Journal articles: 'HIV infections – Treatment'

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Dickson-Spillmann, Maria, Severin Haug, Ambros Uchtenhagen, Philip Bruggmann, and Michael P. Schaub. "Rates of HIV and Hepatitis Infections in Clients Entering Heroin-Assisted Treatment between 2003 and 2013 and Risk Factors for Hepatitis C Infection." European Addiction Research 22, no. 4 (December 11, 2015): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000441973.

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Background/Aims: We report on the rates of hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in 1,313 clients entering heroin-assisted treatment (HAT) in Switzerland from 2003 to 2013. We identify predictors of HCV infection. Methods: Data were collected using questionnaires within 2 weeks of clients' first entry into HAT. Prevalence of HAV, HBV, HCV and HIV was calculated using laboratory test results collected at entry or using reports of older test results. Predictors of HCV status were identified through multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: Results show stable rates of HIV-positive clients and decreasing proportions of HAV- and HBV-infected clients. In 2013, there were 12% (n = 8) HIV-, 20% (n = 12) HAV-, 20% (n = 12) HBV- and 52% HCV- (n = 34) positive clients. Vaccination against HAV and HBV had become more frequent. Predictors of positive HCV status included older age, female gender, earlier year of entry, having spent 1 month or more in detention or prison, use of injected heroin and more years of intravenous use. Conclusion: Our results highlight the fact that efforts to prevent and test for infections and to promote vaccination against HAV and HBV in heroin users need to be continued.

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Guo, Fuying, and Lingzhou Yang. "Research Progress on HIV/AIDS with Concomitant Hepatitis B Virus and/or Hepatitis C Virus Infection." Infection International 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ii-2017-0099.

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Abstract Hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) involve similar transmission routes, namely, blood, sexual contact, and mother-baby contact. Therefore, HIV infection is usually accompanied by HBV and HCV infections. This observation poses a great challenge to the prevention and treatment of HIV/human acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) accompanied by HBV and HCV infection. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been extensively applied. Hence, liverrelated diseases have become the main causes of complication and death in HIV-infected individuals. This paper summarizes the current epidemiology, mutual influence, and treatment of HIV/AIDS accompanied by HBV or HCV infection.

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Seyoum, Eleni, Meaza Demissie, Alemayehu Worku, Andargachew Mulu, Alemseged Abdissa, and Yemane Berhane. "HIV, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus co-infection among HIV positives in antiretroviral treatment program in selected hospitals in Addis Ababa: A retrospective cross-sectional study." PLOS ONE 17, no. 4 (April 22, 2022): e0267230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267230.

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Introduction HIV co-infection with hepatitis B (HIV-HBV) and hepatitis C (HIV-HCV) is known to affect treatment outcomes of antiretroviral therapy (ART); however, its magnitude is not well documented. We aimed to determine the magnitude of HIV-HBV and HIV-HCV co-infections simultaneously in people living with HIV (PLHIV) enrolled in ART care in Addis Ababa. Methods We reviewed the medical records of adults ≥15 years who were receiving ART care in three high burden hospitals in Addis Ababa. Baseline clinical and laboratory test results were extracted from medical records. Co-infection was determined based on hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis C virus antibody (anti-HCV) tests obtained from the medical records. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify the risk factors for hepatitis B and C co-infections. Results A total of 873 HIV-positive participants were included in this study. The median age of the participants was 37.5 years, and 55.7% were women. Overall, HIV-HBV co-infection was 5.96% (95% CI: 4.56–7.74), and HIV-HCV co-infection was 1.72% (95% CI: 1.03–2.83). The multivariable logistic regression showed that the male sex was the most independent predictor for viral hepatitis B co-infection with an odds ratio of 2.42(95% CI:1.27–4.63). However, HIV-HCV co-infection did not show a significant association in any of the sociodemographic data of the participants. Conclusion HIV co-infection with hepatitis B was moderately high in individuals enrolled in ART care in Addis Ababa. Men had significantly higher HIV-HBV co-infection. HIV co-infection with hepatitis C was relatively low. Strengthening integrated viral hepatitis services with HIV care and treatment services should be emphasized to improve patient care in health facilities.

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Zhubi, Bukurije, Ymer Mekaj, Zana Baruti, Ilirijane Bunjaku, and Mazllum Belegu. "Transfusion-Transmitted Infections in Haemophilia Patients." Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 9, no. 4 (November 20, 2009): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17305/bjbms.2009.2777.

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One of the largest therapeutic problem during the continuous treatment of the patients with Hemophilia A and B, are viral infections as Hepatitis B and C, and HIV, and the other infective diseases, which can be transmitted by the transfusion of blood products.The aim of this study is to analyze the complications of the hemophiliacs in Kosovo which have been treated with fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate and concentrated products of FVIII and FIX. We have tested 75 patients with hemophilia A or B and there were used enzyme immunoassay test-Elisa method for the following: anti-HCV HBsAg, HIV and TPHA.The serological data showed that HCV infection was positive in 29 cases or 38,7%, whereas infection with HBV and HIV were present in a smaller percentage of the patients (2,7% HBV and 1,4% for HIV). HCV infection was present only in 9,5% of the cases of the age group under 18 years. Infected hemophiliacs with one or two infective agents were found in 34,7%, respectively 4%. Infection with T. pallidum was present at none of the examined patients with hemophilia. HCV infection was higher in severe forms of hemophilia B (44,4%), compared with severe form of hemophilia A (30%).Based on our results, despite the infrequent application of FVIII and FIX concentrates, and other anti hemophilic preparations used in treating hemophilia patients, the number of infected hemophiliacs with blood-transmittable infectious agents was substantially high, especially with hepatitis C virus.

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Mayanja, Edison, Livingstone S. Luboobi, Juma Kasozi, and Rebecca N. Nsubuga. "Mathematical Modelling of HIV-HCV Co-infection Dynamics in Presence of HIV Therapy." BIOMATH 11, no. 1 (August 11, 2022): 2207158. http://dx.doi.org/10.55630/j.biomath.2022.07.158.

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In this work, we formulated and analysed a deterministic model to study the HIV-HCV co-infection dynamics in presence of HIV therapy. The HCV chronic stage was split into two periods: the period before and the period after onset of cirrhosis. This was done because the HCV chronic stage of infection is long, asymptomatic and infectious. The effective reproduction numbers, one of our outcome measures, were computed using the next generation matrix method. Numerical simulations were performed to support the analytical results from the model. The different parameters in the model were subjected to a sensitivity analysis to determine their relative importance on the HIV-HCV co-infection dynamics. The results indicated that both HIV and HCV infections enhance each other; and in the long run, increasing the rates at which people are put on HIV treatment reduces the prevalence of HCV in the community; however, it increases the prevalence of HIV. Therefore, there should be increased safer sexual behaviour campaigns among individuals on HIV treatment.

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Li, Guangdi, Tingting Yue, Pan Zhang, Weijie Gu, Ling-Jie Gao, and Li Tan. "Drug Discovery of Nucleos(t)ide Antiviral Agents: Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Erik De Clercq on Occasion of His 80th Birthday." Molecules 26, no. 4 (February 9, 2021): 923. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26040923.

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Nucleoside and nucleotide analogues are essential antivirals in the treatment of infectious diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). To celebrate the 80th birthday of Prof. Dr. Erik De Clercq on 28 March 2021, this review provides an overview of his contributions to eight approved nucleos(t)ide drugs: (i) three adenosine nucleotide analogues, namely tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Viread®) and tenofovir alafenamide (Vemlidy®) against HIV and HBV infections and adefovir dipivoxil (Hepsera®) against HBV infections; (ii) two thymidine nucleoside analogues, namely brivudine (Zostex®) against HSV-1 and VZV infections and stavudine (Zerit®) against HIV infections; (iii) two guanosine analogues, namely valacyclovir (Valtrex®, Zelitrex®) against HSV and VZV and rabacfosadine (Tanovea®-CA1) for the treatment of lymphoma in dogs; and (iv) one cytidine nucleotide analogue, namely cidofovir (Vistide®) for the treatment of HCMV retinitis in AIDS patients. Although adefovir dipivoxil, stavudine, and cidofovir are virtually discontinued for clinical use, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and tenofovir alafenamide remain the most important antivirals against HIV and HBV infections worldwide. Overall, the broad-spectrum antiviral potential of nucleos(t)ide analogues supports their development to treat or prevent current and emerging infectious diseases worldwide.

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Annison, Lawrence, Henry Hackman, Paulina Franklin Eshun, Sharon Annison, Peter Forson, and Samuel Antwi-Baffour. "Seroprevalence and effect of HBV and HCV co-infections on the immuno-virologic responses of adult HIV-infected persons on anti-retroviral therapy." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (November 23, 2022): e0278037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278037.

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Chronic hepatitis negatively affects persons living with HIV. While varying in their transmission efficiency, HIV, HBV, and HCV have shared routes of transmission. Available data suggest widely variable rates of HBV and HCV infections in HIV-infected populations across sub-Saharan Africa. With prolonged survival rates due to increased accessibility to antiretroviral drugs, HBV and HCV have the potential to complicate the prognosis of HIV co-infected patients by contributing significantly to continued morbidity and mortality. The study sought to determine the seroprevalence of HIV/HBV and HIV/HCV co-infections among HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy and to evaluate the effect of HIV/HBV and HIV/HCV co-infections on the immunologic and virologic responses of patients. A cross-sectional study in which samples were taken from 500 people living with HIV and attending ART clinic at the Fevers unit of the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital and tested for Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) and Hepatitis C virus antibody (HCV). CD4 cell counts and HIV-1 RNA levels were estimated as well. Data generated were analysed using IBM SPSS version 22. The seroprevalence of HIV/HBV and HIV/HCV co-infections among people living with HIV was 8.4% and 0.2% respectively. HIV/HBV coinfection included 15/42 (35.7%) males and 27/42 (64.3%) females out of which the majority (97.6%) were in the 21–60 years old bracket. HIV/HBV and HIV/HCV co-infections have varied effects on the immunological and virological response of HIV patients on ART. The mean CD cell count was 361.0 ± 284.0 in HIV/HBV co-infected patients and 473.8 ± 326.7 in HIV mono-infected patients. The mean HIV-1 RNA level was not significantly different (X2 [df] = .057 [1]; P = .811) among HIV/HBV co-infected patients (Log102.9±2.0 copies/mL), compared to that of HIV mono-infected patients (Log102.8±2.1 copies/mL) although HIV mono-infected patients had lower viral load levels. One-third (14/42) of HIV/HBV co-infected patients had virologic failure and the only HIV/HCV co-infected patient showed viral suppression. 336/500 (67.2%) patients had HIV-1 viral suppression (females [66.1%]; males [33.9%]) while 164/500 (32.8%) had virologic failure (females [67.7%]; males [32.3%]). The mean CD4 count of patients with viral suppression and patients with virologic failure was 541.2 cells/μL (95% CI 508.5–573.8) and 309.9 cell/μL (95% CI 261.9–357.9) respectively.The study concludes that, HIV/HBV and HIV/HCV coinfections do not significantly affect the immunologic and virologic responses of patients who have initiated highly active antiretroviral therapy, and treatment outcomes were better in females than in males. There was no HBV/HCV co-infection among patients.

