Relevant bibliographies by topics / HIV infections Treatment Victoria

Academic literature on the topic 'HIV infections Treatment Victoria'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 30 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "HIV infections Treatment Victoria"

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Falster, Kathleen, Linda Gelgor, Ansari Shaik, Iryna Zablotska, Garrett Prestage, Jeffrey Grierson, Rachel Thorpe, et al. "Trends in antiretroviral treatment use and treatment response in three Australian states in the first decade of combination antiretroviral treatment." Sexual Health 5, no. 2 (2008): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh07082.

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Objectives: To determine if there were any differences in antiretroviral treatment (ART) use across the three eastern states of Australia, New South Wales (NSW), Victoria and Queensland, during the period 1997 to 2006. Methods: We used data from a clinic-based cohort, the Australian HIV Observational Database (AHOD), to determine the proportion of HIV-infected patients on ART in selected clinics in each state and the proportion of treated patients with an undetectable viral load. Data from the national Highly Specialised Drugs program and AHOD were used to estimate total numbers of individuals on ART and the proportion of individuals living with HIV on ART nationally and by state. Data from the HIV Futures Survey and the Gay Community Periodic Survey were used to determine the proportion of community-based men who have sex with men on ART. The proportion of patients with primary HIV infection (PHI) who commenced ART within 1 year of diagnosis was obtained from the Acute Infection and Early Disease Research Program (AIEDRP) CORE01 protocol and Primary HIV and Early Disease Research: Australian Cohort (PHAEDRA) cohorts. Results: We estimated that the numbers of individuals on ART increased from 3181 to 4553 in NSW, 1309 to 1926 in Victoria and 809 to 1615 in Queensland between 2000 and 2006. However, these numbers may reflect a lower proportion of individuals living with HIV on ART in NSW compared with the other states (37% compared with 49 and 55% in 2000). We found similar proportions of HIV-positive men who have sex with men participants were on ART in all three states over the study period in the clinic-based AHOD cohort (81–92%) and two large, community-based surveys in Australia (69–85% and 49–83%). Similar proportions of treated patients had an undetectable viral load across the three states, with a consistently increasing trend over time observed in all states. We found that more PHI patients commenced treatment in the first year following HIV diagnosis in NSW compared with Victoria; however, the sample size was very small. Conclusions: For the most part, patterns of ART use were similar across NSW, Victoria and Queensland using a range of available data from cohort studies, community surveys and national prescription databases in Australia. However, there may be a lower proportion of individuals living with HIV on ART in NSW compared with the other states, and there is some indication of a more aggressive treatment approach with PHI patients in NSW compared with Victoria.
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Hoare, Alexander, David P. Wilson, David G. Regan, John Kaldor, and Matthew G. Law. "Using mathematical modelling to help explain the differential increase in HIV incidence in New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland: importance of other sexually transmissible infections." Sexual Health 5, no. 2 (2008): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh07099.

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Background: Since 1999 there has been an increase in the number of HIV diagnoses in Australia, predominantly among men who have sex with men (MSM), but the magnitude of increase differs between states: ~7% rise in New South Wales, ~96% rise in Victoria, and ~68% rise in Queensland. Methods: Epidemiological, clinical, behavioural and biological data were collated into a mechanistic mathematical model to explore possible reasons for this increase in HIV notifications in MSM. The model was then used to make projections to 2015 under various scenarios. Results: The model suggests that trends in clinical and behavioural parameters, including increases in unprotected anal intercourse, cannot explain the magnitude of the observed rise in HIV notifications, without a substantial increase in a ‘transmission-increasing’ factor. We suggest that a highly plausible biological factor is an increase in the prevalence of other sexually transmissible infections (STI). It was found that New South Wales required an ~2-fold increase in other STI to match the data, Victoria needed an ~11-fold increase, and Queensland required an ~9-fold increase. This is consistent with observed trends in Australia for some STI in recent years. Future projections also indicate that the best way to control the current rise in HIV notifications is to reduce the prevalence of other STI and to promote condom use, testing for HIV, and initiation of early treatment in MSM diagnosed during primary infection. Conclusions: Our model can explain the recent rise in HIV notifications with an increase in the prevalence of other STI. This analysis highlights that further investigation into the causes and impact of other STI is warranted in Australia, particularly in Victoria.
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Guy, Rebecca J., Ann M. McDonald, Mark J. Bartlett, Jo C. Murray, Carolien M. Giele, Therese M. Davey, Ranil D. Appuhamy, et al. "Characteristics of HIV diagnoses in Australia, 1993-2006." Sexual Health 5, no. 2 (2008): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh07070.

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Objective: To describe recent trends in the diagnosis of HIV infection in Australia. Methods: National HIV surveillance data from 1993 to 2006 were analysed with a focus on geographic differences by HIV exposure route and late presentation (HIV within 3 months of a first AIDS-defining illness or a CD4 count of less than 200 cells μL–1). Results: In 1993–99, the number of HIV diagnoses declined by 32%, and then increased by 39% from 1999 to 2006. From 2000 onwards, rates increased significantly in Victoria, Queensland, South Australia and Western Australia. The most frequently reported routes of HIV exposure were male to male sex (71%) and heterosexual contact (18%), and the population rate of diagnoses have increased in both categories. Among the cases reported as heterosexually acquired (n = 2199), 33% were in people born in a high-prevalence country and 19% in those with partners from a high-prevalence country. Late presentation was most frequent in heterosexually acquired infections in persons who had a partner from a high-prevalence country: 32% compared with 20% overall. Conclusions: Recent increases in annual numbers of HIV diagnoses in Australia underline the continuing need for HIV-prevention programs, particularly among men having male to male sex. Early diagnosis and access to care and treatment should also be emphasised, as a substantial proportion of people with HIV infection are unaware of their status until late in the course of disease.
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Iddi, Shabani, Caroline A. Minja, Vitus Silago, Asteria Benjamin, Jastine Mpesha, Shimba Henerico, Benson R. Kidenya, Stephen E. Mshana, and Mariam M. Mirambo. "High Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Viral Load and Coinfection with Viral Hepatitis Are Associated with Liver Enzyme Abnormalities among HIV Seropositive Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy in the Lake Victoria Zone, Tanzania." AIDS Research and Treatment 2019 (June 2, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6375714.

