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Journal articles on the topic 'HIV infections Tuvalu Prevention'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Chesney, M. A. "Prevention of HIV and STD Infections." Preventive Medicine 23, no. 5 (September 1994): 655–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/pmed.1994.1109.

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2

Gisselquist, D. "Denialism undermines AIDS prevention in sub-Saharan Africa." International Journal of STD & AIDS 19, no. 10 (October 2008): 649–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/ijsa.2008.008180.

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Some denialists, widely reviled, contend that HIV does not cause AIDS. Other denialists, widely respected, contend that HIV transmits so poorly through trace blood exposures that iatrogenic infections are rare. This second group of denialists has had a corrosive effect on public health and HIV programmes in sub-Saharan Africa. Guided by this second group of denialists, no African government has investigated unexplained HIV infections. Denialists have withheld and ignored research findings showing that non-sexual risks account for substantial proportions of HIV infections in Africa. Denialists have promoted invasive procedures for HIV prevention in Africa – injections for sexually transmitted infections, and adult male circumcision – without addressing unreliable sterilization of reused instruments. By denying that health care causes more than rare infections, denialists blame (stigmatize) HIV-positive African adults for causing their own infections through sexual behaviour. Denialism must be overcome to ensure safe health care and to combat HIV-related stigma in Africa.
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3

Wilson, Mary E. "Infections in HIV-infected Travelers: Risks and Prevention." Annals of Internal Medicine 114, no. 7 (April 1, 1991): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-114-7-582.

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4

O'Farrell, Nigel. "Control of sexually transmitted infections for HIV prevention." Lancet 372, no. 9646 (October 2008): 1297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61540-8.

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5

White, Richard, Connie Celum, Judith Wasserheit, Sevgi Aral, and Richard Hayes. "Control of sexually transmitted infections for HIV prevention." Lancet 372, no. 9646 (October 2008): 1297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61541-x.

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6

Busch, Michael P., Evan M. Bloch, and Steven Kleinman. "Prevention of transfusion-transmitted infections." Blood 133, no. 17 (April 25, 2019): 1854–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-11-833996.

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Abstract Since the 1970s, introduction of serological assays targeting virus-specific antibodies and antigens has been effective in identifying blood donations infected with the classic transfusion-transmitted infectious agents (TTIs; hepatitis B virus [HBV], HIV, human T-cell lymphotropic virus types I and II, hepatitis C virus [HCV]). Subsequently, progressive implementation of nucleic acid–amplification technology (NAT) screening for HIV, HCV, and HBV has reduced the residual risk of infectious-window-period donations, such that per unit risks are <1 in 1 000 000 in the United States, other high-income countries, and in high-incidence regions performing NAT. NAT screening has emerged as the preferred option for detection of newer TTIs including West Nile virus, Zika virus (ZIKV), and Babesia microti. Although there is continual need to monitor current risks due to established TTI, ongoing challenges in blood safety relate primarily to surveillance for emerging agents coupled with development of rapid response mechanisms when such agents are identified. Recent progress in development and implementation of pathogen-reduction technologies (PRTs) provide the opportunity for proactive rather than reactive response to blood-safety threats. Risk-based decision-making tools and cost-effectiveness models have proved useful to quantify infectious risks and place new interventions in context. However, as evidenced by the 2015 to 2017 ZIKV pandemic, a level of tolerable risk has yet to be defined in such a way that conflicting factors (eg, theoretical recipient risk, blood availability, cost, and commercial interests) can be reconciled. A unified approach to TTIs is needed, whereby novel tests and PRTs replace, rather than add to, existing interventions, thereby ameliorating cost and logistical burden to blood centers and hospitals.
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7

Godfrey-Faussett, Peter, Luisa Frescura, Quarraisha Abdool-Karim, Michaela Clayton, and Peter D. Ghys. "HIV prevention for the next decade: Appropriate, person-centred, prioritised, effective, combination prevention." PLOS Medicine 19, no. 9 (September 26, 2022): e1004102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1004102.

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UNAIDS and a broad range of partners have collaborated to establish a new set of HIV prevention targets to be achieved by 2025 as an intermediate step towards the sustainable development target for 2030. The number of new HIV infections in the world continues to decline, in part due to the extraordinary expansion of effective HIV treatment. However, the decline is geographically heterogeneous, with some regions reporting a rise in incidence. The incidence target that was agreed for 2020 has been missed. A range of exciting new HIV prevention technologies have become available or are in the pipeline but will only have an impact if they are accessible and affordable and delivered within systems that take full account of the social and political context in which most infections occur. Most new infections occur in populations that are marginalised or discriminated against due to structural, legal, and cultural barriers. The new targets imply a new approach to HIV prevention that emphasises appropriate, person-centred, prioritised, effective, combination HIV prevention within a framework that reduces existing barriers to services and acknowledges heterogeneity, autonomy, and choice. These targets have consequences for people working in HIV programmes both for delivery and for monitoring and evaluation, for health planners setting local and national priorities, and for funders both domestic and global. Most importantly, they have consequences for people who are at risk of HIV exposure and infection. Achieving these targets will have a huge impact on the future of the HIV epidemic and put us back on track towards ending AIDS as a public health threat by 2030.
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8

DUFF, PATRICK. "Prevention of Opportunistic Infections in Women With HIV Infection." Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 62, no. 4 (December 2019): 816–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/grf.0000000000000483.

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9

Latkovic, Marina. "Prevention of viral infection transmission in dental practice." Serbian Dental Journal 61, no. 4 (2014): 210–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sgs1404210l.

