Journal articles: 'HIV infections – Treatment – Asia'

1

Phuphuakrat, Angsana, Sasisopin Kiertiburanakul, and Somnuek Sungkanuparph. "Current status of HIV treatment in Asia and the Pacific region." Sexual Health 11, no. 2 (2014): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh13045.

Full text

Abstract:

Asia and the Pacific represent a diverse group of nations facing HIV epidemic profiles of differing severity. Compared to other parts of the world, the burden of HIV disease is high in this region because of its large populations. At the end of 2011, 5 million people were living with HIV in Asia and the Pacific. This accounted for 15% of people living with HIV worldwide. The prevalence of people living with HIV, as well as access to HIV treatment and care, varies widely between countries. Differences between high-income economies and the rest of the continent are remarkable. Many high-income countries provide antiretroviral therapy (ART) to their citizens. Middle- and low-income countries have rapid ART scale-up and are dependent on international funding. This may compromise the sustainability of ART availability. In addition, lack of access to second- and third-line therapy remains a problem in many countries. The global goal of achieving universal access to ART by 2015 requires mainly low- and middle-income countries to be targeted. Regional policy should be developed in order to identify new infections in key populations, to start earlier treatment, to retain patients in care and to maintain funding.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Cohen, Myron S., Theresa Gamble, and Marybeth McCauley. "Prevention of HIV Transmission and the HPTN 052 Study." Annual Review of Medicine 71, no. 1 (January 27, 2020): 347–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-110918-034551.

Full text

Abstract:

The HIV Prevention Trials Network 052 study (HPTN 052) was a clinical trial designed to determine whether early treatment for HIV infection prevented transmission of the virus in couples where one partner was infected with HIV and the other was not, referred to as HIV serodiscordant or serodifferent couples. The study enrolled 1,763 couples at 13 sites in 9 countries in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. HPTN 052 demonstrated a minimum of 96% reduction of HIV in heterosexual couples ascribed to antiretroviral treatment; early treatment of HIV significantly reduced other infections in the HIV-infected subjects. This study, in conjunction with similar research, led to significant changes in international HIV treatment guidelines and the concept of treatment as prevention (TasP). This article provides the scientific background and history of how HPTN 052 came into being, the challenges it faced, and the ultimate impact it had on the fields of HIV treatment and prevention.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Naggie, Susanna, Daniel S. Fierer, Michael D. Hughes, Arthur Y. Kim, Annie Luetkemeyer, Vincent Vu, Jhoanna Roa, et al. "Ledipasvir/Sofosbuvir for 8 Weeks to Treat Acute Hepatitis C Virus Infections in Men With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infections: Sofosbuvir-Containing Regimens Without Interferon for Treatment of Acute HCV in HIV-1 Infected Individuals." Clinical Infectious Diseases 69, no. 3 (March 28, 2019): 514–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy913.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Background Current guidelines for the management of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections provide varying recommendations for the optimal treatment of acute HCV infections. There are limited data from small cohort studies to provide guidance on the best approach to treatment of this important patient population. Methods Sofosbuvir-Containing Regimens Without Interferon for Treatment of Acute HCV in HIV-1 Infected Individuals is an open-label, 2-cohort, Phase 1 clinical trial in which the second cohort assessed the safety and efficacy of 8 weeks of ledipasvir/sofosbuvir for the treatment of acute HCV infections in participants with chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infections. This final analysis of the second cohort had a planned accrual of 27 participants, based on non-inferiority criteria, compared to the study-defined, historical, sustained virologic response (SVR) of 60% with pegylated-interferon/ribavirin. Results We enrolled 27 men (9 Hispanic; 11 White, non-Hispanic; 5 Black, non-Hispanic; 2 Asian or Pacific Islander; median age 46 years). Most (96%) had HCV genotype-1 infection and 59% had the favorable interleukin 28B CC genotype. The median baseline HCV RNA load was 6.17 log10 IU/mL (interquartile range 4.51 – 6.55). All participants (100%) achieved the primary outcome of a sustained virologic response 12 weeks after the date of the last dose of study treatment (90% confidence interval 90–100%), achieving non-inferiority versus the 60% historic benchmark. No treatment discontinuations occurred. Conclusions This multicenter clinical trial, investigating 8 weeks of ledipasvir/sofosbuvir for acute HCV infections in men with HIV infections, reports a 100% SVR. This study provides the rationale for larger studies of shortened courses of direct-acting antiviral therapies in persons with HIV infections, including those with high baseline HCV RNA loads. Clinical Trials Registration NCT02128217.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Cassell, Michael M., Timothy H. Holtz, Mitchell I. Wolfe, Michael Hahn, and Dimitri Prybylski. "'Getting to zero' in Asia and the Pacific through more strategic use of antiretrovirals for HIV prevention." Sexual Health 11, no. 2 (2014): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh13116.

Full text

Abstract:

Encouraged by experimental trials demonstrating the efficacy of antiretrovirals (ARVs) in preventing HIV infection, countries across the Asia-Pacific region have committed to the achievement of ambitious targets tantamount to ending AIDS. The available data suggest that some countries still can make progress through targeted condom promotion and the expansion of harm-reduction interventions, but that none may realise its vision of ‘zero new HIV infections’ without more strategic use of ARVs as part of a combination of HIV prevention efforts targeting key populations. Low rates of HIV testing among men who have sex with men, people who inject drugs, sex workers and other key populations evidence low treatment coverage where treatment could have the greatest impact on curbing local epidemics. Studies have demonstrated the promise of adding ARV treatment and pre-exposure prophylaxis to the existing HIV prevention toolkit, but achieving population-level impact will require service-delivery approaches that overcome traditional prevention, care and treatment program distinctions. Priorities include: (1) innovative strategies to reach, test, treat and retain in services the individuals most likely to acquire or transmit HIV; (2) task shifting and enhanced partnerships between the public sector and civil society; (3) improved ‘cascade’ data systems to assess and promote service uptake and retention; and (4) policy and financing reform to enhance HIV testing and treatment access among key populations.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Ohata, Pirapon June, Stephen J. Kerr, Anchalee Avihingsanon, Reshmie Ramautarsing, Sivaporn Gatechompol, Thornthun Ueaphongsukkit, Nittaya Phanuphak, et al. "Conference proceedings from the 22nd Bangkok International Symposium on HIV Medicine." Future Virology 15, no. 4 (April 2020): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fvl-2020-0009.

Full text

Abstract:

The Bangkok International Symposium on HIV Medicine is one of the longest running and largest international conferences in the Asia–Pacific, providing healthcare workers with the most up-to-date information pertaining to HIV and coinfections. In the third week of January 2020, 500 HIV researchers and service providers from over 21 countries worldwide gathered in Bangkok to share data and experiences in the treatment and prevention of HIV, TB and sexually transmitted infections. Highlights of the 2020 symposium included a roundtable discussion of pre-exposure prophylaxis, a 1-day forum on TB, the potential for a HBV cure and, for the first time, oral presentations from four young investigators from the region.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Kusumaadhi, Zaki Mita, Nur Farhanah, and Muchlis Achsan Udji Sofro. "Risk Factors for Mortality among HIV/AIDS Patients." Diponegoro International Medical Journal 2, no. 1 (March 10, 2021): 20–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/dimj.v2i1.9667.