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Background. Liver enzymes abnormalities have been found to be common among patients on antiretroviral treatment (ART). Apart from the effects of ART on these changes, other factors that can potentially contribute to the abnormal levels of these enzymes have been found to vary in different geographical locations. This study investigated factors associated with liver enzymes abnormalities among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals on ART from the Lake Victoria zone, Tanzania. Methods. A cross-sectional study involving a total of 230 sera from HIV seropositive patients from different regions of the Lake Victoria zone was carried out in July 2017. All samples with required variables/parameters such as age, sex, ART regimen, and residence were serially included in the study. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) detection and liver enzymes assays (alanine transaminase (ALAT) and aspartate transaminase (ASAT)) were assessed following the standard procedures. Data were analyzed by using STATA version 13. Results. The median age of the study participants was 38 (interquartile range [IQR]:30-48) years. The overall prevalence of abnormal liver enzymes was 43.04% (99/230, 95% CI: 36.6-49.3). A total of 26.09% (60/230) had elevated ASAT while 23.9% (55/230) patients had elevated ALAT levels. ASAT levels were significantly high among patients with high HIV viral load (P= 0.002) while ALAT levels were significantly high among those coinfected with hepatitis C virus (P=0.017) and hepatitis B virus (P<0.001). Conclusion. A significant proportion of HIV seropositive individuals on ART have abnormal levels of liver enzymes, which is significantly associated with high HIV viral load and viral hepatitis. This calls for the need to emphasize screening of viral hepatitis and provision of appropriate management among HIV seropositive individuals in this setting.
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Tumwine, Christopher, Peter Aggleton, and Stephen Bell. "Enhancing HIV Prevention: Social Support, Access to, and Use of HIV Testing, Treatment, and Care Services in Fishing Communities Around Lake Victoria, Uganda." AIDS Education and Prevention 32, no. 3 (June 2020): 196–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2020.32.3.196.

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In-depth interviews were conducted with 42 HIV-positive fisherfolk and 15 health care providers to identify experiences of social support and its influence on access to and use of HIV testing, treatment, and care. Fisherfolk participants reported receiving support at some point. Prior to HIV diagnosis, this usually took the form of advice on what illness they were dealing with and remedies to use. After HIV diagnosis and disclosure to friends or family, emotional support enabled fisherfolk to come to terms with an HIV diagnosis, informational support offered guidance on how best to live with HIV, while instrumental support enabled access to relevant HIV services. Finally, affiliative support, in the form of new friends met through HIV clinic visits, provided a sense of belonging. Each of these different kinds of support assisted fisherfolk to respond positively to HIV with important consequences for secondary and tertiary prevention.
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Wilkinson, Anna L., Bridget L. Draper, Alisa E. Pedrana, Jason Asselin, Martin Holt, Margaret E. Hellard, and Mark Stoové. "Measuring and understanding the attitudes of Australian gay and bisexual men towards biomedical HIV prevention using cross-sectional data and factor analyses." Sexually Transmitted Infections 94, no. 4 (November 21, 2017): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2017-053375.

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IntroductionContemporary responses to HIV embrace biomedical prevention, particularly treatment as prevention (TasP) and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). However, large-scale implementation of biomedical prevention should be ideally preceded by assessments of their community acceptability. We aimed to understand contemporary attitudes of gay and bisexual men (GBM) in Australia towards biomedical-based HIV prevention and propose a framework for their measurement and ongoing monitoring.MethodsA cross-sectional, online survey of GBM ≥18 years has been conducted annually in Victoria, Australia, since 2008. In 2016, 35 attitudinal items on biomedical HIV prevention were added. Items were scored on five-point Likert scales. We used principal factor analysis to identify key constructs related to GBM’s attitudes to biomedical HIV prevention and use these to characterise levels of support for TasP and PrEP.ResultsA total of 462 HIV-negative or HIV-status-unknown men, not using PrEP, provided valid responses for all 35 attitudinal items. We extracted four distinct and interpretable factors we named: ‘Confidence in PrEP’, ‘Judicious approach to PrEP’, ‘Treatment as prevention optimism’ and ‘Support for early treatment’. High levels of agreement were seen across PrEP-related items; 77.9% of men agreed that PrEP prevented HIV acquisition and 83.6% of men agreed that users were protecting themselves. However, the agreement levels for HIV TasP items were considerably lower, with <20% of men agreeing treatment (undetectable viral load) reduced HIV transmission risk.ConclusionsBetter understanding of community attitudes is crucial for shaping policy and informing initiatives that aim to improve knowledge, acceptance and uptake of biomedical prevention. Our analyses suggest confidence in, acceptability of and community support for PrEP among GBM. However, strategies to address scepticism towards HIV treatment when used for prevention may be needed to optimise combination biomedical HIV prevention.
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Abaasa, Andrew, Gershim Asiki, Andrew Obuku Ekii, Josephine Wanyenze, Pietro Pala, Govert J. van Dam, Paul L.A.M. Corstjens, et al. "Effect of high-intensity versus low-intensity praziquantel treatment on HIV disease progression in HIV and Schistosoma mansoni co-infected patients: a randomised controlled trial." Wellcome Open Research 3 (July 5, 2018): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14683.1.

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Background: It has been hypothesised that Schistosoma co-infection exacerbates HIV progression, and hence anthelminthic intervention in co-infected individuals will delay it. We evaluated effects of high-intensity versus low-intensity praziquantel treatment of schistosomiasis on HIV disease progression among co-infected patients from fishing populations around Lake Victoria, Uganda. Methods: Between August 2012 and September 2015, we conducted an open-label randomised, controlled trial. Adults, antiretroviral therapy-naïve, CD4 counts ≥350 cells/μl, HIV and S. mansoni co-infected, were randomised 1:1 to praziquantel (40mg/kg) given quarterly (starting at enrolment) or annually (starting 12 weeks after enrolment; such that low-intensity participants were still untreated when sampled at 12 weeks). A non-randomised HIV-positive S. mansoni-negative comparison group was recruited. The primary outcome was mean change in plasma viral load at 12 and 60 weeks. Results: In total 363 participants (high-intensity 113, low-intensity 113, comparison group 137) were recruited; 96 (85.0%), 97 (85.8%) and 107 (78.1%) completed 60 weeks of follow up, respectively. Adjusting for baseline age and viral load, the geometric mean ratio (aGMR [95%CI]) viral load for high-intensity vs low-intensity groups at 12 weeks was 0.90 [0.65, 1.25] p=0.55 and at 60 weeks 1.88 [0.78, 4.53] p=0.16. Results in the comparison group were similar to trial arms. High-intensity, compared to low-intensity, treatment resulted in substantially lower S. mansoni prevalence at all follow up visits (p<0.05). Conclusions: In communities with a high burden of both S. mansoni and HIV infection, high-intensity treatment of S. mansoni does not delay HIV progression despite relevant benefit for parasite clearance. Trial registration: ISRCTN15371662 (17/11/2016)
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Abaasa, Andrew, Gershim Asiki, Andrew Obuku Ekii, Josephine Wanyenze, Pietro Pala, Govert J. van Dam, Paul L. A. M. Corstjens, et al. "Effect of high-intensity versus low-intensity praziquantel treatment on HIV disease progression in HIV and Schistosoma mansoni co-infected patients: a randomised controlled trial." Wellcome Open Research 3 (April 3, 2019): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14683.2.