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The risk of transmission of viral infections in dentistry has caused great public fear both among patients and dentists. This is primarily related to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis viruses (HBV and HCV), which can cause many complications. This problem is particularly important in dental practice where the appropriate protection during all dental procedures is required. The application of preventive measures against blood-borne infections (HIV, HBV and HCV) may prevent transmission of these infectious agents during dental intervention. The aim of this study was to emphasize possible ways of transmission and advise prevention and protection measures against HIV, HBV and HCV infections in dental practice.
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10

Sargsjane, Jeļena. "PUBLIC AWARENESS ABOUT HIV PREVENTION MEASURES." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 4 (May 25, 2018): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2018vol1.3414.

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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which, when progressing, develops as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), has been known worldwide for over 30 years. It is one of the greatest epidemics that mankind has ever encountered. The number of HIV infections also increases in Latvia each year, as evidenced by official data from the Center for Disease Prevention and Control. In turn, information on infection with AIDS mechanisms, prevention measures is readily available in the mass media, medical institutions, etc. It also determined the purpose of the study - is the public well informed about HIV infection and its preventive measures?
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11

Stevens, Robin, Stephen Bonett, Jacqueline Bannon, Deepti Chittamuru, Barry Slaff, Safa K. Browne, Sarah Huang, and José A. Bauermeister. "Association Between HIV-Related Tweets and HIV Incidence in the United States: Infodemiology Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 6 (June 24, 2020): e17196. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/17196.

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Background Adolescents and young adults in the age range of 13-24 years are at the highest risk of developing HIV infections. As social media platforms are extremely popular among youths, researchers can utilize these platforms to curb the HIV epidemic by investigating the associations between the discourses on HIV infections and the epidemiological data of HIV infections. Objective The goal of this study was to examine how Twitter activity among young men is related to the incidence of HIV infection in the population. Methods We used integrated human-computer techniques to characterize the HIV-related tweets by male adolescents and young male adults (age range: 13-24 years). We identified tweets related to HIV risk and prevention by using natural language processing (NLP). Our NLP algorithm identified 89.1% (2243/2517) relevant tweets, which were manually coded by expert coders. We coded 1577 HIV-prevention tweets and 17.5% (940/5372) of general sex-related tweets (including emojis, gifs, and images), and we achieved reliability with intraclass correlation at 0.80 or higher on key constructs. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify the spatial patterns in posting HIV-related tweets as well as the relationships between the tweets and local HIV infection rates. Results We analyzed 2517 tweets that were identified as relevant to HIV risk and prevention tags; these tweets were geolocated in 109 counties throughout the United States. After adjusting for region, HIV prevalence, and social disadvantage index, our findings indicated that every 100-tweet increase in HIV-specific tweets per capita from noninstitutional accounts was associated with a multiplicative effect of 0.97 (95% CI [0.94-1.00]; P=.04) on the incidence of HIV infections in the following year in a given county. Conclusions Twitter may serve as a proxy of public behavior related to HIV infections, and the association between the number of HIV-related tweets and HIV infection rates further supports the use of social media for HIV disease prevention.
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12

Lee, Sun-Hee. "Treatment and Prevention of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Patients." Journal of the Korean Medical Association 50, no. 4 (2007): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2007.50.4.324.

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13

De Clercq, Erik. "The role of tenofovir in the prevention of HIV infections." AIDS 20, no. 15 (October 2006): 1990–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000247128.27505.28.

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14

Gray, Ronald H., and Maria J. Wawer. "Control of sexually transmitted infections for HIV prevention – Authors' reply." Lancet 372, no. 9646 (October 2008): 1297–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61542-1.

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15

Pugliese, Gina, and Martin S. Favero. "Prevention of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Persons—Revised Guidelines." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 18, no. 10 (October 1997): 730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0195941700000746.

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16

Gray, Ronald H., Maria J. Wawer, Chelsea B. Polis, Godfrey Kigozi, and David Serwadda. "Male circumcision and prevention of HIV and sexually transmitted infections." Current Infectious Disease Reports 10, no. 2 (March 2008): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11908-008-0022-y.

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17

McNulty, Anna, and Chris Bourne. "Transgender HIV and sexually transmissible infections." Sexual Health 14, no. 5 (2017): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh17050.

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Transgender women across a range of different populations and settings have a high prevalence of HIV infection. There are fewer and often poorer quality studies of sexually transmissible infection (STI) prevalence. There are fewer studies in transgender men and, in general, the prevalence of HIV and STIs is lower than that of transgender women. Susceptibility to HIV and STI infection is inextricably linked to the increased vulnerability of transgender populations, a consequence of a lack of legal and social recognition that results in reduced access to educational and employment opportunities, which can result in high rates of transactional sex. Other measures of disadvantage, such as substance abuse and mental health problems, also increase the risk of HIV and STIs and have an effect on access to health care, highlighting the need for transgender-friendly multidisciplinary services offering individualised risk assessment, prevention advice and testing for STI and HIV.
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18

Hegelund, Maria H., Daniel Faurholt-Jepsen, and Ib C. Bygbjerg. "Prevention of opportunistic non-communicable diseases." International Health 12, no. 1 (March 11, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihz011.

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Abstract As strategies targeting undernutrition and infections become increasingly successful in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), a second challenge has appeared, namely premature onset of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). In LMICs, NCDs are often related to exposure to undernutrition and infections. As NCDs strike societies and individuals with impaired resistance or a deficient health (care) state, why not label such diseases ‘opportunistic’, in analogy with opportunistic infections attacking individuals with HIV? We propose the concept of opportunistic NCDs, hoping that fighting against infections, and for better maternal and child health, is becoming acknowledged as essential for the early prevention of NCDs.
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19

Purdy, Bonnie D. "Management and Prevention of Opportunistic Infections in the HIV-Infected Patient." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 13, no. 6 (December 2000): 475–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1106/jdyc-jyvc-xjaa-lj1f.

