Journal articles on the topic 'HIV infections Transmission Great Britain'
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1
Wheeler, V. W., and K. W. Radcliffe. "HIV Infection in the Caribbean." International Journal of STD & AIDS 5, no. 2 (March 1994): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095646249400500201.
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The Caribbean is a multi-ethnic region with many different cultural differences. The majority of the population is of African descent, but there are also other ethnic groups present such as Indians, Chinese, Syrians and Europeans. The Caribbean region is influenced by countries such as the USA, Great Britain, France and Holland. The countries of the Caribbean have a serious problem with HIV infection and AIDS. The epidemiology of HIV infection in this region, is different from most other parts of the world in that the mode of spread does not easily fit into any of the three WHO patterns. This review shows that the infection initially started in the homosexual/bisexual community, but since then, it has moved to the heterosexual population and this form of contact is now the main mode of transmission of the virus. The Governments of the Caribbean countries have realized the extent of the problem and have taken measures to try to control the epidemic.
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Atchison, C. J., C. C. Tam, S. Hajat, W. van Pelt, J. M. Cowden, and B. A. Lopman. "Temperature-dependent transmission of rotavirus in Great Britain and The Netherlands." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, no. 1683 (November 25, 2009): 933–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.1755.
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In Europe, rotavirus gastroenteritis peaks in late winter or early spring suggesting a role for weather factors in transmission of the virus. In this study, multivariate regression models adapted for time-series data were used to investigate effects of temperature, humidity and rainfall on reported rotavirus infections and the infection-rate parameter, a derived measure of infection transmission that takes into account population immunity, in England, Wales, Scotland and The Netherlands. Delayed effects of weather were investigated by introducing lagged weather terms into the model. Meta-regression was used to pool together country-specific estimates. There was a 13 per cent (95% confidence interval (CI), 11–15%) decrease in reported infections per 1°C increase in temperature above a threshold of 5°C and a 4 per cent (95% CI, 3–5%) decrease in the infection-rate parameter per 1°C increase in temperature across the whole temperature range. The effect of temperature was immediate for the infection-rate parameter but delayed by up to four weeks for reported infections. There was no overall effect of humidity or rainfall. There is a direct and simple relationship between cold weather and rotavirus transmission in Great Britain and The Netherlands. The more complex and delayed temperature effect on disease incidence is likely to be mediated through the effects of weather on transmission.
3
Danon, Leon, Jonathan M. Read, Thomas A. House, Matthew C. Vernon, and Matt J. Keeling. "Social encounter networks: characterizing Great Britain." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1765 (August 22, 2013): 20131037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1037.
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A major goal of infectious disease epidemiology is to understand and predict the spread of infections within human populations, with the intention of better informing decisions regarding control and intervention. However, the development of fully mechanistic models of transmission requires a quantitative understanding of social interactions and collective properties of social networks. We performed a cross-sectional study of the social contacts on given days for more than 5000 respondents in England, Scotland and Wales, through postal and online survey methods. The survey was designed to elicit detailed and previously unreported measures of the immediate social network of participants relevant to infection spread. Here, we describe individual-level contact patterns, focusing on the range of heterogeneity observed and discuss the correlations between contact patterns and other socio-demographic factors. We find that the distribution of the number of contacts approximates a power-law distribution, but postulate that total contact time (which has a shorter-tailed distribution) is more epidemiologically relevant. We observe that children, public-sector and healthcare workers have the highest number of total contact hours and are therefore most likely to catch and transmit infectious disease. Our study also quantifies the transitive connections made between an individual's contacts (or clustering); this is a key structural characteristic of social networks with important implications for disease transmission and control efficacy. Respondents' networks exhibit high levels of clustering, which varies across social settings and increases with duration, frequency of contact and distance from home. Finally, we discuss the implications of these findings for the transmission and control of pathogens spread through close contact.
4
Latkovic, Marina. "Prevention of viral infection transmission in dental practice." Serbian Dental Journal 61, no. 4 (2014): 210–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sgs1404210l.
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The risk of transmission of viral infections in dentistry has caused great public fear both among patients and dentists. This is primarily related to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis viruses (HBV and HCV), which can cause many complications. This problem is particularly important in dental practice where the appropriate protection during all dental procedures is required. The application of preventive measures against blood-borne infections (HIV, HBV and HCV) may prevent transmission of these infectious agents during dental intervention. The aim of this study was to emphasize possible ways of transmission and advise prevention and protection measures against HIV, HBV and HCV infections in dental practice.
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Fielding, Helen R., Trevelyan J. McKinley, Matthew J. Silk, Richard J. Delahay, and Robbie A. McDonald. "Contact chains of cattle farms in Great Britain." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 2 (February 2019): 180719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180719.
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Network analyses can assist in predicting the course of epidemics. Time-directed paths or ‘contact chains' provide a measure of host-connectedness across specified timeframes, and so represent potential pathways for spread of infections with different epidemiological characteristics. We analysed networks and contact chains of cattle farms in Great Britain using Cattle Tracing System data from 2001 to 2015. We focused on the potential for between-farm transmission of bovine tuberculosis, a chronic infection with potential for hidden spread through the network. Networks were characterized by scale-free type properties, where individual farms were found to be influential ‘hubs' in the network. We found a markedly bimodal distribution of farms with either small or very large ingoing and outgoing contact chains (ICCs and OCCs). As a result of their cattle purchases within 12-month periods, 47% of British farms were connected by ICCs to more than 1000 other farms and 16% were connected to more than 10 000 other farms. As a result of their cattle sales within 12-month periods, 66% of farms had OCCs that reached more than 1000 other farms and 15% reached more than 10 000 other farms. Over 19 000 farms had both ICCs and OCCs reaching more than 10 000 farms for two or more years. While farms with more contacts in their ICCs or OCCs might play an important role in disease spread, farms with extensive ICCs and OCCs might be particularly important by being at higher risk of both acquiring and disseminating infections.
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Banyard, Ashley C., Fabian Z. X. Lean, Caroline Robinson, Fiona Howie, Glen Tyler, Craig Nisbet, James Seekings, et al. "Detection of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b in Great Skuas: A Species of Conservation Concern in Great Britain." Viruses 14, no. 2 (January 21, 2022): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14020212.