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Background: It has been hypothesised that Schistosoma co-infection exacerbates HIV progression, and hence anthelminthic intervention in co-infected individuals will delay it. We evaluated effects of high-intensity versus low-intensity praziquantel treatment of schistosomiasis on HIV disease progression among co-infected patients from fishing populations around Lake Victoria, Uganda. Methods: Between August 2012 and September 2015, we conducted an open-label randomised, controlled trial. Adults, antiretroviral therapy-naïve, CD4 counts ≥350 cells/μl, HIV and S. mansoni co-infected, were randomised 1:1 to praziquantel (40mg/kg) given quarterly (starting at enrolment) or annually (starting 12 weeks after enrolment; such that low-intensity participants were still untreated when sampled at 12 weeks). A non-randomised HIV-positive S. mansoni-negative comparison group was recruited. The primary outcome was mean change in plasma viral load at 12 and 60 weeks. Results: In total 363 participants (high-intensity 113, low-intensity 113, comparison group 137) were recruited; 96 (85.0%), 97 (85.8%) and 107 (78.1%) completed 60 weeks of follow up, respectively. Adjusting for baseline age and viral load, the geometric mean ratio (aGMR [95%CI]) viral load for high-intensity vs low-intensity groups at 12 weeks was 0.90 [0.65, 1.25] p=0.55 and at 60 weeks 1.88 [0.78, 4.53] p=0.16. Results in the comparison group were similar to trial arms. High-intensity, compared to low-intensity, treatment resulted in substantially lower S. mansoni prevalence at all follow up visits (p<0.05). Conclusions: In communities with a high burden of both S. mansoni and HIV infection, high-intensity treatment of S. mansoni does not delay HIV progression despite relevant benefit for parasite clearance. Trial registration: ISRCTN15371662 (17/11/2016)
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D'Costa, Jodie, Megan Gooey, Nicole Richards, Rizmina Sameer, Elaine Lee, and Doris Chibo. "Analysis of transmitted HIV drug resistance from 2005 to 2015 in Victoria, Australia: a comparison of the old and the new." Sexual Health 14, no. 6 (2017): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh16190.

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Background Baseline genotyping is part of standard-of-care treatment. It reveals that transmitted drug resistance (TDR) continues to be important for the management of HIV infection. Attention is typically focused on determining whether resistance to the protease inhibitors (PI) and reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTI) occurs. However, the increasing use of integrase inhibitors (INIs) raises a concern that TDR to this class of antiretroviral drug may also occur. Methods: PI and RTI drug resistance genotyping was performed on blood samples collected between 2005 and 2015 from 772 treatment-naïve Victorian patients infected with HIV within the previous 12 months. Integrase genotyping was performed on 461 of the 485 patient samples collected between 2010 and 2015. Results: In the period 2005–10, 39 of 343 patients (11.4%) had at least one PI- or RTI-associated mutation, compared with 34 of 429 (7.9%) during the period 2011–15. Compared with 2005–10, during 2011–15 there was a significant decline in the prevalence of the non-nucleoside-associated mutation K103N and the nucleoside-associated mutations at codons M41 and T215. One patient was detected with a major INI resistance mutation, namely G118R. However, this mutation is rare and its effect on susceptibility is unclear. A small number of patients (n = 12) was infected with HIV containing accessory resistance mutations in the integrase gene. Conclusions: The lack of transmitted resistance to INIs is consistent with a low level of resistance to this class of drugs in the treated population. However, continued surveillance in the newly infected population is warranted as the use of INIs increases.
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Tumwine, Christopher, Peter Aggleton, and Stephen Bell. "Accessing HIV treatment and care services in fishing communities around Lake Victoria in Uganda: mobility and transport challenges." African Journal of AIDS Research 18, no. 3 (September 27, 2019): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16085906.2019.1648306.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "HIV infections Treatment Victoria"

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Weinberger, Beverley Slome Kloss Jacqueline D. "Posttraumatic stress in adolescents with HIV and its relationship with treatment adherence : the role of health beliefs /." Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1860/3221.

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Petoumenos, Kathy Public Health &amp Community Medicine Faculty of Medicine UNSW. "Treatment experience and HIV disease progression: findings from the Australian HIV observational database." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Public Health and Community Medicine, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/24937.

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The Australian HIV Observational Database (AHOD) is a collaboration of hospitals, sexual health clinics and specialist general practices throughout Australia, established in April 1999. Core data variables collected include demographic data, immunological and virological markers, AIDS diagnosis, antiretroviral and prophylactic treatment and cause of death. The first electronic data transfer occurred in September 1999 followed by six monthly data transfers thereafter. All analyses included in this thesis are based on patients recruited to AHOD by March 2004. By March 2004, 2329 patients had been recruited to AHOD from 27 sites throughout Australia. Of these, 352 (15%) patients were recruited from non-metropolitan clinics. The majority of patients were male (94%), and infected with HIV through male homosexual contact (73%). Almost 90% of AHOD patients are antiretroviral treatment experience, and the majority of patients are receiving triple therapy as mandated by standard of care guidelines in Australia. Antiretroviral treatment use has changed in Australia reflecting changes in the availability of new treatment strategies and agents. The crude mortality rate was 1.58 per 100 person years, and of the 105 deaths, more than half died from HIV-unrelated deaths. The prevalence of HBV and HCV in AHOD was 4.8% and 10.9%, respectively. HIV disease progression in the era of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) among AHOD patients is consistent with what has been reported in developed countries. Common factors associated with HIV disease progression were low CD4 cell count, high viral load and prior treatment with mono or double therapy at the time of commencing HAART. This was demonstrated in AHOD in terms of long-term CD4 cell response, the rate of changing combination antiretroviral therapy and factors predicting death. HBV and HCV coinfection is also relatively common in AHOD, similar to other developed country cohorts. Coinfection does not appear to be serious impediments to the treatment of HIV infected patients. However, HIV disease outcome following HAART does appear to be adversely affected by HIV/HCV coinfection but not in terms of HIV/HBV coinfection. Patients attending non-metropolitan sites were found to be similar to those attending metropolitan sites in terms of both immunological response and survival.
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Taylor, Debra Lynn. "Investigation of different antiviral strategies for the treatment of HIV infections." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260877.

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Awotedu, Kofoworola Olajire. "Functional changes of the vasculature in HIV/AIDS patients on Haart and Haart Naïve HIV participants." Thesis, Walter Sisulu University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11260/185.

