillover’ effect of HIV dynamics in high-risk populations.

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Patel, Vishesh, Marc Desjardins, and Juthaporn Cowan. "Shift in Epidemiology of Cryptococcal Infections in Ottawa with High Mortality in Non-HIV Immunocompromised Patients." Journal of Fungi 5, no. 4 (November 10, 2019): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof5040104.

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Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungus that can cause life-threatening infections. While human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive status historically had the highest risk for cryptococcal infection and was associated with high mortality rates, there have been changes in HIV treatment and the epidemiology of other acquired immunodeficiencies, such as hematological malignancies. We conducted a retrospective case series analysis of patients who had cryptococcal infections documented at the Ottawa Hospital from 2005 to 2017. The Ottawa Hospital is a tertiary care hospital and provides complex care such as chemotherapy and transplantations. There were 28 confirmed cryptococcal infections. The most common underlying condition associated with cryptococcal infection was hematological malignancy (n = 8, 29%), followed by HIV (n = 5, 18%) and solid organ transplantation (n = 4, 14%). Furthermore, while there was a decrease in the number of cryptococcal infections in HIV patients after 2010 (four to one case), the number of cases in non-HIV immunocompromised patients increased from four in the years 2005–2010 to fourteen in 2011–2017. There were nine cryptococcal-attributable deaths. The case fatality rate was highest among patients with underlying hematological malignancies (63%), followed by solid organ transplant (50%) and HIV patients (20%). In conclusion, this study showed that there may be an epidemiological shift of cryptococcal infection in Ottawa. Additionally, infections may be associated with a worse prognosis in patients with a hematological malignancy and solid organ transplant than in patients with HIV infection in the modern era. Better prevention and/or treatment is warranted for high-risk populations.

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Landes, Megan, Claire Thorne, Patricia Barlow, Simona Fiore, Ruslan Malyuta, Pasquale Martinelli, Svetlana Posokhova, et al. "Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in HIV-1 infected pregnant women in Europe." European Journal of Epidemiology 22, no. 12 (October 10, 2007): 925–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10654-007-9188-0.

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Mandelli, C., M. Cesana, P. Ferroni, G. P. Lorini, G. P. Aimo, A. Tagger, P. A. Bianchi, and D. Conte. "HBV, HDV and HIV infections in 242 drug addicts: Two-year follow-up." European Journal of Epidemiology 4, no. 3 (September 1988): 318–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00148917.

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41

Goller, Jane L., Rebecca J. Guy, Judy Gold, Megan S. C. Lim, Carol El-Hayek, Mark A. Stoove, Isabel Bergeri, et al. "Establishing a linked sentinel surveillance system for blood-borne viruses and sexually transmissible infections: methods, system attributes and early findings." Sexual Health 7, no. 4 (2010): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh09116.

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Objective: To describe the attributes and key findings from implementation of a new blood-borne virus (BBV) and sexually transmissible infection (STI) sentinel surveillance system based on routine testing at clinical sites in Victoria, Australia. Methods: The Victorian Primary Care Network for Sentinel Surveillance (VPCNSS) on BBV and STI was established in 2006 at 17 sites. Target populations included men who have sex with men (MSM), young people and injecting drug users (IDU). Sites collected demographic and risk behaviour information electronically or using paper surveys from patients undergoing routine HIV or STI (syphilis, chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis)) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) testing. These data were linked with laboratory results. Results: Between April 2006 and June 2008, data were received for 67 466 tests and 52 042 questionnaires. In clinics providing electronic data, >90% of individuals tested for HIV, syphilis and chlamydia had risk behaviour information collected. In other clinics, survey response rates were >85% (HIV), 43.5% (syphilis), 42.7–66.5% (chlamydia) and <20% (HCV). Data completeness was >85% for most core variables. Over time, HIV, syphilis and chlamydia testing increased in MSM, and chlamydia testing declined in females (P = 0.05). The proportion of positive tests among MSM was 1.9% for HIV and 2.1% for syphilis. Among 16–24-year-olds, the proportion positive for chlamydia was 10.7% in males and 6.9% in females. Among IDU, 19.4% of HCV tests were antibody positive. Conclusions: The VPCNSS has collected a large, rich dataset through which testing, risk behaviours and the proportion positive can be monitored in high-risk groups, offering a more comprehensive BBV and STI surveillance system for Victoria. Building system sustainability requires an ongoing focus.