Full text

Abstract:

Background: Morbidity and mortality of HIV/AIDS infections is still high and as a global health problem particularly in Low-Middle Income Countries (LMICs). Indonesia ranks third in Asia Pacific in increasing HIV infection. A Study on risk factors for mortality in HIV/AIDS patients in Dr. Kariadi General Hospital has never been conducted. This study analyzed the risk factors for mortality among HIV/AIDS patients.Methods: Case control study, data from medical records of inpatients and outpatients in Dr. Kariadi General Hospital from January 2015 to December 2017.Results: Study subject: Two hundred and ten HIV/AIDS patients, were included; 105 (56.75%) as cases and 105 (9.65%) control patients. The significant risk factors for mortality were as follow: male sex (p = 0.030); age ≥ 45 years (p = 0.035); non compliance to treatment (p = 0,000); WHO clinical stage III and IV (p = 0,000); co-infection of pulmonary tuberculosis (p = 0,000); CD4 cell count < 200 cells/mm3 (p = 0,000); eGFR < 60 mL/minute/1.72 m2 (p = 0.001) and Haemoglobin level < 10 g/dL (p = 0.008). The non-significant risk factors for mortality were as follow: level of education (p = 0.650); Hepatitis B co-infection (p = 0.153) and Hepatitis C co-infection (p = 0.506). The most important risk factors for mortality in this study in were non compliance to treatment (p = 0.003; OR = 3.285) and CD4 count < 200 cells/mm3 (p = 0.014; OR = 5.480).Conclusion: In this study, the risk factors for mortality in HIV/AIDS patients were male sex; age ≥ 45 years; non compliance to treatment; WHO clinical stage III and IV; co-infection of pulmonary tuberculosis, CD4 count < 200 cells/mm3; eGFR < 60 mL/minute/1.72 m2 and Hb level < 10 g/dL. The most important risk factors for mortality were non compliance to treatment and CD4 count < 200 cells / mm3.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Aung, Myo Nyein, Saiyud Moolphate, Damodar Paudel, Mangalasiri Jayathunge PH, Duangjai Duangrithi, Kinley Wangdi, Thin Nyein Nyein Aung, Thaworn Lorga, and Kazue Higuchi. "Global evidence directing regional preventive strategies in Southeast Asia for fighting TB/HIV." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 7, no. 03 (March 14, 2013): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.2903.

Full text

Abstract:

Tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-epidemics form a huge burden of disease in the Southeast Asia region. Five out of eleven nations in this region are high TB/HIV burden countries: Myanmar, Thailand, India, Indonesia and Nepal. The trends of TB incidence in these countries have been rising in recent years, in contrast to a falling global trend. Experts in the field of TB control and health service providers have been perplexed by the association of TB and HIV infections which causes a mosaic clinical presentation, a unique course with poor treatment outcomes including death. We conducted a review of contemporary evidence relating to TB/HIV control with the aims of assisting integrated health system responses in Southeast Asia and demystifying current evidence to facilitate translating it into practice.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Palumbo, Emilio, Gaetano Scotto, Giuseppina Faleo, Donatella Concetta Cibelli, Annalisa Saracino, and Gioacchino Angarano. "Prevalence of HBV-genotypes in immigrants affected by HBV-related chronic active hepatitis." Arquivos de Gastroenterologia 44, no. 1 (March 2007): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-28032007000100012.

Full text

Abstract:

BACKGROUND: The genetic heterogeneity of the HBV genome has been established and eight genotypes can be classified according to the criterion of >8% differences in the complete nucleotide sequence of the viral genome. AIMS: To evaluate the prevalence of HBV-infection in a population of immigrants and to determine in patients with detectable serum HBV-DNA the HBV-genotypes. METHODS: Between January 2005 and December 2005 a total of 556 immigrants were tested for HBsAg. In HBsAg positive patients the biochemical and virological activity of infection and the possible presence of co-infections (HCV, HDV, HIV) were evaluated. In patients with detectable serum HBV DNA, the HBV-genotype was determined by INNOLiPA. RESULTS: Among the 556 subjects tested, 60 (10.7%) resulted HBsAg positive. All were men, and 42 (70%) come from Africa, 10 (16.6%) from Asia and 9 (14.4%) from East-Europe. 28/60 (46.6%) patients presented normal ALT levels (<40 IU/L) and undetectable serum HBV DNA (<100 copies/mL in real-time PCR), while 32 (53.4%) patients had ALT levels above laboratory normal values and detectable serum HBV DNA. Genotype distribution was as follow: genotype E, 16 (50%), genotype D, 9 (28.1%), genotype A, 7 (21.9%). CONCLUSION: Our study evidences a moderate prevalence of HBV-infection in immigrants, particularly in sub-Saharan African people, and the potentiality of migratory flow in the introduction of genotype non-D hepatitis B virus, potentially characterized by a different natural history and, possibly, a different response to antiviral treatment.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Amerzhanov, Daulet, Indira Suleimenova, Salima Davlidova, Zhamilya Nugmanova, and Syed Ali. "HBV Prevention and Treatment in Countries of Central Asia and the Caucasus." Viruses 12, no. 10 (September 30, 2020): 1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12101112.

Full text

Abstract:

The countries of Central Asia and the Caucasus are linked by travel and trade, which is promoted by visa-free mobility across borders. Unfortunately, this migrant mobility has given rise to the transmission of various infections within this region. Overlaps in culture, tradition, and behavior among these countries provide opportunities to share experiences that have proven effective in controlling transmission. Here we present a review of hepatitis B virus (HBV) prevalence, prevention and treatment across Central Asia and the Caucasus. Overall, owing to effective measures, while HBV prevalence has been steadily declining in the region, certain gaps still exist regarding the generation and availability of HBV infection data.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Maek-a-Nantawat, Wirach, Anchalee Avihingsanon, and Pirapon June Ohata. "Challenges in Providing Treatment and Care for Viral Hepatitis among Individuals Co-Infected with HIV in Resource-Limited Settings." AIDS Research and Treatment 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/948059.

Full text

Abstract:

Hepatitis B and C infections are prevalent among HIV-infected individuals with different epidemiologic profiles, modes of transmission, natural histories, and treatments. Southeast Asian countries are classified as “highly prevalent zones,” with a rate of hepatitis B and C coinfection in people living with HIV/AIDS of approximately 3.2–11%. Majority of hepatitis B coinfection is of genotype C. Most of the patients infected with hepatitis C in Thailand have genotype 3 which is significantly related to intravenous drug use whereas, in Vietnam, it is genotype 6. The options for antiretroviral drugs are limited and rely on global funds and research facilities. Only HBV treatment is available for free through the national health scheme. Screening tests for HBV and HCV prior to commencing antiretroviral treatment are low. Insufficient concern on hepatitis-virus-related liver malignancy and long-term hepatic morbidities is noted. Cost-effective HCV treatment can be incorporated into the national health program for those who need it by utilizing data obtained from clinical research studies. For example, patients infected with HCV genotype 2/3 with a certain IL-28B polymorphism can be treated with a shorter course of interferon and ribavirin which can also help reduce costs.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Astiti, Cok Istri Sri Dharma, Anak Agung Sagung Sawitri, and Ketut Tuti Parwati Merati. "Factors associated to first line antiretroviral therapy (ART) failure among HIV/AIDS patients at Sanglah Hospital, Bali." Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive 5, no. 1 (July 1, 2017): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.15562/phpma.v5i1.33.

Full text

Abstract:

Background and purpose: The incidence of first line ART failure is increasing in the South East Asia region. The main referral hospital in Bali has recorded an increased use of second line ART due to the first line ART failure. This study aims to explore risk factors associated to first line ART failure.Methods: A case control study was conducted among people living with HIV and AIDS at Sanglah Hospital Denpasar who started first line ART between 2004 and 2013. Cases were those who diagnosed as having clinical treatment failure and still on treatment in 2015. Controls were those with no treatment failure. Sex and year of ART initiation were matched between case and control. Data were obtained from medical records that include initial regiments, HIV mode of transmission, the WHO HIV clinical stage, CD4 count, opportunistic infections, body mass index, hemoglobin level, and drug substitution at the beginning and during treatment. Risk factors were analysed using logistic regression.Results: Out of 68 HIV/AIDS patients with clinical ART failure, 72.1% were confirmed with immunological and 36.8% were confirmed with virological failure. Median time before treatment failure was 3.5 years. Factors associated to ART failure were HIV clinical stage IV (AOR=3.43; 95%CI=1.65-7.13) and being widow/widower (AOR=4.85; 95%CI=1.52-15.53). Patients with TB co-infection have a lower risk for treatment failure due to early diagnosis and treatment through TB-HIV program (AOR=0.32; 95%CI=0.14-0.70).Conclusions: Higher HIV clinical stage at ART initiation increases the risk of treatment failure. HIV-TB co-infection indirectly reduces the risk of treatment failure.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

O. Hardy, Yasmine, Divine A. Amenuke, Kojo A. Hutton-Mensah, David R. Chadwick, and Rita Larsen-Reindorf. "Presentation and outcome of COVID-19 in HIV patients with high viral loads and opportunistic infections: a case series." Ghana Medical Journal 54, no. 4s (December 31, 2020): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gmj.v54i4s.20.