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The present study sought to explore the functional changes that occur in the vasculature of HIV positive participants of African origin in Mthatha district of South africa which might lead to increased risk in their cardiovascular system. Available literature shows that arterial stiffness plays an important role in cardiovascular events such as stroke, vasculitis and myocardial infarction. Measurement of (aortic pulse wave velocity; PWV) provides some of the strongest evidence concerning the prognostic significance of large artery stiffening. This study was aimed at investigating the relationship between anthropometry, age, E-Selectin level, cytokine levels, haemodynamic variables, blood counts and blood lipid profile with pulse wave velocity. Some traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as alcohol, and smoking were also taken into account. This was a cross-sectional study comprising of 169 participants (62 males and 107 females). 63 were HIV negative (group A), 54 HIV positive on treatment (group B), and 52 were HIV positive not on treatment (group C). Pulse wave velocity (PWV) was assessed using the Sphygmocor Vx. Statistically, ANOVA was used for variables with normal distribution and non parametric tests were used for variables with skewed distribution. Notable significant differences were seen in the means of the following variables across all the 3 groups. Conclusion: This study showed that HIV infected patients with or without antiretroviral therapy have increase arterial stiffness which is associated with an increased cardiovascular risk. The sphygmocor is an accurate, non invassive and useful tool in the evaluation of arterial stiffness and its use in clinical practice should be encouraged. PWV and the augmentation index (AIx) are the two major non- iv invasive methods of assessing arterial stiffness. Life style modification should be incorporated into the management of HIV patients so as the continuous monitoring of their haematological and lipid profile.
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Cassidy, Rebecca Jane. "Changing understandings of HIV and AIDS through treatment interactions." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2011. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/7603/.

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The problem of HIV internationally has many wide ranging impacts on people, communities and countries' development. In the last decade antiretroviral (ARV) treatment has emerged as the major scientific-technical solution, albeit a costly one. Access to ARV treatment is of vital importance across Africa and around the world. Resources for HIV treatment, care and support are transferred globally on a massive scale. However, how such programmes operate ‘on the ground' in different contexts is still unclear. This research contributes to understanding the experience of the people who access such treatment programmes in different contexts. This research focuses on this gap, exploring how treatment programmes are experienced, how the availability of treatment impacts both on people's experience of being HIV+ and how the availability of treatment may also change perceptions of what it means to be HIV+, both individually and at a societal level. This research focuses on the lives and experiences, particularly the treatment experiences, of people living with HIV in peri-urban Gambia. Low prevalence countries such as The Gambia can provide a compelling example of the ways in which meanings and understandings of HIV are created. Here, entering a field of health pluralism and fluid knowledge creation around HIV-infection, came large scale actors providing a high-profile ARV treatment programme through clinic-based medicine, and an effective de-pluralisation of the medical field in relation to HIV, inviting scrutiny of how such knowledge relations and differences are experienced. Although not anticipated at the outset of the research, in parallel the Gambia has become the locus of a major, politically-backed, ‘alternative' AIDS treatment programme. This has thrown the personal and societal meanings of HIV into a new and sensitive context, compelling research attention into how knowledge, status and meanings around HIV are negotiated, and how people make choices amongst different treatment options.
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Mallon, Patrick William Gerard School of Medicine UNSW. "Clinical and molecular aspects of HIV-associated lipodystrophy." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Medicine, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/33048.

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HIV-associated lipodystrophy (HIVLD) syndrome is a condition comprising abnormalities in distribution of body fat and metabolism of lipids and glucose that arises in HIV-infected patients on long-term antiretroviral therapy. This thesis describes clinical research into aspects of the natural history and treatment of HIVLD, as well as molecular research into its pathogenesis centred on subcutaneous adipose tissue. Results demonstrate HIVLD to be a treatment-induced syndrome characterised by initial gains in body fat followed by selective, progressive loss of limb fat. Exposure to thymidineanalogue nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (tNRTI) induces lipoatrophy through mitochondrial dysfunction of which inhibition of mitochondrial RNA expression, rather than mitochondrial DNA depletion, is an early feature. Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with decreases in expression of peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor gamma (PPAR??), an adipocyte transcription factor, which helps explain how tNRTI exposure leads to the loss of adipocyte function. Once established, lipoatrophy is characterised by mitochondrial DNA depletion, although this depletion occurs throughout the mitochondrial genome, suggesting an underlying cause other than inhibition of DNA polymerase gamma. HIVLD is a difficult syndrome to treat. Lipoatrophy is resistant to treatment with rosiglitazone, an agonist of PPAR??, which is ineffective in the setting of ongoing tNRTI therapy and mitochondrial dysfunction. Dyslipidaemia is also difficult to treat as use of pravastatin in the setting of ongoing exposure to protease inhibitors results in only modest declines in fasting cholesterol concentrations. Gains in central fat, such as that seen in patients with buffalo hump, are associated with insulin resistance and diabetes, but only occur in a relatively small percentage of treated patients, suggesting a role for genetic factors in its development. Use of strategies such as avoidance of tNRTI in firstline ART, genetic screening to identify those at risk of toxicities and targeted selection of interventions in subgroups of affected patients, may help prevent this syndrome occurring and better treat those patients in which it has already occurred.
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Hutchinson, Angela Blair. "A health technology assessment of HIV counseling and testing technologies." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/8077.

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Moyle, Graeme John. "Treatment of HIV infection with didanosive and foscarnet /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09MD/09mdm938.pdf.

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Cederfjäll, Claes. "Aspects of care among HIV infected patients : needs, adherence to treatment and health related quality of life /." Stockholm, 2002. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2002/91-7349-288-4.