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With the introduction of potent antiretroviral therapy, the incidence of opportunistic infections (OIs) as well as death has dramatically decreased since 1996. Opportunistic infections are seen mainly in three groups: (1) newly diagnosed patients not receiving antiretroviral therapy and presenting with an OI, (2) patients nonadherent to antiretroviral and OI treatment regimens or (3) patients whose antiretroviral therapy has failed. This article will review the most common opportunistic infections (OIs) seen in the HIV-infected individual and their treatment. The current guidelines for the prophylaxis against these OIs will also be discussed.
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20

Karuna, Shelly T., and Lawrence Corey. "Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for HIV Prevention." Annual Review of Medicine 71, no. 1 (January 27, 2020): 329–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-110118-045506.

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In the last decade, over a dozen potent broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) to several HIV envelope protein epitopes have been identified, and their in vitro neutralization profiles have been defined. Many have demonstrated prevention efficacy in preclinical trials and favorable safety and pharmacokinetic profiles in early human clinical trials. The first human prevention efficacy trials using 10 sequential, every-two-month administrations of a single anti-HIV bnAb are anticipated to conclude in 2020. Combinations of complementary bnAbs and multi-specific bnAbs exhibit improved breadth and potency over most individual antibodies and are entering advanced clinical development. Genetic engineering of the Fc regions has markedly improved bnAb half-life, increased mucosal tissue concentrations of antibodies (especially in the genital tract), and enhanced immunomodulatory and Fc effector functionality, all of which improve antibodies' preventative and therapeutic potential. Human-derived monoclonal antibodies are likely to enter the realm of primary care prevention and therapy for viral infections in the near future.
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21

Brundrett, Megan E. "Human Immunodeficiency Virus Preexposure Prophylaxis in Adolescents and Young Adults." Pediatrics In Review 43, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.2020-002048.

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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention holds the promise of decreasing the burden of HIV infections worldwide. Access to HIV prevention services, including preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP), is a key strategy in reducing HIV transmission, but it continues to be underused. PrEP, a once-daily medication for HIV prevention, is approved for adolescents. A pediatrician’s role is critical in identifying and increasing access for adolescents and young adults to PrEP services and reducing HIV acquisition in youth.
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22

von Braun, Amrei, Henning Trawinski, Sebastian Wendt, and Christoph Lübbert. "Schistosoma and Other Relevant Helminth Infections in HIV-Positive Individuals—an Overview." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 4, no. 2 (April 12, 2019): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed4020065.

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For many years, researchers have postulated that helminthic infections may increase susceptibility to HIV, and that immune activation may have contributed to the extensive spread of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. In the meantime, immunological studies have provided some evidence in support of this hypothesis, while cross-sectional clinical studies were able to further support the assumed association between HIV infection and selected helminthic co-infections. However, as many of the helminthic infections relevant to HIV-infected patients belong to the group of “neglected tropical diseases”, as defined by the World Health Organization, a certain lack of attention has inhibited progress in fully scaling up treatment and prevention efforts. In addition, despite the fact that the challenges of co-infections have preoccupied clinicians for over two decades, relevant research questions remain unanswered. The following review aims to provide a concise overview of associations between HIV and selected helminthic co-infections concerning aspects of HIV acquisition and transmission, clinical and immunological findings in co-infected individuals, as well as treatment and prevention efforts.
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23

Govender, Kaymarlin, Wilfred G. B. Masebo, Patrick Nyamaruze, Richard G. Cowden, Bettina T. Schunter, and Anurita Bains. "HIV Prevention in Adolescents and Young People in the Eastern and Southern African Region: A Review of Key Challenges Impeding Actions for an Effective Response." Open AIDS Journal 12, no. 1 (July 19, 2018): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874613601812010053.

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The global commitment to ending the AIDS epidemic by 2030 places HIV prevention at the centre of the response. With the disease continuing to disproportionately affect young populations in the Eastern and Southern African Region (ESAR), particularly adolescent girls and young women, reducing HIV infections in this group is integral to achieving this ambitious target. This paper examines epidemiological patterns of the HIV epidemic among adolescents and young people, indicating where HIV prevention efforts need to be focused (i.e., adolescent girls and young women, adolescent boys and young men and young key populations).Key innovations in the science of HIV prevention and strategies for dealing with programme implementation are reviewed. The paper also discusses the value of processes to mitigate HIV vulnerability and recommends actions needed to sustain the HIV prevention response. Stemming the tide of new HIV infections among young people in the ESAR requires an amplification of efforts across all sectors, which will safeguard past achievements and advance actions towards eliminating AIDS as a public health threat.
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24

Tomlinson, Richard. "Prevention of Hiv/Aids-Associated Opportunistic Infections Through Housing and Municipal Services." Open House International 33, no. 4 (December 1, 2008): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-04-2008-b0006.

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The background to this paper is the increasing interest in the relationship between housing and municipal services and HIV/AIDS. The purpose of this paper is to clarify what, precisely, one has in mind when thinking that housing and municipal services might prevent HIV infection and associated opportunistic infections. The focus is not on the socioeconomic dimensions but on the modes of transmission associated with specific opportunistic infections. That is, the paper first disputes the relevance of housing and services to HIV prevention, but then demonstrates that housing and municipal services are important for (a) the prevention of certain opportunistic infections to which people affected by HIV/AIDS are particularly vulnerable, and (b) for the provision of home-based care. In addition to the medical focus of the paper, there is attention to the empirical backdrop on the relation between housing, municipal services and HIV/AIDS, analysing survey findings regarding among whom and where HIV prevalence is highest, and projections regarding the extent of HIV infections and AIDS based on the World Health Organization clinical staging system. Using Johannesburg as a case study, it is demonstrated that the number of persons having AIDS is smaller than one might expect and also that the number is already declining, which has implications for the provision of home-based care. However, it is also shown that the number of households that lost one or several members is increasing rapidly. In this context, labour force surveys are employed to identify the impacts on specific categories of households. At this stage, a defining unknown is the scale, nature and location of these reconstituted households and what this means for housing policy. Finally, a feature of the research was the extent to which medical practitioners viewed housing as a quixotic sideline within the broader struggle for HIV prevention and the provision of treatment. In sum, the paper provides an argument for incorporating housing and municipal services into both HIV and AIDS prevention and treatment programmes.
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25

Maartens, G. "The prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults." Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 3, no. 1 (July 16, 2002): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajhivmed.v3i1.532.