Full text

Abstract:

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is especially severe in patients with underlying chronic conditions, with increased risk of mortality. There is concern that people living with HIV (PLWH), especially those with severe immunosuppression, and COVID-19 may have severe disease and a negative clinical outcome. Most studies on COVID-19 in PLWH are from Asia, Europe and America where population dynamics, antiretroviral treatment coverage and coexisting opportunistic infections may differ from that in sub-Saharan Africa. We report on the clinical profile and outcome of three cases of PLWH co-infected with SARS-CoV-2. They all presented with fever, cough and breathlessness and also had advanced HIV infection as evidenced by opportunistic infections, high HIV viral loads and low CD4 counts. The patients responded favourably to the standard of care and were discharged home. Our findings suggest that PLWH with advanced immunosuppression may not necessarily have an unfavourable disease course and outcome. However, case-controlled studies with a larger population size are needed to better understand the impact of COVID-19 in this patient population.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Adachi, Kristina, Karin Nielsen-Saines, and Jeffrey D. Klausner. "Chlamydia trachomatisInfection in Pregnancy: The Global Challenge of Preventing Adverse Pregnancy and Infant Outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9315757.

Full text

Abstract:

Screening and treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in pregnancy represents an overlooked opportunity to improve the health outcomes of women and infants worldwide. AlthoughChlamydia trachomatisis the most common treatable bacterial STI, few countries have routine pregnancy screening and treatment programs. We reviewed the current literature surroundingChlamydia trachomatisin pregnancy, particularly focusing on countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. We discuss possible chlamydial adverse pregnancy and infant health outcomes (miscarriage, stillbirth, ectopic pregnancy, preterm birth, neonatal conjunctivitis, neonatal pneumonia, and other potential effects including HIV perinatal transmission) and review studies of chlamydial screening and treatment in pregnancy, while simultaneously highlighting research from resource-limited countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Osakwe, Nonso, Diane Johnson, Natalie Klein, and Dalia Abdel Azim. "A Rare Case of HHV-8 Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in a Stable HIV Patient." Case Reports in Infectious Diseases 2019 (April 28, 2019): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3297463.

Full text

Abstract:

Background. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare condition associated with viral infections including HIV. Cases have been reported mainly in advanced HIV/AIDS. This is a rare case that reports HLH associated with human herpes virus-8 (HHV-8) associated multicentric Castleman disease in a stable HIV patient. Case Presentation. A 70-year-old Asian male patient with history of stable HIV on medications with CD 4 cell count above 200 presented with cough and fever and was initially treated for pneumonia as an outpatient. Persisting symptoms prompted presentation to the hospital. The patient was found to have anemia which persisted despite repeated transfusion of packed red cells. A bone marrow biopsy to investigate anemia revealed hemophagocytosis. A CT scan revealed multiple enlarged lymph nodes and hepatosplenomegaly. An excisional lymph node biopsy revealed HHV-8 associated multicentric Castleman disease. The patient deteriorated despite initiation of treatment. Conclusion. HLH can occur at any stage of HIV, rapid diagnosis to identify possible underlying reactive infectious etiology and prompt initiation of treatment is crucial to survival.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Laksemi, D. A., L. T. Suwanti, M. Mufasirin, K. Suastika, and M. Sudarmaja. "Opportunistic parasitic infections in patients with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: A review." April-2020 13, no. 4 (2020): 716–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.716-725.

Full text

Abstract:

The number of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cases increases annually, and Indonesia has become the country with the fastest HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic spread among the five Southeast Asian countries. Indonesia entered the critical phase of HIV/AIDS infections after 5 out of the 33 provinces, namely, Papua, Jakarta, Bali, West Java, and East Java, reported HIV/AIDS epidemic since 2004. In AIDS pathophysiology and immune-suppression are severe, thus, opportunistic intestinal parasitic infections that cause diarrhea in HIV infection may be fatal. Several studies have suggested that Cryptosporidium parvum, Isospora belli, and Blastocystis hominis are the most common intestinal protozoan parasites categorized as AIDS associated illness. Diarrhea caused by parasites is considerably suspected in the cases of chronic and persistent diarrhea in adults, in an era of increasing HIV/AIDS cases nowadays. The present review highlights the current advances in etiologic agents of HIV/AIDS opportunistic infections among countries, epidemiology and prevalence, lifecycle, risk factors, examination methods, and treatment.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Papalini, Chiara, Barbara Belfiori, Giovanni Martino, Rita Papili, Lucia Pitzurra, Stefano Ascani, and Maria Bruna Pasticci. "An Italian Case of Disseminated Histoplasmosis Associated with HIV." Case Reports in Infectious Diseases 2019 (November 16, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7403878.

Full text

Abstract:

Histoplasma capsulatum is a dimorphic fungus, endemic in the Americas, Africa (var. duboisii), India, and Southeast Asia. H. capsulatum infection is rarely diagnosed in Italy, while in Latin America, progressive disseminated histoplasmosis (PDH) is one of the most frequent AIDS-defining illnesses and causes of AIDS-related deaths. We report a case of PDH and new HIV infection diagnosis in a Cuban patient, who has been living in Italy for the past 10 years. Bone marrow aspirate and peripheral blood smear microscopy suggested H. capsulatum infection. The diagnosis was confirmed with the culture method identifying its thermal dimorphism. Liposomal amphotericin B was administered alone for 10 days and then for another 2 days, accompanied with voriconazole; the former was stopped for probable side effects (persistent fever and worsening thrombocytopenia), and voriconazole was continued to complete 4 weeks. PDH maintenance treatment consisted of itraconazole for one year. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) was started on the third week of antifungal treatment. At the 3-year follow-up, the patient is adherent on ART, the virus was suppressed, and she has an optimal immune recovery. This case highlights the need to suspect histoplasmosis in the differential diagnosis of opportunistic infections in immunocompromised persons, native to or who have traveled to endemic countries.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Zijlstra, Eduard E. "Visceral leishmaniasis: a forgotten epidemic." Archives of Disease in Childhood 101, no. 6 (February 19, 2016): 561–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2015-309302.

Full text

Abstract:

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL or kala-azar) is most endemic in Asia and Africa and commonly affects young children. It is usually caused byLeishmania donovaniorLeishmania infantumthat are transmitted by Phlebotomine sand flies. Transmission may be anthroponotic or zoonotic or both, depending on the endemic area. Clinical features include fever, hepatosplenomegaly, weight loss and pancytopenia. Younger age, malnutrition and immunosuppression (HIV infection, use of immunosuppressive drugs) are risk factors. Many infections remain asymptomatic. Diagnosis is made by demonstration of theLeishmaniaparasite in aspirates of lymph node, bone marrow or spleen. Serological tests such as rK39 strip test are widely used but the sensitivity varies. qPCR is useful to detect low numbers of parasites and to monitor treatment. Treatment is with AmBisome monotherapy in most areas but with drug combinations elsewhere. HIV co-infected patients are most difficult to treat and often relapse. Control efforts focus on case finding, availability of diagnostic tools, reservoir control and protection from sand flies (insecticides, bed nets). There is no human vaccine.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Gupta, Birendra P., and Thupten K. Lama. "Current Treatment of Acute and Chronic Hepatitis E Virus Infection: Role of Antivirals." Euroasian Journal of Hepato-Gastroenterology 7, no. 1 (2017): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10018-1216.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACT Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection results in nearly 20 million new infections, resulting in 70,000 deaths globally each year. Previously thought as a disease limited to developing nations with poor sanitation and hygiene, it is increasingly recognized that even the most developed nations are not spared. A clear dichotomy in epidemiology of HEV is noted between developing and industrialized nations. The HEV genotypes 1 and 2 are common in Asia and Africa and are transmitted mainly by contaminated drinking water. Sporadic as well as large-scale epidemics of acute hepatitis have been noted with HEV genotype 1 infection in developing countries of Asia and Africa. On the contrary, HEV genotypes 3 and 4 are common in industrialized nations and unlike genotypes 1 and 2, they are transmitted by consumption of raw meat products, fruits, and blood transfusion. Large epidemics have not been reported with HEV genotypes 3 and 4 and manifestation is usually indolent, though severe acute hepatitis has been reported. How to cite this article: Shrestha A, Gupta BP, Lama TK. Current Treatment of Acute and Chronic Hepatitis E Virus Infection: Role of Antivirals. Euroasian J Hepato-Gastroenterol 2017;7(1):73-77.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Janamnuaysook, Rena, Kimberly Elizabeth Green, Pich Seekaew, Bao Ngoc Vu, Huu Van Ngo, Hong Anh Doan, Supabhorn Pengnonyang, et al. "Demedicalisation of HIV interventions to end HIV in the Asia–Pacific." Sexual Health 18, no. 1 (2021): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh20172.