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Phalafala, Mathatho Samuel. "The effects of HIV status disclosure on antiretroviral treatment adherence." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96973.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Successful antiretroviral therapy (ART) depends on appropriate use of antiretroviral agents; which ultimately prevents replication of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) thus delaying clinical progression of the disease. This study explored how HIV status disclosure affects adherence to antiretroviral therapy at Mamelodi Hospital, using a convenience sampling method with a sample size of 50 adults above 18 years who were on treatment for a minimum of two years prior to the study. An interview protocol was used to uncover patients’ demographics, sexual orientation, and HIV status disclosure, adherence to antiretroviral drugs, drug side effects, how often they missed their doses and how HIV status disclosure / non-disclosure affected their adherence to treatment. Patients’ medical records were assessed to validate and correlate the information obtained from the interviews. The scientific test results used were the CD4count and Viral loads which are used to monitor the HIV/AIDS disease progression. All partakers involved in the study made their HIV status known and reported taking their medicines regularly. The patients’ CD4 count and VL were verified, the CD4 count has shown an upward trend while the VL load showed a downward trend in keeping with patients who are adhering to ART. The majority of participants (54% or 27 patients) reported they had never skipped taking their medication. The participants also reported they had taken their medicine in front of other people and they constituted 74% (37) of the group. Of this 74%, 78.38% (29 patients) said it was because they had disclosed their status. This observation supports the fact that if you have disclosed your HIV status, you have better chances of adhering to prescribed medication. Findings from the study at Mamelodi Hospital revealed that for as long as one has disclosed their HIV status, the outcome of treatment adherence will be better. The only shortfall noted was lack of partakers who did not divulge their HIV status thus a comparison could not be done. It was acknowledged that some participants in the study might have reported disclosure of their HIV status to be in good favour of the researcher to create an impression that they are adhering to their medication. The study has confirmed the existence of a relationship between HIV status disclosure and adherence to ART.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suksessvolle antiretrovirale terapie (ART) hang af van die toepaslike gebruik van antiretrovirale middels, wat replikase van die MI-virus verhoed, en dus die kliniese vordering van die siekte vertraag. Hierdie studie het ondersoek hoe die bekendmaking van MIV-status die gehoorsaamheid tot ART beïnvloed het by die Mamelodi Hospitaal. ‘n Gerieflikheid-streekproef met ‘n groote van 50 volwassenes bo 18 jaar is gebruik en die deelnememers moes ten minste vir twee jaar voor die studie reeds op behandeling gewees het. Data is deur middel van onderhoude ingesamel, met die doel om pasiënte se demografiese inligting, seksuele orientasie, MIV-status, gehoorsaamheid tot ART en newe-effekte van ART in te samel. Pasiënte se mediese rekords is nagegaan om die inligting wat uit die onderhoude verkry is te bevestig. Die wetenskaplike toetse wat gebruik is, was die CD4-telling en virale lading wat gebruik word om MIV/Vigs te monitor. Al die deelnemers het hul MIV-status bekend gemaak en aangedui dat hul hul medikasie gereeld gebruik. Die pasiënte se CD4-tellings en virale lading is bevestig, die CD4-tellings het ‘n opwaartse neiging getoon terwyl die virale lading ‘n afwaartse neighing getoon het. Die meerderheid van die deelnemers (54%) het aangedui dat hul nog nooit hul medikasie oorgeslaan het nie. 74% van die deelnemers het aagedui dat hul hul medikasie voor ander mense neem - hul noem dat dit as gevolg van die feit is dat hul hul status bekend gemaak het. Dit ondersteun die feit dat mense wie hul status bekend maak beter kanse het om gehoorsaam hul medikasie te gebruik. Die studie by die Mamelodi Hospitaal toon dat solank mense hul MIV-status bekend maak, hul meer gehoorsaam is teenoor die gebruik van hul medikasie. Die studie bevestig dus die verband tussen bekendmaking van MIV-status en gehoorsaamheid tot ART.
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Books on the topic "HIV infections Treatment Victoria"

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Kane, Brigid M. HIV/AIDS treatment drugs. Edited by Triggle D. J. New York NY: Chelsea House, 2011.

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Kane, Brigid M. HIV/AIDS treatment drugs. New York, NY: Chelsea House, 2008.

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Pinsky, Laura. The essential HIV treatment fact book. New York: Pocket Books, 1992.

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HIV: From biology to prevention and treatment. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2011.

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Handbook of HIV medicine. 2nd ed. Cape Town: Oxford University Press, 2008.

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Wilson, Douglas. Handbook of HIV medicine. 2nd ed. Cape Town: Oxford University Press, 2008.

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Douglas, Wilson. Handbook of HIV medicine. 2nd ed. Cape Town: Oxford University Press, 2008.

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University, Johns Hopkins, ed. Johns Hopkins HIV guide: Treatment and management of HIV. 2nd ed. Sudbury, Mass: Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2012.

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Baker, Ronald A. Early care for HIV disease. 2nd ed. San Francisco, CA: San Francisco Aids Foundation, 1992.

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Masci, Joseph R. Outpatient management of HIV infection. 4th ed. New York: Informa Healthcare, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "HIV infections Treatment Victoria"

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Hirsch, Martin S. "Advances in the Treatment of HIV-1 Infections." In Medical Virology 9, 217–36. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5856-5_12.

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Derouin, Francis, and Jean-Pierre Gangneux. "Treatment and Prophylaxis of Opportunistic Parasitic Intestinal Infections in HIV-Infected Patients." In Textbook-Atlas of Intestinal Infections in AIDS, 427–37. Milano: Springer Milan, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2091-7_27.

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Jain, Sachin, and Jennifer Adelson-Mitty. "HIV and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections: Testing and Treatment Considerations for Refugees." In Refugee Health Care, 103–13. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0271-2_9.

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Parris, Kerry M., and Shamanthi M. Jayasooriya. "Prenatal Risk Assessment for Preterm Birth in Low-Resource Settings: Infection." In Evidence Based Global Health Manual for Preterm Birth Risk Assessment, 31–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04462-5_5.

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AbstractMaternal infections are a risk factor for preterm birth (PTB); 40% to 50% of PTBs are estimated to result from infection or inflammation. Higher infection rates are reported in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), and over 80% of PTBs occur in these settings. Global literature was synthesised to identify infections whose prevention or treatment could improve maternal and neonatal health outcomes and/or prevent mother-to-child transmission of infections.Best evidenced risk factors for PTB were maternal infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (OR2.27; 95%CI: 1.2–4.3), syphilis (OR2.09; 95%CI:1.09–4.00), or malaria (aOR3.08; 95%CI:1.2–4.3). Lower certainty evidence identified increased PTB risk with urinary tract infections (OR1.8; 95%CI: 1.4–2.1), sexually transmitted infections (OR1.3; 95%CI: 1.1–1.4), bacterial vaginosis (aOR16.4; 95%CI: 4.3–62.7), and systemic viral pathogens.Routine blood testing and treatment are recommended for HIV, hepatitis B virus, and syphilis, as well as for malaria in areas with moderate to high transmission. In high-risk populations and asymptomatic or symptomatic disease, screening for lower genital tract infections associated with PTB should be offered at the antenatal booking appointment. This should inform early treatment and management. Heath education promoting pre-pregnancy and antenatal awareness of infections associated with PTB and other adverse pregnancy outcomes is recommended.
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Navarrete Gil, Cynthia, Manjula Ramaiah, Andrea Mantsios, Clare Barrington, and Deanna Kerrigan. "Best Practices and Challenges to Sex Worker Community Empowerment and Mobilisation Strategies to Promote Health and Human Rights." In Sex Work, Health, and Human Rights, 189–206. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64171-9_11.

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AbstractSex workers face a number of health and human rights challenges including heightened risk for HIV infection and suboptimal care and treatment outcomes, institutional and interpersonal violence, labour rights violations, and financial insecurity. In response, sex worker-led groups have been formed and sustained across geographic settings to address these challenges and other needs. Over the last several decades, a growing body of literature has shown that community empowerment approaches among sex workers are associated with significant reductions in HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Yet legal and policy environments, as well as funding constraints, have often limited the reach, along with the impact and sustainability, of such approaches.In this chapter, we first review the literature on community empowerment and mobilisation strategies as a means to collectively address HIV, violence, and other health and human rights issues among sex workers. We then utilise two case studies, developed by the sex worker-led groups APROASE in Mexico and Ashodaya Samithi in India, to illustrate and contextualise community empowerment processes and challenges, including barriers to scale-up. By integrating the global literature with context-specific case studies, we distil lessons learned and recommendations related to community empowerment approaches among sex workers.
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"HIV Infection." In Viral Infections and Treatment. Informa Healthcare, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203912348.pt3.