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The UK and Europe have seen successive outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza across the 2020/21 and 2021/22 autumn/winter seasons. Understanding both the epidemiology and transmission of these viruses in different species is critical to aid mitigating measures where outbreaks cause extensive mortalities in both land- and waterfowl. Infection of different species can result in mild or asymptomatic outcomes, or acute infections that result in high morbidity and mortality levels. Definition of disease outcome in different species is of great importance to understanding the role different species play in the maintenance and transmission of these pathogens. Further, the infection of species that have conservation value is also important to recognise and characterise to understand the impact on what might be limited wild populations. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b has been detected in great skuas (Stercorarius skua) across different colonies on islands off the shore of Scotland, Great Britain during summer 2021. A large number of great skuas were observed as developing severe clinical disease and dying during the epizootic and mortalities were estimated to be high where monitored. Of eight skuas submitted for post-mortem examination, seven were confirmed as being infected with this virus using a range of diagnostic assays. Here we overview the outbreak event that occurred in this species, listed as species of conservation concern in Great Britain and outline the importance of this finding with respect to virus transmission and maintenance.
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Carpenter, Laura M. "Demedicalization and Remedicalization of Male Circumcision in Great Britain and the United States." SALUTE E SOCIETÀ, no. 2 (July 2009): 155–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ses2009-en2011.
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- This study explicates the theoretically important, yet inadequately specified, processes of demedicalization and remedicalization by comparing the histories of male circumcision in Great Britain and the United States. Although circumcision was medicalized to a similar degree in both countries before World War II, by the 1960s, circumcision was almost completely demedicalized in Britain and almost universal in the U.S. Since then, circumcision has become partially demedicalized in the U.S. Medical professionals and insurance/healthcare systems drove demedicalization in both countries; in the U.S., grassroots activists also played a critical role, while medical community "holdouts" resisted demedicalization. Recent research indicating that circumcision inhibits HIV transmission is differentially likely to produce remedicalization in the two nations, given differences in circumcision prevalence, HIV epidemiology, insurance/health systems, activism opportunities, and status of religious groups. Future research should theorize the life cycle of medicalization, explore comparative cases, and attend more closely to medical "holdouts" from previous eras, prevalence and duration of medicalized practices, and barriers to non-medical interpretations.Keywords: medicalization, demedicalization, remedicalization, health, circumcision, sociology.Parole chiave: medicalizzazione, demedicalizzazione, rimedicalizzazione, salute, circoncisione, sociologia.
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Guo, Fuying, and Lingzhou Yang. "Research Progress on HIV/AIDS with Concomitant Hepatitis B Virus and/or Hepatitis C Virus Infection." Infection International 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ii-2017-0099.
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Abstract Hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) involve similar transmission routes, namely, blood, sexual contact, and mother-baby contact. Therefore, HIV infection is usually accompanied by HBV and HCV infections. This observation poses a great challenge to the prevention and treatment of HIV/human acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) accompanied by HBV and HCV infection. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been extensively applied. Hence, liverrelated diseases have become the main causes of complication and death in HIV-infected individuals. This paper summarizes the current epidemiology, mutual influence, and treatment of HIV/AIDS accompanied by HBV or HCV infection.
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Yadav, Kiran, Preeti Verma, Prakash Kumar Mishra, Suresh Kumar Yadav, and Sanjeev Kumar Tripathi. "Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Syphilis, Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Co-infections among Antenatal Women in a Tertiary care Hospital, Uttar Pradesh, India." Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 16, no. 1 (February 21, 2022): 435–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.16.1.40.
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Sexually transmitted infections (STI) associated with pregnancy poses a great threat to fetal well being due to vertical transmission. This study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, HIV and syphilis infection in pregnant women. This retrospective study was conducted in Microbiology department over a period of one year from December 2018 to December 2019 at a tertiary care teaching hospital, Uttar Pradesh, India. In this study, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibodies against hepatitis C virus, HIV and syphilis infection were detected in antenatal women. Total 4037 pregnant women attending antenatal clinic were enrolled in this study. The seroprevalence of HBV was 1.34% (54/4037), HCV was 0.52% (21/4037), syphilis was 0.07% (3/4037), and HIV was 0.12% (5/4037). Only one patient had coinfection of HBV and HCV. Regular antenatal screening of all pregnant females for various infections should be done for proper and timely intervention.
10
Carpenter, Laura M. "Demedicalizzazione e rimedicalizzazione della circoncisione maschile in Gran Bretagna e Stati Uniti." SALUTE E SOCIETÀ, no. 2 (July 2009): 166–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ses2009-002011.
Full textAbstract:
- This study explicates the theoretically important, yet inadequately specified, processes of demedicalization and remedicalization by comparing the histories of male circumcision in Great Britain and the United States. Although circumcision was medicalized to a similar degree in both countries before World War II, by the 1960s, circumcision was almost completely demedicalized in Britain and almost universal in the U.S. Since then, circumcision has become partially demedicalized in the U.S. Medical professionals and insurance/healthcare systems drove demedicalization in both countries; in the U.S., grassroots activists also played a critical role, while medical community "holdouts" resisted demedicalization. Recent research indicating that circumcision inhibits HIV transmission is differentially likely to produce remedicalization in the two nations, given differences in circumcision prevalence, HIV epidemiology, insurance/health systems, activism opportunities, and status of religious groups. Future research should theorize the life cycle of medicalization, explore comparative cases, and attend more closely to medical "holdouts" from previous eras, prevalence and duration of medicalized practices, and barriers to non-medical interpretations.Keywords: medicalization, demedicalization, remedicalization, health, circumcision, sociology.Parole chiave: medicalizzazione, demedicalizzazione, rimedicalizzazione, salute, circoncisione, sociologia.
11
Fielding, Helen R., Trevelyan J. McKinley, Richard J. Delahay, Matthew J. Silk, and Robbie A. McDonald. "Effects of trading networks on the risk of bovine tuberculosis incidents on cattle farms in Great Britain." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 4 (April 2020): 191806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191806.
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Trading animals between farms and via markets can provide a conduit for spread of infections. By studying trading networks, we might better understand the dynamics of livestock diseases. We constructed ingoing contact chains of cattle farms in Great Britain that were linked by trading, to elucidate potential pathways for the transmission of infection and to evaluate their effect on the risk of a farm experiencing a bovine tuberculosis (bTB) incident. Our findings are consistent with variation in bTB risk associated with region, herd size, disease risk area and history of previous bTB incidents on the root farm and nearby farms. However, we also identified effects of both direct and indirect trading patterns, such that connections to more farms in the England High-Risk Area up to three movements away from the root farm increased the odds of a bTB incident, while connections with more farms in the England Low-Risk Area up to eight movements away decreased the odds. Relative to other risk factors for bTB, trading behaviours are arguably more amenable to change, and consideration of risks associated with indirect trading, as well direct trading, might therefore offer an additional approach to bTB control in Great Britain.