Full text

Abstract:

Despite the challenges to the HIV response in the Asia–Pacific, a demedicalisation of HIV intervention has been demonstrated to be an important strategy to maximise the uptake of HIV prevention tools among key populations in this region. Demedicalisation of HIV interventions translates medical discourse and shifts the paradigm from a disease-focused to a people-centred approach. It also recognises real-life experiences of key populations in the HIV response by empowering them to voice their needs and be at the forefront of the epidemic control. We further categorise a demedicalisation approach into three frameworks: (1) the demystification of clinical or medical concerns; (2) the destigmatisation of people living with HIV; and (3) the decentralisation of healthcare services. This article reviewed the demedicalisation framework by looking at the HIV intervention examples from countries in the Asia–Pacific, which included: (1) a study on drug–drug interaction between pre-exposure prophylaxis and feminising hormone treatment for transgender women; (2) the roles of key population-led health services; and (3) certification of key population lay providers.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Bartlett, Adam W., Thahira Jamal Mohamed, Tavitiya Sudjaritruk, Nia Kurniati, Revathy Nallusamy, Rawiwan Hansudewechakul, Penh Sun Ly, et al. "Disease- and Treatment-related Morbidity in Adolescents With Perinatal HIV Infection in Asia." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 38, no. 3 (March 2019): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/inf.0000000000002208.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Oelrichs, Robert. "The subtypes of human immunodeficiency virus in Australia and Asia." Sexual Health 1, no. 1 (2004): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh03002.

Full text

Abstract:

Worldwide, the human immunodeficiency virus exhibits a great genetic variability, with multiple circulating subtypes of the virus. This variability allows study of the movement of HIV strains within and between human populations but also has implications for diagnosis, treatment and monitoring. The type of HIV causing the epidemic in Australia is changing from being homogeneous subtype B, reflecting a greater regional diversity. In this paper the classification of HIV-1 subtypes and their distribution within the Australasian region are reviewed and the implications of these distribution patterns discussed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Haldar, Partha, Sushena Reza-Paul, Roy Arokiam Daniel, Lisa Lazarus, Bharat Bhushan Rewari, Robert Lorway, and R. Steen. "A rapid review of pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV in the Asia–Pacific region: recommendations for scale up and future directions." Sexual Health 18, no. 1 (2021): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh20058.

Full text

Abstract:

Decline in new HIV infections in the Asia–Pacific region (APAC) continues to be slow, emphasising the importance of scaling up new HIV prevention strategies, such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). To help inform PrEP rollout in APAC, we conducted a rapid review of published literature on PubMed from 2015 to 2020, to assess feasibility, implementation strategies, cost-effectiveness, and availability of national policies and guidelines; for the latter, we also did an expanded Internet search. This review focussed on nine countries contributing >95% of new infections in this region. A total of 36 PrEP-related studies conducted among men who have sex with men, female sex workers, and transgender women were included, of which 29 were quantitative, six were qualitative and one was a mixed-method study. Most of the studies have addressed the availability and acceptability of PrEP, whereas cost-effectiveness of any approach was assessed by limited studies. Limited published information was available about national PrEP policies and guidelines; of the selected nine countries, five have adopted the recommended World Health Organization PrEP policy of which four have integrated it in their national HIV response. HIV risk perception concerns about safety, side-effects, stigma, and affordability were major challenges to PrEP acceptance. Community-based implementation has the potential to address these. Limited evidence suggested merging PrEP implementation with ongoing targeted intervention and treatment programs could be a cost-effective approach. To stem the epidemic, newer effective prevention strategies, like PrEP, should be urgently adopted within the context of combination HIV prevention approaches.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Klus, Jonathan, Vo Trieu Ly, Cliburn Chan, and Thuy Le. "Prognosis and treatment effects of HIV-associated talaromycosis in a real-world patient cohort." Medical Mycology 59, no. 4 (February 27, 2021): 392–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myab005.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Talaromycosis is a leading cause of AIDS-associated opportunistic infections and death in Southeast Asia. We have recently shown in the Itraconazole versus Amphotericin for Talaromycosis (IVAP) trial that induction therapy with amphotericin B reduced mortality over 24 weeks, but not during the first 2 weeks. Antifungal treatment effects in real-world settings have not been rigorously evaluated. Using data obtained from patient records at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam from 2004 to 2009, we first developed a prognostic model using Bayesian logistic regression to identify predictors of death. Second, we developed a causal model using propensity score matching to assess the treatment effects of amphotericin B and itraconazole. Our prognostic model identified intravenous drug use (odds ratio [OR] = 2.01), higher respiratory rate (OR = 1.12), higher absolute lymphocyte count (OR = 1.62), a concurrent respiratory infection (OR = 1.67) or central nervous system infection (OR = 2.66) as independent predictors of death. Fever (OR = 0.56) was a protective factor. Our prognostic model exhibits good in-sample performance and out-of-sample validation, with a discrimination power of 0.85 and 0.91, respectively. Our causal model showed no significant difference in treatment outcomes between amphotericin B and itraconazole over the first 2 weeks (95% credible interval: 0.62, 2.50). Our prognostic model provides a simple tool based on routinely collected clinical data to predict individual patient outcome. Our causal model shows similar results to the IVAP trial at 2 weeks, demonstrating an agreement between real-world data and clinical trial data.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Lindayani, Linlin. "A NOVEL OF BIOMEDICAL APPROACH FOR HIV PREVENTION: AN INTEGRATED LITERATURE REVIEW." JURNAL PENDIDIKAN KEPERAWATAN INDONESIA 3, no. 1 (December 30, 2017): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/jpki.v3i1.7478.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRAKSecara global, jumlah kasus baru terinfeksi Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) sudah mengalami penurunan yang signifikan. Akan tetapi dibeberapa wilayah negara seperti Afrika dan Asia Tenggara, jumlah kasus baru terinfeksi HIV masil mengalami peningkatan. Upaya pencegahan seperti promosi penggunaan kondom, sunat bagi laki-laki, dan skrining HIV sudah diimpementasikan dengan baik. Tetapi, pendekatan tersebut tetap saja tidak menghilangkan seseorang terkena resiko HIV bahkan mungkin untuk pasangan yang hidup dengan penderita HIV malah meningkatan resiko mereka tertular HIV. Sehingga dibutuhkan suatu pendekatan lain yang efekti dan mampu meminimalkan sekecil-kecilnya resiko seseorang tertular HIV. Tujuan dari review ini adalah untuk mengkaji efektifitas pendekatan baru yang dikenal dengan pendekatan biomedik terhadap penurunan resiko tertular HIV. Melalui pencarian secara komprehensif di beberap sumber data seperti PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, clinicaltrials.gov, htpn.org, and meta-register dilakukan terutama berfokus pada studi yang diterbitkan dalam Bahasa Inggris pada tahun 2005 sampai 2015. Hasil dari pengkajian tersebut menunjukan bahwa pendekatan biomedik seperti pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) dan post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) merupakan suatu pendekatan yang terbukti efektif dalam menurunkan penularan HIV terutama pada kelompok-kelompok dengan resiko tinggi seperti homoseksual atau heteroseksual. Sehingga, pemerintah Indonesia mungkin sudah bisa melakukan pengkajian yang dalam dan membuat pedoman tatalaksana pencegahan HIV dengan pendekatan ini. ABSTRACTThe number of new cases of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infections has decreased significantly worldwide. However, in some regions such as Africa and South East Asian, new HIV infections remain high. Prevention strategies such as promoting condom use, male circumcision, and early HIV detection have been implemented well. However, all those approaches still putting people at high risk of HIV infection. The purpose of this review is to summarize current evidence about biomedical approach as an effective HIV prevention. A comprehensive computerized literature search was conducted using PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, clinicaltrials.gov, htpn.org, and meta-register to retrieved relevant literature published from 2005 to 2015 in English to review a current approach for HIV prevention. Biomedical approaches using antiretroviral drugs have shown good efficacy in the prevention of mother-child transmission for post exposure prophylaxis. Recent evidence has also found pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to be promising in preventing HIV. Both WHO and CDC recommended to integrate PrEP and post exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention strategies. Health care policy needs to consider the biomedical approach to HIV prevention, especially in Indonesia. Therefore, Indonesia government may start to develop a clinical guideline and deeply assess the possibility to implement this approach in clinical practice.Keywords: biomedical approach, prevention, HIV, treatment