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26

van Sighem, Ard, and Marc van der Valk. "Moving towards zero new HIV infections: The importance of combination prevention." Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific 25 (August 2022): 100558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100558.

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27

Dennin, Reinhard H., Michael Lafrenz, and Georg Gesk. "HIV and Other Sexual Transmitted Infections—Challenges for Liberal Prevention Strategies." World Journal of AIDS 04, no. 02 (2014): 258–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/wja.2014.42031.

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28

Holtgrave, David R., Aisha Gilliam, Daniel Gentry, and Francisco S. Sy. "Evaluating HIV Prevention Efforts to Reduce New Infections and Ensure Accountability." AIDS Education and Prevention 14, no. 3_supplement (June 2002): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/aeap.14.4.1.23880.

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29

Staff, EID Editorial. "Guidelines for the Prevention of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Persons." Emerging Infectious Diseases 3, no. 3 (September 1997): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid0303.970332.

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30

Marschalkó, Márta, Katinka Pónyai, and Sarolta Kárpáti. "Sexually transmitted coinfections. HIV coinfections." Orvosi Hetilap 156, no. 1 (January 2015): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2015.30076.

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Coinfections of sexually transmitted infections are frequent due to the same transmission routes which may facilitate the transmission of other sexually transmitted infections. Sexually transmitted coinfections are associated with atypical and generally more severe clinical features, more complications, resistency to treatment, unfavourable outcome, and worse prognosis. Sexually transmitted infections may increase the likelihood of acquiring and transmission of HIV infection. The authors summarize the most important characteristics of sexually transmitted infections (such as HIV and hepatitis B virus, HIV and hepatitis C virus, HIV and syphilis, HIV and gonorrhoeae, HIV and chlamydia coinfections). These infections are more frequent in HIV infected patients than in the normal population. The shared transmission routes, impairment of the immune response, elevated cytokine levels and the associated inflammatory milieu produce local tissue damage, breaches in mucosal epithelium, which increases the risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Regular screening for sexually transmitted infections, use of more sensitive diagnostic methods, improved reporting and avoidance of unsafe sexual behaviour among certain subpopulations as well as education are essential in the prevention of sexually transmitted coinfections. Orv. Hetil., 2015, 156(1), 4–9.
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31

Poku, Nana K. "HIV Prevention: The Key to Ending AIDS by 2030." Open AIDS Journal 10, no. 1 (April 8, 2016): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874613601610010065.

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There is no viable substitute for re-energizing, funding and supporting culturally attuned, locally staffed HIV advocacy and prevention programmes, especially in resource poor settings. The evidence that such interventions are effective remains compelling; and although the cost implications are not negligible, the medium to long-term outcomes must be regarded not as complementary, but as integral, to biomedical interventions. The success of the anti-retroviral drugs upscale has enabled a noticeable improvement in AIDS related morbidity and mortality in the recent years; yet the underlying dynamics of the epidemic remains undetermined by the rate at which new infections are taking place in relation to the number of AIDS deaths. While the rate of new HIV infections is stabilising in some of the hardest hit countries, it remains far too high and the future cost of maintaining an ever-expanding pool of people reliant on daily drugs for survival is unsustainable. Countries must exercise caution in continuing to focus on treatment as a ‘quick fix’ to end AIDS as a public health concern. HIV is a socially culturally induced crisis and, as such, a variety of measures are needed simultaneously to appeal to different people, groups and circumstances.
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32

Manapova, E. R., V. H. Fazylov, and A. T. Beshimov. "SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS IN HIV INFECTED PATIENTS." HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders 11, no. 1 (April 7, 2019): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2019-11-1-71-74.

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Sexually-transmitted infections are among the most well-known risk factors for HIV infection. The problem of combined diseases of STIs and HIV in infected people is represented by few works in the domestic scientific literature, therefore further study of this issue is required. Objective: to identify the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in HIV-infected patients at the time of registration. Materials and methods. 49 clinical histories of patients with HIV infection were analyzed and studied at the Republican Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tatarstan. Results. STIs with the prevalence of urogenital chlamydia, ureaplasmosis and mycoplasmosis in the oligosymptomatic clinical course were registered in 63% of patients (predominantly women — 67% of cases) with HIV infection in the natural infectious process course. Patients with HIV infection and syphilis showed lower level of CD4 lymphocytes and high levels of HIV RNA viral load.
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33

Luoga, Ezekiel, and Anna Gamell. "Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV – an Update from Rural Africa." Praxis 108, no. 15 (November 2019): 977–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1661-8157/a003335.

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Abstract. Sub-Saharan Africa is home of 85 % of pregnant women living with HIV and 90 % of HIV-infected children. WHO issued the first prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) recommendations in 2000. These guidelines have been revised to incorporate new evidence and align with the goal of universal treatment access and zero infections among children. Currently, 82 % of HIV-infected pregnant women receive antiretroviral treatment, and infections among children have halved since 2010. However, in 2018, 160,000 children became infected. Reasons hindering the success of PMTCT are: a) non-universal HIV testing during pregnancy; b) low retention through the PMTCT cascade; and c) missed opportunities to diagnose women who acquire HIV while pregnant or breastfeeding. To address these gaps innovative strategies are needed.
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34

Macchione, Micaela A., Dariana Aristizabal Bedoya, Francisco N. Figueroa, María Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández, and Miriam C. Strumia. "Nanosystems Applied to HIV Infection: Prevention and Treatments." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 22 (November 17, 2020): 8647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228647.