12
N.E., Barantsevich, Levanova V.V., and Barantsevich Elena P. "Regional spread of Candida auris." Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 23, no. 2 (2021): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.36488/cmac.2021.2.117-125.
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The geographical routes and time schedule of spread of C. auris – the fungus first identified in 2009 are discussed. Data on the increasing frequency of C. auris infections and rapid dissemination of the fungus from the regions of origin – southern Asia, eastern Asia, southern Africa and southern America – towards different regions of all continents except Antarctica, especially after 2016, are presented. Three different clades are encountered in Great Britain, all four clades – in the USA. South Asian clade is currently present in Russia: the introduction was associated with labor migration from Middle Asia. The necessity of C. auris surveillance, essential for the establishment of sources and routes of transmission and dissemination of different clades is emphasized. A window of possibilities is still present to prevent further spread of the fungus with the ability to cause outbreaks of hospital infections including intensive care departments. Rapid implementation of preventive measures during the pandemic of COVID-19 are needed taking into account introduction of fungus in new countries and clinics, as well as increased frequency of C. auris infections in some hospitals for patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.
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Désormeaux, André, Rabeea F. Omar, and Michel G. Bergeron. "Topical Microbicides for the Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 10, suppl c (1999): 41C—48C. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1999/932936.
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The development of novel compounds to reduce the sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes and other pathogens causing sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) has become a topic of great interest. Condom use is the only readily available measure to reduce successfully the propagation of these infectious agents. To reduce significantly the probability of acquiring infection, condoms should be used during all risky sexual intercourse. More attention is being given to female-controlled methods for the prevention of HIV infection because many women are unable to negotiate condom use with their sexual partners. The development of topical microbicides constitutes one of the most priori tized research areas in the field of prevention of STDs/HIV for the World Health Organization, the National Institutes of Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Because the number of women infected with HIV, herpes and other pathogens causing STDs is growing dramatically worldwide, there is an urgent need to develop innovative preventive measures that can reduce the transmission of these pathogens with minimal mucosa! irritation, and minimal effects on the vaginal flora and pH. Some of the existing products as well as promising new topical microbicicles for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections are reviewed.
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Althaus, Christian L., Katherine M. E. Turner, Boris V. Schmid, Janneke C. M. Heijne, Mirjam Kretzschmar, and Nicola Low. "Transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis through sexual partnerships: a comparison between three individual-based models and empirical data." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 9, no. 66 (June 8, 2011): 136–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2011.0131.
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Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI) in many developed countries. The highest prevalence rates are found among young adults who have frequent partner change rates. Three published individual-based models have incorporated a detailed description of age-specific sexual behaviour in order to quantify the transmission of C. trachomatis in the population and to assess the impact of screening interventions. Owing to varying assumptions about sexual partnership formation and dissolution and the great uncertainty about critical parameters, such models show conflicting results about the impact of preventive interventions. Here, we perform a detailed evaluation of these models by comparing the partnership formation and dissolution dynamics with data from Natsal 2000, a population-based probability sample survey of sexual attitudes and lifestyles in Britain. The data also allow us to describe the dispersion of C. trachomatis infections as a function of sexual behaviour, using the Gini coefficient. We suggest that the Gini coefficient is a useful measure for calibrating infectious disease models that include risk structure and highlight the need to estimate this measure for other STIs.
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Green, Darren M., Istvan Z. Kiss, Andrew P. Mitchell, and Rowland R. Kao. "Estimates for local and movement-based transmission of bovine tuberculosis in British cattle." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 275, no. 1638 (February 12, 2008): 1001–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.1601.
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Both badgers and livestock movements have been implicated in contributing to the ongoing epidemic of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) in British cattle. However, the relative contributions of these and other causes are not well quantified. We used cattle movement data to construct an individual (premises)-based model of BTB spread within Great Britain, accounting for spread due to recorded cattle movements and other causes. Outbreak data for 2004 were best explained by a model attributing 16% of herd infections directly to cattle movements, and a further 9% unexplained, potentially including spread from unrecorded movements. The best-fit model assumed low levels of cattle-to-cattle transmission. The remaining 75% of infection was attributed to local effects within specific high-risk areas. Annual and biennial testing is mandatory for herds deemed at high risk of infection, as is pre-movement testing from such herds. The herds identified as high risk in 2004 by our model are in broad agreement with those officially designated as such at that time. However, border areas at the edges of high-risk regions are different, suggesting possible areas that should be targeted to prevent further geographical spread of disease. With these areas expanding rapidly over the last decade, their close surveillance is important to both identify infected herds quickly, and limit their further growth.
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Cort Alfaro, Alba, Rosaida Ochoa Soto, Ram Medina, Mar Latero Abreu, Geominia Maldonado Cantillo, and Jose Joaquin Joanes Fiol. "HIV infection in adolescence, Cuba, 2014-2016: an epidemiological approach." MOJ Biology and Medicine 3, no. 4 (2018): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojbm.2018.03.00089.
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Introduction: HIV/AIDS is currently a serious health problem worldwide. Adolescents constitute a group of vulnerable and exposed risk, given the characteristics of this stage; which include, among others, sexual relations at an early age and without adequate protection. Objective: To characterize the epidemiological behavior of HIV in adolescents (10-19 years) in the 2014-2016 periods. Method: Descriptive, retrospective study of all cases of adolescents diagnosed with HIV in Cuba, during the period January 2014 to December 2016. The variables studied were: age, sex, color of the skin, stage in which it is located, provinces most affected, sources of transmission, location of cases. Information was obtained from the registry of sexually transmitted infections and HIV/AIDS of the National Epidemiology Directorate of the Ministry of Public Health. Results: The behavior of the epidemic in this stage presented a universe of 396 cases diagnosed especially in Ambulatory Care. There was male predominance (62.12%), with low figure in the group of 10 to 14years with 11 cases (2.78%). 97.22% were between 15-19 years old. The 95.45% remained in the condition of asymptomatic and 18 have developed AIDS, for 4.55%. There was a proportion of 95.5% of cases not AIDS for every 4.5% patients. There was 1fallen due to AIDS (0.25%) and the same figure for other causes. Heterosexuality predominated with 209 cases (52.78%); followed by the homobisexual for 46.97%, as the main sources of transmission. The provinces that presented the most cases were Havana and Santiago de Cuba. Conclusions: Most of the diagnosed cases are in Ambulatory Care and come from the main provinces of the country, they are heterosexual men, with the highest number of cases in the late adolescence stage (10-15years). The condition of asymptomatic in its majority can constitute a risk to continue the transmission given the possibility of taking great risks, typical of this stage of the life.