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Hemelaar, Joris, Shanghavie Loganathan, Ramyiadarsini Elangovan, Jason Yun, Leslie Dickson-Tetteh, and Shona Kirtley. "Country Level Diversity of the HIV-1 Pandemic between 1990 and 2015." Journal of Virology 95, no. 2 (October 21, 2020): e01580-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01580-20.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACTThe global diversity of HIV forms a major challenge to the development of an HIV vaccine, as well as diagnostic, drug resistance, and viral load assays, which are essential to reaching the UNAIDS 90:90:90 targets. We sought to determine country level HIV-1 diversity globally between 1990 and 2015. We assembled a global HIV-1 molecular epidemiology database through a systematic literature search and a global survey. We searched PubMed, EMBASE (Ovid), CINAHL (Ebscohost), and Global Health (Ovid) for HIV-1 subtyping studies published from 1 January 1990 to 31 December 2015. We collected additional unpublished data through a global survey of experts. Prevalence studies with original HIV-1 subtyping data collected between 1990 and 2015 were included. This resulted in a database with 383,519 subtyped HIV-1 samples from 116 countries over four time periods (1990 to 1999, 2000 to 2004, 2005 to 2009, and 2010 to 2015). We analyzed country-specific numbers of distinct HIV-1 subtypes, circulating recombinant forms (CRFs), and unique recombinant forms (URFs) in each time period. We also analyzed country-specific proportions of infections due to HIV-1 recombinants, CRFs, and URFs and calculated the Shannon diversity index for each country. Finally, we analyzed global temporal trends in each of these measures of HIV-1 diversity. We found extremely wide variation in complexity of country level HIV diversity around the world. Central African countries such as Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola, and Republic of the Congo have the most diverse HIV epidemics. The number of distinct HIV-1 subtypes and recombinants was greatest in Western Europe (Spain and France) and North America (United States) (up to 39 distinct HIV-1 variants in Spain). The proportion of HIV-1 infections due to recombinants was highest in Southeast Asia (>95% of infections in Viet Nam, Cambodia, and Thailand), China, and West and Central Africa, mainly due to high proportions of CRF01_AE and CRF02_AG. Other CRFs played major roles (>75% of HIV-1 infections) in Estonia (CRF06_cpx), Iran (CRF35_AD), and Algeria (CRF06_cpx). The highest proportions of URFs (>30%) were found in Myanmar, Republic of the Congo, and Argentina. Global temporal analysis showed consistent increases over time in country level numbers of distinct HIV-1 variants and proportions of CRFs and URFs, leading to increases in country level HIV-1 diversity. Our study provides epidemiological evidence that the HIV pandemic is diversifying at country level and highlights the increasing challenge to prevention and treatment efforts. HIV-1 molecular epidemiological surveillance needs to be continued and improved.IMPORTANCE This is the first study to analyze global country level HIV-1 diversity from 1990 to 2015. We found extremely wide variation in complexity of country level HIV diversity around the world. Central African countries have the most diverse HIV epidemics. The number of distinct HIV-1 subtypes and recombinants was greatest in Western Europe and North America. The proportion of HIV-1 infections due to recombinants was highest in South-East Asia, China, and West and Central Africa. The highest proportions of URFs were found in Myanmar, Republic of the Congo, and Argentina. Our study provides epidemiological evidence that the HIV pandemic is diversifying at country level and highlights the increasing challenge to HIV vaccine development and diagnostic, drug resistance, and viral load assays.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Murphy, Eamonn, Ye Yu Shwe, Reeta Bhatia, Taoufik Bakkali, and Ravipa Vannakit. "What will it take to end AIDS in Asia and the Pacific region by 2030?" Sexual Health 18, no. 1 (2021): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh20204.

Full text

Abstract:

The 2016 global commitments towards ending the AIDS epidemic by 2030 require the Asia–Pacific region to reach the Fast-Track targets by 2020. Despite early successes, the region is well short of meeting these targets. The overall stalled progress in the HIV response has been further undermined by rising new infections among young key populations and the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic. This paper examines the HIV situation, assesses the gaps, and analyses what it would take the region to end AIDS by 2030. Political will and commitments for ending AIDS must be reaffirmed and reinforced. Focused regional strategic direction that answers the specific regional context and guides countries to respond to their specific needs must be put in place. The region must harness the power of innovative tools and technology in both prevention and treatment. Community activism and meaningful community engagement across the spectrum of HIV response must be ensured. Punitive laws, stigma, and discrimination that deter key populations and people living with HIV from accessing health services must be effectively tackled. The people-centred public health approach must be fully integrated into national universal health coverage while ensuring domestic resources are available for community-led service delivery. The region must utilise its full potential and draw upon lessons that have been learnt to address common challenges of the HIV and COVID-19 pandemics and achieve the goal of ending AIDS by 2030, in fulfillment of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Chokephaibulkit, Kulkanya, Azar Kariminia, Peninnah Oberdorfer, Revathy Nallusamy, Torsak Bunupuradah, Rawiwan Hansudewechakul, Khu Thi Khanh Dung, et al. "Characterizing HIV Manifestations and Treatment Outcomes of Perinatally Infected Adolescents in Asia." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 33, no. 3 (March 2014): 291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/inf.0b013e3182a18223.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Phanuphak, Nittaya, Reshmie Ramautarsing, Tanat Chinbunchorn, Rena Janamnuaysook, Supabhorn Pengnonyang, Krittaporn Termvanich, Pongthorn Chanlearn, Danai Linjongrat, Surang Janyam, and Praphan Phanuphak. "Implementing a Status-Neutral Approach to HIV in the Asia-Pacific." Current HIV/AIDS Reports 17, no. 5 (July 29, 2020): 422–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11904-020-00516-z.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Purpose of Review Globally, “undetectable equals untransmittable (U=U)” and “pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)” have become crucial elements in HIV treatment and prevention programs. We reviewed the implementation of U=U and PrEP among countries in the Asia-Pacific region. Recent Findings U=U and PrEP uptakes were limited and slow in the Asia-Pacific. Inadequate knowledge among health care practitioners and pervasive stigma towards individuals living with HIV and their sexual lives are key barriers for the integration of U=U into clinical practice. Paternalistic and hierarchical health care systems are major obstacles in PrEP implementation and scale-up. Countries with the most advanced PrEP implementation all use community-based, nurse-led, and key population-led service delivery models. Summary To advance U=U and PrEP in the Asia-Pacific, strategies targeting changes to practice norm through wide-scale stakeholders’ training and education, making use of online health care professional influencers, and utilizing financial mechanism should be further explored through implementation research.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Bongomin, Kwizera, and Denning. "Getting Histoplasmosis on the Map of International Recommendations for Patients with Advanced HIV Disease." Journal of Fungi 5, no. 3 (September 2, 2019): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof5030080.