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Slavin, Monica A. "The epidemiology of candidaemia and mould infections in Australia." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 49, suppl_1 (January 1, 2002): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/49.suppl_1.3.

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Abstract A retrospective review of Candida bloodstream infections (BSI) in Australian hospitals between 1995 and 1998 was performed. Nine tertiary referral hospitals in the States of New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Queensland participated. Of all isolates, 56% were Candida albicans, 14% Candida parapsilosis, 13% Candida glabrata, 5% Candida krusei and 4.5% Candida tropicalis. There were significant differences in the distribution of species in different patient groups. Among surgical patients, 69% of candidaemia was due to C. albicans, whereas among medical patients the proportion was 52%, and in haematology patients 43% (P = 0.0012; Pearson χ2). BSI with C. krusei were almost exclusive to haematology patients and were the second leading cause of Candida infection in that group, accounting for 27% of infections. The temporal pattern of Candida isolates also revealed a relationship between the latter years of the study and a lower likelihood of infection with C. albicans. Logistic regression showed year of the study [P = 0.032; odds ratio (OR) 0.81; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.67–0.98] and surgery (P = 0.005; OR 2.02; 95% CI 1.2–3.1) to be significant variables. The rate of candidaemia in Australian hospitals was similar to that reported for US hospitals at 0.1–0.27 per 1000 discharges. Since April 1998, the clinical database on the internet resource Mycology Online has invited submission of clinical details from cases of invasive mycoses from Australian clinicians. To date, descriptions of 43 patients with proven or presumptive mould infection have been entered on the database. Of these, the leading cause was infection with Aspergillus (n = 16), followed by Zygomycetes (n = 7), Fusarium (n = 5), Scedosporium (n = 5) and Exserohilum (n = 1). Although Aspergillus infections were the most frequent on the database, the variety of mould infections seen in this short time was surprising. A knowledge of local patterns of infection and antifungal susceptibility is useful in selecting empirical therapy and formulating prophylactic and pre-emptive strategies.

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MIZUTA, K., T. ITAGAKI, C. ABIKO, T. MURATA, T. TAKAHASHI, and S. MURAYAMA. "Epidemics of two Victoria and Yamagata influenza B lineages in Yamagata, Japan." Epidemiology and Infection 132, no. 4 (July 9, 2004): 721–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268804002237.

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We attempted to predict epidemics of influenza B, focusing on B/Victoria/2/87-like (V) and B/Yamagata/16/88-like (Y) lineages, in Yamagata, Japan. We collected 9624 nasopharyngeal swabs for virus isolation from patients with respiratory infections between 1996 and 2003 and 237 sera for seroepidemiological analysis by haemagglutination–inhibition test in 2001. We isolated 424 V-lineage and 246 Y-lineage viruses during the study period. Three herald viruses in the 2000–2001 season enabled us to predict a V-lineage epidemic in the following season. However, another V-lineage epidemic occurred in the 2002–2003 season, although we caught four herald Y-lineage viruses, whose antigenic drift was suggested by seroepidemiological study, at the end of the previous season. Since the epidemiology of the two influenza B lineages remains unclear, a careful watch should be kept on these lineages in order to provide effective public-health strategies against future epidemics.

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Cauthen, G., J. Figueroa, and K. Theall. "214 THE CHANGING EPIDEMIOLOGY OF GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) INFECTIONS IN HIV-INFECTED INDIVIDUALS." Journal of Investigative Medicine 52, Suppl 1 (January 1, 2004): S295.3—S295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jim-52-suppl1-767.