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DiMarco, Daniela E., Amanda Kennedy, Bradley Tompkins, Jennifer Read, and Kristen Pierce. "1284. Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV in Vermont: an Assessment of Prescribing in a Uniquely Rural State." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.1147.
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Abstract Background In the United States and Vermont, men who have sex with men (MSM) make up the majority of new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections every year. Despite HIV prevention campaigns and approval of antiviral therapy for pharmacologic HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), HIV cases in Vermont—a predominantly rural state—are on the rise. The primary objective of this study was to assess prescribing practices and barriers surrounding PrEP for adult MSM in Vermont. Methods A web-based healthcare provider survey was deployed electronically over a 10 week period in 2019 to a convenience sample of licensed primary care, sexual health, and infectious disease providers in Vermont. Questions were designed to target factors thought to influence PrEP prescribing, with a focus on prescribing behaviors and perceived barriers. Results An estimated 500 providers received the survey. There were 137 survey respondents, 106 (77%) were physicians, primarily in internal medicine. Though only 47 (34%) providers had experience prescribing PrEP to MSM patients, over 89% identified as willing to prescribe PrEP to high-risk groups. Among PrEP prescribers, screening frequency for HIV and bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) while on PrEP fell below the current guideline recommendations at 72% and 53%, respectively. Less than 70% of providers routinely obtain sexual history for male patients. Among providers willing to prescribe PrEP, concern regarding medication toxicity was the only statistically significant barrier (χ 2 = 5.5, P = 0.02). Concerns regarding risk compensation behavior and lack of knowledge or experience regarding prescribing PrEP also demonstrated an association with provider willingness to prescribe PrEP, however did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion The majority of Vermont providers sampled are willing to prescribe PrEP, suggesting there is great opportunity to increase prescribing and use, potentially having an impact on reducing HIV transmission among MSM in the state. Provider education targeted toward guidelines for STI and HIV screening on therapy, obtaining sexual histories, and minimal toxicity risk may serve to increase prescribing of PrEP among Vermont providers. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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B. Cawaling, Euris John, Dennise U. Cunanan, and Racidon P. Bernarte. "Sustainability Capacity of HIV Programs in National Capital Region, Philippines." International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 7, no. 2 (May 25, 2018): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v7i2.12408.
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<span lang="EN-US">Across all the regions in the Philippines, the National Capital Region (NCR) got the highest percentage (37%) for HIV newly diagnosed cases based from the July-August 2017 HIV/AIDS and ART Registry of the Philippines’ report. The National HIV, AIDS, and STI Prevention and Control Program (NASPCP) of the Department of Health (DOH) lead the different health services in the prevention of HIV transmission. Anchored with the NASPCP, different HIV programs of DOH’s selected partner institutions and organizations within NCR continuously exist. However, due to the increase on the number of newly diagnosed HIV cases in the country, ensuring its sustainability through assessing the different domains of their program was in need to be studied. This article was based from an undergraduate thesis study which aimed to assess the sustainability capacity of HIV programs among DOH’s selected partner institutions and organizations within NCR, Philippines, scoping the eight domains specifically the environmental support, funding stability, partnerships, organizational capacity, program evaluation, program adaptation, communications, and strategic planning. The study used a quantitative approach; 17 government institutions specifically city health offices and 13 non-government HIV-related organizations for a total of 30 respondents. Survey method was utilized using the standardized Program Sustainability Assessment Tool adapted from the Washington University in St. Louis. Based from the results and findings of the study, generally, all the domains were leaning either in great and greater extent as verbally interpreted. From the conclusion, all the domains of the HIV programs of the respondents were sustainable. However, the study recommended to the DOH and all the HIV program implementers the developed and proposed narrative-type action plan. By that means, future researchers can assess again and see if the NCR achieved the vision of the Health Sector Plan for HIV and STI for the year 2015-2020 to have zero new infections, zero discrimination, and zero AIDS-related deaths.</span>
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Paudyal, Sushil, Swoyam Prakash Shrestha, and Narsingh Mahato. "Zoonotic aspects of cryptosporidiosis in Nepal." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 1, no. 2 (June 15, 2013): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v1i2.7959.
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Cryptosporidiosis is a common protozoal cause of diarrhea in humans and animals in Nepal, acquired by ingestion of oocysts that were excreted in the feces of infected individuals. Contaminated water represents the major source of Cryptosporidium infections for humans and can be transmitted from person-to-person, from animal-to-person, animal-to-animal, by ingestion of contaminated water and food or by contact with contaminated surfaces. Being highly resistant to environmental and chemical processes and representing the only group of pathogen surviving chlorination, it has no effective chemotherapy identified for the treatment which makes cryptosporidiosis a debilitating and persistent disease with high potential of transmission among immune-compromised ones like children and AIDS patients. Ghimire et. al.,(2010) and Feng et. al., (2012) have mentioned potential transmission of the oocyst among humans and animals in Nepal through common niche like river water, tap water sources and also from wild animals through the interaction on buffer zones. Studies have shown prevalence rate of 16 % in Children (Dhakal et. al., 2004), 11% in HIV infected patients (Basnet et. al., 2010); 14% in Calves, 19% in buffaloes and 12.5% in swamp deer in Nepal (Feng et. al., 2012). The persistent shedding of oocysts by reservoir hosts like calves, kids, poultry and wild animals like deer and monkeys possess great threat to the transmission to general public. The epidemiological studies of cryptosporidium and the knowledge of the pattern of the disease outbreak can guide therapy and effective preventive measures against this disease.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v1i2.7959 Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol. 1(2): 21-26
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O'Farrell, Nigel, and Matthias Egger. "Circumcision in men and the prevention of HIV infection: a 'meta-analysis' revisited." International Journal of STD & AIDS 11, no. 3 (March 1, 2000): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0956462001915480.