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TÁVORA, Lara Gurgel Fernandes, Elodie Bomfim HYPPOLITO, José Napoleão Monte da CRUZ, Nyvia Maria Barroso PORTELA, Samuel Montenegro PEREIRA, and Camila Monteiro VERAS. "HEPATITIS B, C AND HIV CO-INFECTIONS SEROPREVALENCE IN A NORTHEAST BRAZILIAN CENTER." Arquivos de Gastroenterologia 50, no. 4 (December 2013): 277–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-28032013000400007.

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ContextThe occurrence of HIV and hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) virus associations is of great concern since co-infected patients respond poorly to antiviral treatment and usually progress to chronic and more complicated hepatic disease. In Brazil, these co-infections prevalence is not well known since published data are few and sometimes demonstrate conflicting results. Also, a significant number of co-infected individuals are HBV/HCV asymptomatic carriers, leading to under notification.ObjectivesThe present study aimed to determine the prevalence of the HBV and HCV infection in a recently diagnosed HIV population in the state of Ceará/Brazil.MethodsRetrospective cohort, with >18yo patients diagnosed HIV+ from 2008-2010. First year medical attention information was collected.ResultsA total of 1.291 HIV+ patients were included. HBV serologies were collected in 52% (23% had previous hepatitis B, 3.7% were co-infected) and HCV in 25.4% (1.5% had previous hepatitis C, 5.4% co-infection). The majority of HBV/HIV patients referred multiple sexual partners/year, 28% homosexualism and 20% bisexualism. In the HCV/HIV group 38.8% individuals had > one sexual partner/year and 22.2% used intravenous drugs.ConclusionThe study reinforce the need for better training healthcare workers and providing laboratory support for a prompt hepatitis diagnosis and adequate medical management to avoid complications and decrease viral spread.

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Zimina, Vera, Svetlana Degtyareva, Elena Beloborodova, Julia Klimova, and Alexey Kravchenko. "Concurrent treatment of HIV, disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex and HCV-infection." Folia Medica 63, no. 4 (August 31, 2021): 586–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/folmed.63.e56124.

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Patients with HIV-infection diagnosed at late stages usually have significant immunosuppression and demand simultaneous antiretroviral therapy and treatment of opportunistic infections. The presence of HCV coinfection makes treatment even more challenging because of possible adverse effects and drug-drug interactions. HCV cure in such clinical situations not only prevents fibrosis progression, but can also enhance virologic and/or immunologic response to antiretrovirals and thus effective treatment of opportunistic infections. Thorough consideration of all existing diseases and drug interactions of the combined therapy makes simultaneous treatment of HIV, chronic hepatitis C, and opportunistic infections not only possible but the best way to improve outcomes in a complex clinical situation.

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NAFEES, MUHAMMAD, ISHTIAQ AHMED, and GHAZALA JAFFERI. "JAIL POPULATION." Professional Medical Journal 18, no. 04 (December 10, 2011): 697–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2011.18.04.2681.

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Objective: The infections with hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are common among prisoners but such data are sparse from Pakistan; hence in this study, we evaluated the sero-prevalence of these three infections among Jail inmates. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Setting: Central Jail, Lahore. Period: May to November 2009. Methodology: Investigate the seroprevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV infections among the random population of sentenced inmates of Central Jail, Lahore. We examined 3062 jail inmates, 396 of them were females and 2666 males. Majority of the inmates were Pakistani national (97.06 %). All collected blood samples were tested for HIV antibodies, HBsAg, and anti-HCV antibodies with one step chromatographic immunoassay. Results: Seroprevalence rate of HCV, HBV and HIV infections was 15.31%, 3.46 % and 1.79 % respectively. Overall prevalence of these infections in the jail inmates was 20.57 % and 18.77 % of them were positive for markers of viral hepatitis B/C. Conclusions: We evaluated that jail inmates in Pakistan had a high incidence of HCV, HBV and HIV infections. Regular testing is required to identify infected prisoners and refer them for appropriate treatment. In addition, general disease prevention efforts are needed to minimize transmission of these viral infections in this subpopulation, before and after release.

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Okwuraiwe, A. P., R. A. Audu, F. A. Ige, O. B. Salu, C. K. Onwuamah, and A. Z. Musa. "Long term outcomes of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV infected Nigerians and those co-infected with hepatitis B and C viruses." African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology 22, no. 1 (January 26, 2021): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v22i1.9.

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Background: HIV co-infection with hepatitis B (HBV) and/or hepatitis C virus (HCV) is common, largely due to shared routes of transmission, but paucity of data exists for long term treatment outcomes of HIV infected patients, and those co-infected with HBV and HCV despite the high burden in Nigeria. The aim of study was to describe the longterm treatment outcomes in HIV infected Nigerians and to assess the effect of HBV and HCV co-infections on longterm response to antiretroviral therapy (ART).Methodology: This was a retrospective study of HIV infected adults (> 18 years old) consecutively initiating ART between July 2004 and December 2007, who were followed up for 7 years (2011 and 2014). HBV and HCV infections were diagnosed by detection of serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HCV antibody (HCVAb) respectively. HIV viral load and CD4 count were monitored 3-monthly after initiating ART, and treatment outcomes based on these were compared between patients with HIV mono-infection, HIV/HBV, HIV/HCV and HIV/HBV/HCV co-infections. Clinical and laboratory data of the patients were abstracted from the medical databases, FileMaker Pro, v 10, entered into Microsoft Excel, and analyzed using SPSS version 20.0.Results: A total of 2,800 adults were evaluated (median age of 35.5 years; 64.2% female), of whom 197 (7.0%) were co-infected with HBV, 53 (1.9%) with HCV, and 15 (0.5%) with HBV and HCV. During the 7-year period, 369 (13.2%) patients were lost to follow up. Immune reconstitution, measured by CD4 recovery, was lower in both HBV and HCV co-infections compared to HIV mono-infection, but this was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Median baseline HIV viral load was 4.63 log copies/ml for all groups, which decreased to undetectable level at a median time of 6 months and remained so for the study duration.Conclusion: This study revealed a higher virologic failure among HIV/HCV co-infected group compared to other groups. No immunological difference in ART treatment outcomes between HIV mono-infected and those co-infected with HBV and HCV after 7-year follow-up. Gradual rise in CD4 was found to be an immunological evidence of the body’s recovery from HIV, buttressed by the drop in viral load over the 7-year period. Keywords: ART, HIV, HBV, HCV co-infection, long term outcomes English title: Résultats à long terme du traitement antirétroviral hautement actif chez les Nigérians infectés par le VIH et ceux co-infectés par les virus des hépatites B et C Contexte: La co-infection par le VIH avec l'hépatite B (VHB) et/ou le virus de l'hépatite C (VHC) est courante, engrande partie en raison des voies de transmission partagées, mais il existe peu de données sur les résultats dutraitement à long terme des patients infectés par le VIH, et ceux co -infectés par le VHB et le VHC malgré le fardeau élevé au Nigéria. Le but de l'étude était de décrire les résultats du traitement à long terme chez les Nigérians infectés par le VIH et d'évaluer l'effet des co-infections par le VHB et le VHC sur la réponse à long terme au traitement antirétroviral (TAR).Méthodologie: Il s'agissait d'une étude rétrospective sur des adultes infectés par le VIH (>18 ans) ayant commencé un traitement antirétroviral consécutivement entre juillet 2004 et décembre 2007, suivis pendant 7 ans (2011 et 2014). Les infections par le VHB et le VHC ont été diagnostiquées par détection de l'antigène de surface sérique de l'hépatite B (AgHBs) et des anticorps anti-VHC (HCVAb) respectivement. La charge virale du VIH et la numération des CD4 ont été surveillées tous les trois mois après le début du TAR, et les résultats du traitement basés sur ceuxci ont été comparés entre les patients atteints de mono-infection VIH, VIH/VHB, VIH/VHC et VIH/VHB/VHC. Les données cliniques et de laboratoire des patients ont été extraites des bases de données médicales, FileMaker Pro, v 10, saisies dans Microsoft Excel et analysées à l'aide de SPSS version 20.0.Résultats: Un total de 2800 adultes ont été évalués (âge médian de 35,5 ans; 64,2% de femmes), dont 197 (7,0%) étaient co-infectés par le VHB, 53 (1,9%) par le VHC et 15 (0,5%) par le VHB et VHC. Au cours de la période de 7 ans, 369 (13,2%) patients ont été perdus de vue. La reconstitution immunitaire, mesurée par la récupération des CD4, était plus faible dans les co-infections par le VHB et le VHC que dans la mono-infection par le VIH, mais cela n'était pas statistiquement significatif (p>0,05). La charge virale VIH de base médiane était de 4,63 log copies / ml pour tous les groupes, ce qui a diminué à un niveau indétectable à une période médiane de 6 mois et le reste pendant toute la durée de l'étude.Conclusion: Cette étude a révélé un échec virologique plus élevé parmi le groupe co-infecté par le VIH / VHC par rapport aux autres groupes. Aucune différence immunologique dans les résultats du traitement TAR entre le VIH mono-infecté et ceux co-infectés par le VHB et le VHC après un suivi de 7 ans. L’augmentation progressive des CD4 s’est avérée être une preuve immunologique de la guérison du corps du VIH, étayée par la baisse de la charge virale au cours de la période de 7 ans. Mots clés: TAR, VIH, VHB, co-infection par le VHC, résultats à long terme

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Bakhti, Mehrnaz, Mohammadreza Haghshenas, Reza Valadan, and Mehdi Rabie Rudsari. "Prevalence of HBV/HCV Infections in HIV-Positive Patients in Northern Iran." Research in Molecular Medicine 5, no. 4 (October 10, 2018): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/rmm.v5i4.3066.