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Sexually-transmitted infections (STIs) are a global health concern worldwide as they cause acute diseases, infertility, and significant mortality. Among the bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens that can be sexually transmitted, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has caused one of the most important pandemic diseases, which is acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). 32.7 million people have died from AIDS-related illnesses since the start of the epidemic. Moreover, in 2019, 38 million people were living with HIV worldwide. The need to deal with this viral infection becomes more obvious, because it represents not only a problem for public health, but also a substantial economic problem. In this context, it is necessary to focus efforts on developing methods for prevention, detection and treatment of HIV infections that significantly reduce the number of newly infected people and provide a better quality of life for patients. For several decades, biomedical research has been developed allowing quick solutions through the contribution of effective tools. One of them is the use of polymers as vehicles, drug carrier agents, or as macromolecular prodrugs. Moreover, nanosystems (NSs) play an especially important role in the diagnosis, prevention, and therapy against HIV infection. The purpose of this work is to review recent research into diverse NSs as potential candidates for prevention and treatment of HIV infection. Firstly, this review highlights the advantages of using nanosized structures for these medical applications. Furthermore, we provide an overview of different types of NSs used for preventing or combating HIV infection. Then, we briefly evaluate the most recent developments associated with prevention and treatment alternatives. Additionally, the implications of using different NSs are also addressed.
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35

Wilandika, Angga. "Religiosity and Self-Efficacy in the Prevention of HIV-Risk Behaviours among Muslim University Students." Jurnal Ners 13, no. 2 (March 27, 2019): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jn.v13i2.6531.

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Introduction: The high prevalence of HIV infection among an age group of 18–25 years, both globally or nationally, was indicating students vulnerable to HIV/AIDS infections. Prevention of HIV risk behaviours can be used as a religiosity approach to strengthening the self-efficacy on prevention HIV-risk behaviour. However, there were limited studies on the association between religiosity and self-efficacy on prevention of HIV-risk behaviour among student, especially Muslim students. The aims of this study were to identify the correlation between religiosity with self-efficacy in the prevention of HIV-risk behaviours.Methods: The study employed a correlation study. The sample size comprised 404 Muslim university students with proportionate stratified random sampling. Student’s religiosity was measured by The Muslim Piety questionnaire and self-efficacy was measured by Self-Efficacy in the Prevention of HIV-Risk Behaviour questionnaire. Descriptive analysis using mean, standard deviation, percentage and frequency distribution. Meanwhile, inferential analysis using Pearson's Correlation.Results: The results were found that most of the students have high levels of religiosity and strong self-efficacy in the prevention of high-risk behaviour. Further analysis revealed a significant (p < 0.005) and strong correlations (r = 0.6780) between religiosity and self-efficacy in the prevention of HIV-risk behaviour. Higher levels of religiosity were followed by higher levels of self-efficacy on the prevention of HIV-risk behaviours among students.Conclusion: findings can be used by academic and health professionals, to implement a religiosity based program to strengthen a self-efficacy of HIV-risk behaviour. Further research can be a focus on the nursing interventions based on religious beliefs to strengthen self-efficacy in the prevention of HIV/AIDS infections.
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Bautista, C. T., D. E. Singer, R. J. O'Connell, N. Crum-Cianflone, B. K. Agan, J. A. Malia, J. L. Sanchez, S. A. Peel, N. L. Michael, and P. T. Scott. "Herpes simplex virus type 2 and HIV infection among US military personnel: implications for health prevention programmes." International Journal of STD & AIDS 20, no. 9 (September 2009): 634–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/ijsa.2008.008413.

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US military personnel are routinely screened for HIV infection. Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is a risk factor for HIV acquisition. To determine the association between HSV-2 and HIV, a matched case-control study was conducted among US Army and Air Force servicemembers with incident HIV infections (cases) randomly matched with two HIV-uninfected servicemembers (controls) between 2000 and 2004. HSV-2 prevalence was significantly higher among cases (30.3%, 138/456) than among controls (9.7%, 88/912, P < 0.001). HSV-2 was strongly associated with HIV in univariate (odds ratio [OR] = 4.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.1–5.8) and multiple analyses (adjusted [OR] = 3.9, 95% CI = 2.8–5.6). The population attributable risk percentage of HIV infection due to HSV-2 was 23%. Identifying HSV-2 infections may afford the opportunity to provide targeted behavioural interventions that could decrease the incidence of HIV infections in the US military population; further studies are needed.
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Carrion, Antonio J., Jovan D. Miles, Juan F. Mosley, Lillian L. Smith, April S. Prather, Marcus M. Gurley, Linh D. Phan, and Emily C. Everton. "Prevention Strategies Against HIV Transmission: A Proactive Approach." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 31, no. 1 (March 21, 2017): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190017696946.

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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has now transformed into a manageable chronic condition. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has proven efficacious at controlling the disease progression. Based on compelling evidence, the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) and the Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) developed guidelines for the management of persons infected with HIV. However, there are approximately 50 000 new cases of HIV in the United States each year. In this article, we review proactive methods to reduce the transmission of HIV, which include reinforcing patient education, gel-coated condoms that destroy HIV, HIV vaccinations, and adequately utilizing pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Further development and consistent utilization of innovative prevention tools can significantly reduce the incidence of HIV infections regardless of HIV status.
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Mpondo, Bonaventura C. T. "New Biomedical Technologies and Strategies for Prevention of HIV and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections." Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2016 (September 15, 2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7684768.