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There is debate on the role of male circumcision in HIV transmission. Most case-control and cohort studies from Africa have shown an association between a lack of circumcision and an increased risk of HIV infection in men. The evidence is conflicting, however, with cross-sectional surveys from Tanzania and Rwanda either showing no relationship or an association in the opposite direction. A recent review and meta-analysis of the literature concluded that the risk of HIV infection was lower in uncircumcised men (combined odds ratio 0.94, 95% confidence interval 0.89 to 0.99). However, the analysis was performed by simply pooling the data from 33 diverse studies, which is an inappropriate method for combining studies. We re-analysed the data, stratifying by study, and found that an intact foreskin was associated with an increased risk of HIV infection: combined odds ratio 1.43 (1.32 to 1.54) with a fixed effect model and 1.67 (1.25 to 2.24) with a random effect model. There was significant between-study heterogeneity (P < 0.0001) which was partly explained by stronger associations in studies in high-risk groups. The results from this re-analysis thus support the contention that male circumcision may offer protection against HIV infection, particularly in high-risk groups where genital ulcers and other STDs 'drive' the HIV epidemic. A systematic review is required to clarify this issue. Such a review should be based on an extensive search for relevant studies, published and unpublished, and should include a careful assessment of the design and methodological quality of studies. Much emphasis should be given to the exploration of possible sources of heterogeneity. In view of the continued high prevalence and incidence of HIV in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, the question of whether circumcision could contribute to prevent infections is of great importance, and a sound systematic review of the available evidence should be performed without delay.
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KIERBIĆ, ALEKSANDRA, MARIA WIECZORKIEWICZ, ELŻBIETA ŻBIKOWSKA*, and JĘDRZEJ M. JAŚKOWSKI. "Neospora caninum infection in cattle: Not only an economic problem." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 75, no. 02 (2019): 6232–2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6232.
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Neosporosis is an infectious disease of cattle and other species with a worldwide distribution. In Poland, the seropositivity rate for N. caninum among dairy cattle varies between 6% and 80%, with the highest number of seropositive cows in central and north-eastern voivodeships. In the United States, in 2003 the total annual cost of N. caninum infections was 657 million dollars, and in Great Britain in 2014 it was nearly 14 million pounds. N. caninum results in severe economic losses caused by a decreased milk yield, an increased number of culled cows, a higher newborn calf mortality rate and occasional birth defects. However, the most common result of this disease is abortion, which usually occurs between the 5th and 7th month of gestation. The risk of aborting is 3 times as high for seropositive cows as it is for seronegative cows; up to 21.6% vs. 7.3%, respectively. Cattle can become infected by consuming food and water contaminated with N. caninum oocysts, but the principal route is transplacental transmission usually between the 70th and 210th day of gestation. The ELISA test is most often used to detect the presence of specific antibodies in blood serum. PAG-2 level in the bloodstream can be a good marker for predicting Neospora-induced abortions – in seropositive cows, a level of more than 4.5 ng/ml on the 120th day of gestation means a 7-fold higher risk of pregnancy loss. According to research, live attenuated vaccines are highly efficacious in preventing neosporosis. Unfortunately, the currently available methods of prevention are based on the elimination of seropositive cows from the herd and the limitation of contact with the final hosts of N. caninum.
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Farah Haqqi Ezzat, Entisar Mahdi Hamad, Shahad Nazzar Mustafa, and Israa Abdulqader Abdulwahab. "Article Review: Overview of Covid-19." International Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 9, no. 2 (April 8, 2022): 251–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31033/ijrasb.9.2.19.
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The coronary virus family involves human pathogens of great importance, so that at the end of December 2019, the new CORONA virus was identified as the origin of a set of cases of pneumonia of unidentified causes in Wuhan, a city in China’s Hubei Province. The recent coronavirus quickly turned into widespread and challenging to deal with, leading to its transmission throughout China, followed by a rising number of cases in many communities around the world. COVID-19 is spread through large drops generated during coughing and sneezing by cases with symptoms of the disease, as well as individuals who do not show manifestations before their symptoms begin. Many research has reported that the incubation period for Coronara virus infection 2 (SARS-Cove-2) is 14 days after exposure to the virus four to five days. People of all ages may be infected with SARS-HIV-2, although people are common in middle-aged and older age groups. The clinical characteristics that accompany the patient include fever, dry cough, fatigue, sore throat, runny nose, conjunctivitis headaches, muscle pain, shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. So, however, there are no particular clinical features that accurately differentiate COVID-19 from other viral infections in the upper/lower airway. In a subset of cases, however, by the end of the first week of infection, COVID-19 may progress into pneumonia and pulmonary failure followed by death. The aim here is to discuss COVID-19 in term of virology and epidemiology to continuing clinical demonstrations, diagnosis and complications, and to complete possible management options and conclusion.
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Karang, Ni Luh Dea Kumala Sari, Dewa Nyoman Wirawan, and Anak Agung Sagung Sawitri. "Sexual behaviours and sexual networks of men who have sex with men in Bali." Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive 5, no. 1 (July 1, 2017): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15562/phpma.v5i1.47.
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Background and purpose: Transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Bali Province is increasing. This increased transmission is due to their sexual networks and behaviours. This study aims to examine sexual behaviours and sexual networks among MSM population in Bali Province. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Denpasar City and Badung District. A total of 130 MSM were recruited from Denpasar II Public Health Centre and Bali Medica Clinic – Badung District. Data were collected through interviews among MSM who visited both providers for STIs services from August to October 2015. Variables of this study included sociodemographic, sexual network (pattern and density), sexual activities in the last month, sexual role, condom/lubricant use, and history of previous STIs. Data were descriptively analysed. Results: As many as 53.1% respondents were aged <25 years, 90.8% were senior high school or higher degree graduates, 6.2% were married, 91.5% were employed, and 59.2% were having a regular partner. In the last month, as many as 70.8% respondents reported to have sex with first sexual partner, 52.3% with second sexual partners, and 45.6% with third sexual partners. Younger respondents tended to seek for younger sexual partners. The majority of respondents had had insertive sex, as many as 40.0% with their first partner, 44.6% with their second partner, and 43.2% with their third partner. About 20% of respondents were having high density sexual network and 71.5% of respondents were having concurrent sexual partnership. The consistent condom use within six months was 67.6% with the first partner, 72.8% with the second and the third partners. As many as 23% of respondents were diagnosed to have STIs. Conclusion: MSM population in Bali Province seem to have high risk sexual behaviours with great sexual network density, high concurrent sexual partnership, and selective mixing between older and younger MSM population.
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Igomu, E. E. "Salmonella Kentucky: prevalence and challenges in Nigeria and the Africa continent." African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology 21, no. 4 (August 25, 2020): 272–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v21i4.3.