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Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection increases the risk of infection with other pathogens, including hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). A crucial aspect of HIV prevention and treatment programs is knowledge of the prevalence of co-infection of HIV and HBV and/or HCV. This study sought to determine HBV and HCV co-infection in HIV-positive patients in northern Iran. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were collected from 83 HIV-positive patients whose infection was previously confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction in the HIV center in the North of Iran. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain socio-demographic data from participants. Samples were screened for hepatitis B surface antigen and anti-HCV antibody. All non-reactive samples were recorded as negative. Results: The 83 patients comprised 50 (60%) males and 33 (40%) females. Twenty eight (33%) and 15 (18%) subjects were positive for HCV antibody and hepatitis B surface antigen, respectively. Seven (8%) of subjects were co-infected with all three viruses. Conclusion: Seroprevalence of HCV and HIV co-infection was high and was strongly related to mutual acquisition.

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Biver, Emmanuel, Alexandra Calmy, and René Rizzoli. "Bone health in HIV and hepatitis B or C infections." Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease 9, no. 1 (October 8, 2016): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1759720x16671927.

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Chronic infections with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) add to age-dependent bone loss and may contribute to lower bone strength in the elderly. In this review, we report recent highlights on the epidemiology of bone fragility in chronic viral infections with HIV, HCV and HBV, its physiopathology and discuss the interference of antiviral therapies with bone metabolism. Chronic infections influence bone through the interactions between risk factors for bone fragility and falls (which are highly prevalent in infected patients), virus activity and antiviral drugs. HIV-infected patients are at increased risk of fracture and the risk is higher in cases of co-infection with HIV and untreated chronic viral hepatitis. In HIV patients, the majority of bone loss occurs during virus activity and at initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, long-term elderly HIV-infected patients on successful ART display bone microstructure alterations only partially captured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Bone loss is associated with an increase of bone resorption, reflecting the upregulation of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) pathways via a crosstalk between virus activity, inflammation and the immune system. The use of some antiviral drugs, such as tenofovir (controlling both HBV and HIV infections) or protease inhibitors, may be associated with higher bone toxicity. The reduction of tenofovir plasma concentrations with the implementation of tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) attenuates bone mineral density (BMD) loss but it remains unknown whether it will contribute to reducing fracture risk in long-term HIV-treated patients. Moreover, to what extent the new direct-acting agents for treatment of HCV, including nucleotide inhibitors and protease inhibitors, may affect bone health similarly as ART in HIV should be investigated.

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El-Husseini, Amr, David Saxon, Stuart Jennings, Virgilius Cornea, Laurence Beck, and B. Peter Sawaya. "Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges." American Journal of Nephrology 43, no. 2 (2016): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000444593.

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Background: In adults, membranous nephropathy (MN) is a major cause of nephrotic syndrome. While a majority of cases of MN are idiopathic, secondary forms can be seen in the setting of autoimmune disease, neoplasia, infection, and after being exposed to certain therapeutic agents. Both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections could cause MN. However, the effect of coexisting HIV and HCV infection on the spectrum and progression of kidney disease as well as the effect of MN treatment on HIV and HCV infection are not well known. Methods: In this study, we describe a patient with hemophilia A and acquired HIV and HCV infections, a patient who developed severe nephrotic syndrome and for whom renal biopsy showed MN. Results: Patient responded well to adrenocorticotropic hormone gel without adversely affecting HIV or HCV infections. Conclusion: Adrenocorticotropic hormone gel might be useful in the management of complex cases of idiopathic MN.

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Endashaw, Engida Endriyas, and Temesgen Tibebu Mekonnen. "Modeling the Effect of Vaccination and Treatment on the Transmission Dynamics of Hepatitis B Virus and HIV/AIDS Coinfection." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2022 (May 5, 2022): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5246762.

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Hepatitis B and HIV/AIDS coinfections are common globally due to their similar mode of transmission. Since HIV infection modifies the course of HBV infection by increasing the rate of chronicity, prolonging HBV viremia, and increasing liver disease-associated deaths, individuals with coinfection of both diseases have a higher tendency of developing cirrhosis of the liver, higher levels of HBV DNA, reduced rate of clearance of the hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), and more likely to die than an individual with a single infection. This nature of HBV-HIV/AIDS coinfection motivated us to conduct this study. In this paper, we proposed and rigorously analyzed a deterministic mathematical model with the aim of investigating the effect of vaccination against hepatitis B virus and treatment for all infections on the transmission dynamics of HBV-HIV/AIDS coinfection in a population. We proved that the solutions of the submodels and the coinfection model are positive and bounded. The models are studied qualitatively using the stability theory of differential equations, and the effective reproduction numbers of the models are derived using the next generation matrix method. Stability of the equilibria of the submodels and the coinfection model is analyzed using Routh-Hurwitz criteria. The disease-free and endemic equilibria of the submodels and the coinfection model are computed, and both local and global asymptotic stability conditions for those equilibria are discussed. We performed a sensitivity analysis to illustrate the influence of different parameters on the effective reproduction number of HBV-HIV/AIDS coinfection model, and we identified the most sensitive parameters are ω B and ω H , which are the effective contact rates for HBV and HIV transmission, respectively. The numerical simulation of the model is done using MATLAB, and the findings from the simulations are discussed. It is observed that if the vaccination and treatment rates are increased, then the number of individuals susceptible to both infections and HBV-HIV/AIDS coinfection decreases and even falls to zero over time. Hence, it is concluded that vaccination against hepatitis B virus infection, treatment of hepatitis B and HIV/AIDS infections, and HBV-HIV/AIDS infection at the highest possible rate is very essential to control the spread of HBV-HIV/AIDS coinfection as an important public health problem.

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Belluomini, Lorenzo, Alberto Caldart, Alice Avancini, Alessandra Dodi, Ilaria Trestini, Dzenete Kadrija, Marco Sposito, et al. "Infections and Immunotherapy in Lung Cancer: A Bad Relationship?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010042.

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Infectious diseases represent a relevant issue in lung cancer patients. Bacterial and viral infections might influence the patients’ prognosis, both directly affecting the immune system and indirectly impairing the outcome of anticancer treatments, mainly immunotherapy. In this analysis, we aimed to review the current evidence in order to clarify the complex correlation between infections and lung cancer. In detail, we mainly explored the potential impact on immunotherapy outcome/safety of (1) bacterial infections, with a detailed focus on antibiotics; and (2) viral infections, discriminating among (a) human immune-deficiency virus (HIV), (b) hepatitis B/C virus (HBV-HCV), and (c) Sars-Cov-2. A series of studies suggested the prognostic impact of antibiotic therapy administration, timing, and exposure ratio in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors, probably through an antibiotic-related microbiota dysbiosis. Although cancer patients with HIV, HBV, and HCV were usually excluded from clinical trials evaluating immunotherapy, some retrospective and prospective trials performed in these patient subgroups reported similar results compared to those described in not-infected patients, with a favorable safety profile. Moreover, patients with thoracic cancers are particularly at risk of COVID-19 severe outcomes and mortality. Few reports speculated about the prognostic implications of anticancer therapy, including immunotherapy, in lung cancer patients with concomitant Sars-Cov-2 infection, showing, to date, inconsistent results. The correlation between infectious diseases and immunotherapy remains to be further explored and clarified in the context of dedicated trials. In clinical practice, the accurate and prompt multidisciplinary management of lung cancer patients with infections should be encouraged in order to select the best treatment options for these patients, avoiding unexpected toxicities, while maintaining the anticancer effect.

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Khamatova, A. A., T. A. Chebotareva, and J. F. Vlatskaya. "The risks of perinatal HIV/HCV co-infection and the evolution of treatment tactics of the disease in children (clinical case)." CHILDREN INFECTIONS 21, no. 2 (July 20, 2022): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22627/2072-8107-2022-21-2-60-66.

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HIV infection and HCV infection are still serious and widespread infections that lead to high morbidity and mortality of the population worldwide.The aim is to assess the risks of perinatal transmission of HIV/HCV co-infection and the choice of modern treatment tactics in children.Аnalyzed data in foreign and domestic literature. A clinical case of perinatal transmission of HIV/HCV co-infection is described.Results. Тhe features of perinatal transmission of infection depending on its variants (mono-HIV infection, hepatitis C and co-infection with HIV/HCV) and risk factors are shown. A clinical example demonstrates the implementation of perinatal transmission of HIV/HCV co-infection in the presence of major risk factors. The improvement of therapeutic tactics in a child with co-infection is shown.Conclusion: in the described clinical case, numerous risk factors for perinatal transmission of HIV/HCV co-infection are demonstrated, the presence of which led to the realization of co-infection in a child. The effectiveness of modern tactics for the treatment of HIV infection and chronic viral hepatitis C has been demonstrated.

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Gupta, Sonia, and Suheel Hamid Latoo. "A Study on HIV, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C among Dental Patients Screened from Different Districts of Kashmir Valley." International Journal of Research and Review 8, no. 5 (May 8, 2021): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20210504.

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Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are the most common chronic viral infections worldwide. They are blood borne infections and share common routes of transmission, but they differ in efficiency by which certain types of exposures transmit them and their prevalence by geographic region. Aims and objective: To evaluate the prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C in patients screened from different districts, to increase the awareness among dental practitioners and the patients attending dental clinics as well as to evaluate the risk factors for infection with these viruses in order to reduce the burden of these diseases in the community. Materials and method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on 2150 subjects (1230 males and 920 females) reported in the Department of Oral Pathology, GDC & H Srinagar for routine serological investigations. All the screened patients referred from different departments of this institution were enrolled. Results: The prevalence of HBV and HCV among dental patients was 0.65% and 0.51% respectively but HIV positive cases had not been reported. In the present study, majority of the HBV positive cases were from Anantnag district and most common risk factors for infections were dental treatment and blood transfusion. Conclusion: Prevention is an important aspect in controlling the spread of this viral infection as an epidemic. Hence, control programs for the prevention of these diseases that threaten public health must be planned and implemented. Keywords: Hepatitis B, HIV, Seroprevalence, Dental treatment, Transmission, Prevention.

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Reimer, J., H. Stöver, and B. Schulte. "Substitution Treatment and HCV / HIV Infection in a Sample of 31 German Prisons for Sentenced Inmates." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71072-7.