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Sexually transmitted infections remain to be of public health concern in many developing countries. Their control is important, considering the high incidence of acute infections, complications and sequelae, and their socioeconomic impact. This article discusses the new biomedical technologies and strategies for the prevention of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections.
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Hanif, Faisal, Umar Khurshid, Haroon Sabir Khan, and Muhammad Zill-e.-Humayun Mirza. "Needle Stick And Sharp Related Injuries- Ethical Considerations, Prevention, And Management." Journal of Bahria University Medical and Dental College 08, no. 04 (October 1, 2018): 278–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.51985/jbumdc2018071.

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Laboratory and Health care workers (HCW) are exposed to many occupational related hazards. Both are at considerable risk of acquiring infections. Needle stick/prick injuries (NSIs) can lead to blood borne infections such as HIV, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C
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Feigin, Anita, Carol El-Hayek, Margaret Hellard, Alisa Pedrana, Ellen Donnan, Christopher Fairley, B. K. Tee, and Mark Stoové. "Increases in newly acquired HIV infections in Victoria, Australia: epidemiological evidence of successful prevention?" Sexual Health 10, no. 2 (2013): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh12064.

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Background Rates of newly acquired HIV notifications provide useful data for monitoring transmission trends. Methods: We describe 10-year (2001–10) trends in newly acquired HIV notifications in Victoria, Australia. We also examine recent trends in HIV testing and incidence and risk behaviours among gay and other men who have sex with men (MSM) attending four high MSM caseload clinics. Results: Between 2001 and 2010 there was a significant increasing linear trend in newly acquired HIV that was driven primarily by increases between 2009–2010. MSM accounted for 85% of newly acquired HIV notifications. Between 2007–10, the total number of HIV tests per year at the high caseload clinics increased 41% among MSM and HIV incidence declined by 52%; reported risk behaviours remained relatively stable among these MSM. Conclusion: More newly acquired HIV notifications may reflect recent increased testing among MSM; continued scrutiny of surveillance data will assess the sustained effectiveness of testing as prevention, health promotion and the contribution of risk and testing behaviours to HIV surveillance outcomes.
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Krasnoselskikh, T. V., and A. V. Shaboltas. "MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO THE PREVENTION OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS AND BLOOD-BORNE INFECTIONS." HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders 10, no. 4 (January 16, 2019): 100–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2018-10-4-100-112.

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Until recently in Russia the general methodology for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV-infection and blood-borne infections (BBI) has not been developed and targeted preventive interventions aimed at vulnerable populations have not been applied. As a rule, domestic researchers have been confined to detailed analysis of epidemiological data on the prevalence of STIs and other socially significant diseases in general population and their clinical features without offering social prevention technologies. Meanwhile, a large number of scientific researches aimed at improving the prevention strategies for STI/BBI and comprehensive preventive programs combining biomedical and behavioral components are being carried out all over the world. Unfortunately, preventive programs developed abroad cannot be mechanically introduced into the practice of Russian health care system. The programs should be adapted and implemented in the context of the socioeconomic and cultural uniqueness of Russia. The current epidemic situation necessitates switching from secondary and tertiary STI/BBI prevention and traditional biomedical approach to primary prevention and multidisciplinary approach. The multidisciplinary approach to healthy life style promotion and prevention of self-destructive behaviors including alcohol and drug use and risky sexual practices is a new branch of medicine. The presented article is aimed to analyze theoretical, methodological and practical aspects of the development, implementation and effectiveness evaluation of behavioral preventive interventions focused on socially significant infections.
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Sansom, Stephanie L., Katherine A. Hicks, Justin Carrico, Evin U. Jacobson, Ram K. Shrestha, Timothy A. Green, and David W. Purcell. "Optimal Allocation of Societal HIV Prevention Resources to Reduce HIV Incidence in the United States." American Journal of Public Health 111, no. 1 (January 2021): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2020.305965.

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Objectives. To optimize combined public and private spending on HIV prevention to achieve maximum reductions in incidence. Methods. We used a national HIV model to estimate new infections from 2018 to 2027 in the United States. We estimated current spending on HIV screening, interventions that move persons with diagnosed HIV along the HIV care continuum, pre-exposure prophylaxis, and syringe services programs. We compared the current funding allocation with 2 optimal scenarios: (1) a limited-reach scenario with expanded efforts to serve eligible persons and (2) an ideal, unlimited-reach scenario in which all eligible persons could be served. Results. A continuation of the current allocation projects 331 000 new HIV cases over the next 10 years. The limited-reach scenario reduces that number by 69%, and the unlimited reach scenario by 94%. The most efficient funding allocations resulted in prompt diagnosis and sustained viral suppression through improved screening of high-risk persons and treatment adherence support for those infected. Conclusions. Optimal allocations of public and private funds for HIV prevention can achieve substantial reductions in new infections. Achieving reductions of more than 90% under current funding will require that virtually all infected receive sustained treatment.
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Payne, Ruth, Donall Forde, Alicia Vedio, Alison Cope, Gary Pratt, and Anne Tunbridge. "‘It's just a virus’ – viral illness in older people: prevention and management." Reviews in Clinical Gerontology 23, no. 2 (April 3, 2013): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095925981300004x.