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Salmonella Kentucky is ubiquitous in most African countries and the multidrug resistant (MDR) strains remain underreported across the continent. In Nigeria, poverty, inter country livestock trades, nomadic system of cattle production, indiscriminate use of antibiotics and prevalent immuno-compromising diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and tuberculosis are factors that have enabled ease of transmission and complications of S. Kentucky infections. In the present decade, S. Kentucky is reported to be the most prevalent serovar associated with poultry in Nigeria, but very few reports underline the risk associated with consumption of poultry and acquisition of MDR S. Kentucky strains. The Nigerian poultry is one of the most commercialized subsectors of Nigerian agriculture, therefore, the presence of S. Kentucky especially strains carrying broad spectrum antimicrobial resistance pose a great risk to public health. The lack of proper monitoring, surveillance, isolation and control of the multidrug resistant S. Kentucky will remain a challenge to the export potential of the Nigerian poultry subsector and livestock in general. As a nation, modalities and actions against the smuggling of poultry products, indiscriminate use of antibiotics and nomadic system for the production of dairy and beef that promotes spread of virulent strains of Salmonellae must change. The impact of non-typhoidal salmonellosis in humans in Nigeria also remains under studied and under reported, especially those caused by S. Kentucky ST198. Compounding these concerns is the lack of commercial veterinary or human vaccines against S. Kentucky or where vaccines against the broad serogroup C non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) are available, they are rarely supplied, with no evidence they could be cross-protective. This review emphasizes the emergence and widespread occurrence of MDR S. Kentucky strains on the African continent, and discussed risk factors contributing to its spread in Nigeria and the potential public health challenge especially to high-risk immunocompromised individuals.
Keywords: Salmonella Kentucky, ST198 strain, multidrug resistant, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, Nigeria, Africa
French Title: Salmonella Kentucky: prévalence et défis au Nigeria et sur le continent africain
Salmonella Kentucky est omniprésente dans la plupart des pays africains et les souches multirésistantes (MDR) restent sous-déclarées à travers le continent. Au Nigéria, la pauvreté, les échanges de bétail entre pays, le système d'élevage nomade, l'utilisation aveugle d'antibiotiques et les maladies immunodéprimantes prévalentes telles que le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine/le syndrome d'immunodéficience acquise (VIH/SIDA) et la tuberculose sont des facteurs qui ont facilité la transmission et complications des infections à S. Kentucky. Au cours de la présente décennie, S. Kentucky serait le sérotype le plus répandu associé à la volaille au Nigéria, mais très peu de rapports soulignent le risque associé à la consommation de volaille et à l'acquisition de souches MDR S. Kentucky. La volaille nigériane est l'un des sous-secteurs les plus commercialisés de l'agriculture nigériane, par conséquent, la présence de S. Kentucky, en particulier les souches présentant une résistance antimicrobienne à large spectre, pose un grand risque pour la santé publique. L'absence de suivi, de surveillance, d'isolement et de contrôle adéquats du S. Kentucky multirésistant résistera toujours au défi du potentiel d'exportation du sous-secteur de la volaille nigérian et du bétail en général. En tant que nation, les modalités et les actions contre la contrebande de produits de volaille, l'utilisation aveugle d'antibiotiques et le système nomade pour la production de produits laitiers et de boeuf qui favorisent la propagation de souches virulentes de salmonelles doivent changer. L'impact de la salmonellose non typhoïde chez l'homme au Nigeria reste également sous-étudié et sous-signalé, en particulier ceux causés par S. Kentucky ST198. À ces inquiétudes s'ajoute le manque de vaccins commerciaux vétérinaires ou humains contre S. Kentucky ou là où des vaccins contre les Salmonella non typhoïde du sérogroupe C sont disponibles, ils sont rarement fournis, sans aucune preuve qu'ils pourraient être de protection croisée. Cette revue met l'accent sur l'émergence et la présence généralisée de souches MDR S. Kentucky sur le continent africain, et a discuté des facteurs de risque contribuant à sa propagation au Nigéria et du défi potentiel de santé publique en particulier pour les personnes immunodéprimées à haut risque.
Mots-clés: Salmonella Kentucky, souche ST198, multirésistante, tuberculose, VIH/SIDA, Nigéria, Afrique
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Brayford, D. "Cylindrocarpon vaginae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 93 (August 1, 1987). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20056400930.
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Abstract A description is provided for Cylindrocarpon vaginae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Man. DISEASE: Human corneal infections. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Probably widespread. In CMI records there are medical reports of eye infections from Bangladesh and Great Britain. TRANSMISSION: Probably soil-borne and infection by contamination of eye with muddy water or plant material.
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Qu, Shui-ling, Ai-ling Wang, Hong-mei Yin, Jin-qi Deng, Xiao-yan Wang, Ye-huan Yang, Xiao-ping Pan, and Tong Zhang. "Cost-effectiveness analysis of the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV." Infectious Diseases of Poverty 11, no. 1 (June 15, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40249-022-00983-z.
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Abstract Background The number of HIV-positive pregnant women accounted for about 10% of China’s total over the past few years in Liangshan Prefecture, Sichuan province in China. Although cost-effectiveness of the PMTCT of HIV have been evaluated in other previous studies, no specific study has been conducted in Liangshan prefecture, nor has the expenses paid individually by HIV-positive pregnant women been included. The purpose of this study was to evaluate both the short-term and long-term cost-effectiveness of PMTCT of HIV in Liangshan Prefecture from the social perspective. Methods From December 2018 to January 2019, individual expenses and the other costs were collected: individual expenses of 133 recruited HIV-positive pregnant women registered in the National Information System of Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV, Syphilis, and HBV, and the other costs from local maternal and child healthcare hospitals, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and general hospitals. The costs, the number of pediatric infections averted from being HIV infected were analyzed. And, Life years gained by pediatric infections averted were calculated by using a life table. Besides, Direct benefit was calculated through a Markov mode. Furthermore, One-way sensitivity analysis was conducted for key variables affecting the benefit–cost ratio. Results The estimated number of pediatric infections averted was 164.The total cost was USD 114.1 million, including direct medical costs, direct non-medical costs, and indirect costs, which were USD 54.2 million, USD 53.4 million, and USD 6.5 million, respectively. 630.6 person-years discounted to 2017 were gained at a 3% annual rate, and cost per life year gained was USD 1809.50. Direct benefits were USD 198.4 million, indirect benefits USD 82.5 million, and the benefit–cost ratio was 1.5. The sensitivity analysis showed that if PMTCT costs hypothetically ranged from USD 85.6 million to USD 142.6 million, benefit–cost ratio would vary from 1.0 to 2.3. Conclusions PMTCT of HIV in Liangshan Prefecture was very cost-effective. It was a great economic burden of PMTCT on HIV-positive pregnant women and their families to take individual expenses. Therefore, it could be suggested that individual expenses should be covered as much as possible by different types of financing.