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Ogden, Richard. "HIV Protease Inhibitors." In Viral Infections and Treatment. Informa Healthcare, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203912348.ch15.

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"HIV Protease Inhibitors." In Viral Infections and Treatment, 539–70. CRC Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b14823-18.

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Strizki, Julie. "Emerging Therapies for HIV Infection." In Viral Infections and Treatment. Informa Healthcare, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203912348.ch16.

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"Emerging Therapies for HIV Infection." In Viral Infections and Treatment, 571–602. CRC Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b14823-19.

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Conference papers on the topic "HIV infections Treatment Victoria"

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Harney, Brendan, Agius P, Roth N, Tee BK, Fairley CK, Chow Epf, D. Leslie, Stoové M, and El-Hayek C. "O14.1 Risk of hiv following repeat sexually transmissible infections among men who have sex with men in victoria, australia." In STI and HIV World Congress Abstracts, July 9–12 2017, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2017-053264.78.

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Manga, M., H. Farouk, A. Mohammed, U. Hassan, and M. Ibrahim. "P415 Establishment of special treatment clinic for sexually transmitted infections in Gombe Nigeria: realities and prospects." In Abstracts for the STI & HIV World Congress, July 14–17 2021. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2021-sti.440.

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Balkus, Jennifer E., Joshua Kimani, Omu Anzala, Emmanuel Kabare, Juma Shafi, and R. Scott Mcclelland. "P2.19 Periodic presumptive treatment for vaginal infections does not impact the incidence of high-risk subtypes of human papilloma virus: a secondary analysis from the preventing vaginal infections trial." In STI and HIV World Congress Abstracts, July 9–12 2017, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2017-053264.195.

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Fayemiwo, SA, OA Adesina, M. Obaro, O. Awolude, JO Akinyemi, O. Mosuro, MO Kuti, GN Odaibo, and IF Adewole. "P3.55 Pattern of syphilis and hiv co-infections among art treatment naÏve adults in a tertiary institution in ibadan, nigeria." In STI and HIV World Congress Abstracts, July 9–12 2017, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2017-053264.290.

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Quilter, Laura, Eve Obondi, Colin Kunzweiler, Duncan Okall, Robert Bailey, Fredrick Otieno, and Susan Graham. "P3.131 An empiric risk score to guide presumptive treatment of asymptomatic anorectal infections in men who have sex with men in kisumu, kenya." In STI and HIV World Congress Abstracts, July 9–12 2017, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2017-053264.366.

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Butov, Dmytro, Mykhailo Kuzhko, Mykola Gumeniuk, Oleksiy Denysov, Tetiana Sprynsian, and Tetiana Butova. "Features the effectiveness of the treatment of moxifloxacin in patients with co-infections tuberculosis/HIV and hepatitis B,and/or C." In ERS International Congress 2020 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2020.484.

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Mariz, Fabiana Nunes de Carvalho, Luiza de Lima Pereir, Pâmela Araújo da Silva, Izabela Junqueira Magalhães, Cristhiane Campos Marques de Oliveira, Marihá Thaís Trombetta, Daniel Martins Borges, Alvaro Macedo de Carvalho, and Carla Nunes de Araújo. "Priority populations on Brazilian HIV/AIDS prevention campaigns." In XIII Congresso da Sociedade Brasileira de DST - IX Congresso Brasileiro de AIDS - IV Congresso Latino Americano de IST/HIV/AIDS. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/dst-2177-8264-202133p125.

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Introduction: According to the Brazilian Ministry of Health, priority populations are composed of adolescents and young adults, people of color, homeless people, and indigenous communities and fragile groups that are more vulnerable to HIV/AIDS. Contrary to the global downward trend in the number of new HIV cases, the Brazilian priority groups show increasing rates. Therefore, the importance of HIV/AIDS prevention and informational campaigns focused on these groups is important. Objective: This study aims to perform a documental research on the national HIV/AIDS prevention campaigns to determine which ones focused on priority populations. Methods: This analysis was based on data from publicity pieces of HIV/AIDS prevention campaigns from 1998 to 2020. The search and examination of these campaigns were conducted on the Brazilian Department of Chronic Conditions Diseases and Sexually Transmitted Infections of the Ministry of Health website. Results: From a total of 85 promoted campaigns in the period, only 9 had the adolescent and young adult population as the target audience, despite the increase in AIDS detection rate in these groups. Furthermore, none of them focused on the other priority groups nor presented information about combination HIV prevention. Conclusion: The data evidence the need for elaborating more HIV/ AIDS prevention campaigns to reach priority populations. Actions aiming to inform and protect these groups, as well as making prevention and treatment methods easily accessible, are key for fighting HIV/AIDS spread and ensuring a healthy future.
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Hussein, Mohamad Ali, Bruna Pereira Correia, Leonardo Valente de Camargo, Vinicius Aldo Cury, Juliana Passos, and Gustavo Mafei Fores. "Miller Fisher syndrome after hiv infection ( case report and literature review )." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.691.

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Context: Guillain-Barré syndrome is a polyradiculoneuropathy of heterogeneous manifestations, necessarily presenting progressive appendicular weakness of variable intensity associated with reduction or abolition of deep reflexes. One of its variants is known as Miller Fisher Syndrome (MFS), characterized by ophthalmoparesis, ataxy and areflexia. It usually has, by etiology, immunomediated reactions induced by acute infections, including HIV. Objectives: This report aims to describe a case of MFS with concomitants HIV infection, attended in a tertiary hospital in northern Paraná and compared it with the literature. [1,7] Case report: A 27-year-old white male patient who presented binocular diplopia, dysarthria, dysphagia, generalized hypotonia, myasfasciculations, sensory ataxia and arreflexia, with a score on the Medical Research Council (MRC) muscle strength scale of 54 points. Treatment with empirical intravenous human immunoglobulina ( IVIG ) was performed pending the result of serologies for etiological screening. He was discharged after eleven days of hospitalization with partial symptomatic improvement and results indicative of acute HIV infection. We compared this case with those described in the published literature Discussion: We compared this case with those described in the published literature and given the low incidence found in the literature of patients with the stage of HIV viremia and the opening of the picture of SMF, the concrete pathophysiology itself is still unknown. The mechanism, however, in which the literature proposes in two theories: (1) an autoimmune action against myelin due to abnormal immunoregulation by HIV; (2) direct action of neurotropic strains of HIV-1. [2.3] Our literature review shows that since 1995, cases of associated guillain barré syndrome have already been reported in the course of HIV viremia. Treatment with immunoglobulin at a dose of 400mg / kg / day for 5 days was done and the symptoms improved. [1,4,6,7] Conclusion: It is exposed, then, a case of HIV-induced MFS whose relationship has consistency, temporality, biological plausibility, coherence and analogy compatible with current literature.
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Baldoni, Gabriela, Gabriela Iribarren, Claudia Garbasz, Pablo Striebeck, Micaela Mayer Wolf, Liliana Fernandez Canigia, and Patricia Galarza. "Persistent and recurrent urethritis due to macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma genitalium: first reports in Argentina." In XIII Congresso da Sociedade Brasileira de DST - IX Congresso Brasileiro de AIDS - IV Congresso Latino Americano de IST/HIV/AIDS. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/dst-2177-8264-202133p044.