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SummaryMany viral infections that cause minor illness in younger adults can lead to significant mortality and morbidity in older people, particularly as co-morbidities tend to accumulate with increased age. Respiratory and gastrointestinal viruses are ubiquitous and frequently cause outbreaks, with major impact on those in care homes or residential accommodation. Advances in medicine have opened the way for increased impact of the herpes viruses (varicella zoster virus, herpes simplex virus, Epstein–Barr virus and cytomegalovirus), as immune systems are manipulated. People are also leading more active lives in older age; human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) will be increasingly prevalent, as those living with HIV grow older in good health. In addition, new diagnoses of HIV, viral hepatitis and travel-related infections will present to those working in health care of older people. This review article of viral infections aims to highlight relevant pathology, with specific reference to management in older people.
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Schwartz, Theresa M. "40. Those sexy STDs: opportunities for prevention in an anal dysplasia practice." Sexual Health 10, no. 6 (2013): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/shv10n6ab40.

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Young gay and bisexual men are continuing to engage in practices that permit new HIV infections. Most of them are unaware that pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with one pill a day can prevent most of these. HIV providers are poised to prescribe PrEP, but most of their patients are already HIV infected. General PCPs are considerably less knowledgeable regarding PrEP, even if they know/suspect that their patients are at risk for HIV acquisition. Anal dysplasia providers who see HIV-uninfected MSM have a unique opportunity to make an impact by identifying patients who might be candidates and providing basic information and referral. Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection is notoriously difficult to detect by culture. CT is also a frequent cofactor in the transmission/acquisition of HIV. Gynaecologists routinely use nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) to diagnose CT and gonorrhoea. Although there is no FDA-approved commercially available NAAT for the diagnosis of rectal CT, individual laboratories are able to develop and validate their own assays, if they follow the protocols established by their regulatory/governing bodies. This may not be as difficult as you would expect, with good collaboration between clinical providers and laboratory administrators. Expect your diagnosis of rectal CT infections and lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) to increase significantly once you have an NAAT available to aid in diagnosis. Timely treatment of CT infections will decrease the number of new cases and perhaps even HIV incidence.
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Celentano, David D., Wendy W. Davis, and Chris C. Beyrer. "Biomedical prevention: what is the current status?" Asian Biomedicine 4, no. 5 (October 1, 2010): 679–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/abm-2010-0089.

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Abstract Biomedical HIV prevention strategies for primary or secondary prevention of HIV transmission can be seen as an adjunct to behavioral prevention approaches. These interventions include vaccination, female controlled vaginal microbicides, male circumcision, treatment of sexually transmitted infections that cause genital ulceration, Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PREP) and Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP). This article reviews results from recent randomized controlled trials of novel biomedical prevention approaches and discusses interpretation of the results. The only intervention consistently demonstrating reductions in HIV transmission was adult male circumcision in Sub-Saharan Africa. Results of PREP trials will be available in the next several years.
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Barinova, A. N., O. G. Khurtsilava, and S. L. Plavinskii. "ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PREVENTION PROGRAMS FOR COUNTERMEASURE OF SPREAD OF SOCIALLY IMPORTANT INFECTIONS." Hygiene and sanitation 96, no. 4 (March 27, 2019): 392–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2017-96-4-392-396.

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Purpose of the study. To evaluate the effectiveness of the prevention programs aimed at the prevention of the spread of socially important infections on example of HIV infection, as well to express it in units permitting the comparison with other fields of health care and to compare with to expenses for the prevention and treatment of sequelae of infection. Materials and methods. Results of the panel study, executed in 2006-2013 in 10 regions of the Russian Federation in HIV infection risk groups (4 waves). The total number of participants is 9891. Study protocol included detailed survey of risk behavior, involvement in prevention programs and HIV testing. Obtained data were used for the assessment of the change of the morbidity rate as a result of prevention and calibration of the dynamic (Markov) model of the effect of the prevention on the length of quality-adjusted life and treatment cost. Expenses for the prevention were estimated from field reports of prevention projects. Results. Programs for the comprehensive prevention of socially important infections, first of all HIV-infections, among injecting drug users result in the significant decrease in HIV incidence. The assessment of the effect of the prevention within framework of the multivariable model shows odds ratio to be of 0.56 (95% CI=0.40-0.78). This relative reduction corresponds to the decline of the absolute incidence from 3.98 per 100 person per year in the group of persons who was not involved in prevention programs (95% CI=3.37-4.69) to 2.22 per 100 person per year (95% CI=1.89-2.62) among participants. Such effect of the prevention leads to the increase in quality-adjusted life-years per each person (QALY=0.23, 95% CI=0.10-0.37), and the saving of budget cost by 226 thousand rubles (95% CI=209,6 - 822,2 thousand rubles). With the use of more pessimistic assumptions in relation to expenses for the prevention and treatment, the cost per quality-adjusted life per year failed to surpass the threshold of society’s willingness to pay for health technology, with demonstrating high cost-effectiveness of investing in the prevention. Conclusion. Programs of the comprehensive prevention of socially important infections in the Russian Federation have significant effectiveness and under most plausible assumptions are cost-saving. For the solution the problem of financing preventive measures it is necessary to apply the same principles of health technology assessment as it is done is the area of drug coverage.
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Cobb Payton, Fay, Lynette Kvasny, and James Kiwanuka-Tondo. "Online HIV prevention information." Internet Research 24, no. 4 (July 29, 2014): 520–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/intr-09-2013-0193.