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Franco, Gabriela de Melo, Anderson Santos da Rocha, Laura Jorge Cox, Danielle Soares de Oliveira Daian e Silva, Débora Marques da Silveira e Santos, Marina Lobato Martins, Luis Claudio Romanelli, et al. "Multi-Epitope Protein as a Tool of Serological Diagnostic Development for HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 Infections." Frontiers in Public Health 10 (May 23, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.884701.
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A multi-epitope protein expressed in a prokaryotic system, including epitopes of Env, Gag, and Tax proteins of both HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 was characterized for HTLV-1/2 serological screening. This tool can contribute to support the implementation of public policies to reduce HTLV-1/2 transmission in Brazil, the country with the highest absolute numbers of HTLV-1/2 infected individuals. The chimeric protein was tested in EIA using serum/plasma of HTLV-infected individuals and non-infected ones from four Brazilian states, including the North and Northeast regions (that present high prevalence of HTLV-1/2) and Southeast region (that presents intermediate prevalence rates) depicting different epidemiological context of HTLV-1/2 infection in our country. We enrolled samples from Pará (n = 114), Maranhão (n = 153), Minas Gerais (n = 225) and São Paulo (n = 59) states; they are from blood donors' candidates (Pará and Minas Gerais), pregnant women (Maranhão) and HIV+/high risk for sexually transmitted infection (STI; São Paulo). Among the HTLV-1/2 positive sera, there were co-infections with viral (HTLV-1 + HTLV-2, HIV, HCV, and HBV), bacterial (Treponema pallidum) and parasitic (Trypanosoma cruzi, Schistosma mansoni, Strongyloides stercoralis, Entamoeba coli, E. histolytica, and Endolimax nana) pathogens related to HTLV-1/2 co-morbidities that can contribute to inconclusive diagnostic results. Sera positive for HIV were included among the HTLV-1/2 negative samples. Considering both HTLV-1 and HTLV-2-infected samples from all states and different groups (blood donor candidates, pregnant women, and individuals with high risk for STI), mono or co-infected and HTLV-/HIV+, the test specificity ranged from 90.09 to 95.19% and the sensitivity from 82.41 to 92.36% with high accuracy (ROC AUC = 0.9552). This multi-epitope protein showed great potential to be used in serological screening of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 in different platforms, even taking into account the great regional variation and different profile of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 mono or co-infected individuals.
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de Sousa, Ana Lídia Madeira, Raymundo Rizaldo Pinheiro, Juscilânia Furtado Araújo, Dalva Alana Aragão de Azevedo, Renato Mesquita Peixoto, Alice Andrioli, Sabrina Tainah da Cruz Silva Bezerra, and Maria Fátima da Silva Teixeira. "Sodium dodecyl sulfate as a viral inactivator and future perspectives in the control of small ruminant lentiviruses." Arquivos do Instituto Biológico 86 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1808-1657000752018.
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ABSTRACT Infections by small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) affect goats and sheep causing chronic multisystemic diseases that generate great economic losses. The caprine lentivirus (CLV) and the ovine lentivirus (OLV) present tropism for cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage, which are directly associated with the main route of transmission through the ingestion of milk and colostrum from infected animals. In this manner, controlling this route is of paramount importance. Currently, researches have investigated the use of chemical additives in milk that can preserve colostrum or milk and inactivate microbiological agents. Among the compounds, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) has been shown to be satisfactory in the chemical inactivation of HIV and CLV in milk, and also as a biocide in goat colostrum.
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Vrancken, Bram, Bin Zhao, Xingguang Li, Xiaoxu Han, Haizhou Liu, Jin Zhao, Ping Zhong, et al. "Comparative Circulation Dynamics of the Five Main HIV Types in China." Journal of Virology 94, no. 23 (September 16, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00683-20.
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ABSTRACT The HIV epidemic in China accounts for 3% of the global HIV incidence. We compared the patterns and determinants of interprovincial spread of the five most prevalent circulating types. HIV pol sequences sampled across China were used to identify relevant transmission networks of the five most relevant HIV-1 types (B and circulating recombinant forms [CRFs] CRF01_AE, CRF07_BC, CRF08_BC, and CRF55_01B) in China. From these, the dispersal history across provinces was inferred. A generalized linear model (GLM) was used to test the association between migration rates among provinces and several measures of human mobility. A total of 10,707 sequences were collected between 2004 and 2017 across 26 provinces, among which 1,962 are newly reported here. A mean of 18 (minimum and maximum, 1 and 54) independent transmission networks involving up to 17 provinces were identified. Discrete phylogeographic analysis largely recapitulates the documented spread of the HIV types, which in turn, mirrors within-China population migration flows to a large extent. In line with the different spatiotemporal spread dynamics, the identified drivers thereof were also heterogeneous but are consistent with a central role of human mobility. The comparative analysis of the dispersal dynamics of the five main HIV types circulating in China suggests a key role of large population centers and developed transportation infrastructures as hubs of HIV dispersal. This advocates for coordinated public health efforts in addition to local targeted interventions. IMPORTANCE While traditional epidemiological studies are of great interest in describing the dynamics of epidemics, they struggle to fully capture the geospatial dynamics and factors driving the dispersal of pathogens like HIV as they have difficulties capturing linkages between infections. To overcome this, we used a discrete phylogeographic approach coupled to a generalized linear model extension to characterize the dynamics and drivers of the across-province spread of the five main HIV types circulating in China. Our results indicate that large urbanized areas with dense populations and developed transportation infrastructures are facilitators of HIV dispersal throughout China and highlight the need to consider harmonized country-wide public policies to control local HIV epidemics.
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Sari Karang, N. L. Dea Kumala, Dewa Nyoman Wirawan, and A. A. Sagung Sawitri. "Sexual behaviours and sexual networks of men who have sex with men in Bali." Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive, July 28, 2017, 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/phpma.2017.v05.i01.p14.