Full text

Abstract:

Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis, caused by H. capsulatum, is a life-threatening illness and is an AIDS-defining opportunistic infection. It is neglected, worryingly under-diagnosed, and often misdiagnosed as cancer or tuberculosis with fatal consequences. Globally, over 100,000 cases of disseminated histoplasmosis have been estimated. In 2017, the World Health Organization (WHO) noted that disseminated histoplasmosis is a significant cause of mortality in AIDS patients. Through the rigorous efforts of the Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections (GAFFI) and partners, in 2019, the Histoplasma antigen test was included on the 2nd Edition of the WHO List of Essential Diagnostics. The drugs used in the treatment of histoplasmosis (amphotericin B and itraconazole) are on the WHO Essential Medicine List. The Manaus Declaration on histoplasmosis in the Americas and the Caribbean, where histoplasmosis kills more people with HIV than tuberculosis, advocates for universal access to rapid testing for histoplasmosis and availability of essential drugs for the treatment of histoplasmosis in every country by 2025. Hyperendemic areas are present in the Americas, Caribbean, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. In conclusion, histoplasmosis remains an important clinical and public health problem. To reduce HIV-associated mortality, disseminated histoplasmosis must be addressed through advocacy, increased awareness, and universal access to essential diagnostics and antifungal agents.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Dawson, Stacey, and Emma Meader. "Hepatitis C." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 11, no. 2 (January 24, 2018): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1755738017740161.

Full text

Abstract:

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection affects approximately 180 000 000 people worldwide, with the highest rates reported in Africa and Asia. In the UK, the rate is in the region of 1% of the population. Most infections become chronic and can lead to extensive liver damage and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite recent advances in treatment strategies the high cost, high demand, screening uptake and re-infection rates make HCV one of the greatest healthcare challenges of modern medicine. This article provides an overview of HCV and aims to equip GPs for their role in screening and management in primary care.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Mehta, RS, and B. Singh. "Socio-demographic Profile and Outcomes of the Admitted AIDS Patients in BPKIHS." SAARC Journal of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases and HIV/AIDS 5, no. 2 (May 7, 2010): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/saarctb.v5i2.3070.

Full text

Abstract:

In world More than 40 million people are living with HIV/AIDS, 2.3 million are under 15 yrs , 14000 new infections each day , 1.7 million human infected with HIV/AIDS, 3.1 million deaths from AIDS , Million new HIV cases (13425) per day. In south East Asia 6.3 million PLWHA in 2005 (Source: WHO, UNAIDS). It was retrospective descriptive study design conducted at B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS) among the admitted AIDS cases using their case notes during the period of 1-9-2003 to 30-8-2006 using developed Performa. It was found that Majority of the subjects (83.4%) were of age group 20-40 years, Male (89.6%), and from Sunsari district (47.9%). Half of the subjects were improved after treatment and then discharged. As the number of AIDS cases are increasing rapidly in eastern Nepal and BPKIHS is a centre for treatment of AIDS cases, it is essential to conduct awareness activates regarding prevention of disease and advocacy about available facilities of BPKIHS. Key words: AIDS; Socio-demographic profile; BPKIHS DOI: 10.3126/saarctb.v5i2.3070 SAARC J. Tuber. Lung Dis. HIV/AIDS 2008 Vol.5(2) 10-14

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Vlahov, David, and David D. Celentano. "Access to highly active antiretroviral therapy for injection drug users: adherence, resistance, and death." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 22, no. 4 (April 2006): 705–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2006000400002.

Full text

Abstract:

Injection drug users (IDUs) continue to comprise a major risk group for HIV infection throughout the world and represent the focal population for HIV epidemics in Asia and Eastern Europe/Russia. HIV prevention programs have ranged from HIV testing and counseling, education, behavioral and network interventions, drug abuse treatment, bleach disinfection of needles, needle exchange and expanded syringe access, as well as reducing transition to injection and primary substance abuse prevention. With the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in 1996, dramatic clinical improvements have been seen. In addition, the treatment's impact on reducing HIV viral load (and therefore transmission by all routes) provides a stronger rationale for an expansion of the focus on prevention to emphasize early identification and treatment of HIV infected individuals. However, treatment of IDUs has many challenges including adherence, resistance and relapse to high risk behaviors, all of which impact issues of access and ultimately effectiveness of potent antiretroviral treatment. A major current challenge in addressing the HIV epidemic revolves around an appropriate approach to HIV treatment for IDUs.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

van Griensven, Frits, Jan Willem de Lind van Wijngaarden, Patrick Castillo Eustaquio, Stephen Wignall, Iskandar Azwa, Vanessa Veronese, Laurent Ferradini, Nittaya Phanuphak, and Stephen Mills. "The continuing HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men and transgender women in the ASEAN region: implications for HIV policy and service programming." Sexual Health 18, no. 1 (2021): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh20134.

Full text

Abstract:

Men who have sex with men (MSM) in Western urban areas have seen substantive decreases in new diagnoses of HIV infection. This paper explores whether such declines are present among MSM and transgender women (TGW) in Southeast Asia and discusses implications for HIV policies and programming. A scoping review was conducted of scientific publications and selected documents regarding the spread of HIV infection among MSM and TGW in major urban centres of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region. Continued high HIV prevalence and incidence among MSM are found in integrated behavioural and biological surveillance (IBBS) and research studies. HIV prevalence among MSM under IBBS decreased only in Bangkok from 28.6% in 2014 to 10.3% in 2018, whereas it was increasing in Kuala Lumpur, Ho Chi Minh City, Vientiane, and Phnom Penh. HIV/AIDS case reports regarding new HIV infection diagnoses among MSM have started to decrease in Singapore since 2011 and have been plateauing in Metropolitan Manila since 2017. Where data were available, it was found that HIV prevalence among TGW was high and if IBBS was conducted, it was increasing. HIV prevalence among TGW under IBBS in Jakarta had risen to 34.0% (2015) and 14.0% (2019) in Phnom Penh. These findings suggest that most ASEAN member states have so far failed to effectively implement and scale-up scientifically proven biomedical HIV prevention measures and counter stigma and discrimination that impedes access to appropriate HIV prevention and treatment services for MSM and TGW.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Lim, JY, BW Chew, and KH Phua. "An Economic Analysis of AIDS — Towards a Proposed Model of Costing: A Singapore Experience." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 7, no. 3 (July 1994): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/101053959400700301.

Full text

Abstract:

With the increasing prevalence of HIV infection/AIDS and the extending range of care and treatment, the economic implications of the various prevention and control strategies, and of treatment, have become the subject of interest to policy-makers, public health specialists and health economists. This paper presents an overview of the methods used for the economic analysis of AIDS/HIV infection. It proposes an activity-oriented, cost center-based model for the costing of the economic impact of AIDS, using cost figures in Singapore since 1985, when the National AIDS Control Program was started. Priorities for future research are also identified. Asia Pac J Public Health1994;7(3):143-50.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Dahiya, Neha, D. Bachani, R. Das, and SK Rasania. "SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC AND CLINICAL PROFILE OF HIV POSITIVE PATIENTS ATTENDING INTEGRATED COUNSELING & TESTING CENTRE OF A PRIMARY HEALTH CENTRE IN DELHI." SAARC Journal of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases and HIV/AIDS 14, no. 1 (July 12, 2017): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/saarctb.v14i1.17725.