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Purpose – Two research questions are addressed: what are black female college students’ perceptions of current messages present on web sites about HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention?; and what messages do black female college students find culturally relevant to them, and why? Results indicate that these women perceive several communication barriers including lack of trust and unfamiliarity with information sources, stigma ascribed to HIV, as well as misconceptions and traditional values held by some in the black community and health institutions. HIV prevention messages are perceived as relevant if they exhibit qualities including interactive features. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – To understand black collegiate women as health information seekers, it is important to engage paradigms that allow researchers to make sense of how group members construct their content needs, what helps shape this construction, and the meaning derived from the consumption of the information, focus groups are an effective qualitative method for enabling collective discussion and interaction between research participants that facilitates the exploration of under-researched topics like HIV prevention as well as the language commonly used by respondents to describe HIV from a socio-cultural perspective. The research team conducted three focus groups to appraise current black female college students’ attitudes and perceptions of messages presented on HIV/AIDS prevention and awareness web sites Findings – HIV prevention messages are perceived as relevant if they exhibit qualities including interactive features, practical advice using non-technical vocabulary, content authored and disseminated by familiar and trustworthy individuals and institutions, and risk related to individual behaviors rather than the demographic group. Implications of the findings and suggestions for future research on the design of health information systems are provided. Research limitations/implications – This research is based on a small sample size based on one region of the USA. Practical implications – Health communication materials should also provide strategies for dispelling myths, and combating feelings of stigma, and mistrust. In addition, practical advice such as questions to ask physicians may help to produce positive and desirable outcomes as black women seek services from the healthcare system. The message itself must take into account a number of factors include short and simple messages, clean web pages, navigation structures that make information easy to find, comprehensive information all found in a single web site, and interactive features to facilitate discussion and sharing. In particular, with social media, women can also play a role in the creation and dissemination of health messages in multiple modalities including text, spoken word, still and moving images, and music. Social implications – “A major component of preventive health practice is the availability and provision of information regarding risks to health and promotional measures for enhancing the health status among this population” (Gollop, 1997, p. 142). However, as Dervin (2005) cautions, while information is necessary, it is insufficient to encourage behavior change. To combat the health disparities that differentially impact African-American women requires expertize and understanding from multiple perspectives. By providing insight into how black collegiate women perceive HIV prevention information needs, the women in the focus groups lend a necessary voice in the effort toward healthy equity through the creation of effective health interventions that will appeal to them. Originality/value – The author seeks to create an online and socially connected experience characteristic of ongoing user input and active engagement in content development which targets the population. From a human-computer interaction viewpoint, the authors are seeking to avoid design divorced from context and meaning. In developing such an experience, the authors will need to triangulate the roles of culture, context, and design to reduce the content divide, yet amplify the notion of participatory web. Participatory web embodies a social justice movement to build web content from voices typically dampened in the discourse. It (re)shapes meaning, identity, and ecologies in the process of foci on particular social, health, and political causes (e.g. HIV/AIDS). Giving black women ownership over the creation of health information on the internet may improve the ability to provide targeted HIV prevention content that is culturally salient and more effective in reducing HIV infections in this community.
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McMahon, James M., Janie Simmons, Amy Braksmajer, and Natalie LeBlanc. "HIV-serodifferent couples’ perspectives and practices regarding HIV prevention strategies: A mixed methods study." PLOS Global Public Health 2, no. 8 (August 17, 2022): e0000620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000620.

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A substantial proportion of heterosexually acquired HIV infections in the U.S. occur between partners in primary relationships characterized by mixed HIV status. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have issued guidelines prioritizing HIV-serodifferent couples for primary HIV prevention, including treatment-as-prevention and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Yet, very little research has been conducted to understand the perspectives and practices of HIV-serodifferent couples regarding HIV prevention strategies in the U.S. To help fill this gap, we conducted a mixed methods study with 27 mostly Black/African American and Latinx HIV-serodifferent heterosexual couples residing in New York City to explore their knowledge, attitudes, practices, and perspectives regarding combination HIV prevention, including condoms, PrEP and viral control. All couples expressed the desire to maintain viral suppression in the HIV-positive partner, which was not always achieved. There was considerable heterogeneity in the use of HIV prevention methods by couples; and several patterns emerged that were largely driven by gender and relationship dynamics. Female partners, in particular, expressed high levels of anxiety around transmission of HIV and thus desired multiple methods of protection. Healthcare providers should consider couples’ psychosocial well-being, relationship quality, and other motivational factors when helping to tailor HIV preventative care for mixed-status couples.
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Denisenko, V. B., and E. M. Simovanyan. "Clinical and immunological characteristic of children with congenital infections and perinatal HIV contact, considering their HIV status." Rossiyskiy Vestnik Perinatologii i Pediatrii (Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics) 65, no. 3 (July 8, 2020): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21508/1027-4065-2020-65-3-78-83.

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Relevance. The study of the etiological structure, clinical features of congenital infections and the immune status of children with perinatal HIV contact will help to improve the program for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of these diseases.Objective. To characterize the clinical features of congenital infections and changes in the immune system in children with perinatal HIV contact, taking into account their HIV status.Methods. A clinical, serological, molecular genetic, cytological, immunological examination of 203 children with perinatal HIV contact, including 91 HIV-positive patients and 112 HIV-negative patients.Results. Congenital infections were diagnosed in 43.3% of children with perinatal HIV contact. They were characterized by a predominance of cytomegalovirus (30%) and Chlamydia trachomatis (14.3%) in the etiological structure; those infections proceeded as a mono-infection (61.4%) or in a localized form (52.5%). In the group of HIV-positive children, congenital infections developed in 68.1% of patients. In most cases congenital infections were caused by cytomegalovirus (45.1%), herpes simplex virus (6.6%) and bacteria (11%); they proceeded as an associated infection (46.8%), and in a clinically manifest localized (61.3%) and generalized forms (33.9%). The clinical features of congenital infections in HIV-infected children were associated with more significant disorders in the immune system, especially in T-cell link.Conclusion. The revealed clinical and immunological features of congenital infections in children with perinatal HIV contact must be considered during diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive procedures.
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Siberry, George K., Mark J. Abzug, Sharon Nachman, Michael T. Brady, Kenneth L. Dominguez, Edward Handelsman, Lynne M. Mofenson, and Steve Nesheim. "Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Exposed and HIV-Infected Children." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 32 (November 2013): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.inf.0000437856.09540.11.

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