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Background and purpose: Transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Bali Province is increasing. This increased transmission is due to their sexual networks and behaviours. This study aims to examine sexual behaviours and sexual networks among MSM population in Bali Province.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Denpasar City and Badung District. A total of 130 MSM were recruited from Denpasar II Public Health Centre and Bali Medica Clinic – Badung District. Data were collected through interviews among MSM who visited both providers for STIs services from August to October 2015. Variables of this study included sociodemographic, sexual network (pattern and density), sexual activities in the last month, sexual role, condom/lubricant use, and history of previous STIs. Data were descriptively analysed.Results: As many as 53.1% respondents were aged <25 years, 90.8% were senior high school or higher degree graduates, 6.2% were married, 91.5% were employed, and 59.2% were having a regular partner. In the last month, as many as 70.8% respondents reported to have sex with first sexual partner, 52.3% with second sexual partners, and 45.6% with third sexual partners. Younger respondents tended to seek for younger sexual partners. The majority of respondents had had insertive sex, as many as 40.0% with their first partner, 44.6% with their second partner, and 43.2% with their third partner. About 20% of respondents were having high density sexual network and 71.5% of respondents were having concurrent sexual partnership. The consistent condom use within six months was 67.6% with the first partner, 72.8% with the second and the third partners. As many as 23% of respondents were diagnosed to have STIs.Conclusion: MSM population in Bali Province seem to have high risk sexual behaviours with great sexual network density, high concurrent sexual partnership, and selective mixing between older and younger MSM population.
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Hakami, Nora Yahia. "The Most Common Causes of Transfusion-Transmitted Diseases among Blood Donors in the Middle Eastern States." Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, March 1, 2021, 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i531181.
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The need for blood is essential, but there is no timely access to safe blood for millions of individuals who need a transfusion. Additionally, blood transfusions can also be the fastest and simplest form of checking for the existence of transfusion-transmitted diseases to the recipients. Blood safety concerns are an issue of great concern in Middle Eastern Countries in which the inaccessibility or provision of unsafe blood has an adverse effect on morbidity and mortality in the region. Additionally, many organizations and safety procedures of blood transfusion in this region need to be updated. Articles containing the key phrases Middle Eastern Countries, Blood, blood donor, blood transfusion, transfusion safety, transfusion-transmitted infections, and transfusion guidelines published from 2003 to 2020 in MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Therefore, to determine the most prevalent causes of transfusion-transmitted disease among blood donors in the Middle East countries, this literature review was intended for research.
Based on the data gathered were potentially related to HBsAg and HCV prevalence in blood donors from most of the middle eastern countries. While no positive cases of either HIV Ag-Ab or syphilis antibodies have been recorded especially among the blood donated from Egypt and Saudi Arabia. Based on recent studies findings, WHO, and the Food and Drug administration transfusion transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to recipients did not occur via blood transfusion. So that, In Middle Eastern countries, transfusion-transmitted infection remains a formidable problem. A similarly wide constellation of economic and operational challenges in the area parallels the diverse array of pathogens; this calls for a systemic solution that, as proposed by the WHO, involves regulatory, structural, and training initiatives.
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Peifer, Kim, Mary Stark, Rita Altamore, and Julieann Simon. "Electronic Case Reporting of STIs: Assessing EHR Generated CCDs." Online Journal of Public Health Informatics 9, no. 1 (May 2, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.5210/ojphi.v9i1.7614.
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ObjectiveWe reviewed CCDs (a type of consolidated clinical dataarchitecture (C-CDA) document) shared by our clinical partner,Planned Parenthood of the Great Northwest and Hawaiian Islands(PPGNHI) since October, 2015. Analyses focuses on:-Completeness-Degree to which the CCD matches program area informationneeds-Differences in EHR generation methods-Presence and location of triggers (based on the ReportableConditions Trigger Codes) that would initiate CCD generation.IntroductionUnder the CDC STD Surveillance Network (SSuN) Part B grant,WA DOH is testing electronic case reporting (eCR) of sexuallytransmitted infections (STI) from a clinical partner.MethodsTwo methods of CCD generation, based on existing EHRcapabilities, were used to create CCDs that were delivered to WADOH using secure file transport protocol (SFTP). PPGNHI uses theNextGen EHR system.The first batch received was extracted using the Medical SummaryUtility. Random selection of cases (25) from lab positive Chlamydia(CT), Gonorrhea (GC) or Syphilis encounters with a follow-up planin the EHR (1/1/2015-3/31/2015). Each CCD contained manuallyselected encounters (related to STI case).Cases are now extracted directly from a patient chart(File-->Generate CCD). Two types of CCDs can be created: singleencounter CCDs and longitudinal encounter CCDs.The CCDs were analyzed for completeness, crossover with theexisting paper case report, and with relevant CDA and C-CDAImplementation Guide (IG) standards.ResultsThis analysis includes four reportable events across 6 CCDs.One event is represented by both a longitudinal CCD and 2 singleencounter CCDs.The CCDs contained most of the basic demographic informationrequested in the paper case report with the exception of “middleinitial”.Information on the important paper case report components“gender of sex partner” and “partner management plan” are not foundin the CCD.The CCD Results section contained lab tests and results that includesite of infection and could confirm diagnosis. The ordered test (panel)is not coded, though the individual tests performed are LOINC coded.The CCD Medications section meets STI program needs forinformation about treatment in a case report. Information isrepresented using RxNorm codes as specified by the C-CDA IG.The CCD Problems section was not present in documents generatedusing the MSU but was present in documents created using File -->Generate CCD from the patient chart. The Problems section andcoded entries (ICD-9-CM and ICD-10) are required for CCDs. TheProblems do not include effective dates, which are not required bythe IG.Pregnancy status, and information about HIV testing (includingprevious positive), are present in the CCD Problems section only ifthe encounter during which testing occurred is included in the CCDsubmitted.Using the CCD in place of the paper case report requiresunderstanding of the clinical workflow and use of EHR. Twoinstances that require specific attention are the “exposure” status ofthe case (known/possibly exposed vs. not shared/not known), andthe “presentation” of the diagnosis (symptomatic vs asymptomatic).For example, the ICD-10 code Z11.3 (encounter for screening forinfections with a predominantly sexual mode of transmission), cannotbe interpreted as a true “screening”, as this diagnosis is recorded forall visits that include STI testing. Similarly, a code for exposureto STIs is sometimes used, but not consistently enough to allowreliable identification of cases in which the patient was tested due toan exposure or possible exposure. Work with our clinical partner tounderstand what inferences can and should be made is an importantpart of evaluating the CCD as a replacement to the paper case report.ConclusionsThe CCDs submitted to DOH show that most information requestedin an STI case report can be found in a CCD with some exceptions,notably “gender of sex partners” and “partner management plan”.Some information is only inconsistently present, for example,exposure status and presentation.Understanding how the CCD could replace the paper case reportrequires working with the reporter to insure that the information isinterpreted on the receiving end in the same way that it is interpretedin the clinical workflow and entered in the EHR.