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Introduction: Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) is responsible for 15%-20% nongonococcal urethritis in men. In Argentina, the diagnosis is only performed by few laboratories. Single-dose 1 g azithromycin (AZM1D) treatment leads to emergence of macrolide resistance (mutations at 23S rRNA gene, region V, position 2058 or 2059). Recommendations include 5-day AZM (AZM5D) regimen, moxifloxacin as second-line therapy. Doxycycline is only 30% effective. Test of Cure (ToC) is advisable. Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the first two clinical cases of persistent and recurrent urethritis due to macrolide-resistant MG in Argentina. Methods: End point polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for diagnosis and ToC. Sanger sequencing analysis of mutations. Results: Case 1: A 26-year-old male patient with occasional heterosexual contacts and no history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) complained urethral thick purulent discharge and dysuria (January 2018), with negative microbiological cultures and Chlamydia trachomatis PCR. The patient received ceftriaxone/AZM1D. However, symptoms persisted (April 2018). Later, doxycycline was prescribed for 1 month. Five days after treatment, the sample was referred to the STI national reference laboratory (NRL) and results were found positive for MG. The patient was given AZM5D. As a result, symptoms disappeared, posterior ToC was found negative, and retrospectively, sequencing 23S rRNA gene showed A2058G transition. Case 2: An 18-year-old male patient with stable heterosexual relationship complained of previous gonococcal urethritis and urethral serous exudate with inflammatory reaction (September 2017), with negative microbiological cultures. The patient received ceftriaxone and AZM1D as initial treatment. Later, he was given doxycycline for 10 days. On February 2018, symptoms reappeared and sample referred to the NRL was positive for MG (negative for other STIs). With AZM1D treatment, symptoms disappeared. After 1 month, the symptoms recurred. Results showed a new MG-positive sample (April 2018). AZM5D administration induced 2 weeks symptoms free and recurrence, requiring moxifloxacin treatment. Symptoms disappeared completely. Posterior ToC is negative. Subsequently, sequencing both samples referred to the NRL showed A2059G transition. Conclusion: The clinical cases presented notified the importance of early and accurate diagnosis of MG infections and use of adequate treatment schemes. We emphasized the relevance of monitoring and surveillance prevalence of macrolide-resistant MG in Argentina.
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Evatt, B. L. "VIRUS INACTIVATION AND COAGULATION FACTOR PREPARATIONS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644754.

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Nonheat-treated factor concentrates were used for the therapy of congenital and acquired coagulation deficiencies until 1984. These unheated factor crticentrates, which are manufactured from pooled plasma obtained from between 2500 and 25,000 blood or plasma donors, have been epidemiologically implicated in exposure of large numbers of hemophilia patients to several viral infections Including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B, and non-A non-B hepatitis. Of these, HIV has been fdund to be very heat labile. After the introduction in 1984-85 of heat treatment of concentrates to reduce the risk of! hepatitis to recipients, several studies documented a lack of HIV serconversion in patients treated with clotting-fadtor concentrates. However, subsequent reports described a few hemophilia patients who had seroconverted to HIV! after receiving heat-treated concentrate from unscreened donors. To determine the significance of these seroconvers(ions, an international survey was conducted on 11 hemophilia treatment centers in Europe, Canada, and the United Kingdcpn whose total patient population comprised more than 2300 hemophilia A patients and 400 hemophilia B patients. Only three patients were found who seroconverted beyond a 6-month period after switching to heat-treated material, a(nd no seroconversions have occurred in these centers between November 1985 and February 1987. In addition no cases of seroconversion on donor screened heat-treated concentrate have been reported since its widespread introduction to the hemophilia patients during 1985-1986. Other modes of viral inactivation are currently being tested, and they appeiar to be effective in inactivating HIV and hepatitis B virus. Some of these methods have shown some promise for the inactivation of non-A and non-B hepatitis, but more data are needed for final assessment of these methods.
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Reports on the topic "HIV infections Treatment Victoria"

1

Orme, I. M. Early Diagnosis and Treatment of Opportunistic Mycobacterial Infections in HIV-Seropositive AIDS Patients. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada227796.

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Zheng, Ruo-xiang, Xun Li, Jing Li, Zhen-wei Liu, Feng Jiang, Nicola Robinson, and Jian-ping Liu. Does Chinese herbal remedy Tangcao tablet work for the treatment of HIV/AIDS：a systematic review of controlled clinical trials. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.6.0042.

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Review question / Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Tangcao tablet (Tangcao) for treating people with HIV/AIDS. Condition being studied: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic infectious disease characterized by severe immunodeficiency caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The infection attacks specifically the white blood cells, CD4+T (CD4) cells, weakening the immunity of individuals against infections such as tuberculosis. Without treatment, patients with AIDS may survive up to 2 years. Pneumocystis pneumonia and infections of the central nervous system are two of the most common causes of death in people with AIDS. AIDS still remains a significant global public health problem, with an estimated 37.7 million people infected with HIV at the end of 2020.
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Foreit, James R. Postabortion family planning benefits clients and providers. Population Council, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh16.1006.

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A woman’s fertility can return quickly following an abortion or miscarriage, yet recent data show high levels of unmet need for family planning (FP) among women who have been treated for incomplete abortion. This leaves many women at risk of another unintended pregnancy and in some cases subsequent repeated abortions and abortion-related complications. It is thus vital for programs to provide a comprehensive package of postabortion care (PAC) services that includes medical treatment, FP counseling and services, and other reproductive health services such as evaluation and treatment for sexually transmitted infections, HIV counseling and/or testing, and community support and mobilization. Providing FP services within PAC benefits clients and programs. Facilities that can effectively treat women with incomplete abortions can also provide contraceptive services, including counseling and appropriate methods. As stated in this brief, any provider who can treat incomplete abortion can also provide selected FP methods. Clients, providers, and programs benefit when FP methods are provided to postabortion clients at the time of treatment.
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Patterns and implications of male migration for HIV prevention strategies in Maharashtra, India. Population Council, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv16.1003.