Full text

Abstract:

Introduction: The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection is a global pandemic affecting principally the sexually active and economically productive population of any country. Additionally the dual epidemic of HIV and TB infection is of growing concern in Asia, where nearly two-third of TB-infected individuals live and where tuberculosis now accounts for 40 percent of HIV/AIDS deaths. Keeping this in mind, a study was conducted to understand the profile of HIV/AIDS patients attending Integrated Counseling and Testing Center (ICTC) located at Primary Health Centre, Palam in Delhi.Methodology: This was a descriptive record based study undertaken at ICTC, PHC PALAM, New Delhi. Records of all HIV seropositive patients identified in reference period (January 2010 to December 2014) were analyzed retrospectively to assess the socio-demographic and clinical profile including possible route of transmission, CD4 counts at the time of first reporting to the Anti Retroviral Treatment (ART) centre and the presence of co-infections including tuberculosis were recorded. Total 77 HIV seropositive patients were identified.Results: Mean Age of presentation of male was 31.18 ± 8.85 years (12-60 years) and female 30.30 ± 10.07 years (7-53 years). Majority of HIV+ persons were married (16% of males and 6% females were unmarried).24% of women were widows. Majority of HIV+ males and females had only primary schooling. 11% males and 21% females were illiterate. Main occupations of HIV+ males were daily wages labor and salaried service or other unspecified four out of 5 HIV+ women were housewives 70% of subjects were either referred from RNTCP or were self reporting. Heterosexual route was the most common route of transmission. Mean CD4 counts Males: 190.48 ± 180.52, Females: 286.21 ± 220.25 (t=2.09; p=0.039, significant).At the time of first reporting to ART centers, mean CD4 count was significantly higher in HIV+ females as compared to males. More than 50% of HIV+ males and 30% of females had co-infection of HIV & TB. CD4 count was associated with gender and co-infection with TB. Significantly higher odds of HIV-TB co-infection among male as compared to females (chi-square=4.49, p=0.034) and odds Ratio=2.76(1.07 – 7.14)Conclusions: Low literacy and some occupations carry higher risk of HIV. CD4 count was associated with gender and co-infection with TB. Odds of co-infection with TB were higher in males. Analysis of information at ICTC & ART centre should be used to monitor and plan HIV prevention and control in the area.SAARC J TUBER LUNG DIS HIV/AIDS, 2017; XIV(1), page: 22-26

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Holt, Martin. "HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis and treatment as prevention: a review of awareness and acceptability among men who have sex with men in the Asia-Pacific region and the Americas." Sexual Health 11, no. 2 (2014): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh13060.

Full text

Abstract:

This review assesses acceptability research for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and treatment as prevention (TasP) among men who have sex with men (MSM) in the Asia-Pacific region and the Americas, evaluating awareness and attitudes. There has been limited research on the acceptability of PrEP outside the United States and no research to date evaluating the acceptability of TasP since the findings of the HIV Prevention Trials Network 052 trial were released. Existing research suggests that PrEP is reasonably acceptable to MSM, but few men are likely to perceive the need for it. Studies of HIV treatment optimism suggest that MSM are likely to be sceptical of TasP.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Deryabina, Anna P., and Wafaa M. El-Sadr. "Optimizing HIV prevention and treatment outcomes for persons with substance use in Central Asia." Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS 14, no. 5 (September 2019): 374–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/coh.0000000000000565.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Jiamsakul, Awachana, Iskandar Azwa, Fujie Zhang, Evy Yunihastuti, Rossana Ditangco, Nagalingeswaran Kumarasamy, Oon Tek Ng, et al. "Treatment modification after second-line failure among people living with HIV in the Asia-Pacific." Antiviral Therapy 25, no. 7 (2021): 377–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3851/imp3388.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Stefanski, Daniel A. "Bangkok: The End of Broken Promises? XV International AIDS Conference, 2004." Sexual Health 1, no. 3 (2004): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh04037.

Full text

Abstract:

The global community has gain failed to significantly confront the AIDS crisis. In the context of a worsening HIV pandemic, the conference highlighted the shortfall in funding, the soaring infection rate in Asia, the need to integrate prevention and treatment and the difficulties in coordinating a global response. To overcome AIDS, the global community must put aside ideology and honour its commitments.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Zhou, Jialun, Junko Tanuma, Romanee Chaiwarith, Christopher K. C. Lee, Matthew G. Law, Nagalingeswaran Kumarasamy, Praphan Phanuphak, et al. "Loss to Followup in HIV-Infected Patients from Asia-Pacific Region: Results from TAHOD." AIDS Research and Treatment 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/375217.

Full text

Abstract:

This study examined characteristics of HIV-infected patients in the TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database who were lost to follow-up (LTFU) from treatment and care. Time from last clinic visit to 31 March 2009 was analysed to determine the interval that best classified LTFU. Patients defined as LTFU were then categorised into permanently LTFU (never returned) and temporary LTFU (re-entered later), and these groups compared. A total of 3626 patients were included (71% male). No clinic visits for 180 days was the best-performing LTFU definition (sensitivity 90.6%, specificity 92.3%). During 7697 person-years of follow-up, 1648 episodes of LFTU were recorded (21.4 per 100-person-years). Patients LFTU were younger (P=0.002), had HIV viral load ≥500 copies/mL or missing (P=0.021), had shorter history of HIV infection (P=0.048), and received no, single- or double-antiretroviral therapy, or a triple-drug regimen containing a protease inhibitor (P<0.001). 48% of patients LTFU never returned. These patients were more likely to have low or missing haemoglobin (P<0.001), missing recent HIV viral load (P<0.001), negative hepatitis C test (P=0.025), and previous temporary LTFU episodes (P<0.001). Our analyses suggest that patients not seen at a clinic for 180 days are at high risk of permanent LTFU, and should be aggressively traced.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Tam, Andrew, Jennifer Ho, and Annette H. Sohn. "Brief communication (Original). Challenges of providing treatment and care to men who have sex with men and with HIV/AIDS in Bangkok." Asian Biomedicine 8, no. 6 (December 1, 2014): 785–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5372/1905-7415.0806.358.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Background: Across the Asia-Pacific, men who have sex with men (MSM) constitute a growing proportion of those infected with and at risk for HIV/AIDS, but frequently lack access to treatment-related resources because of stigma and discrimination. Objective: To identify challenges that a community-based organization (CBO) and its corresponding HIV clinic in Bangkok, Thailand, face in order to facilitate access to HIV-related care and treatment services by HIV-positive MSM. Methods: Data were collected through focus group discussions, semi-structured interviews, and surveys of staff members and volunteers working at the support facilities from April through May 2011. Results: A total of 21 staff and volunteers working at the support facilities participated. Participants reported various barriers to use of HIV-related services by MSM including fear of stigmatization because of their infection status, limited clinic/hospital hours, and misunderstanding of risks. Conclusions: In response to these barriers, CBOs implemented solutions ranging from outreach activities to organization of a men’s health clinic targeting MSM.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Aye, Kyi-Phyu, Sabai Phyu, Thet-Su Mon, and Thwe-Zin Soe. "#21: Pattern and Outcome of Opportunistic Infections in Hospitalized HIV-Infected Patients in Specialist Hospital Waibargi, Myanmar." Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society 10, Supplement_1 (March 1, 2021): S19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piaa170.059.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Background Human immunodeficiency virus/ acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) constitutes a major global public health concern. There are an estimated 237,000 people living with HIV in Myanmar with prevalence of 0.57%, the fourth highest in South East Asia region. Specialist Hospital Waibargi (SHW) is one of the 3 main hospitals in Myanmar for HIV care and support with a cohort of nearly 2000 patients. This study was performed in SHW to evaluate the pattern and hospital outcome of various opportunistic infections (OI) in HIV-infected patients which are the principal cause of morbidity and mortality. Methods We conducted a retrospective records review study involving 370 HIV-infected patients hospitalized from October 2018 to September 2019 (1-year period). Disseminated tuberculosis (TB) was defined by concurrent involvement in at least two noncontiguous organs or miliary TB in a chest radiograph. Suggested Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) was defined by the presence of prolonged fever not responding to anti-TB treatment and presence of generalized lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and pancytopenia in patients with CD4 <50 cells/mm3. Invasive fungal infection was defined by the presence of diffuse infiltrates on chest radiograph and/or generalized lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and pancytopenia with a response to antifungal therapy. Frequencies of individual OI were expressed as percentages. Results Among 370 patients, antiretroviral therapy (ART) was initiated in 150 patients during admission, 153 patients were already on ART (first-line/second-line/third-line/ default and restart patients), 67 were about to be initiated at a follow-up visit and 9 were defaulters. The mean age was 38.2 ± 11 years, 224 male and 146 female patients were admitted (ratio 1.5:1). Mean CD4 is 111 cells/mm3 (range 4–627 cells/mm3). In total, 322 patients (87%) had CD4 <350 cells/mm3. A total of 823 OI occurred in 370 patients. One hundred and twenty-nine patients had ≥ 2 OI. Among 823 episodes, pulmonary TB accounted 32.8% (270 patients) with 13% confirmed cases including 12 multi-drug-resistant cases. Extrapulmonary TB was 22% including 48 TB meningitis cases. Disseminated TB was found in 15.3%. The rest were sepsis (19.6%), acute gastroenteritis (4%), cryptococcal meningitis/cryptococcaemia (3%), Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP) (3.2%), skin fungal infection (4%), invasive fungal infection (4%), esophageal candidiasis (2.3%), Cytomegalovirus retinitis (0.6%), suggested MAC (1.7%), cerebral toxoplasmosis (0.7%), progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (0.8%), encephalitis (0.7%), Herpes zoster infection (0.6%). Eighty-six hospitalized patients died with a mortality rate of 23.2% mostly due to disseminated TB or fungal infection, PCP, sepsis, cryptococcal meningitis, and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. The mean duration of hospitalization was 14 ± 11 days. Sixteen children (age 12–22 years) with CD4 <350 cells/mm3 were included, half were infected congenitally and mortality was 50% mostly due to disseminated TB and sepsis. Conclusion Even in the test and treat era of ART, most HIV-infected patients in the study were late presenters with advanced disease. It highlights the importance of increasing testing awareness in the community and eliminating mother to child transmission. TB was the commonest OI among HIV-infected patients and early TB diagnosis, anti-TB treatment, good adherence, and latent TB prophylaxis are the major tools to improve HIV/TB-related morbidity and mortality.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Lydiawati, Eva, Chukmol Sirithida, Sou Vannda, Hak Vortey, Heng Ratana, M. Yulianto Listiawan, and Indropo Agusni. "LEPROSY AND HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS COINFECTION: A RARE CASE REPORT." Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease 7, no. 4 (February 22, 2019): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ijtid.v7i4.8869.