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Kwan, Tsz Ho, Ngai Sze Wong, Kenny Chi Wai Chan, Owen Tak Yin Tsang, Man Po Lee, Grace Chung Yan Lui, Denise Pui Chung Chan, Wing Cheong Yam, and Shui Shan Lee. "Transmission network structure and newly diagnosed HIV infections: a molecular epidemiology study." Lancet 390 (December 2017): S71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(17)33209-9.

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46

Yang, Chin-Hui, Shih-Yan Yang, Ming-Hui Shen, and Hsu-Sung Kuo. "The changing epidemiology of prevalent diagnosed HIV infections in Taiwan, 1984–2005." International Journal of Drug Policy 19, no. 4 (August 2008): 317–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2006.11.016.

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47

Falkinham, J. O. "Epidemiology of Mycobacterium avium infections in the pre- and post-HIV era." Research in Microbiology 145, no. 3 (January 1994): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0923-2508(94)90013-2.

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48

Tsang, Chi-Ching, Jade L. L. Teng, Susanna K. P. Lau, and Patrick C. Y. Woo. "Rapid Genomic Diagnosis of Fungal Infections in the Age of Next-Generation Sequencing." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 8 (August 5, 2021): 636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7080636.

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Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have recently developed beyond the research realm and started to mature into clinical applications. Here, we review the current use of NGS for laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections. Since the first reported case in 2014, >300 cases of fungal infections diagnosed by NGS were described. Pneumocystis jirovecii is the predominant fungus reported, constituting ~25% of the fungi detected. In ~12.5% of the cases, more than one fungus was detected by NGS. For P. jirovecii infections diagnosed by NGS, all 91 patients suffered from pneumonia and only 1 was HIV-positive. This is very different from the general epidemiology of P. jirovecii infections, of which HIV infection is the most important risk factor. The epidemiology of Talaromyces marneffei infection diagnosed by NGS is also different from its general epidemiology, in that only 3/11 patients were HIV-positive. The major advantage of using NGS for laboratory diagnosis is that it can pick up all pathogens, particularly when initial microbiological investigations are unfruitful. When the cost of NGS is further reduced, expertise more widely available and other obstacles overcome, NGS would be a useful tool for laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections, particularly for difficult-to-grow fungi and cases with low fungal loads.

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KINOSHITA-MOLEKA, R., J. S. SMITH, J. ATIBU, A. TSHEFU, J. HEMINGWAY-FODAY, M. HOBBS, J. BARTZ, M. A. KOCH, A. W. RIMOIN, and R. W. RYDER. "Low prevalence of HIV and other selected sexually transmitted infections in 2004 in pregnant women from Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo." Epidemiology and Infection 136, no. 9 (November 21, 2007): 1290–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268807009818.

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SUMMARYThis study examined the prevalence of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in pregnant women in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Between April and July 2004, antenatal attendees at two of the largest maternity clinics in Kinshasa were tested to identify HIV status, syphilis, Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG). HIV seroprevalence was 1·9% in 2082 women. With PCR techniques, CT and NG infections were also uncommon in the first 529 women (1·7% and 0·4%, respectively). No active syphilis infection case was identified by Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay (TPHA) and rapid plasma reagin test (RPR). A woman's risk of HIV infection was significantly associated with her reporting a male partner having had other female sexual partners (OR 2·7, 95% CI 1·2–6·2). The continuing low seroprevalence of HIV in pregnant women from Kinshasa was confirmed. Understanding factors associated with this phenomenon could help prevent a future HIV epidemic in low HIV transmission areas in Africa.

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Kirk, Martyn D., Joy Gregory, Karin Lalor, Gillian V. Hall, and Niels Becker. "Foodborne and Waterborne Infections in Elderly Community and Long-Term Care Facility Residents, Victoria, Australia." Emerging Infectious Diseases 18, no. 3 (March 2012): 377–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1803.110311.

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