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Injection drug use (IDU) and IDU-related infectious diseases such as hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are highly prevalent among prisoners worldwide. However, little is known about the prevalence of IDUs and HCV/HIV and the availability of respective treatment options in German prisons. Data, provided by prison physicians of 31 prisons, representing 14,187 inmates, were included in this analysis. The proportion of IDUs among all prisoners was 21.9%. Substitution treatment was available in three out of four prisons (74.2%). Overall, 1,137 substitution treatments were provided annually with a wide range of treatment aims. The prevalence rate was 14.3% for HCV and 1.2% for HIV. Around 5.5% of all HCV-infected prisoners were in antiviral treatment annually, 86.5% of all HIV-positive subjects in antiretroviral HIV treatment.Generally, substitution treatment, HCV and HIV testing and treatment are available. However, due to abstinence-oriented treatment aims substitution treatment is rarely available as maintenance treatment, and HCV/HIV treatment is mainly provided for patients with an existing treatment before imprisonment. The inconsistent data quality necessitate changes in prison related policy are needed, to improve surveillance and to generate aggregated data in German prisons. The selection process in this analysis might lead to overestimating the provision substitution - and antiviral HCV-treatment.

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Naggie, Susanna, Daniel S. Fierer, Michael D. Hughes, Arthur Y. Kim, Annie Luetkemeyer, Vincent Vu, Jhoanna Roa, et al. "Ledipasvir/Sofosbuvir for 8 Weeks to Treat Acute Hepatitis C Virus Infections in Men With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infections: Sofosbuvir-Containing Regimens Without Interferon for Treatment of Acute HCV in HIV-1 Infected Individuals." Clinical Infectious Diseases 69, no. 3 (March 28, 2019): 514–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy913.

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Abstract Background Current guidelines for the management of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections provide varying recommendations for the optimal treatment of acute HCV infections. There are limited data from small cohort studies to provide guidance on the best approach to treatment of this important patient population. Methods Sofosbuvir-Containing Regimens Without Interferon for Treatment of Acute HCV in HIV-1 Infected Individuals is an open-label, 2-cohort, Phase 1 clinical trial in which the second cohort assessed the safety and efficacy of 8 weeks of ledipasvir/sofosbuvir for the treatment of acute HCV infections in participants with chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infections. This final analysis of the second cohort had a planned accrual of 27 participants, based on non-inferiority criteria, compared to the study-defined, historical, sustained virologic response (SVR) of 60% with pegylated-interferon/ribavirin. Results We enrolled 27 men (9 Hispanic; 11 White, non-Hispanic; 5 Black, non-Hispanic; 2 Asian or Pacific Islander; median age 46 years). Most (96%) had HCV genotype-1 infection and 59% had the favorable interleukin 28B CC genotype. The median baseline HCV RNA load was 6.17 log10 IU/mL (interquartile range 4.51 – 6.55). All participants (100%) achieved the primary outcome of a sustained virologic response 12 weeks after the date of the last dose of study treatment (90% confidence interval 90–100%), achieving non-inferiority versus the 60% historic benchmark. No treatment discontinuations occurred. Conclusions This multicenter clinical trial, investigating 8 weeks of ledipasvir/sofosbuvir for acute HCV infections in men with HIV infections, reports a 100% SVR. This study provides the rationale for larger studies of shortened courses of direct-acting antiviral therapies in persons with HIV infections, including those with high baseline HCV RNA loads. Clinical Trials Registration NCT02128217.

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Khamatova, A. A., A. I. Mazus, L. N. Mazankova, T. A. Chebotareva, and Yu F. Vlatskaya. "Prevalence of HIV/HCV co-infection in pregnant women. Risk factors for perinatal transmission of HIV/HCV." Infekcionnye bolezni 20, no. 1 (2022): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/1729-9225-2022-1-91-98.

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The review provides up-to-date statistical data on the prevalence, transmission routes, and risks of perinatal transmission of hepatitis C virus, immunodeficiency virus, and variants of their co-infections from mother to child. The increase in the number of HIV/HCV co-infected women of reproductive age makes it urgent to develop a strategy for the prevention of vertical transmission of HIV/HCV co-infection based on the treatment of viral hepatitis C during pregnancy planning and three-stage prevention of perinatal transmission of HIV infection at the onset of pregnancy. Key words: HIV infection, chronic viral hepatitis C, HIV/HCV co-infection, perinatal HIV transmission, perinatal transmission of viral hepatitis C infection, risks of perinatal HIV transmission, risks of perinatal hepatitis C virus transmission, risk factors for perinatal HIV/HCV co-infection transmission

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Bastos, F. I., C. M. Lowndes, M. Derrico, L. R. Castello-Branco, M. I. Linhares-De-Carvalho, and W. Oelemann. "Sexual behaviour and infection rates for HIV, blood-borne and sexually transmitted infections among patients attending drug treatment centres in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil." International Journal of STD & AIDS 11, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): 383–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0956462001916100.

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A survey was carried out in 2 drug use treatment centres (TCs) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to assess risk behaviours, HIV infection and other sexually transmitted infections/blood-borne infections (STIs/BBIs). Two hundred and twenty-five drug users (195 males and 30 females) were interviewed and clinically examined, and their blood and urine were tested for STIs/BBIs. Prevalences (%) for these infections were as follows - HIV: 0.9, hepatitis B virus (HBV): 14.7, hepatitis C virus (HCV): 5.8, syphilis: 5.3, gonorrhoea/chlamydia (CT/NG): 4.7. In bivariate analyses CT/NG infection was associated with younger age ( P =0.003); current genitourinary symptoms (odds ratio [OR]=6.2) and a mainly illegal source of income (OR= 9.1). Hepatitis C infection was associated with a history of ever having injected any drug (OR=19.6), and with each one of the injected drugs. After multiple logistic regression, lower educational level (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=3.70) and 'ever having injected drugs' (AOR=3.69) remained as independent risk factors for hepatitis B infection. In conclusion, TCs must implement programmes directed towards the prevention of STIs/BBIs.

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Nicolle, LE. "Sexually Transmitted Infections." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 16, no. 1 (2005): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2005/958678.

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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) other than HIV have reappeared as an important public health problem in developed countries (1). In the late 1970s and early 1980s, research and treatment of the 'classic' STIs - gonorrhea, syphilis and chlamydia - were a major focus of infectious diseases practice and research. There were large outbreaks of syphilis in parts of Canada (2), penicillin-resistantNeisseria gonorrhoeaewas a concern (3), and high rates ofChlamydia trachomatisinfection with complications of pelvic inflammatory disease and ectopic pregnancy were being reported (4,5). Then, HIV infection emerged, with its spectre of a wasting, early death. There was no effective treatment, and safe sexual practices were embraced and adhered to by high-risk populations as the only effective way to avoid infection. These practices effectively prevented other STIs; rates of syphilis, gonorrhea and chlamydia infection plummeted in developed countries (5). For at least a decade, it appeared that HIV might be an end to all STIs, at least for some parts of the world. STIs continued unabated in developing countries, as many epidemiological and therapeutic studies explored the association of STIs with HIV infection.

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Corina, Pascu, Dumitru Irina Magdalena, Cernat Roxana Carmen, Petcu Lucian Cristian, and Rugina Sorin. "The Efficiency of the Fight Against HIV, in Constanta, from the Perspective of Neurological Complications." ARS Medica Tomitana 26, no. 3 (August 1, 2020): 126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/arsm-2020-0026.

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Abstract In order to control and end the AIDS epidemic, we all need to hit the 0-0-0 target. That means 0 HIV infections, 0 mortality caused by AIDS and 0 discrimination. We performed a retrospective observational analytical study on 166 HIV positive patients with a neurological complication, diagnosed between June 2012 and June 2020, in Clinical Infectious Diseases Hospital of Constanta. We collected data from the observational charts that revealed if the patient was known with HIV infection at the time of the neurological complication diagnosis, information about the treatment (how many treatment regimens, classes of antiretroviral drugs, CNS Penetration-Effectiveness Rank), treatment compliance. The patients were divided into two groups: first group “opportunistic infections (OI)” and second group “other neurological conditions (ONC)”. 16 patients (9,6%) have the neurological condition as first manifestation of HIV infection. Opportunistic infections, correlated with a poor immunological status continue to have a high percentage (46,98%) of neurological complications, being associated with a poor treatment compliance (p<0,001). Integrase inhibitors were associated, in this study, more with opportunistic infections and less with other neurological conditions (OR=2,885; 95% IC), this finding needs further research. Long term survivors have problems with treatment compliance manifesting treatment fatigue, even if they have treatment regimens with good CNS penetrability. Poor compliance is associated with high risk of opportunistic infections and opportunistic infections have a higher mortality than other neurological complications. Our task for the future is to find ways to improve treatment adherence in order for HIV patients to have a better and longer life.

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Abdel-Magid, Ahmed F. "Treatment of HIV Infections with HIV Integrase Inhibitors." ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters 8, no. 1 (November 23, 2016): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00456.

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Varley, Cara D., Michael Conte, Amber C. Streifel, Bradie Winders, and Monica K. Sikka. "Screening for co-infections in patients with substance use disorders and severe bacterial infections." Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease 9 (January 2022): 204993612211321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20499361221132132.

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Background: Patients with substance use disorders admitted for severe bacterial infection are in a prime position to be screened for important co-infections. However, data suggest that standard screening for co-infections in this population during hospital admission can vary in frequency and type of testing. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of patients to evaluate screening for co-infections during admission, followed by a case–control analysis to determine factors associated with lack of any screening. Results: We identified 280 patients with 320 eligible admissions. Most were male and Caucasian with unstable housing. Only 67 (23.9%) patients had a primary-care provider. About 89% ( n = 250) of our cohort were screened for one or more co-infection during their first admission with one patient never screened despite subsequent admissions. Of those screened, the greatest proportion was HIV (219, 81.4% of those without history of HIV), HCV (94, 79.7% of those without a prior positive HCV antibody), syphilis (206, 73.6%), gonorrhea, and chlamydia (47, 16.8%) with new positive tests identified in 60 (21.4%) people. Screening for all five co-infections was only completed in 15 (14.0%) of the 107 patients who had screening indications. Overall, a high proportion of those screened had a new positive test, including three cases of neurosyphilis, highlighting the importance of screening and treatment initiation. One patient was prescribed HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis at discharge and only 37 (34.6%) of those eligible were referred for HCV treatment or follow-up. In multivariable case–control analysis, non-Medicaid insurance (OR 2.8, 95% CI: 1.2–6.6, p = 0.02), use of only 1 substance (OR 2.9, 95% CI: 1.3–6.5, p < 0.01), and no documented screening recommendations by the infectious disease team (OR 3.7, 95% CI: 1.5–8.8, p < 0.01), were statistically significantly associated with lack of screening for any co-infection during hospital admission. Conclusion: Our data suggest additional interventions are needed to improve inpatient screening for co-infections in this population.

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Mosquera, Diana M., Julius Wilder, Alicia Ellis, and Susanna Naggie. "301. Risk of Virologic Failure with Antiretroviral Switches in HIV/HCV Co-infections." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.2506.

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Abstract Background Direct-acting antivirals (DAA) and antiretroviral (ARV) medications pose treatment challenges in HIV/HCV co-infection. Management of contraindicated combinations varies across practices. ARV switches may increase the risk of HIV virologic and treatment failure, and has been reported to increase the risk of DAA treatment failure. This analysis assesses how switches in ARV regimen impacts treatment outcomes in HIV/HCV co-infection. Methods This retrospective cohort study includes patients 18 years and older with stable HIV/HCV co-infection (HIV RNA<50 for ≥6 months) who received DAA HCV therapy. Data were obtained using the Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems. The “ARV switch” cohort is defined as patients undergoing a switch in ARV regimen within 6 months prior to DAA treatment. The “no ARV switch” cohort was defined as patients without a change in ARV during the same time period. The primary outcome is HIV treatment failure which is a composite endpoint including HIV virologic failure (defined as confirmed loss of HIV viral suppression), discontinuation/change of ARV regimen, progression to AIDS, or death. We compared baseline characteristics, the proportion of patients free of HIV treatment failure, free of HIV virologic failure, and that achieved sustained viral response (SVR) at 12 and 24 weeks after DAA treatment among ARV switch and no ARV switch groups. Results Of the 256 patients, 63/256 (25%) underwent an ARV switch (Table 1). At baseline, the most common regimen in the ARV switch group was protease inhibitor (PI)-based while for the no ARV switch group, it was an integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI)-based regimen. HIV/HCV transmission risk factors, HCV genotype, and AST/ALT were similar among the two groups (Table 1). The proportion with HIV treatment and virologic failure, and the proportion achieving SVR12/24 were similar among the ARV switch and no ARV switch groups. Conclusion HIV treatment and virologic failure, and SVR12/24 were not different among patients who did or did not undergo a switch in their ARV regimen prior to DAA treatment. This suggests that switches in the ARV regimen for DAA treatment of HCV do not negatively impact HIV or HCV outcomes among patients with HIV/HCV Coinfection. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Pando, Maria A., Cristina De Salvo, Christian T. Bautista, Lindsay Eyzaguirre, Gladys Carrion, Miguel Feola, Isabel Lado, et al. "Human immunodeficiency virus and tuberculosis in Argentina: prevalence, genotypes and risk factors." Journal of Medical Microbiology 57, no. 2 (February 1, 2008): 190–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.47492-0.

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The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and genetic variability of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among 205 patients with clinical diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in Buenos Aires in 2001. Infections with hepatitis B virus (HBV), HIV-1, hepatitis C virus (HCV), Treponema pallidum and human T-cell lymphotropic virus types I/II were diagnosed in 37/187 (19.8 %), 35/205 (17.1 %), 22/187 (11.8 %), 13/187 (7.0 %) and 4/181 (2.2 %) patients, respectively. Almost one in three participants (33.1 %) presented at least one infection in addition to TB. Multiresistance to TB drugs (isoniazid plus rifampicin) was detected in the isolates recovered from three patients. Injecting drug use was detected as the main risk factor for HIV, HBV and HCV infections. Of ten patients who died, eight were infected with HIV. HIV genetic characterization showed the presence of two different subtypes. Env subtype F was found in 13/24 samples (54.2 %) and subtype B in 11/24 samples (45.8 %) by heteroduplex mobility assay. Sequencing of the protease/RT region was performed in ten samples: three were characterized as subtype B and seven as B/F recombinants by bootscanning analysis. Phylogenetic analysis of four full-length sequences showed that three were the circulating recombinant form CRF12_BF. The results of this study suggest an urgent need to detect HIV infection in high-risk groups to prevent future HIV transmission as well as morbidity and mortality associated with TB by providing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and/or TB treatment. Collaboration between TB and HIV programmes seems to be the best approach to decrease the incidence of these diseases, especially in high-prevalence HIV settings.

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Adamu Ndongho, Ndifontiayong, Ali Innocent Mbulli, Sokoudjou Jean Baptiste, Ousenu Karimo, Mbogwe Jerimiah Ndimumeh, Karimo Ousenu, and Tume Christopher Bonglavnyuy. "Risk factors associated with response to highly active antiretroviral therapy after 24 months of administration to HIV, HIV/HBV and HCV patients in Kumba Health District, South West Region of Cameroon." Archives of Clinical Gastroenterology 8, no. 3 (September 26, 2022): 037–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/2455-2283.000111.

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Hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) are two other forms of infections for which co-infection in HIV has been associated with alteration of the immune response, increased risk of progression to liver diseases, and increased risk of hepatotoxicity associated with antiretroviral therapy. This study aimed to establish the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis C antibody (HCVAb) among HIV patients, evaluate response to treatment between the different categories and identify the possible risk factors associated with this burden of hepatitis B/C among HIV patients and the resulting responses to HAART in Kumba Health, in the South West Region of Cameroon. Method: We performed a systematic screening using Rapid Diagnostic Test, for HBsAg and HCVAb among 299 HIV patients enrolled at the treatment centers in Kumba Health District (District hospital Kumba, Kumba Town Sub-Divisional hospital, and the Apostolic hospital Banga Bakundu), with all positives for HBV or HCV confirmed by the ELISA and results analyzed using SPSS version 20. Out of the 299 participants, 52 HIV patients, 36 HIV/HBV, and 12 HIV/HCV patients were involved in the prospective cohort study for 24 months which permitted monitored the immune response (CD4 counts and viral load test), as well as variation of biochemical parameters (ALAT/ASAT, albumin, bilirubine, creatinine) and weights of the studied participants. Result: Out of the 100 HIV patients involved in the prospective cohort, 36 and 12 were hepatitis B and C virus-positive respectively. Following the analysis of the viral load and CD4 cell counts, there were differences in response to HAART after 24 months between the mono-infected and co-infected patients, taking into consideration the, CD4 cell counts (HIV: 930.846 cells/mm3, HIV/HBV: 595.139 cells/mm3 and HIV/HCV: 678.500cells/mm3), and viral load (HIV: 1777.85copies/ml, HIV/HBV: 2232.61copies/ml and HIV/HCV: 750.83copies/ml). There were variations in biomarkers of the liver (ALAT/ASAT, bilirubin, and albumine) and renal function (creatinine) for both patients. There were also variations of the different biomarkers linked to the infection status of the different participants. Conclusion: There were positive variations in viral load and CD4 cell counts among the studied participants, with a more rapid response to the mono-infected HIV patients compared to the co-infected patients. Similar strength was observed in the variation of the different biomarkers and such variation indicates that co-infection of HIV patients with either hepatitis B or C virus can affect rapid response to HAART and the variations in the level of Biochemical markers among the different categories are linked to the alteration of the functions of the respective organs and so this result could be used for health decisions regarding co-infections.

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Sabbatani, S., A. Fini, E. Raise, and F. M. Gritti. "Serum Thymidine Kinase (TK) Evaluation in HIV Infection." International Journal of Biological Markers 4, no. 1 (January 1989): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/172460088900400108.

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Serum thymidine kinase (TK), measured using Prolifigen TK-REA, from AB Sangtec Medical, was investigated in 24 HIV seropositive patients without immunological alterations, 26 seropositives with immunological alterations, 125 LAS, 25 ARC, and 20 AIDS. Subjects with serological markers of prior EBV, HBV, and CMV infection were included but none with acute infectious mononucleosis or acute viral hepatitis. Serum TK was elevated from the beginning of the HIV infection, the seropositive stage, and more markedly afterwards during the course of the infection, with a close correlation with the stage. TK also increased during AZT treatment, due to bone-marrow toxicity. On lowering the dosage or discontinuing the drug TK returned to basal levels. Although the rise in serum may well not be correlated only with the HIV infection, it does add to the picture given by other clinical and/or laboratory methods. Serum TK can be a helpful laboratory test in the follow-up ofpatients with HIV infection, especially when serum levels are disproportionate to the stage, opportunistic infections, lymphoproliferative malignancies. In such cases bone-marrow toxicity due to treatment can be suspected.

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Singh, Onkar, Tarun Garg, Goutam Rath, and Amit K. Goyal. "Microbicides for the Treatment of Sexually Transmitted HIV Infections." Journal of Pharmaceutics 2014 (February 12, 2014): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/352425.

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Approximately 34 million people were living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) at the end of 2011. From the last two decades, researchers are actively involved in the development of an effective HIV-1 treatment, but the results intended are still doubtful about the eradication of HIV. The HIV-1 virus has gone from being an “inherently untreatable” infectious agent to the one liable to be affected by a range of approved therapies. Candidate microbicides have been developed to target specific steps in the process of viral transmission. Microbicides are self-administered agents that can be applied to vaginal or rectal mucosal surfaces with the aim of preventing, or reducing, the transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV-1. The development of efficient, widely available, and low-cost microbicides to prevent sexually transmitted HIV infections should be given high priority. In this review, we studied the various forms of microbicides, their mechanism of action, and their abundant approaches to control the transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

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Viktorova, I. B., V. N. Zimina, S. Yu Degtyareva, and A. V. Kravtchenko. "Respiratory diseases in HIV-infected patients (review)." Journal Infectology 12, no. 4 (October 17, 2020): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22625/2072-6732-2020-12-4-5-18.

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The review presents information on epidemiology, clinical, laboratory and radiological manifestations of infectious and malignant respiratory diseases in HIV-infected patients.The data on the most common infections (communityacquired pneumonia, tuberculosis, Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia) and malignant diseases (Kaposhi’s sarcoma, lymphomas) as well as less frequent diseases (CMV-infection, MAC-infection, fungal pneumonias) are presented.The article contains facts about the incidence of pulmonary diseases according to the severity of HIV-associated immunodeficiency. This review also presents current information on the diagnostic criteria, treatment regimens and secondary prophylaxis for HIV-associated respiratory infections and malignancies. The specialties of ART initiation in definite cases of opportunistic infections and ART assignment during the diagnostic period are highlighted.The growing number of HIV-infected patients and the wide spectrum of possible pulmonary diseases argue the need for optimal clinical approach to HIV-infected patients with respiratory lesions for various physicians (general practitioners, pulmonologists and phthisiatricians).

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Ndifontiayong, Adamu Ndongho, Innocent Mbulli Ali, Jean Baptiste Sokoudjou, Jerimiah Mbogwe Ndimumeh, and Christopher Bonglavnyuy Tume. "The Effect of HBV/HCV in Response to HAART in HIV Patients after 12 Months in Kumba Health District in the South West Region of Cameroon." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 6, no. 3 (August 10, 2021): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6030150.

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Hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) are two among the numerous forms of infections whose clinical degeneration, morbidity–mortality and low immune responsiveness in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are highly evident. Co-infection of HIV with HBV and HCV has been associated with reduced survival, increased risk of progression to liver diseases and increased risk of hepatotoxicity associated with antiretroviral therapy (ARV). We carried out biochemical, immunological, virological and clinical analysis of hepatitis B and C positive HIV patients as well as some HIV positive individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy in Kumba Health District to evaluate the immune response to the ARV therapy and identified risk factors associated with the treatment outcomes. A total of 52 HIV patients, 36 HIV/HBV and 12 HIV/HCV patients were involved in this study. We performed CD4 counts, viral load test, analyzed ALAT/ASAT, albumin, bilirubin, and creatinine and measured the weights of HIV patients, HIV/HBV and HIV/HCV enrolled for not more than one year in Kumba Health District. The results were analyzed to evaluate the immune response and possible risk factors associated with the treatment outcomes. The mean increase in weight in participants of all groups over 12 months (17.12 kg) was greater than the mean increase in CD4 (8.92 cell/mm3). However, the mean decrease in viral loads over a 12 months was also very high (1035.17 copies/mL). There was a significant change in the mean values from baseline for all the three variables (p < 0.0001). HIV disease outcomes following HAART (high active antiretroviral therapy) do not appear to be adversely affected by HBV or HCV co-infection, except for slightly poorer CD4 count responses in HIV/HCV co-infected patients. Concerning the renal and liver functions, all the biomarkers witnessed a decrease in patients of all groups in response to HAART over time, with a more rapid decrease in mono-infected patients as compared with those co-infected with HBV but the case was contrary for those co-infected with HCV. Co-infection with HBV or HCV was relatively common among HIV infected participants in Kumba Health District. There were differences in response to HAART between the mono-infected compared with the co-infected, taking into consideration the weight, CD4 count, and viral load. In addition, there was also a variation in the different biomarkers of liver and renal function between mono-infected and co-infected patients.

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Hsu, Jui-Ting, Ping-I. Hsu, Chang-Bih Shie, Seng-Kee Chuah, I.-Ting Wu, Wen-Wei Huang, Sheng-Yeh Tang, et al. "Comparison of the Efficacies of Direct-Acting Antiviral Treatment for HCV Infection in People Who Inject Drugs and Non-Drug Users." Medicina 58, no. 3 (March 17, 2022): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina58030436.

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Background and Objectives: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of liver disease worldwide. People who inject drugs (PWIDs) constitute the majority of patients with HCV infection in the United States and Central Asia. There are several obstacles to treating HCV infection in PWIDs because PWIDs are often accompanied by concurrent infection, low compliance, substance abuse, and risky behavior. The aim of the study is to compare the efficacies of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy for HCV infection in PWIDs and those without opioid injection. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, we included 53 PWIDs with HCV infections treated on site in a methadone program and 106 age- and sex-matched patients with HCV infections who had no history of opioid injection (ratio of 1:2). All eligible subjects received anti-HCV treatment by DAA agents in our hospital from March 2018 to December 2020. The charts of these patients were carefully reviewed for demographic data, types of DAA agents, and treatment outcomes. The primary outcome measure was sustained virological response (SVR). Results: PWIDs and non-drug users had different HCV genotype profiles (p = 0.013). The former had higher proportions of genotype 3 (18.9% vs. 7.5%) and genotype 6 (24.5% vs. 14.2%) than the latter. The two patient groups had comparable rates of complete drug refilling (100.0% vs. 91.1%) and frequency of loss to follow-up (3.8% vs. 0.9%). However, PWIDs had a lower SVR rate of DAA treatment than non-drug users (92.2% vs. 99.0%; p = 0.04). Further analysis showed that both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection and history of PWID were risk factors associated with treatment failure. The subjects with coinfection with HIV had lower SVR rates than those without HIV infection (50.0% vs. 96.5%; p = 0.021). Conclusions: PWIDs with HCV infections have higher proportions of HCV genotype 3 and genotype 6 than non-drug users with infections. DAA therapy can achieve a high cure rate (>90%) for HCV infection in PWID, but its efficacy in PWID is lower than that in non-drug users.

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Li, Chunlin, Yu Yang, Yingjian Wang, Shurong Dong, Ya Yang, Ying Shi, Linhan Li, et al. "Impact of maternal HIV–HBV coinfection on pregnancy outcomes in an underdeveloped rural area of southwest China." Sexually Transmitted Infections 96, no. 7 (January 7, 2020): 509–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2019-054295.

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ObjectivesOur objective was to determine the impact of maternal HIV–hepatitis B virus (HBV) coinfection on pregnancy outcomes.MethodsThe current study was conducted in a county of Yi Autonomous Prefecture in southwest China. Data were abstracted from hospitalisation records, including maternal and infant information. The seroprevalences of HIV and HBV infections and HIV–HBV coinfection were determined and the impact of maternal HIV–HBV coinfection on adverse pregnancy outcomes was assessed using logistic regression analysis. A treatment effects linear regression model was also applied to examine the effect of HBV, HIV or coinfection to quantify the absolute difference in birth weight from a reference of HBV–HIV negative participants.ResultsA total of 13 198 pregnant women were included in our study, and among them, 99.1% were Yi people and 90.8% lived in rural area. The seroprevalences of HIV and HBV infections and HIV–HBV coinfection were 3.6% (95% CI: 3.2% to 3.9%), 3.2% (95% CI: 2.9% to 3.5%) and 0.2% (95% CI: 0.1% to 0.2%) among the pregnant women, respectively. Maternal HIV–HBV coinfection was a risk factor for low birth weight (adjusted OR (aOR)=5.52, 95% CI: 1.97 to 15.40). Compared with the HIV mono-infection group, the risk of low birth weight was significantly higher in the HIV–HBV coinfection group (aOR=3.62, 95% CI: 1.24 to 10.56). Maternal HIV infection was associated with an increased risk of low birth weight (aOR=1.90, 95% CI: 1.38 to 2.60) and preterm delivery (aOR=2.84, 95% CI: 1.81 to 4.47). Perinatal death was more common when mothers were infected with HBV (aOR=2.85, 95% CI: 1.54 to 5.26).ConclusionsThe prevalence of HIV infection was high among pregnant women of the Yi region. Both HIV and HBV infections might have adverse effects on pregnancy outcomes. Maternal HIV–HBV coinfection might be a risk factor for low birth weight in the Yi region, which needs to be confirmed.

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Colombo, Delia, Sergio Chimenti, Paolo Grossi, Antonio Marchesoni, Sergio Di Nuzzo, Vito Griseta, Anna Gargiulo, Aurora Parodi, Lucia Simoni, and Gilberto Bellia. "Prevalence of Past and Reactivated Viral Infections and Efficacy of Cyclosporine A as Monotherapy or in Combination in Patients with Psoriatic Arthritis—Synergy Study: A Longitudinal Observational Study." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/941767.

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We have prospectively evaluated psoriatic arthritis (PsA) patients for (1) seropositivity for former viral infections and seroconversion and (2) efficacy of cyclosporine A (CsA) alone or in combination with other immunosuppressants in a time period of 12 months. Screening included HBV antibodies and antigens, HCV antibodies and RNA, HSV 1-2, HZV, EBV, and CMV IgG, and IgM, HHV-6 DNA, and HIV 1-2 antibodies. PsA was evaluated by the Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI), the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). At baseline, 126 (56%) out of 225 evaluable patients had 2 or more seropositivities indicative of former infections, and 31 patients (13.8%) presented seropositivity for HCV, HBV, HSV-1 and -2, HHV-6, EBV, or parvovirus infection; one of them, positive for HBAg, was treated with lamivudine, while the remaining 30 received no specific treatment. None of the 31 patients developed virus reactivation. A reduction (P<0.001) of PASI, BASDAI, and VAS scores was observed at 6 and 12 months. The treatment of PsA with CsA as monotherapy or in combination was safe and effective.In vitroexperiments and clinical findings, including those from our study, suggest that CsA as monotherapy or in combination with biologics might be the treatment of choice in PsA HCV-positive patients.

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TRAORE, Lassina, Ouéogo NIKIEMA, Abdoul Karim OUATTARA, Tegwindé Rébéca COMPAORE, Serge Théophile SOUBEIGA, Birama DIARRA, Dorcas OBIRI-YEBOAH, et al. "EBV AND HHV-6 CIRCULATING SUBTYPES IN PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV IN BURKINA FASO, IMPACT ON CD4 T CELL COUNT AND HIV VIRAL LOAD." Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases 9, no. 1 (September 1, 2017): 2017049. http://dx.doi.org/10.4084/mjhid.2017.049.

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Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) and Human Herpes Virus 6 (HHV-6) are responsible for severe diseases, particularly in immunocompromised persons. There are poor data on the infection with these opportunistic viruses in Burkina Faso.The purpose of this study is to characterize EBV and HHV-6 subtypes and to assess their impact on CD4 T cell count, HIV-1 viral load and antiretroviral treatment in people living with HIV-1.The study population consisted of 238 HIV-positive patients with information on CD4 count, HIV-1 viral load and HAART. Venous blood samples collected on EDTA tubes were used for EBV and HHV-6 Real Time PCR subtyping.An infection rate of 6.7% (16/238) and 7.1% (17/238) were found respectively for EBV and HHV-6 in the present study. Among EBV infections, similar prevalences were noted for both subtypes (3.9% [9/238] for EBV-1 vs 4.6% [11/238] for EBV-2) with 2.1% (5/238) of co-infection. HHV-6A infection represented 6.3% (15/238) of the study population against 5.0% (12/238) for HHV-6B. . EBV-2 infection was significantly higher in patients with CD4 count ≥ 500 compared to those with CD4 count less than 500 cells (1.65% vs 8.56%, p = 0,011). The prevalence of EBV and HHV-6 infections were almost similar in HAART-naive and HAART-experienced patients.The present study provides information on the prevalence of EBV and HHV-6 subtypes in people living with HIV-1 in Burkina Faso. The study also suggests that HAART treatment has no effect on infection with these opportunistic viruses in people living with HIV-1.

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Fletcher, Courtney V. "Treatment of Herpesvirus Infections in Hiv-Infected Individuals." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 26, no. 7-8 (July 1992): 955–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809202600720.

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OBJECTIVE: To discuss strategies available for the treatment of herpesvirus infections in individuals infected with HIV. DATA SOURCES: Information was obtained from controlled and uncontrolled clinical trials, abstracts, conference proceedings, and review articles. STUDY SELECTION: Emphasis was placed on controlled investigations in subjects infected with HIV. DATA EXTRACTION: Data from human studies were extracted by the author and evaluated according to the patient population studied, sample size, dosage regimen, and therapeutic response. DATA SYNTHESIS: Herpes group viruses are common opportunistic pathogens in HIV-infected individuals. Zoster, caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV), is an early indication of the loss of cell-mediated immunity and HIV disease progression. Anorectal mucocutaneous disease is the most common manifestation caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV). Acyclovir is the drug of choice for treatment of both VZV and HSV infections. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common life-threatening viral infection in patients with AIDS; retinitis is the most frequent clinical manifestation. The response rate of CMV retinitis to initial treatment with either ganciclovir or foscarnet is equivalent, approximately 60–90 percent. Recent data suggest that the survival benefit may be greater with foscarnet. CONCLUSIONS: Advances in the development and application of antiviral drugs for herpes group viruses have made treatment and, in some cases, prevention of infections possible. Future efforts, aimed at earlier intervention and suppression of latent virus, may offer additional improvement in quality of life for the HIV-infected individual.

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Lhomme, Sébastien, Olivier Marion, Florence Abravanel, Jacques Izopet, and Nassim Kamar. "Clinical Manifestations, Pathogenesis and Treatment of Hepatitis E Virus Infections." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 2 (January 24, 2020): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020331.

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis throughout the world. Most infections are acute but they can become chronic in immunocompromised patients, such as solid organ transplant patients, patients with hematologic malignancy undergoing chemotherapy and those with a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Extra-hepatic manifestations, especially neurological and renal diseases, have also been described. To date, four main genotypes of HEV (HEV1-4) were described. HEV1 and HEV2 only infect humans, while HEV3 and HEV4 can infect both humans and animals, like pigs, wild boar, deer and rabbits. The real epidemiology of HEV has been underestimated because most infections are asymptomatic. This review focuses on the recent advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of acute HEV infections, including severe hepatitis in patients with pre-existing liver disease and pregnant women. It also examines the mechanisms leading to chronic infection in immunocompromised patients and extra-hepatic manifestations. Acute infections are usually self-limiting and do not require antiviral treatment. Conversely, a chronic HEV infection can be cleared by decreasing the dose of immunosuppressive drugs or by treating with ribavirin for 3 months. Nevertheless, new drugs are needed for those cases in which ribavirin treatment fails.

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Anson, Ryan, Christopher Hall, Erica Ivans, Kara Vassily, Annette Shaieb, Ronn Berrol, Brian Potts, and Erin Bures. "1272. A Routine, HIV and HCV Testing and Treatment Program in a Large, Multi-Campus Emergency Department Finds High Prevalence of Acute HIV and Chronic Hepatitis C." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 5, suppl_1 (November 2018): S387—S388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy210.1105.

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Abstract Background One in seven people living with HIV in the United States are unaware of their serostatus. Approximately 11,280 annual HIV infections (30.2%) are caused by this subset of individuals (CDC, 2017). In addition, acute HCV infections have nearly tripled since 2011, with many states seeing a dramatic increase in incidence among younger people outside the birth cohort (CDC, 2017). Because many individuals still use emergency departments (EDs) for their healthcare needs, these institutions play an increasingly important role in screening patients for HIV and HCV and linking them to medical services. Routine, opt-out testing initiatives are particularly effective at identifying new cases of HIV and HCV that could have otherwise been missed by a risk-based approach to screening. Methods In early May 2017, physicians and advanced practice nurses from Sutter Health’s Alta Bates Summit Medical Center (ABSMC) and a nearby outpatient HIV clinic implemented a routine HIV and HCV screening program at the hospital’s large, two-campus ED system in Oakland, CA. ED medical directors created a Nursing Standardized Procedure (NSP) to allow registered nurses (RNs) to independently order both blood tests using an automated, best practice authority (BPA) screen in the electronic health record (EHR) of any patient who met CDC-defined age criteria for testing. Results Of the 6,315 people screened for HIV between May 1, 2017 and March 31, 2018, 43 (0.7%) patients tested positive. Twelve (57%) of the 21 patients found to have a new HIV diagnosis also had symptomatic, acute HIV infection (AHI). All 12 patients with AHI initiated anti-retroviral therapy (ART) within five to 96 hours of their preliminary positive test result. Of the 5,820 patients screened for HCV, 424 (7.3%) were anti-HCV positive, while 185 (3.2%) patients had chronic infection. Thirty-nine percent of chronic HCV cases were among younger patients born before 1965. All patients with HIV or chronic HCV were referred to medical care at East Bay Advanced Care (EBAC). Conclusion An automated, routine HIV-HCV testing program integrated into standard nursing workflow at a community ED resulted in the timely screening, diagnosis, and treatment of many patients with acute HIV, and identified a high prevalence of chronic HCV infections among younger patients. Disclosures R. Anson, Frontline of Communities in the United States (Gilead, Inc.): Grant Investigator, Grant recipient. C. Hall, Frontline of Communities in the United States (Gilead, Inc.): Grant Investigator, Grant recipient.

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Konkle, Barbara A., Lehida Melendez-Morales, Liliana Preiss, Mingdong Zhang, Prasad Mathew, M. Elaine Eyster, and James J. Goedert. "Correlates of Spontaneous Clearance of Hepatitis C Virus among HIV-Infected Persons with Hemophilia." Blood 108, no. 11 (November 16, 2006): 1265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.1265.1265.

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Abstract Up to the late 1980s, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected the majority of people with hemophilia (PWH) in the United States (US), via contaminated plasma clotting factor therapy. Approximately two-thirds of the HCV-infected PWH in the US also were infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The Second Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study (MHCS-II) investigated complications of HCV and HIV infections in people with hemophilia. From 2001 - 2005, data and specimens were collected from 2561 anti-HCV positive participants, including 763 who were co-infected with HIV. These data were analyzed for correlates of spontaneous HCV clearance. Results. Of the 763 HIV-positive, anti-HCV-positive participants, 285 were eliminated from the analysis because they had received interferon treatment to clear HCV, lacked HCV treatment data, or lacked sufficient specimens to determine HCV clearance status. Of the remaining 478 interferon-untreated participants, 61 (12.8%) had cleared HCV RNA from plasma. HCV had cleared in 8.6% of the 116 who were never infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), 11.6% of 207 with resolved HBV infection, and 8.9% of 124 with missing HBV status (P≥ 0.41). In contrast, HCV had cleared in 16 (51.6%) of the 31 participants with chronic HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) in serum. Adjusted for gender and race, HCV clearance was increased 7.4-fold (95% CI 3.7 - 15.0) for those with chronic HBsAg. In the HBsAg negative group, HCV clearance was significantly lower among participants of African ancestry (1.6%, p=0.01) and was significantly lower in PWH with severe compared to mild or moderate coagulopathy (8.2% vs 15.9%, p=0.02). Clearance was unrelated to type of initial clotting factor replacement therapy, year of birth, year of primary HCV infection, age at primary HCV infection, age at HIV infection, and year of enrollment in the cohort. HCV clearance occurred in 2 (12.5%) of the 14 participants in whom primary HCV infection occurred after or within one year of HIV infection, compared to 9.1% when HCV infection occurred more than one year before HIV (p=0.65). HCV clearance was unrelated to CD4 count at cohort enrollment, history of immunologically or clinically defined AIDS, and detection of HIV RNA in plasma at cohort enrollment. HCV clearance tended to be higher among the 231 participants on HAART (12.6%) than in those on less intensive (9.1%), anomalous (6.7%) or no anti-HIV therapy (6.5%, Ptrend=0.07), although when restricted to non-African ancestry males, HIV therapy was not associated with clearance (Ptrend=0.26). Conclusion. Unlike in HIV-negative people with hemophilia, HCV clearance in the current study was unrelated to age at or year of primary HCV infection. We were unable to evaluate repeated exposure to and likely re-infection with HCV, although the lower clearance in patients with severe hemophilia, who would have been treated, and thus exposed more frequently, supports the hypothesis of lower clearance with re-infection. While reduced overall, spontaneous HCV clearance was markedly increased by the presence of chronic HBsAg carriage. These findings will increase our understanding of interactions between these viruses and may lead to improved approaches to treatment of co-infected patients.

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Zea, Maria Cecilia, Patricia Olaya, Carol A. Reisen, and Paul J. Poppen. "MSM in Bogotá are living with HIV for extended periods without diagnosis or treatment." International Journal of STD & AIDS 28, no. 9 (November 21, 2016): 920–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462416681364.

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We examined recency of infection in serum samples obtained from 69 newly identified HIV-positive cases in a sample of 1000 men who have sex with men (MSM) in Bogotá. HIV antibody avidity assays were performed using the Architect HIV Ag/AB combo. Avidity indices ranged from 0.62 to 1.22, with a cut-off score below 0.80 indicative of recent infection. Two samples were classified as recent, six fell within the gray zone (0.75 to 0.85), and the remaining 61 were considered established infections. Results provided evidence of widespread, long-term, undiagnosed HIV infection, as well as an estimate of one-year incidence at .25 in the population of MSM in Bogotá. This incidence rate is approximately 8.5 times the rate estimated for the general adult population in Colombia. The large proportion of newly diagnosed cases found among individuals with established infections indicates that many MSM in Bogotá are living with HIV for extended periods without being diagnosed and treated. Greater efforts to detect and treat undiagnosed infections are crucial to decrease HIV incidence and increase maximum effectiveness of medical intervention. Given the over-representation of MSM and transgender women in the HIV epidemic in Colombia, such efforts should specifically target this population.

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Waliaula, Paul. "Co-Pathogenesis of Human Herpesvirus with HIV In Africa." Pan Africa Science Journal 01, no. 01 (April 18, 2020): 03–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.47787/pasj.2020.02.18.

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Human Herpesviruses (HHV’s) are ubiquitous in human populations globally, and they cause significant morbidity and mortality. HHV’s establish a latent infection that is accompanied by periodic virus reactivation as a result of HIV infections. Further, HIV/AIDS infection in sub-Saharan Africa is perceived to be a significant health concern as it accounts for up to 70% of infectious diseases in the region. Until now, the role played by HHVs is increasingly being recognized. The co-infection of HIV with HHV’s changes severity or the natural course of HIV infection which defines the AIDS conditions in HIV infected individuals. Presently, treatment of HIV/AIDS by antiviral drugs targets the clinical manifestations of both HIV and HHVs at their productive stage and boost the immunity of HIV infected individuals, but they are ineffective at eliminating these viruses (HHVs and HIV) from the infected persons. This review focuses on outlining the epidemiology, distribution and role played by HHV’s in the pathogenesis of HIV infection in African countries. Additionally, this information is significant in crystallizing and providing an update on recent advancements on HHV’s and HIV infections in Africa and possible future directions in this field of research.

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Osinska, T. V. "CASE OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS IN CONNECTION WITH HIV-INFECTION." Dermatology and Venerology, no. 3 (2021): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33743/2308-1066-2021-3-35-40.

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Introduction. The affinity of sources of infection, the prevalence of sexual transmission, as well as belonging to the contingent of people at risk of STIs and HIV, suggests the possibility of simultaneous infection with pathogens of these diseases. The objective of the work is to study the features of the clinical course, the psycho-emotional state, diagnosis and treatment of STIs associated with HIV infection. Materials and methods. The clinical case of STIs on the background of HIV-infection in women aged 41 years is presented, the diagnosis and treatment methods are described. Results. A separate case of STIs associated with HIV in women aged 41 years is described, as well as the features of the anamnesis, clinical course, objective, laboratory and instrumental research, the results of treatment of the patient. These data demonstrate that the presence of ulcers in the genital area and perianal area, which persist for a long time without signs of healing on the background of local therapy, may be the first manifestation of STIs on the background of HIV-infection. The full range of STI/HIV studies, taking into account immunological status, was crucial for diagnosis and etiopathogenetic therapy, which led to improvement of the patient`s condition, namely complete epithelialization of ulcers and regression of urogenital symptoms. Conclusions. The presence of a malignant of ulcerative process in the anogenital area in STIs, in particular, herpetic and trichomonas etiology is one of the markers of HIV/AIDS.

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Devi, Mutia, Izazi Hari Purwoko, Suroso Adi Nugroho, Inda Astri Aryani, Susanti Budiamal, and Putri Laksmi Karim. "Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis of Syphilis in HIV Patient." Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research 5, no. 11 (October 25, 2021): 1153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32539/bsm.v5i11.416.

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Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum (T. Palladium). Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that attacks the body's immune system, decreased the number of CD4 cells that makes the immune system decrease, and facilitates syphilis infection. Syphilis increased the risk of spreading HIV infection with skin barrier destruction. The diagnosis of syphilis is made based on a complete history, including sexual history, clinical manifestations, and examination. The treatment of syphilis with HIV and without HIV similar, penicillin is still the gold standard for syphilis treatment with HIV. Prevention of syphilis with HIV are educated, screening for syphilis and other sexually transmitted infections, as well as early detection and therapy of partners. The prognosis for syphilis in HIV is worse than for syphilis without HIV.

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Quaranta, Maria Giovanna, Benedetta Mattioli, and Stefano Vella. "Glances in Immunology of HIV and HCV Infection." Advances in Virology 2012 (2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/434036.

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Since the identification of HIV and HCV much progress has been made in the understanding of their life cycle and interaction with the host immune system. Despite these viruses markedly differ in their virological properties and in their pathogenesis, they share many common features in their immune escape and survival strategy. Both viruses have developed sophisticated ways to subvert and antagonize host innate and adaptive immune responses. In the last years, much effort has been done in the study of the AIDS pathogenesis and in the development of efficient treatment strategies, and a fatal infection has been transformed in a potentially chronic pathology. Much of this knowledge is now being transferred in the HCV research field, especially in the development of new drugs, although a big difference still remains between the outcome of the two infections, being HCV eradicable after treatment, whereas HIV eradication remains at present unachievable due to the establishment of reservoirs. In this review, we present current knowledge on innate and adaptive immune recognition and activation during HIV and HCV mono-infections and evasion strategies. We also discuss the genetic associations between components of the immune system, the course of infection, and the outcome of the therapies.

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Kaminsky, Viacheslav, Tetiana Anoshina, and Tetiana Kolomiychenko. "Social and Medical Aspects of the Association HIV and Herpes Virus Infection in Pregnant Women." Family Medicine, no. 6 (December 30, 2016): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.30841/2307-5112.6.2016.249003.

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The objective: to evaluate the social and health aspects of the association of HIV and herpes infections (GVI) in pregnant women. Patients and methods. Clinical and statistical analysis of 1177 individual cards of pregnant women with HIV for 5 years. The control group consisted of 200 pregnant women with physiological pregnancy. Results. Analysis of individual cards of pregnant women with HIV found insufficient to TORCH-infection survey (74,7%). The frequency of herpes infections in HIV-infected patients was 42,3%. The most common laboratory revealed HSV1/2 – 41,9%, CMV – 22,4% and mixed infection (both HSV1/2 and CMV) – 28,1%, other types of AIT is quite rare. At 8,5% of pregnant women stated primary infection herpes viruses, 27,2% – the reactivation of infection. HIV infection is often associated with other infections: hepatitis, fungal infections, toxoplasmosis, papillomavirus infections, respiratory infections, infections of the genitourinary system. Fixed low social status of HIV-infected women with AIT, the presence of harmful habits, a high frequency of co-infections and low compliance to treatment, are additional factors of perinatal risk. History data indicate a high rate of abortions and missed abortion in women with HIV infection and GVI. Going the way of HIV infection with parenteral on sex strengthens the role of herpes virus infection as a cofactor transition from HIV to AIDS, and the development of perinatal complications. The current pregnancy burdened with 84,3% of women: high incidence of placental insufficiency (41,3%), the threat of miscarriage and preterm labor, fetal distress. Maternal mortality in 5 years was noted in 2 cases (0,1‰), both women were GVI, perinatal – in 12 cases, 8 (21,5‰) of them women with AIT. 12,1% of children were born in a state of severe asphyxia, malnutrition with 31,3%, from 3,8% of the children at the end of 1st day intrauterine diagnosed pneumonia. Conclusions. The high frequency of co-infection of HIV and herpes viruses, joining other infections and comorbidity in these women, their low social adaptation, and susceptibility to treatment, the negative impact of herpes infection in the course of HIV infection, the condition of women during pregnancy, the fetus and the newborn, which requires individual approach to the management of women based on established medical and social aspects of the problem.

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Bachofner, Jacqueline Alexandra, Kristian Ikenberg, Bettina Schulthess, and Johannes Nemeth. "Disseminated Mycobacterium simiae and Mycobacterium avium infection causing an immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in a female patient with HIV infection." BMJ Case Reports 14, no. 5 (May 2021): e241037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-241037.

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This case study discusses the management of a disseminated Mycobacterium simiae and Mycobacterium avium infection causing an immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in a 52-year-old woman with HIV infection. Disseminated M. avium infections have extensively been described in HIV patients; however, reports of infections with M. simiae are rare. Treatment of M. simiae infections is challenging due to its high rates of natural drug resistances, and thus far, no standard treatment regimen exists.

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Umoke, MaryJoy, Peter Sage, Tor Bjoernsen, Prince Christian Ifeanachor Umoke, Christian Ezeugworie, Daniel Ejiofor, Ogbonna Agha, et al. "Co-infection and Risk Factors Associated with STIs among Pregnant Women in Rural Health Facilities in Nigeria: A Retrospective Study." INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 58 (January 2021): 004695802199291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0046958021992912.

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Globally, sexually transmitted infections are recognized as a public and reproductive health challenge. The study determined the prevalence, co-infection, and risk factors associated with HBV, HCV, HIV, and Syphilis infections among pregnant women receiving antenatal care in rural health facilities in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. A retrospective study was conducted from January to December 2018 in 8 primary healthcare facilities using antenatal records of all the 4657 pregnant women who attended ANC within the period. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with IBM SPSS statistics version 20 and hypotheses tested at P < .05. The findings indicated a medium prevalence of HBV (4.1%), a high prevalence of HCV (4.1%) and syphilis (1.8%), and a low prevalence of HIV (0.9%). An overall co-infection rate of 0.623% that was not significant ( P > .05) was observed. Also, prevalence was more among the younger mothers (<20 years), those with secondary education. And the history of blood transfusion was significantly associated with HBV and HCV prevalence (χ2 = 7.865; P = .05*), 11.8%. conclusively, due to medium HBV prevalence and a high prevalence of HCV and syphilis observed, attention should be paid to blood screening before transfusion by health workers. Relevant stakeholders should provide intensive health education and appropriate free treatment services particularly for younger mothers and the less educated.

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Liu, Lin, Lin Wang, Hua Zhang, Weidong Ou, Dan Li, Yi Feng, Hui Zhuang, and Yiming Shao. "Changing Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Coinfection in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Positive Population in China: Results From the Third and Fourth Nationwide Molecular Epidemiologic Surveys." Clinical Infectious Diseases 73, no. 4 (January 27, 2021): 642–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab058.

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Abstract Background The transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV)/hepatitis C virus (HCV) is similar in modes/routes and related risk factors. Understanding the long-term changing epidemiology of HIV, HBV, and HCV coinfection is important for evaluation of existing disease control policy and healthcare planning. We describe HBV and HCV coinfection based on the latest 2 nationwide molecular epidemiologic surveys of HIV infection in mainland China in 2007 and 2015. Methods Seroprevalence of HBV and HCV infections was determined in antiretroviral treatment (ART)–naive people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) from 2 nationwide surveys conducted in 2007 and 2015 from 31 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions in mainland China. Demographic characteristics, route of HIV transmission, and CD4+ cell count were captured in the national database. Logistic regression was used to study the association between coinfection status and possible relevant risk factors. Results A total of 6611 (n = 1571 in 2007; n = 5040 in 2015) ART-naive PLWH met the eligibility criteria. The prevalence of HBV and HCV coinfection in PLWH decreased from 61.1% in 2007 to 18.0% in 2015. Significant coinfection proportion reduction was found for HCV (from 53.7% to 4.9%), and a moderate decrease for HBV (17.8% to 13.9%). There was an increase of HBV/HIV coinfections among 12 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions, associated with domestic migration (adjusted odds ratio, 6.34 [95% confidence interval, 1.82–22.09]). Conclusions A significant decrease of HBV and HCV coinfection in PLWH was observed. Due to limited health resources and high transmission efficiency, concerted efforts should be made to further control viral hepatitis epidemics in HIV-positive populations.

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Journal articles on the topic 'HIV infections – Treatment'

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