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Maharashtra was one of the first states to be affected by HIV in India. Results from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) in 2005–06 indicate that 0.62 percent of men and women aged 15–49 years were infected with HIV, as compared to the national average of 0.28 percent. HIV sentinel surveillance data from sites across Maharashtra indicate that 1.3 percent of pregnant women receiving antenatal care (ANC) and 10.4 percent of patients receiving treatment for sexually transmitted infections in 2005 were infected with HIV. At the same time, Maharashtra ranks first nationally in the proportion of total migrants, and there is a growing consensus among policymakers and program managers that migration could be a major contributor in the spread of HIV in the state. However, empirical evidence to support or refute this conjecture is limited. To address this research gap, the Population Council studied the patterns and motivations related to the migration of male laborers and their linkages with HIV risk. The purpose of the research, as stated in this brief, was to document patterns of male migration and determine whether there was a relationship between migration and HIV prevalence.
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Zimbabwe: RTI screening methods for women are not cost-effective. Population Council, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1999.1012.

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Reproductive tract infections (RTIs) are common in Zimbabwe. Many RTIs increase the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. In 1998, the Zimbabwe National Family Planning Council (ZNFPC) conducted an operations research study to assess the feasibility of adding RTI diagnosis and treatment to its menu of services. The study population consisted of 1,634 clients at three ZNFPC clinics. Each client was asked about lower abdominal pain, vaginal discharge, and other RTI symptoms; examined for clinical signs of RTIs; and given laboratory tests to confirm the accuracy of diagnosis based upon symptoms and signs. Findings detailed in this brief were that existing methods for screening RTIs among family planning clients are not cost-effective, laboratory tests are too costly, and syndromic case management often leads to missed infections and unnecessary treatment. Health programs should continue to emphasize preventive measures—changing individual behavior and promoting condom use.
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Integrating STI/HIV management strategies into existing MCH/FP programs: Lessons from case studies in East and Southern Africa. Population Council, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1997.1002.

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Sub-Saharan Africa is confronting an HIV/AIDS epidemic and virtually all health programs in the region are seeking ways of preventing and reducing the spread of this virus. To compound the problem, the presence of certain sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is known to increase risk of the sexual transmission of HIV. The sub-Saharan region is believed to have some of the highest levels of STIs in the world, thus controlling STIs is not only an important reproductive health care strategy in itself but also a key strategy in reducing the spread of HIV. The strongest evidence to support this has come from the Mwanza Intervention Trial in Tanzania, which demonstrated that improved early detection and treatment of STIs can significantly reduce the incidence of HIV. Putting these principles into practice through health care programs in sub-Saharan Africa remains a challenge. This paper describes the results of a few, selected case studies of efforts that have already been made to address this challenge in east and southern Africa. The case studies document the application of these principles in the context of female clients attending MCH/FP clinics.
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Estimating the cost and effectiveness of different STI management strategies for sex workers in Madagascar. Population Council, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv2002.1002.

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In Madagascar, the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is a serious public health problem, particularly among sex workers. A Horizons study conducted in 2000 found approximately two-thirds of female sex workers had an STI, although few were infected with HIV. Since the link between STIs and transmission of HIV has been well established, affordable strategies to manage STIs among sex workers need to be developed. Study investigators also assessed STI management practices in health facilities in two urban areas of Madagascar. Health practitioners were using a syndromic approach, which may be appropriate for managing certain STIs in the general population but is less appropriate for sex workers who may have multiple, often asymptomatic infections. Diagnosing STIs with laboratory tests would make medical visits prohibitively expensive. Researchers developed a risk profile for various STIs based on characteristics of women that present with each STI, such as age, number of partners, symptoms. The investigators hypothesized that a risk assessment tool using these profiles would result in more appropriate and effective STI treatment for sex workers. This summary presents a cost-effectiveness analysis of different strategies to manage STIs among sex workers in Madagascar.
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8

Using men as community-based distributors of condoms. Population Council, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh2002.1017.

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The HIV/AIDS epidemic has led program managers to seek approaches to family planning (FP) that will also help combat HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). These approaches include use of simplified STI diagnosis and treatment protocols and promotion of male and female condoms. One aspect of condom promotion that is receiving increased attention is the idea of adding men to community-based distribution (CBD) programs. The male latex condom is the only contraceptive method that, when used correctly and consistently, provides protection against STIs, including HIV/AIDS. Currently, an estimated 6 to 9 billion male condoms are used worldwide annually. However, experts estimate that 24 billion male condoms should be used annually to provide adequate protection against STIs and HIV/AIDS. CBD programs are important sources of temporary FP methods in many countries, but most programs distribute far fewer condoms than oral contraceptives. One reason may be that most CBD agents are women, and gender differences between distributors and potential clients may limit the sale of condoms. This program brief reviews evidence from operations research and other studies in 13 countries about the effectiveness of men as CBD workers.
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9

A case study of Nairobi City Council's decentralised syphilis screening programme in antenatal clinics. Population Council, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh2001.1000.

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It has long been known that syphilis is one of the more serious sexually transmitted infections (STI), especially during pregnancy when, if untreated, at least 60 percent of infected women will experience an adverse pregnancy outcome. There has been renewed interest in its control and prevention because of its proven link with HIV transmission. In 1992, the Nairobi City Council (NCC) pilot-tested a decentralized approach to syphilis screening and management in a sample of their antenatal clinics. A case study was carried out to assess the effectiveness, readiness, and cost effectiveness of the NCC’s antenatal care program, with a focus on the decentralized syphilis screening and treatment service. This report concludes that decentralization of maternal syphilis screening and management is feasible in a public-sector urban program, and, when implemented properly, leads to more antenatal clients and their partners being screened and treated. However, the NCC clinics are insufficiently prepared to offer good quality antenatal services and to ensure that syphilis screening and treatment are available for all antenatal clients.
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10

Improving the management of STIs among MCH/FP clients at the Nakuru Municipal Council health clinics. Population Council, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1999.1001.

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In an effort to address the global crisis of HIV/AIDS and to reduce the spread of other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), maternal and child health/family planning (MCH/FP) programs have attempted to integrate the management of STIs into their services. This integration was endorsed at the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo. However, as noted in this report, programs have encountered a number of difficulties as they try to effectively manage STIs in an MCH/FP setting. In particular, the effective detection and treatment of STIs has proven difficult among MCH/FP populations. This current study was developed to help improve integration efforts and to contribute to a reduction in the prevalence and spread of STIs among women receiving MCH/FP services from the Nakuru Municipal Council health clinics in Kenya. The project looked at the validity of the current syndromic management approach and explored various ways to improve its approach through the incorporation of risk assessment.
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