Full text

Abstract:

Leprosy, or Hansen disease, is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae which is associated with inflammation that may damage the skin and the peripheral nerves. Leprosy remains an important public health problem in Southeast Asia, America, and Africa. It has been speculated that, as with TB, HIV infection may exacerbate leprosy lesions and/or lead to increased susceptibility to leprosy. We report the case of leprosy and HIV co-infection and reveals its clinical manifestation. A 34-year-old female came to outpatient clinic complaining of rednessplaque on her face of 2-months duration. It was also accompanied with thick sensation but without itchy or burning sensation. We found thick erythematous plaque with sharp margin and hypoesthesia on her face and body. There were no madarosis, saddle nose, lagophthalmos, nor sign of neuritis. The slit-skin smear revealed BI 1+ globi and MI 2%. From laboratory examination we found CBC was within normal limit, IgM anti PGL-1 titer was 1265 u/mL and IgG anti PGL-1 was 834 u/mL Both histological examination on her ear lobe and extremity revealed that was similar to the lesion of leprosy. The detection of HIV antibody was positive with CD4 count on 325 cells/μL. We treat her with MDT for MB leprosy along with ART (Tenofovir, Lamivudine, and Efavirenz). After 6-months follow-up we observed no progression of the lesions though the slit-skin smear after completing 6 months of therapy become negative. M. leprae does not seem to accelerate the decline of immune function when associated with HIV infection. HIV infection does not seem to affect the clinical classification and progression of leprosy. Treatment of the HIV-leprosy co-infected patient consists of the combination of ARTs and anti-leprosy agents. So that, the treatment of leprosy and HIV co-infection does not differ from that of a seronegative leprosy patient.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Sohn, Annette H., Jeremy Ross, and Milton L. Wainberg. "Barriers to mental healthcare and treatment for people living with HIV in the Asia-Pacific." Journal of the International AIDS Society 21, no. 10 (October 2018): e25189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jia2.25189.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Li, Kingbherly L., Jose Carlo B. Valencia, Florida F. Taladtad, Mary Grace T. Hernaez, Vivienne V. Luzentales, Cybele Lara R. Abad, and Edsel Maurice T. Salvana. "372. Prevalence of Urethral, Rectal, and Pharyngeal Gonorrhea and Chlamydia among Newly Diagnosed Filipino HIV Patients." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.445.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Background The Philippines has the fastest-growing HIV epidemic in the Asia-Pacific. Concurrent sexually-transmitted infections increase the risk of HIV transmission and complications. The prevalence of Neisseria gonorrheae (NG) and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection among Filipino HIV patients is unknown and screening is not universal. A symptom-based approach likely underestimates the prevalence of NG and CT among men who have sex with men (MSM). We determined the rectal, pharyngeal, and urethral prevalence of gonorrhea and chlamydia infection in our patient population using nucleic acid testing (NAT). Methods This is a single-center, prospective cross-sectional study at Philippine General Hospital. Following ethical approval and informed consent, pharyngeal, rectal, and urine samples from newly-diagnosed, treatment-naïve HIV adult patients were tested using the Xpert® CT/NG assay (Cepheid, Sunnydale, CA). Patients with recent (≤21 days) antibiotic use with activity against NG or CT were excluded. Demographic and clinical data were also collected. Results 46 subjects were enrolled. Mean age was 31 years (range 19–49), 83% (38/46) were male, 96% (44/46) were asymptomatic, and 92% (35/38) of the males were MSM. Median CD4 count was 225 cells/μL (range 0–1,335). The overall prevalence of CT/NG was 33% (15/46). Table 1 shows the prevalence of CT and NG by site. Four patients had both genital and rectal CT. More patients had rectal NG/CT compared with urethral and pharyngeal sites. No gonorrhea was found in the urine specimens; no chlamydia was found in the pharynx. Conclusion The prevalence of CT and NG among newly diagnosed Filipino HIV patients at 33% is sufficiently high to warrant routine NAT screening. Urine testing alone will miss a significant number of cases in an MSM-predominant population. We recommend NAT screening of both urethral and rectal sites for newly-diagnosed Filipino HIV patients. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Bartlett, Adam W., Pagakrong Lumbiganon, Nia Kurniati, Tavitiya Sudjaritruk, Thahira J. Mohamed, Rawiwan Hansudewechakul, Penh S. Ly, et al. "Use and Outcomes of Antiretroviral Monotherapy and Treatment Interruption in Adolescents With Perinatal HIV Infection in Asia." Journal of Adolescent Health 65, no. 5 (November 2019): 651–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.05.025.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Jamal Mohamed, Thahira, Sirinya Teeraananchai, Stephen Kerr, Wanatpreeya Phongsamart, Nik Khairulddin Nik Yusoff, Rawiwan Hansudewechakul, Penh Sun Ly, et al. "Short Communication: Impact of Viral Load Use on Treatment Switch in Perinatally HIV-Infected Children in Asia." AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 33, no. 3 (March 2017): 230–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/aid.2016.0039.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Gayle, Helene D., and Gena L. Hill. "Global Impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and AIDS." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 14, no. 2 (April 1, 2001): 327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.14.2.327-335.2001.

Full text

Abstract:

SUMMARY This review provides information on the epidemiology, economic impact, and intervention strategies for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS pandemic in developing countries. According to the World Health Organization and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) at the end of 1999, an estimated 34.3 million people were living with HIV/AIDS. Most of the people living with HIV, 95% of the global total, live in developing countries. Examples of the impact of HIV/AIDS in Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean, and the Newly Independent States provide insight into the demographics, modes of exposure, treatment and prevention options, and the economic effect of the epidemic on the global community. The epidemic in each region of the world is influenced by the specific risk factors that are associated with the spread of HIV/AIDS and the responses that have evolved to address it. These influences are important in developing HIV/AIDS policies and programs to effectively address the global pandemic.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

De La Mata, Nicole L., Penh S. Ly, Kinh V. Nguyen, Tuti P. Merati, Thuy T. Pham, Man P. Lee, Jun Y. Choi, Jeremy Ross, Matthew G. Law, and Oon T. Ng. "Loss to Follow-up Trends in HIV-Positive Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Treatment in Asia From 2003 to 2013." JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 74, no. 5 (April 2017): 555–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qai.0000000000001293.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Zhou, Jialun, Praphan Phanupak, Sasisopin Kiertiburanakul, Rossana Ditangco, Adeeba Kamarulzaman, and Sanjay Pujary. "Highly Active Antiretroviral Treatment Containing Efavirenz or Nevirapine and Related Toxicity in the TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database." JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 43, no. 4 (December 2006): 501–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.qai.0000243109.33759.81.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'HIV infections – Treatment – Asia'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles