Journal articles on the topic 'HIV infections; Mouth – Diseases; Saliva'
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Arunkumar, Shantala, Arunkumar J S, Krishna N. Burde, and Shakunthala G K. "Developments in diagnostic applications of saliva in oral and systemic diseases- A comprehensive review." Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 3, no. 3 (June 25, 2014): 372–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2014.3316.
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Human saliva is not just the fluid in our mouth, but it mirrors our body’s health and well being. Biomolecules that are circulating in the blood are also found in human saliva. It consists of approximately about 2,000 proteins, and most significantly, 26% of these proteins are also found in blood, therefore emphasizes the saliva’s importance as an added biological resource for disease diagnosis and monitoring, as well as an ultimate diagnostic medium to establish a person’s response to treatment. The field of saliva diagnostics (SDs) began in the early 60s when salivary calcium levels were found to be elevated in cystic fibrosis patients, and 50 years on now how the field has unmitigated to an unpredicted distance due to the development of increasingly sensitive detection techniques. Hence, today in the era of nanotechnology and genomics, field of salivary diagnostics is promising a dramatic change in disease diagnosis and clinical monitoring. It has expanded into detection of cancer, heart and infectious diseases. Today we are using human saliva to detect illicit drugs, alcohol, to measure hormone levels, especially estrogen levels in women suffering from hormone imbalance, endometriosis, and to diagnose HIV virus in patients suspected of having AIDS. In addition, there are home-based saliva tests that one can order over the Internet to test one’s own cholesterol levels and also can verify the risk of developing prostate cancer. With the development of novel, more sensitive detection technology platforms, and the innovation of standardized analytical tools, establishment of reference intervals will make saliva diagnostic a reality in the near future. Especially in the areas of population-based screening programs, confirmatory diagnostics, risk stratification, forensic and therapy response monitoring. So, it represents a progressively more valuable complementary means of diagnosis.
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Grootveld, Martin, Georgina Page, Mohammed Bhogadia, Kayleigh Hunwin, and Mark Edgar. "Updates and Original Case Studies Focused on the NMR-Linked Metabolomics Analysis of Human Oral Fluids Part III: Implementations for the Diagnosis of Non-Cancerous Disorders, Both Oral and Systemic." Metabolites 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo13010066.
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This communication represents Part III of our series of reports based on the applications of human saliva as a useful and conveniently collectable medium for the discovery, identification and monitoring of biomarkers, which are of some merit for the diagnosis of human diseases. Such biomarkers, or others reflecting the dysfunction of specific disease-associated metabolic pathways, may also be employed for the prognostic pathological tracking of these diseases. Part I of this series set the experimental and logistical groundwork for this report, and the preceding paper, Part II, featured the applications of newly developed metabolomics technologies to the diagnosis and severity grading of human cancer conditions, both oral and systemic. Clearly, there are many benefits, both scientific and economic, associated with the donation of human saliva samples (usually as whole mouth saliva) from humans consenting to and participating in investigations focused on the discovery of biomolecular markers of diseases. These include usually non-invasive collection protocols, relatively low cost when compared against blood sample collection, and no requirement for clinical supervision during collection episodes. This paper is centred on the employment and value of ‘state-of-the-art’ metabolomics technologies to the diagnosis and prognosis of a wide range of non-cancerous human diseases. Firstly, these include common oral diseases such as periodontal diseases (from type 1 (gingivitis) to type 4 (advanced periodontitis)), and dental caries. Secondly, a wide range of extra-oral (systemic) conditions are covered, most notably diabetes types 1 and 2, cardiovascular and neurological diseases, and Sjögren’s syndrome, along with a series of viral infections, e.g., pharyngitis, influenza, HIV and COVID-19. Since the authors’ major research interests lie in the area of the principles and applications of NMR-linked metabolomics techniques, many, but not all, of the studies reviewed were conducted using these technologies, with special attention being given to recommended protocols for their operation and management, for example, satisfactory experimental model designs; sample collection and laboratory processing techniques; the selection of sample-specific NMR pulse sequences for saliva analysis; and strategies available for the confirmation of resonance assignments for both endogenous and exogenous molecules in this biofluid. This article also features an original case study, which is focussed on the use of NMR-based salivary metabolomics techniques to provide some key biomarkers for the diagnosis of pharyngitis, and an example of how to ‘police’ such studies and to recognise participants who perceive that they actually have this disorder but do not from their metabolic profiles and multivariate analysis pattern-based clusterings. The biochemical and clinical significance of these multidimensional metabolomics investigations are discussed in detail.
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Kaur, Ishdeep, Arshdeep Kaur, and Vishakha Grover. "Aerosol management in dentistry: An update for safe COVID-19 clinical practice." Science Progress and Research 1, no. 2 (April 4, 2021): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.52152/spr/2021.112.
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Bioaerosols and splatters generated by air syringes, ultrasonic scalers and high-speed turbine handpieces during dental treatment pose a potential hazard of infection not only to the patients but, to the dentists, dental hygienists, dental assistants as well as other healthcare workers. Severe infectious diseases such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), influenza, measles, tuberculosis, hepatitis, HIV AIDS can be transmitted through aerosols. With the emergence of β-coronavirus (COVID-19), questions concerning the protection from such viral transmission in the dental hospital setting have arisen due to close contact and its transmission through the exposure of saliva, blood and other body fluids. A systematic electronic search with relevant key terms viz. Aerosol Management, Dental Aerosols, Dentistry and COVID-19, Dental Unit Waterlines, Preprocedural Mouth rinsing, High Volume Suction Evacuators (HVE) and CDC Guidelines was executed in PubMed and Medline databases for literature extraction and data has been interpreted by including articles based on predefined inclusion criteria.In this review article, we address the importance of understanding and implementation dental safety by following various systems for the management of dental aerosols
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Габибуллаева, S. Gabibullaeva, Абдурахманов, and A. Abdurakhmanov. "The level of dental awareness in the patients with hemophilia." Journal of New Medical Technologies. eJournal 8, no. 1 (November 5, 2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/4801.
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The considerable prevalence of dental diseases in the patients with hemophilia is due to the absence of prevention and the proper care of the oral cavity, as well as regular medical examination. This category of patients reluctantly turns to the dentists for fear of bleeding, and the doctors for the same reason, avoid interventions in the mouth. Dental aspects of hemophilia are relevant problem of modern medicine due to the high intensity of organs and tissues of the oral cavity, a real risk of complications during dental procedures of therapeutic, surgical and orthopedic profiles. Epidemiological studies on lesions of the oral cavity in the patients with hereditary coagulative pathologies show a high prevalence of various dental disease, poor hygienic condition of the mouth, which entails a considerable need for dental treatment and prevention activities. To ensure timely quality dental care, control over the hygienic condition of oral cavity it is necessary to conduct regular examination of the state of the oral cavity in the patients with hemophilia. Dentists refuse to the patients in need of assistance because of fear of bleeding and the risk of infection with hepatitis and HIV infection. The high level of dental diseases at hemophilia may be due to the poor hygienic condition of the mouth, change of physicochemical properties of saliva and local immunity. Most patients with hemophilia brush their teeth not regularly and unsatisfactory. A vast number of microorganisms contained in this RAID, low local immunity can cause various diseases of the oral cavity. In this group of patients it is more important to prevent the development of dental disease than to treat them, for fear of complications.
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Rakitianskaya, Irina Anisimovna, T. S. Ryabova, and A. A. Kalashnikova. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF EFFECTIVENESS OF ANTIVIRAL THERAPY IN CHRONIC HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 6 TYPE INFECTION." Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases (Russian Journal) 24, no. 4 (August 15, 2019): 160–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9529-2019-24-2-160-171.
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Introduction. In recent years human-6 herpes virus (HHV-6) has become the most commonly detected virus in peripheral blood, saliva and cerebrospinal fluid, both in asymptomatic infections and in diseases potentially associated with HHV-6. Today, no antiviral drug has been officially approved for the treatment of HHV-6. Materials and methods. 57 patients with chronic HHV-6 infection were examined (mean age 33.34 ± 1.86 years). Patients were divided into three groups for different treatment regimens: 1 group (12 patients) received therapy with Famvir; Group 2 (16 patients) received Valcite; Group 3 (29 patients) - Ingaron. All patients were determined by the number of copies of HHV-6 DNA by PCR in saliva samples before and after the therapy. Results. None of the patient groups received negative PCR results after treatment. In groups of patients after valcyte therapy and therapy with Ingaron there is a significant decrease in the number of copies of HHV-6 DNA. The severity of complaints after therapy was also analyzed. Significant therapeutic effect a month after therapy showed Ingaron, to a slightly lesser extent - Valcite. The worst result was obtained in the group of patients receiving famvir.
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Rakitianskaya, Irina Anisimovna, T. S. Ryabova, and A. A. Kalashnikova. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF EFFECTIVENESS OF ANTIVIRAL THERAPY IN CHRONIC HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 6 TYPE INFECTION." Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases (Russian Journal) 24, no. 4 (August 15, 2019): 160–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9529-2019-24-4-160-171.
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Introduction. In recent years human-6 herpes virus (HHV-6) has become the most commonly detected virus in peripheral blood, saliva and cerebrospinal fluid, both in asymptomatic infections and in diseases potentially associated with HHV-6. Today, no antiviral drug has been officially approved for the treatment of HHV-6. Materials and methods. 57 patients with chronic HHV-6 infection were examined (mean age 33.34 ± 1.86 years). Patients were divided into three groups for different treatment regimens: 1 group (12 patients) received therapy with Famvir; Group 2 (16 patients) received Valcite; Group 3 (29 patients) - Ingaron. All patients were determined by the number of copies of HHV-6 DNA by PCR in saliva samples before and after the therapy. Results. None of the patient groups received negative PCR results after treatment. In groups of patients after valcyte therapy and therapy with Ingaron there is a significant decrease in the number of copies of HHV-6 DNA. The severity of complaints after therapy was also analyzed. Significant therapeutic effect a month after therapy showed Ingaron, to a slightly lesser extent - Valcite. The worst result was obtained in the group of patients receiving famvir.
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Pirttilä, Tiina, Stina Syrjänen, Karolina Louvanto, and Vuokko Loimaranta. "Longitudinal Dynamics of HPV16 Antibodies in Saliva and Serum among Pregnant Women." Viruses 14, no. 11 (November 20, 2022): 2567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14112567.
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Oral infections with high-risk (hr)HPV genotypes are associated with a subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Oral hrHPV infections may result from having oral sex, but also from horizontal infection from mouth to mouth. In such cases, saliva can serve as a vehicle for HPV transmission. Still, the prevalence and dynamics of salivary HPV antibodies in healthy non-vaccinated individuals are poorly known and the role of the salivary antibodies in protection from oral HPV infection is unclear. We used an ELISA assay to evaluate the dynamics and correlation of oral HPV16 infection and HPV16L1 and E7 specific antibody levels in saliva and serum samples among 39 women, 13 of which had persistent oral HPV16 infection. The women were mothers-to-be, sampled before delivery and followed up for 36 months postpartum. HPV16L1 IgG and sIgA antibodies were regularly detected in saliva. Antibody levels in serum remained stable during the 36-month follow-up, while antibody levels in saliva fluctuated. There was considerable individual variation in salivary HPV16L1 antibody levels, and some women had persistent oral HPV16 infection but no salivary antibodies. No differences in salivary HPV16L1 levels were found between the women with persistent or transient oral HPV16 infection.
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Strang, John, Beverly Powis, Paul Griffiths, and Michael Gossop. "Heterosexual Vaginal and Anal Intercourse Amongst London Heroin and Cocaine Users." International Journal of STD & AIDS 5, no. 2 (March 1994): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095646249400500211.
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A community-derived sample of 392 heroin users and 145 cocaine users were interviewed about their drug use and sexual behaviour, with (optional) collection of saliva specimen for linked anonymous HIV/HBV testing. The heroin sample was stratified (50/50) across current treatment and non-treatment status. For cocaine users 80% were not in current contact with any treatment. Overall levels of sexual activity were several times higher than reported in recent national surveys. Last-year prevalence of heterosexual anal intercourse was 23% and 20% for heroin-using males and females respectively (last-month figures—12% and 10%); and 23% and 15% for cocaine-using males and females respectively (last-month figures—7% and 9%). Two-thirds of subjects rarely or never used condoms during heterosexual anal intercourse. For females, receptive anal intercourse was positively related to a history of sex-for-money activity, high scores of severity of dependence, and injecting as a current route of use.
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Pathirana, Jayani, Michelle Groome, Jeffrey Dorfman, Gaurav Kwatra, Suresh Boppana, Clare Cutland, Stephanie Jones, and Shabir A. Madhi. "Prevalence of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection and Associated Risk of In Utero Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Acquisition in a High-HIV Prevalence Setting, South Africa." Clinical Infectious Diseases 69, no. 10 (January 7, 2019): 1789–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz019.
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Abstract Background There is a paucity of data on the burden of congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infections in low- and middle-income countries, including their association with maternal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. We investigated the prevalence of cCMV in a patient population with a high rate of HIV and antiretroviral therapy (ART) use during pregnancy in Soweto, Johannesburg. Methods Saliva from neonates were screened for cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at birth. Additional saliva and urine samples were tested within 3 weeks of birth to confirm positive saliva results. HIV PCR testing was done on the whole blood of HIV-exposed neonates. Maternal and neonatal data were extracted from clinical records. Results Of 2685 neonates screened for cCMV, 828 (31%) were born to HIV-infected women, 95% of whom (790/828) were on ART at delivery. The overall prevalence of cCMV was 2.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.9–3.2), with significantly higher cCMV prevalence in HIV-exposed neonates (5.2%, 95% CI 3.8–6.9) than HIV-unexposed neonates (1.4%, 95% CI 0.9–2.0). The risk of in utero HIV infection was 20-fold greater (odds ratio 20.1, 95% CI 6.09–66.46) in HIV-exposed, cCMV-infected neonates, and this increased risk was not associated with the maternal CD4+ T-cell count or the maternal duration of ART. Conclusions The prevalence of cCMV in our setting is substantially higher than the global estimate of 0.64%, partly due to the increased susceptibility for cCMV in HIV-exposed neonates. The significantly increased risk of in utero HIV infection in neonates with cCMV indicates that CMV coinfection plays a major role in the residual burden of in utero HIV transmission, even in the era of ART.
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Singh, Nimmi, Navin Mishra, Jawed Iqbal, Sheeri Sabir, Priyankar Singh, and A. K. Sharma. "The role of saliva in maintaining oral health: Aid to diagnose systemic ailments-A review." IP Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics 7, no. 3 (October 15, 2022): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijce.2022.024.
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Saliva is a complex secretion from three major and various minor salivary glands present in mouth. From clinical point of view saliva is an ideal diagnostic fluid because it is non-invasive fluid and can be easily be collected from the patients for biochemical analysis. The other significant characteristic pertinent to saliva is the handling procedure which is much simpler in comparison with serum or blood. There is plethora of studies which shows a positive correlation between blood biomarkers and salivary biomarkers in different clinical conditions of oral and systemic diseases. Saliva has an important role in maintain oral health through variety of its secretions like calcium, phosphorus, Bacteriocins, salivary leukocyte protease inhibitors different enzymes like ptyalin, amylase for carbohydrate and protein metabolism which maintains tooth integrity when there is demineralization and also acts as first line defense against various bacterial and viral infections. In 21 century endodontic there is a paradigm shift in research on the change in composition of the saliva and biomarkers in presence of periodontal / pulpal and other systemic diseases. Molecular methods for identification and quantification of salivary biomarkers like IL-6, IL-8, MMPs are available at chair side for rapid diagnosis of various inflammatory or infective etiology of oral diseases.
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Belazi, M., A. Fleva, D. Drakoulakos, and D. Panayiotidou. "Salivary IgA and serum IgA and IgG antibodies to Candida albicans in HIV-infected subjects." International Journal of STD & AIDS 13, no. 6 (June 1, 2002): 373–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/095646202760029787.
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This study sought to determine IgA, IgG antibodies to Candida albicans in whole saliva and serum from HIV-infected patients and to compare them to a group of healthy controls. The study population consisted of 34 HIV-infected individuals free of any other systemic diseases and thirty healthy controls. IgA concentrations in saliva and IgA and IgG concentrations in serum were measured by a micro enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. No significant differences were observed in salivary and serum IgA antibodies to C. albicans between the two study groups. Serum IgG antibodies were found to be significantly lower in the HIV-infected ( P < 0.05). No significant changes were observed in the specific activity of anti-Candida IgA and IgG antibodies in saliva and serum, in both the study groups. The undifferentiated levels of secretory-IgA antibodies to C. albicans in the patients' and the controls' saliva could be an indicator of the high immune response to opportunistic infections of the HIV-infected subjects, a fact that is verified by the lack of oral candidiasis in the patients' group. The low levels of IgG antibodies in the serum of the HIV-infected patients confirm the high immune response of them.
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Mathews, S. A., B. T. Kurien, and R. H. Scofield. "Oral Manifestations of Sjögren’s Syndrome." Journal of Dental Research 87, no. 4 (April 2008): 308–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910808700411.
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Sjögren’s syndrome is a common autoimmune rheumatic disease. The most common symptoms of Sjögren’s syndrome are extreme tiredness, along with dry eyes (keratoconjunctivitis sicca) and dry mouth (xerostomia). Saliva plays an essential role in numerous functions of the mouth. Xerostomia can be caused by medications, chronic diseases like Sjögren’s syndrome, and medical treatments, such as radiation therapy and bone marrow transplant. Xerostomia can eventually lead to difficulty in swallowing, severe and progressive tooth decay, or oral infections. Despite having excellent oral hygiene, individuals with Sjögren’s syndrome have elevated levels of dental caries, along with the loss of many teeth, early in the disease. Sjögren’s syndrome alters the protein profile and brings about a change in the composition of saliva. There is an increase in the levels of lactoferrin, β2-microglobulin, sodium, lysozyme C, and cystatin C, and a decrease in salivary amylase and carbonic anhydrase. Up to 90% of individuals with Sjögren’s syndrome have antibodies targeting the Ro 60 and La autoantigens. Natural aging, regardless of Sjögren’s syndrome, is also another factor that brings about a significant change in the composition of saliva. The most prevailing cause of xerostomia in elderly persons is the use of anticholinergic medications. Currently, there is no cure for Sjögren’s syndrome, and treatment is mainly palliative.
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Ernawati, Ernawati. "Growth and Development of Children Suffering From HIV/AIDS." Media Keperawatan Indonesia 1, no. 1 (February 20, 2018): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26714/mki.1.1.2018.27-34.
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HIV infection increases the need for energy and nutrients. The presence of opportunistic infections in HIV / Aids will produce neurological symptoms and impact on growth and development of children. The general purpose of this research is to know a picture of the growth and development of children infected with HIV / Aids.Qualitative research methods with the case study method. Participants were 6 children with HIV-positive status in the age range 0-6 years were selected purposively carried out in the district of Kudus.The study found growth and development of children with HIV-positive status where CD4 still at a normal level, tends to normal. They seemed to move like other normal children. While children with low CD4 conditions will be susceptible to opportunistic infections and often sickly. Symptoms in the mouth such as mouth ulcers, oropharyngeal thrush and candida esophagitis can lead to decreased food intake. In addition gastrointestinal disorders and food intolerance can cause diarrhea is more common in children with HIV/ Aids. This will have an impact on growth is weight loss and nutritional status. Further nursing interventions necessary to minimize the appearance of opportunistic diseases and symptoms of early stimulation development of children with HIV /Aids.
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Ok, Soo-Min, Donald Ho, Tyler Lynd, Yong-Woo Ahn, Hye-Min Ju, Sung-Hee Jeong, and Kyounga Cheon. "Candida Infection Associated with Salivary Gland—A Narrative Review." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10010097.
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Candida species are common global opportunistic pathogens that could repeatedly and chronically cause oral mucosa infection and create an inflammatory environment, leading to organ dysfunction. Oral Candida infections may cause temporary or permanent damage to salivary glands, resulting in the destruction of acinar cells and the formation of scar tissue. Restricted function of the salivary glands leads to discomfort and diseases of the oral mucosa, such as dry mouth and associated infection. This narrative review attempts to summarize the anatomy and function of salivary glands, the associations between Candida and saliva, the effects of Candida infection on salivary glands, and the treatment strategies. Overall, clinicians should proactively manage Candida infections by educating patients on oral hygiene management for vulnerable populations, conducting frequent checks for a timely diagnosis, and providing an effective treatment plan.
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Belazi, Maria, Alexandra Fleva, Drakoulis Drakoulakos, and Despina Panayiotidou. "Comparison of salivary IgA and systemic IgA and IgG antibodies to Saccharomyces cerevisiae in HIV-infected subjects." International Journal of STD & AIDS 14, no. 7 (July 1, 2003): 458–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/095646203322025759.
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Our objective was to investigate the concentrations of IgA and IgG antibodies to Saccharomyces cerevisiae in whole saliva and serum samples from HIV-infected patients and to compare them with the corresponding antibody values of healthy controls. A cross-sectional design was used. The test group consisted of 23 HIV-infected male individuals, aged 20-41 years old, free of any other systemic disease. Twenty healthy subjects aged 27-43 years old served as controls. Whole unstimulated saliva and blood were collected from all subjects. IgA concentrations in saliva and IgA and IgG concentrations in serum were measured by solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Salivary antibody concentrations were calculated by reference to a pooled standard saliva obtained from 10 healthy males with high levels of anti- S. cerevisiae antibody activity. Total IgA and IgG concentrations were measured by nephelometry/tholocymetry assay. No significant difference was observed in salivary specific IgA and serum specific IgG levels to S. cerevisiae, while serum specific IgA were significantly lower in HIV infected patients compared to control group. Opportunistic infections due to S. cerevisiae, although rare, cannot be dismissed. This yeast can show a potential virulence in debilitated patients, therefore, further extensive investigation should be considered.
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Chauhan, Ravendra P., and Michelle L. Gordon. "Characterization of a Near Full-Length Hepatitis E Virus Genome of Subtype 3c Generated from Naturally Infected South African Backyard Pigs." Pathogens 11, no. 9 (September 11, 2022): 1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11091030.
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Eight genotypes of the hepatitis E virus (Orthohepevirus A; HEV) designated HEV-1 to HEV-8 have been reported from various mammalian hosts. Notably, domestic pigs and wild boars are the natural reservoirs of HEV-3 and HEV-4 genotypes with zoonotic propensity. Since HEV infection in domestic pigs is usually subclinical, it may remain undetected, facilitating zoonotic spillover of HEV to the exposed human populations. A previous study from our group in 2021, using deep sequencing of a pooled saliva sample, generated various swine enteric virus genomes, including a near full-length swine HEV genome (7040 nt; 97.7% genome coverage) from five-month-old grower pigs at a backyard pig farm in the uMgungundlovu District, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. In the present study, we describe the further characterization, including genotyping and subtyping of the swine HEV isolate using phylogenetics and ‘HEVnet Typing Tool’. Our analyses confirmed that the South African swine HEV genome characterized in this study belonged to HEV genotype 3 subtype 3c (HEV-3c). While HEV-3c infections in domestic pigs have been previously reported from Brazil, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands, they only generated partial genome sequences of open reading frame 1 (ORF1) and/or ORF2. To our knowledge, this is the first near full-length swine HEV-3c genome generated from naturally infected domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) in South Africa. However, due to the gap in the information on the HEV-3c genome sequences in various geographical locations worldwide, including South Africa, the epidemiology of the South African swine HEV genome characterized in this study remains inconclusive. Molecular and genomic surveillance of HEV in domestic pig populations in South Africa would be useful to determine their prevalence, circulating subtypes, and zoonosis risk.
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Jeffers, L., and J. Y. Webster-Cyriaque. "Viruses and Salivary Gland Disease (SGD)." Advances in Dental Research 23, no. 1 (March 25, 2011): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034510396882.
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Viral infections are often associated with salivary gland pathology. Here we review the pathogenesis of HIV-associated salivary gland disease (HIV-SGD), a hallmark of diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome. We investigate the presence and contributions of viral diseases to the pathogenesis of salivary gland diseases, particularly HIV-SGD. We have detected BK viral shedding in the saliva of HIV-SGD patients consistent with viral infection and replication, suggesting a role for oral transmission. For further investigation of BKV pathogenesis in salivary glands, an in vitro model of BKV infection is described. Submandibular (HSG) and parotid (HSY) gland salivary cell lines were capable of permissive BKV infection, as determined by BKV gene expression and replication. Analysis of these data collectively suggests the potential for a BKV oral route of transmission and salivary gland pathogenesis within HIV-SGD.
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Li, Jin, Shenghua Chang, Haiying Guo, Yaoting Ji, Han Jiang, Lianguo Ruan, and Minquan Du. "Altered Salivary Microbiome in the Early Stage of HIV Infections among Young Chinese Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM)." Pathogens 9, no. 11 (November 19, 2020): 960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9110960.
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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are spiking in Chinese young men who have sex with men (MSM). To explore alterations in the salivary microbiome and its correlation with demographic characteristics, CD4+ T cell count and viral load (VL) in HIV infections, samples of unstimulated whole saliva were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing using the Illumina MiSeq platform in 20 HIV newly infected patients before the initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and at three and six months after, and in 20 age- and gender-paired healthy Chinese people. The results showed that the alpha diversity of salivary microbiota in HIV infections did not show differences from the healthy controls, but was reduced after six months under ART treatment. Comparative analysis revealed that Streptococcus was enriched in HIV-infected individuals, while Neisseria was enriched in the healthy control group. After effective ART, the salivary microbiota composition was not completely restored, although some microbiota recovered. In addition, we found Provotella_7, Neisseria and Haemophilus were correlated negatively with CD4+ T cell count, while Neisseria was correlated positively with VL. We conclude that HIV infections experience a dysbiosis of the salivary microbiome. The salivary microbiome test could be a substitute for the blood tests in the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases.
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Johnson, N. W., D. Malamud, D. Reznik, D. J. Speicher, and J. Phelan. "Mucosal Fluids and Biomarkers of Clinical Disease." Advances in Dental Research 23, no. 1 (March 25, 2011): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034511400078.
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Diagnostic tests for a range of oral and systemic diseases using fluids sampled from the mouth are under intense investigation and are increasingly being used. Methods exist for identification of HIV antibody and nucleic acid and for other viral infections of the mouth, such as Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus or human herpesvirus-8, which may coexist with HIV. A number of commercial test kits are available, with variable evidence of sensitivity, specificity, and utility. There is intense research on sophisticated but potentially facile handheld in-office devices for many disease markers. Challenges to their uptake require well-designed studies on their practical reliability and utility, with appropriate controls. A range of ethical, social, and political issues need to be addressed in such studies.
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Min, Nyo, Yasmin Hui Binn Ong, Alvin X. Han, Si Xian Ho, Emmerie Wong Phaik Yen, Kenneth Hon Kim Ban, Sebastian Maurer-Stroh, Chia Yin Chong, and Justin Jang Hann Chu. "An epidemiological surveillance of hand foot and mouth disease in paediatric patients and in community: A Singapore retrospective cohort study, 2013–2018." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 2 (February 10, 2021): e0008885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008885.
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Background While hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is primarily self-resolving—soaring incidence rate of symptomatic HFMD effectuates economic burden in the Asia-Pacific region. Singapore has seen a conspicuous rise in the number of HFMD cases from 2010s. Here, we aims to identify the serology and genotypes responsible for such outbreaks in hospitals and childcare facilities. Methods We studied symptomatic paediatric HFMD cases from 2013 to 2018 in Singapore. Surveillance for subclinical enterovirus infections was also performed in childcares at the same time period. Results Genotyping 101 symptomatic HFMD samples revealed CV-A6 as the major etiological agent for recent outbreaks. We detected infections with CV-A6 (41.0%), EV-A71 (7%), CV-A16 (3.0%), coxsackievirus A2, CV-A2 (1.0%) and coxsackievirus A10, CV-A10 (1.0%). Phylogenetic analysis of local CV-A6 strains revealed a high level of heterogeneity compared against others worldwide, dissimilar to other HFMD causative enteroviruses for which the dominant strains and genotypes are highly region specific. We detected sub-clinical enterovirus infections in childcare centres; 17.1% (n = 245) tested positive for enterovirus in saliva, without HFMD indicative symptoms at the point of sample collection. Conclusions CV-A6 remained as the dominant HFMD causative strain in Singapore. Silent subclinical enteroviral infections were detected and warrant further investigations.
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Rakitianskaya, I. A., T. S. Riabova, U. A. Todzhibaev, and A. A. Kalashnikova. "ALLOKIN-ALPHA - NEW APPROACHES IN THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC VIRUS EPSTEIN-BARR INFECTIONS." Problems of Virology, Russian journal 64, no. 3 (June 20, 2019): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0507-4088-2019-64-3-118-124.
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Introduction. Epstein-Barr virus causes recurrent infectious mononucleosis-like symptoms. Today it is shown that the poisons of insects and animals are rich sources of antimicrobial substances (peptides) and contain a wide range of active biological compounds. Antimicrobial peptides play an important role in the immune response of the innate immunity of the host in the presence of pathogenic microorganisms. Russia has developed an antiviral drug Allokin-alpha on the basis of antimicrobial peptides. The active ingredient of this drug is cytokin-like peptide alloferon. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of allokin-alpha therapy on the amount of EBV DNA in saliva samples and clinical complaints in patients with chronic Epstein-Barr infection (ChEBVI). Material and methods. 59 patients with ChEBVI were examined (45 women and 14 men; mean age 32.52 ± 1.75 years). Patients were examined quantification of DNA Epstein-Barr virus in saliva samples by the method of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with hybridization-fluorescence detection in “real time” mode. The analytical sensitivity of the test system is 400 copies / ml. Patients were randomized into two groups: group 1 (25 patients) received Allokin-alpha therapy (9 injections of s / c, 1.0 mg every other day); group 2 (33 patients) received Valtrex (500 mg x 2 times / day, by mouth) for two months. Results. 59.67% of patients had negative PCR results after treatment with Allocin-alpha. Only 27.27% of patients had negative PCR results after two months of treatment with Valtrex. In a correlation analysis, a significant effect of the initial number of copies of DNA EBV on the severity of clinical complaints in patients was revealed in the general group ChEBVI. Discussion. Allokin-alpha improves the recognition of virus-infected cells and helps suppress viral replication. Conclusions. Allocin-alpha therapy can be recommended for the treatment of chronic EBVI at a dose of 1 mg subcutaneously every other day with a course dose of at least 9 injections.
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Bukhari, Csilla, Luminița Lazăr, Adriana Maria Monea, Alexandru Vlasa, Imola Zsuzsa Buka, Raluca Sabău, Mónika Kovács, Liana Bereșescu, Blanka Petcu, and Enikő Pál. "Effects of Viral and Bacterial Infections on Marginal Periodontium." Journal of Interdisciplinary Medicine 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jim-2017-0048.
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Abstract Background: There are several risk factors, general and local, which favor the onset of periodontal destruction, and their knowledge is essential to their correct identification and for the adoption of a suitable therapeutic management. The aim of the study was to assess periodontal health status of patients suffering from viral and bacterial infections and to determine the eventual relationship between periodontal diseases and infectious diseases. Material and methods: Twenty-five patients with a mean age of 25 years (range 23–27 years) admitted to the Clinic of Infectious Diseases of Tîrgu Mureș between December 1, 2013 – May 31, 2014 and diagnosed with bacterial and viral infections were included in the study (17 women, 8 men). Eight were infected with bacteria, and 17 with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Patients were examined in the clinic using Williams periodontal probe, dental mirror, and lip retractor, and different periodontal parameters were recorded: the Silness Löe plaque index, papilla bleeding index, Community Periodontal Index in Treatment Needs (CPITN), periodontal pocket depth, gingival retraction. Results: Values were significantly higher in patients infected with HIV in the following cases: among women in the Full Mouth Plaque Score (FMPS, p = 0.0312), among men in the depth of periodontal pockets (p = 0.0126), among men in the FMPS (p = 0.0282). Conclusions: The FMPS showed a high value both in women and men infected with HIV. More and deeper pockets were found in men infected with HIV. The gingival retraction and the papillary bleeding index calculated for the entire oral cavity were not influenced by the type of infection. A periodic inspection and maintenance of oral hygiene instructions could play a significant role in preventing periodontal disease in these vulnerable groups.
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Zhang, Q., S. Choo, J. Everard, R. Jennings, and A. Finn. "Mucosal Immune Responses to Meningococcal Group C Conjugate and Group A and C Polysaccharide Vaccines in Adolescents." Infection and Immunity 68, no. 5 (May 1, 2000): 2692–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.68.5.2692-2697.2000.
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ABSTRACT Previous studies in children have shown that Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) polysaccharide conjugate vaccines can reduce nasopharyngeal carriage of H. influenzae and provide herd immunity and suggest that this effect is mediated through mucosal antibodies. As this phenomenon may operate in other invasive bacterial infections which are propagated by nasopharyngeal carriage, mucosal antibody responses to meningococcal C conjugate and A/C polysaccharide vaccines were investigated. A total of 106 school children aged 11 to 17 years were randomized to receive a single dose of either conjugate or polysaccharide vaccine in an observer-blind study. Before and at 1, 6, and 12 months after immunization, samples of unstimulated saliva were collected and assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for group C polysaccharide-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgA1, IgA2 and secretory component, IgG antibodies, and total IgG and IgA. A subset of serum samples were also assayed for specific IgA and IgG antibodies. The concentrations of specific IgA and IgG in saliva were expressed both as nanograms per milliliter and as nanograms per microgram of total IgA or IgG. One month after immunization, significant increases in antibody titers (both IgA and IgG) were observed in saliva in both groups. There were significant subsequent falls in antibody titers by 6 months. Anti-meningococcal C-specific secretory component and IgA antibody titers were closely correlated (r = 0.85,P < 0.001), but there was no significant correlation between salivary and serum IgA titers, suggesting that IgA antibodies are locally produced. Significant correlation was found between salivary and serum IgG titers (r = 0.52,P < 0.01), suggesting that salivary IgG may be serum derived. Compared with polysaccharide vaccine, the conjugate vaccine induced significantly higher salivary IgG responses (P< 0.05), although there were no significant differences between salivary IgA responses to the two vaccines. The conjugate vaccine induced greater salivary IgG responses than a polysaccharide vaccine. Both vaccines induced significant salivary IgA antibodies. Further studies are needed to establish the functional significance of these mucosal responses.
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Lü, F. X., and R. S. Jacobson. "Oral Mucosal Immunity and HIV/SIV Infection." Journal of Dental Research 86, no. 3 (March 2007): 216–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910708600305.
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) transmission through genital and rectal mucosa has led to intensive study of mucosal immune responses to HIV and to the development of a vaccine administered locally. However, HIV transmission through the oral mucosa is a rare event. The oral mucosa represents a physical barrier and contains immunological elements to prevent the invasion of pathogenic organisms. This particular defense differs between micro-compartments represented by the salivary glands, oral mucosa, and palatine tonsils. Secretory immunity of the salivary glands, unique features of cellular structure in the oral mucosa and palatine tonsils, the high rate of oral blood flow, and innate factors in saliva may all contribute to the resistance to HIV/Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) oral mucosal infection. In the early stage of HIV infection, humoral and cellular immunity and innate immune functions in oral mucosa are maintained. However, these particular immune responses may all be impaired as a result of chronic HIV infection. A better understanding of oral mucosal immune mechanisms should lead to improved prevention of viral and bacterial infections, particularly in immunocompromised persons with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), and to the development of a novel strategy for a mucosal AIDS vaccine, as well as vaccines to combat other oral diseases, such as dental caries and periodontal diseases.
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Saunders, Michele. "Oral Health’s Transformative Impact on Diet and Systemic Health Outcomes." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.965.
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Abstract The 2020-25 Dietary Guidelines for Americans identified dental caries as a major diet-related chronic disease of public health concern and suggested in the section for adults over 60, “Good dental health is critical to overall health, as well as the ability to chew foods properly." Poor oral health can lead to chronic diseases and impede one’s ability to chew fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and other nutrient-rich foods across the life span. Almost 90 percent of adults ages 20 to 64 years and 96 percent of those over 65 years of age have dental caries. The overall prevalence of complete tooth loss is 2.2 percent among adults ages 20 to 64 years and jumps to 17.3 percent for those over age 65. As a result of COVID-19, some seniors are not seeking regular oral health services, which increases the need for preventive oral health practices and consuming a healthy dietary pattern recommended in the new Dietary Guidelines. Recent research will underscore the importance of saliva and oral health in cancer patients on radiation and in other chronic diseases. Saliva has also been shown to reduce specific infections that are related to influenza and HIV. Participants in this session will gain understanding of factors linking poor oral health and nutrition practices to chronic diseases and guidance on critical preventive oral health practices to increase saliva flow and decrease dental caries through all stages of the life cycle. Promoting oral health is the responsibility of the interdisciplinary team overseeing older adults.
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Pham, Hieu M., Yuli Zhang, Jose G. Munguia-Lopez, and Simon D. Tran. "Egg White Alginate as a Novel Scaffold Biomaterial for 3D Salivary Cell Culturing." Biomimetics 7, no. 1 (December 28, 2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics7010005.
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Saliva production by salivary glands play a crucial role in oral health. The loss of salivary gland function could lead to xerostomia, a condition also known as dry mouth. Significant reduction in saliva production could lead to further complications such as difficulty in speech, mastication, and increased susceptibility to dental caries and oral infections and diseases. While some palliative treatments are available for xerostomia, there are no curative treatments to date. This study explores the use of Egg White Alginate (EWA), as an alternative scaffold to Matrigel® for culturing 3D salivary gland cells. A protocol for an optimized EWA was established by comparing cell viability using 1%, 2%, and 3% alginate solution. The normal salivary simian virus 40-immortalized acinar cell (NS-SV-AC) and the submandibular gland-human-1 (SMG-hu-1) cell lines were also used to compare the spheroid formation and cell viability properties of both scaffold biomaterials; cell viability was observed over 10 days using a Live–Dead Cell Assay. Cell viability and spheroid size in 2% EWA was significantly greater than 1% and 3%. It is evident that EWA can support salivary cell survivability as well as form larger spheroids when compared to cells grown in Matrigel®. However, further investigations are necessary as it is unclear if cultured cells were proliferating or aggregating.
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Yanko, N. V., L. F. Kaskova, I. Yu Vashchenko, S. Ch Novikova, and O. S. Pavlenkova. "ORAL MANIFESTATIONS OF VIRAL INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN." Ukrainian Dental Almanac, no. 3 (September 23, 2020): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2409-0255.3.2020.11.
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Viral diseases with oral manifestations are common in the practice of pedodontist, however, sometimes their diagnosis is complicated due to the similar clinical manifestations. A huge number of viruses are present in oral cavity, especially from Herpesviridae family, however, the most of them are asymptomatic. Cold, systemic diseases and stress provoke the activation of viruses with different clinical manifestations. Therefore, a dentist can be the first who diagnoses not only herpetic gingivostomatitis, but also other viral diseases.
The aim of the article was to analyse the oral manifestations of viral diseases in children in order to optimize their diagnostics.
This article analyses clinical cases and reviews of diseases in English in Google database from 2011 to May 2020 (and earlier publications) by
Keywords:
«herpetic gingivostomatitis», «recurrent aphthous stomatitis», «oral manifestations of infectious mononucleosis», «herpetic angina», «oral manifestations of cytomegalovirus infection», «recurrent herpetic gingivostomatitis», «oral manifestations of varicella virus», «oral manifestations of herpes zoster», «roseola infantum», «herpangina», «hand, foot and mouth disease», «oral manifestations of measles», «rubella», «oral manifestations of papillomavirus», and «oral manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus».
Viruses which have oral manifestations were characterized by transmission. Mostly airborne viruses are represented by Herpesviridae family. The differential diagnosis of primary herpetic gingivostomatitis includes recurrent aphthous stomatitis which forms ulcers on non-keratinised oral mucosa without a vesicle phase. Recurrent herpetic infection doesn’t have difficulties in diagnostics, but could be complicated by erythema multiform with clear target lesions. Vesicles, erosions in oral cavity associated with vesicles on hear part of head help to distinguish chickenpox from herpetic infection. Compared to Herpes simplex virus infection, Herpes zoster has a longer duration, a more severe prodromal phase, unilateral vesicles and ulceration, with abrupt ending at the midline and postherpetic neuralgia. Roseola is characterized by small papules on skin and palate which appears when severe fever in prodromal period subsides and disappears after 1-2 days. Oral vesicles associated with foot and hand rush differentiate enterovirus stomatitis from chickenpox and roseola. The distribution of the lesions of herpangina (palate, tonsils) differentiates it from primary herpetic gingivostomatitis, which affects the gingivae.
Comparing with roseola and rubella, measles has a bigger size of rush and specific oral localization on buccal mucosa. Mild fever and skin rush which appears on face and extensor surfaces of body and extremities help to distinguish rubella from measles and roseola.
Viruses transmitted through biological liquids are represented in oral cavity by infectious mononucleosis and cytomegalovirus. The vesicles and ulcers on the tonsils and posterior pharynx in case of these infections can resemble herpetic stomatitis, but liver and spleen enlargement allows to exclude this diagnose; also cytomegalovirus erosions heal for long time. Cervical lymphoadenopathy differentiates them from herpetic angina. Laboratory diagnostics is based on detection of antibodies to virus or virus DNA in blood helps to make diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis and cytomegalovirus infections.
Viruses transmitted through direct contact with mucosa and biological liquids represented by human papillomavirus (HPV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HPV in oral cavity represent by benign epithelial hyperplasia which might persist and transform to malignant. Therefore, histological examination plays important role in diagnostics of HPV.
Oral manifestations such as candidiasis, herpes labialis, and aphthous stomatitis represent some of the first signs of HIV immunodeficiency. Oral lesions also associated with HIV in children are oral hairy leukoplakia, linear gingival erythema, necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, and Kaposi’s sarcoma. Rapid necrotization and long-term healing of oral lesions help to suspect HIV and prescribe the blood test for the detection of antibodies to the virus.
Oral mucosa is often the first to be affected by viral infections. A thorough anamnesis and examination is the key to accurate diagnostics of the most oral viral lesions and their adequate treatment. Biopsy, examination of antibodies to the virus in the blood or polymeraze-chain reaction to the virus in the bioptate or blood are performed in case of diagnostic difficulties. Laboratory methods had to use more widely for the diagnostics of recurrent or unclear lesions of the oral mucosa in children.
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Pawlukowska, Wioletta, Bartłomiej Baumert, Agnieszka Meller, Anna Dziewulska, Alicja Zawiślak, Katarzyna Grocholewicz, Przemysław Nowacki, and Marta Masztalewicz. "The Influence of Periodontal Diseases and the Stimulation of Saliva Secretion on the Course of the Acute Phase of Ischemic Stroke." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 15 (July 25, 2022): 4321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11154321.
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Background and purpose: The course of an ischemic stroke depends on many factors. The influence of periodontal diseases and the stimulation of salivation on the course and severity of stroke remains unresolved. Therefore, the aim of the study was to analyze the severity of ischemic stroke depending on the occurrence of periodontal diseases and saliva stimulation. Methods: The severity of the neurological condition was assessed using the NIHSS scale on days one, three and seven of stroke. The incidence of periodontal diseases was classified using the Hall’s scale in the first day of stroke. On days one and seven of stroke, the concentration of IL-1β, MMP-8, OPG and RANKL in the patients’ saliva was assessed using the Elisa technique. At the same time, the level of CRP and the number of leukocytes in the peripheral blood were tested on days one, three and seven of the stroke, and the incidence of upper respiratory and urinary tract infections was assessed. Results:100 consecutive patients with their first ever ischemic stroke were enrolled in the study. 56 randomly selected patients were subjected to the stimulation of salivation, the remaining patients were not stimulated. In the study of the severity of the neurological condition using the NIHS scale on days three and seven of stroke, the degree of deficit in patients without periodontal disease significantly improved compared to patients with periodontal disease, respectively (p < 0.01 and p = 0.01). Patients from the stimulated group had more severe neurological deficit at baseline (p = 0.04). On days three and seven of neurological follow-up, the condition of patients from both groups improved with a further distinct advantage of the unstimulated group over the stimulated group, respectively (p = 0.03 and p < 0.001). In patients from both groups, a statistically significant decrease in CRP and lymphocyte levels was observed on day seven in relation to day one. Conclusions: The occurrence of periodontal disease in a patient with stroke affects the severity of stroke. Stimulation of the mouth and salivary glands in these patients may have a positive effect on the course of stroke, taking into account the dynamics of neurological symptoms.
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Orrù, Germano, Francesca Muggironi, Antonello Mameli, Cristina Demontis, Bastiana Arcadu, Alessandra Scano, Gloria Denotti, et al. "BAX Gene Overexpression in the Tongue Could Warn of Infection Risk due to Periodontal Pathogens." Open Dentistry Journal 12, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 1070–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874210601812011070.
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Background: Different host proteins play a central role in cell response during bacterial infections, the Bcl-2-Associated X protein (BAX) and Vascular Cell Adhesion Protein 1 (VCAM-1) are often reported in infective primary events during cell injury. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the predictive value of these two proteins as biomarkers of oral bacterial infection, with particular emphasis on the tongue, which plays an important role in microbial homeostasis in the mouth. Methods: Twenty-nine patients were recruited and divided according to the Periodontal Index (CPI), 4 of them were severely compromised periodontal patients. Oral hygiene, gingival tissues and plaque presence were evaluated clinically. The laboratory analysis carried out on tongue tissue included: total bacterial genomes, proportion of specific periopathogens and BAX -VCAM-1 expression rate, while Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) were measured in saliva. Results: Neither tongue microbiological status nor salivary ROS level corresponded with the state of disease. VCAM-1 mRNA expression rate was comparable in all patients but, on the contrary, BAX expression resulted high in periodontally-compromised patients and appears related to periodontal status in the analyzed subjects. Conclusion: This preliminary work suggests that the BAX protein is a possible candidate in a prognostic marker study for oral diseases started by periodontal bacteria. For example, none of the evaluated clinical and microbiological parameters could predict the presence, prognosis or recurrence of periodontal diseases. This biomarker could be a valuable tool in determining the risk, diagnosis and prognosis of this human illness.
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Lowe, Henry, Ngeh Toyang, Blair Steele, Joseph Bryant, Wilfred Ngwa, and Kaveh Nedamat. "The Current and Potential Application of Medicinal Cannabis Products in Dentistry." Dentistry Journal 9, no. 9 (September 10, 2021): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dj9090106.
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Oral and dental diseases are a major global burden, the most common non-communicable diseases (NCDs), and may even affect an individual’s general quality of life and health. The most prevalent dental and oral health conditions are tooth decay (otherwise referred to as dental caries/cavities), oral cancers, gingivitis, periodontitis, periodontal (gum) disease, Noma, oro-dental trauma, oral manifestations of HIV, sensitive teeth, cracked teeth, broken teeth, and congenital anomalies such as cleft lip and palate. Herbs have been utilized for hundreds of years in traditional Chinese, African and Indian medicine and even in some Western countries, for the treatment of oral and dental conditions including but not limited to dental caries, gingivitis and toothaches, dental pulpitis, halitosis (bad breath), mucositis, sore throat, oral wound infections, and periodontal abscesses. Herbs have also been used as plaque removers (chew sticks), antimicrobials, analgesics, anti-inflammatory agents, and antiseptics. Cannabis sativa L. in particular has been utilized in traditional Asian medicine for tooth-pain management, prevention of dental caries and reduction in gum inflammation. The distribution of cannabinoid (CB) receptors in the mouth suggest that the endocannabinoid system may be a target for the treatment of oral and dental diseases. Most recently, interest has been geared toward the use of Cannabidiol (CBD), one of several secondary metabolites produced by C. sativa L. CBD is a known anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anxiolytic, anti-microbial and anti-cancer agent, and as a result, may have therapeutic potential against conditions such burning mouth syndrome, dental anxiety, gingivitis, and possible oral cancer. Other major secondary metabolites of C. sativa L. such as terpenes and flavonoids also share anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anxiolytic and anti-microbial properties and may also have dental and oral applications. This review will investigate the potential of secondary metabolites of C. sativa L. in the treatment of dental and oral diseases.
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Matchett, William E., Goda Baddage Rakitha Malewana, Haley Mudrick, Michael J. Medlyn, and Michael A. Barry. "Genetic Adjuvants in Replicating Single-Cycle Adenovirus Vectors Amplify Systemic and Mucosal Immune Responses against HIV-1 Envelope." Vaccines 8, no. 1 (February 2, 2020): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8010064.
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Most infections occur at mucosal surfaces. Providing a barrier of protection at these surfaces may be a useful strategy to combat the earliest events in infection when there are relatively few pathogens to address. The majority of vaccines are delivered systemically by the intramuscular (IM) route. While IM vaccination can drive mucosal immune responses, mucosal immunization at intranasal (IN) or oral sites can lead to better immune responses at mucosal sites of viral entry. In macaques, IN immunization with replicating single-cycle adenovirus (SC-Ads) and protein boosts generated favorable mucosal immune responses. However, there was an apparent “distance effect” in generating mucosal immune responses. IN immunization generated antibodies against HIV envelope (env) nearby in the saliva, but weaker responses in samples collected from the distant vaginal samples. To improve on this, we tested here if SC-Ads expressing genetic adjuvants could be used to amplify antibody responses in distant vaginal samples when they are codelivered with SC-Ads expressing clade C HIV env immunogen. SC-Ads env 1157 was coadministered with SC-Ads expressing 4-1BBL, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF), IL-21, or Clostridoides difficile (C. diff.) toxin fragments by IN or IM routes. These data show that vaginal antibody responses were markedly amplified after a single immunization by the IN or IM routes, with SC-Ad expressing HIV env if this vaccine is complemented with SC-Ads expressing genetic adjuvants. Furthermore, the site and combination of adjuvants appear to “tune” these antibody responses towards an IgA or IgG isotype bias. Boosting these priming SC-Ad responses with another SC-Ad or with SOSIP native-like env proteins markedly amplifies env antibody levels in vaginal washes. Together, this data may be useful in informing the choice of route of delivery adenovirus and peptide vaccines against HIV-1.
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Kuipers, M. E., H. G. de Vries, M. C. Eikelboom, D. K. F. Meijer, and P. J. Swart. "Synergistic Fungistatic Effects of Lactoferrin in Combination with Antifungal Drugs against ClinicalCandida Isolates." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 43, no. 11 (November 1, 1999): 2635–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.43.11.2635.
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ABSTRACT Because of the rising incidence of failures in the treatment of oropharyngeal candidosis in the case of severely immunosuppressed patients (mostly human immunodeficiency virus [HIV]-infected patients), there is need for the development of new, more effective agents and/or compounds that support the activity of the common antifungal agents. Since lactoferrin is one of the nonspecific host defense factors present in saliva that exhibit antifungal activity, we studied the antifungal effects of human, bovine, and iron-depleted lactoferrin in combination with fluconazole, amphotericin B, and 5-fluorocytosine in vitro against clinical isolates ofCandida species. Distinct antifungal activities of lactoferrin were observed against clinical isolates ofCandida. The MICs generally were determined to be in the range of 0.5 to 100 mg · ml−1. Interestingly, in the combination experiments we observed pronounced cooperative activity against the growth of Candida by using lactoferrin and the three antifungals tested. Only in a limited concentration range was minor antagonism detected. The use of lactoferrin and fluconazole appeared to be the most successful combination. Significant reductions in the minimal effective concentrations of fluconazole were found when it was combined with a relatively low lactoferrin concentration (1 mg/ml). Such combinations still resulted in complete growth inhibition, while synergy of up to 50% against several Candida species was observed. It is concluded that the combined use of lactoferrin and antifungals against severe infections with Candida is an attractive therapeutic option. Since fluconazole-resistantCandida species have frequently been reported, especially in HIV-infected patients, the addition of lactoferrin to the existing fluconazole therapy could postpone the occurrence of species resistance against fluconazole. Clinical studies to further elucidate the potential utility of this combination therapy have been initiated.
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Ren, Y. F., L. Rasubala, H. Malmstrom, and E. Eliav. "Dental Care and Oral Health under the Clouds of COVID-19." JDR Clinical & Translational Research 5, no. 3 (April 24, 2020): 202–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2380084420924385.
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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused much anxiety and confusion in the community and affected the delivery of vital health care services, including dental care. We reviewed current evidence related to the impact of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 on dental care and oral health with the aim to help dental professionals better understand the risks of disease transmission in dental settings, strengthen protection against nosocomial infections, and identify areas of COVID-19–related oral health research. When compared with other recent pandemics, COVID-19 is less severe but spreads more easily, causing a significantly higher number of deaths worldwide. Protection of dental patients and staff during COVID-19 is challenging due to the existence of patients who are infectious yet asymptomatic. Dental professionals are ill prepared for the pandemic, as they are not routinely fitted for the N95 respirators now required for preventing contagion during dental treatments. Biological and clinical evidence supports that oral mucosa is an initial site of entry for SARS-CoV-2 and that oral symptoms, including loss of taste/smell and dry mouth, might be early symptoms of COVID-19, presenting before fever, dry cough, fatigue, shortness breath, and other typical symptoms. Oral health researchers may play a more active role in early identification and diagnosis of the disease through deciphering the mechanisms of dry mouth and loss of taste in patients with COVID-19. Rapid testing for infectious diseases in dental offices via saliva samples may be valuable in the early identification of infected patients and in disease progress assessment. Knowledge Transfer Statement: This commentary provides a timely evidence-based overview on the impact of COVID-19 on dental care and oral health and identifies gaps in protection of patients and staff in dental settings. Oral symptoms are prominent before fever and cough occur. Dental professionals may play an important role in early identification and diagnosis of patients with COVID-19.
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Hidayat, Annisa Meirani, Kusuma Arbianti, and Erdianto Setya Wardhana. "HUBUNGAN ANTARA PENGETAHUAN DAN TINDAKAN DOKTER GIGI DALAM UPAYA PENCEGAHAN PENYAKIT MENULAR." ODONTO : Dental Journal 3, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/odj.3.2.118-122.
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Background: Infectious disease is a disease caused by a particular toxin.Infectious diseases that acquired from the hospital environment called nosocomial infections. Hepatitis B, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS is a commonly infectious disease that often found in dental practice. The risk for dentist to infected the infectious diseases are very high, due to direct contact with saliva. The awareness of infection control at the dentist is very important to prevent disease transmission.This aim of this research is to determine the relationship between the level of knowledge of the dentist with the precautions against infection diseases.Method: Cross-sectional analytic study with one group post-test only design was done in 25 dentists in the Dental Hospital Sultan Agung Semarang. The instrument for this research was used a questionnaire and a check list. Questionnaire was used to determine the level of knowledge, while the check list to determine the actions of the respondents. Data were analyzed with Pearson Correlation Test.Result: The questionnaire and the check list that was used is valid and reliable. The results showed 95.8% of respondents have a good knowledge, 4.2% are good enough knowledgeand 0% is lackingknowledge. All respondents have a good action in the prevention of infectious diseases. Pearson correlation test results showed p = 0.041, which means that there is a relationship between the level of knowledge of the dentists with the precautions against infectious diseases.Conclusion: It can be concluded that there is a relationship between the level of knowledge of the dentists with the precautions of infectious diseases, where the strength of the correlation is moderate.
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Anggraeni, Diah Tika, Ayu Trisna Hayati, and Aan Nur'aeni. "THE EFFECT OF ORAL CARE INTERVENTION ON ORAL HEALTH STATUS OF INTUBATED PATIENTS IN THE INTENSIVE CARE UNIT." Belitung Nursing Journal 6, no. 1 (February 14, 2020): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33546/bnj.971.
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Background: Oral infections can be a potential source of infection resulting in a variety of systemic diseases, especially in intubated patients in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Endotracheal tube (ETT) of the intubated patient’s mouth can be an entry point and place of bacteria colonization that causes ventilator-associated pneumonia which is one of the causes of the patient’s death in ICU. Nurses as caregivers have an important role in providing oral care intervention to maintain oral health and prevent the infection.Objective: This study aimed to analyze the effect of oral care intervention on oral health status of intubated patients in the ICU. Methods: This was a pre-experimental study with one group pre-test post-test design. A consecutive sampling was used to select 18 intubated patients in the ICU of Al Islam hospital in Bandung. Oral health status was evaluated by Beck Oral Assessment Scale (BOAS). Descriptive analysis was used for the univariate analysis and t-test was used for bivariate analysis. Results: The results showed that oral health scores before and after intervention were 11.94 and 13.28 (p=.004). The BOAS subscales had a significant worsening of the lips, gingiva, oral mucosa and saliva (p<.05), while there was an improvement in teeth subscale after oral care intervention (p<.001).Conclusion: The results suggested that the oral health status of intubated patients had worsened, despite routinely oral care intervention using chlorhexidine gluconate. Mucosa care may become an essential part of the oral care intervention for intubated patients. Therefore, additional topical agent is needed to maintain the moisture of the mucosal membrane, so that the oral health status of intubated patients will be better.
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Amer, Ibtesam O., Raja M. Moman, Mustafa M. Gebreil, and Mohamed R. Alsagher. "GROWTH INHIBITORY EFFECT OF CHLORHEXIDINE AND HEXETIDINE CONTAINING-MOUTHWASHES AGAINST ORAL BACTERIAL ISOLATES." Scientific Journal of Applied Sciences of Sabratha University 3, no. 2 (September 27, 2020): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.47891/sabujas.v3i2.91-102.
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Background
Frequent use of mouthwash (MW) is one of the most effective methods used to prevent oral bacterial infections and to assist individuals in their efforts to achieve and maintain better oral health. Using a MW containing antibacterial agents would be a simple way to prevent growth and multiplication of pathogenic organisms in oral cavity causing dental caries and other mouth diseases. Chlorhexidine (CHX) and Hexetidine (HX) have been proposed as potent biocides against oral bacteria.
Objective
The present study was performed to investigate oral bacteria growth inhibition when using any of four mouthwashes that are commercially available in the Libyan market and contain either CHX, (Zordy land Oraxin), or HX, (Hextril and Givalex), and to clarify whether CHX and HX were suitable and safe biocides that can be included in mouthwash products.
Materials and Methods
Sixty adult (45 females and 15 males) volunteers had been chosen and divided into four groups and their saliva samples were assessed for microbial count at the beginning and the end of two weeks of treatment, during which they rinsed with 15ml of mouthwashes for 30 seconds twice a day (morning and evening) in addition to their usual oral hygiene procedures. The antibacterial activity of mouthwashes was assayed by cell viable count technique and cell diffusibility measurement.
Results
The results showed wide variations in the effectiveness of mouthwashes; those containing CHX were more effective (P ≤0.05) than formulations containing HX on oral microbial count. The main findings of the present study were that Zordyl, Oraxinand Hextril exerted high effects on the salivary microbiota, causing 90%, 60% and 34% reduction in salivary bacterial counts respectively. 25% reduction was observed for Givalex. On the other hand, the zone of inhibition test showed that Zordyl and Oraxin had large zone inhibitory effects, while Hextril and Givalex, were less effective on some bacterial species.
Conclusion
It can be concluded that twice daily use of CHX mouthwash (CHX-MW) or HX mouthwash (HX-MW) reduces oral bacterial load counts in healthy subjects when used as an adjunct to their normal oral hygiene procedures. This also suggests that inhibitory power of mouth washes containing CHX is greater on oral bacteria than mouthwashes containing HX.
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Bhattacharya, Somanon, Sutthichai Sae-Tia, and Bettina C. Fries. "Candidiasis and Mechanisms of Antifungal Resistance." Antibiotics 9, no. 6 (June 9, 2020): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9060312.
Full textAbstract:
Candidiasis can be present as a cutaneous, mucosal or deep-seated organ infection, which is caused by more than 20 types of Candida sp., with C. albicans being the most common. These are pathogenic yeast and are usually present in the normal microbiome. High-risk individuals are patients of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), organ transplant, and diabetes. During infection, pathogens can adhere to complement receptors and various extracellular matrix proteins in the oral and vaginal cavity. Oral and vaginal Candidiasis results from the overgrowth of Candida sp. in the hosts, causing penetration of the oral and vaginal tissues. Symptoms include white patches in the mouth, tongue, throat, and itchiness or burning of genitalia. Diagnosis involves visual examination, microscopic analysis, or culturing. These infections are treated with a variety of antifungals that target different biosynthetic pathways of the pathogen. For example, echinochandins target cell wall biosynthesis, while allylamines, azoles, and morpholines target ergosterol biosynthesis, and 5-Flucytosine (5FC) targets nucleic acid biosynthesis. Azoles are commonly used in therapeutics, however, because of its fungistatic nature, Candida sp. evolve azole resistance. Besides azoles, Candida sp. also acquire resistance to polyenes, echinochandins, and 5FC. This review discusses, in detail, the drug resistance mechanisms adapted by Candida sp.
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Serebryakova, S. L., E. V. Boeva, M. A. Moisa, S. I. Dyrul, S. V. Ogurtsova, O. N. Leonov, and A. Yu Kovelenov. "Determining factors of a personalized approach to patients with HIV during the COVID-19 pandemic." HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders 14, no. 3 (November 9, 2022): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2022-14-3-24-34.
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Objective. To study the epidemiological, medical, social and clinical factors that affect the manifestations and treatment of diseases — infections caused by the immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), which underlie the formation of a personalized approach to the management and treatment of people living with HIV (PLHIV).Materials and methods. Epidemiological analysis of morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 in the Leningrad region for 2021–2022 was carried out. The research team conducted a questionnaire and analysis of medical documentation of 122 HIVpositive patients registered at the Leningrad Regional Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases who suffered a novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) in the period from 2020 to 2022. An assessment was made of the psychological and social characteristics of patients affecting adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART), the clinical picture of the course of HIV infection, including in combination with COVID-19. The fact of SARS-CoV-2 disease was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) smears from the mouth and nasopharynx. Additionally, a group of 59 PLHIV hospitalized in hospitals in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region with a severe form of COVID-19 was isolated for analysis.Results and discussion. Number of COVID-19 cases in 2020–2021 in the Leningrad region amounted to 15.553 people, of which 1.553 had a history of HIV infection (13.5% of patients registered at the dispensary). The mortality rate among PLHIV who underwent COVID-19 was 5.1%. An equal ratio of women and men was observed among 122 surveyed patients, the average age of respondents was 41 years. When assessing the social status of the respondents, it was found that 25.4% had higher education, 56.5% had specialized secondary education. 72.9% had a permanent job. 61.4% of respondents considered themselves to be in the category of material well-being of «average level», 24.6% — to «below average». The sexual route of HIV infection was established in 50.8% of patients, injectable was 29.5%, in other cases it was not unknown. The average level of CD4 lymphocytes in the blood was 544 cl/mcl, most patients (90.2%) had an undetectable indicator of HIV viral load (VL). The average duration of the disease with the new coronavirus in HIV patients was 15.6 days. At the same time, 108 (88.5%) people noted a mild course of COVID-19 and did not need hospitalization. Coverage of COVID-19 vaccination among the surveyed PLHIV was 40.9%. According to data from 59 case histories of PLHIV hospitalized as a result of the severe course of COVID-19, 55 people died, a pathoanatomic autopsy was performed in 26 cases. The autopsy revealed the following complications and concomitant diseases: miliary tuberculosis (7.7%), purulent endocarditis (11.5%), sepsis (19.2%). Improvement in the dynamics was observed only in 4 PLHIV, whose further fate is unknown.Conclusion. The study showed that the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 among PLHIV in the Leningrad region is comparable to the general population, however, the total mortality among HIV-infected patients is higher than in the region and across the country. As a result of the analysis, we came to the conclusion that HIV infection and COVID-19 are independent in terms of co-infection at the outpatient stage. The exception is severe and aggravated comorbid cases, which required a more detailed assessment of the condition, the involvement of a larger number of specialists, as well as laboratory and instrumental research methods. The results obtained determined the need for a comprehensive interdisciplinary approach to patients with HIV infection, taking into account their personal needs. Medical personnel providing care to PLHIV should take into account not only the clinical picture of the disease, but also the psychosocial status of the patient, in order to improve the outcomes of COVID-19 and HIV infection.
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Pathak, Swati, Abhinav B. Chandra, Yiwu Huang, and Yiquing Xu. "Etiology of Incidental Asymptomatic Neutropenia and Prevalence of Benign Ethnic Neutropenia in Patients of Chinese Ethnicity." Blood 114, no. 22 (November 20, 2009): 4515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.4515.4515.
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Abstract Abstract 4515 Background Incidental asymptomatic neutropenia, where absolute neutrophil count (ANC) is less than the lower limit of normal, is a condition not associated with infection and does not require interventions. This condition overlaps with Benign Ethnic Neutropenia (BEN), which has been described in African Americans, Israel and Jordan ethnic groups. However, data on the identifiable causes on patients with asymptomatic neutropenia, or BEN in Chinese ethnic group is few. This study aims to evaluate the etiologies of neutropenia in asymptomatic patients of Chinese origin and to estimate the prevalence of benign ethnic neutropenia in this ethnic group. Methods Patients of Chinese origin, who were evaluated in Maimonides Hematology clinic between 1/2006 and 12/2008 for asymptomatic neutropenia, were included. Patients with current diagnosis of malignancy undergoing chemotherapy were excluded. Data were collected from chart review, including age, gender, medications, symptoms of infections, physical examination, complete blood counts with differentials, HIV, HBV status, vitamin B12 and folate levels and the duration of neutropenia. Result Forty patients were identified, including 10 males and 30 females. The age ranges from 19 to 74 years old, with the median age of 42 years old. All patients were immigrants from Southeast region of China. All but one patient had persistent neutropenia. None had previous significant bacterial infections, while two patients reported associated viral symptoms and one of them showed transient neutropenia only. Three patients reported mouth sores, one of which was followed with serial blood tests which did not show further decrease from baseline. Majority of the patients demonstrated mild neutropenia. Twenty seven (68%) patients present showed grade 1 (ANC < lower limit of normal to 1500/mm2), 10 (25%) patients showed grade 2 (ANC 1000 to 1500/mm2) and 3 (7%) patients showed grade 3 (ANC 500 to 1000/mm2) neutropenia respectively. Probable causes of neutropenia were identified in 10 (25%) patients, including 2 patients with B12 deficiency, 4 patients with positive ANA while one confirmed for SLE and 2 patients with splenomegaly. The possible causes for other 2 patients were previous chemotherapy and current medications. Seventy five percent of the patients have no apparent causes, among them, 11 (27.5%) patients showed carrier status of HBV, and 2 patients have active HBV infection receiving treatment. No patients were found to have HIV infection. Conclusion Asymptomatic incidental neutropenia in Chinese ethnic group requires careful workup. Neutropenia can be the first presentation of rheumatologic diseases and B12 deficiency. There is a unique high rate of HBV carrier status and active infection in this ethnic group, its association with neutropenia is suspected and warrants further study. Benign ethnic neutropenia may be an entity in Chinese ethnic group, further prospective study targeting healthy subjects will yield more definitive information in Chinese ethnic group. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Chowell, Gerardo, Cécile Viboud, Lone Simonsen, and Seyed M. Moghadas. "Characterizing the reproduction number of epidemics with early subexponential growth dynamics." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 13, no. 123 (October 2016): 20160659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0659.
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Early estimates of the transmission potential of emerging and re-emerging infections are increasingly used to inform public health authorities on the level of risk posed by outbreaks. Existing methods to estimate the reproduction number generally assume exponential growth in case incidence in the first few disease generations, before susceptible depletion sets in. In reality, outbreaks can display subexponential (i.e. polynomial) growth in the first few disease generations, owing to clustering in contact patterns, spatial effects, inhomogeneous mixing, reactive behaviour changes or other mechanisms. Here, we introduce the generalized growth model to characterize the early growth profile of outbreaks and estimate the effective reproduction number, with no need for explicit assumptions about the shape of epidemic growth. We demonstrate this phenomenological approach using analytical results and simulations from mechanistic models, and provide validation against a range of empirical disease datasets. Our results suggest that subexponential growth in the early phase of an epidemic is the rule rather the exception. Mechanistic simulations show that slight modifications to the classical susceptible–infectious–removed model result in subexponential growth, and in turn a rapid decline in the reproduction number within three to five disease generations. For empirical outbreaks, the generalized-growth model consistently outperforms the exponential model for a variety of directly and indirectly transmitted diseases datasets (pandemic influenza, measles, smallpox, bubonic plague, cholera, foot-and-mouth disease, HIV/AIDS and Ebola) with model estimates supporting subexponential growth dynamics. The rapid decline in effective reproduction number predicted by analytical results and observed in real and synthetic datasets within three to five disease generations contrasts with the expectation of invariant reproduction number in epidemics obeying exponential growth. The generalized-growth concept also provides us a compelling argument for the unexpected extinction of certain emerging disease outbreaks during the early ascending phase. Overall, our approach promotes a more reliable and data-driven characterization of the early epidemic phase, which is important for accurate estimation of the reproduction number and prediction of disease impact.
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Steblovskyi, D. V., M. G. Skikevich, and V. V. Bondarenko. "STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF PURULENT INFLAMMATORY DISEASES OF THE MAXILLOFACIAL REGION IN RESIDENTS OF THE POLTAVA REGION." Ukrainian Dental Almanac, no. 4 (December 23, 2020): 50–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2409-0255.4.2020.09.
Full textAbstract:
The problem of surgical infections is an urgent problem of medicine today. Despite the improvement of the quality of medical care, improvement of known and discovery of new methods of treatment, the number of patients with this pathology has a clear temporary tendency to increase. Features of the anatomical structure of the maxillofacial area determine the clinical originality of purulent inflammatory diseases, which are characterized by rapidly progressing course and spread with the generalization of the process. As etiological factors for purulent inflammatory diseases of the maxillofacial area can be diseases of the skin of the face and neck, lymph nodes, ENT diseases. The leading role in purulent inflammatory diseases of the maxillofacial area is occupied by odontogenic cause.
The aim of the study. Investigate the structure and frequency of purulent inflammatory diseases in residents of Poltava region.
Material and methods. The Department of Maxillofacial Surgery is located on the basis of Poltava Regional Clinical Hospital, provides specialized and high-tech assistance to residents of Poltava region. During the period 2015-2019, a total of 3927 patients were treated, of which purulent inflammatory diseases of the face and neck occurred in 1281 (30.1%): phlegmon - in 582 (44.4%), abscesses - in 699 (55, 5%). Sepsis was complicated by surgical infection in 9 patients (0.9%).
All patients underwent a clinical examination to clarify complaints, medical history, studied the data of objective examination of the general condition, careful assessment of local status (localization of the process, discoloration, skin temperature, edema, tissue infiltration, checked the amplitude of mouth opening, studied dental formula). All patients underwent a general clinical examination, the results of microbiological monitoring of bacterial cultures were studied. Additional instrumental methods of examination were performed: CT of soft tissues in 35 (3.89%), ultrasound of soft tissues of the neck - in 123 (13.76%), orthopantomography - in 640 (52.38%), radiography of the neck - in 43 (5.1%).
Among the diseases that form a severe premorbid background, the most significant role is played by HIV and diabetes. Microbiological monitoring has identified as the most common microflora of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus constellatus and Streptococcus mitis. Adequately performed surgery in combination with active complex therapy in the postoperative period, including in addition to traditional therapy “Biocerulin”, allows to reduce the duration of inpatient treatment to 7.3 + 0.3 (in the control group when using traditional dressings - 11 , 5 + 0,5) and ensures the absence of fatalities.
Conclusions. Purulent inflammatory diseases of the maxillofacial area are an urgent problem of surgery, accounting for 9.8% of those hospitalized in the department of maxillofacial surgery.
A significant predominance of the most able-bodied age group (41.0%) puts the problem of the disease in the category of socially significant.
The leading role of odontogenic causes of purulent inflammatory diseases indicates the lateness of patients in dental clinics, the neglect of oral hygiene and the timeliness of remedial measures.
Early surgery in combination with antibacterial therapy in accordance with microbiological monitoring and the use of “Biocerulin”, allows to achieve satisfactory immediate results of treatment.
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Litovchenko, V. P. "PREVENTION AND CONTROL MEASURES IN DENTISTRY UNDER COVID-19 CONDITIONS." Eastern Ukrainian Medical Journal 8, no. 3 (2020): 276–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/eumj.2020;8(3):276-285.
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Introduction: Given the worldwide spread of acute respiratory disease COVID-19, the WHO announcement of a pandemic and unprecedented quarantine restrictions in March 2020, the problem of organizing measures to prevent the emergence and spread of COVID-19 becomes particularly relevant and undergoes significant additions and improvements. It should be noted that the risk of transmission of coronavirus disease during dental procedures is defined as extremely high, due to close doctor-patient contact, the use of specific equipment (turbine tip, ultrasonic scaler, airflow, etc.), interaction with biological fluids, including saliva and tissues. At the same time, acute conditions in patients require emergency dental care. In such conditions, it is necessary to comply with anti-epidemic measures, use sterilization procedures for all categories of instruments, as well as the introduction of additional convenient and modern measures to prevent cross-contamination in dental institutions, including checklists, questionnaires and so on. Purpose: Based on the analysis of theoretical and clinical aspects of the problem of asepsis in the face of new challenges, we aimed to develop an author's "case" of standardized checklists to ensure dental care in the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Methods: Theoretical analysis of literature sources and results of modern research presented in electronic scientific publications included in scientometric databases, such as PubMed, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, Medline, etc.; generalization of knowledge and practical experience gained during training on the basis of the Dental Medical Center of the National Medical University named after O. O. Bogomolets; survey of respondents using Google forms. Results. In the context of dental care, the features of dangerous infectious diseases (routes of transmission, resistance, etc.) and appropriate preventive measures were analyzed. The clinical aspects of сoronavirus disease (COVID-19) were considered in detail. As additional anti-epidemic measures (control measures), the author's "case" of checklists was presented: "Assessment of urgency of dental care," "Assessment of risks of possible infection with Covid-19" (to be completed before and 24 hours after treatment). Conclusions: General and specific precautions are crucial for minimizing the spread of COVID-19 coronavirus disease. Additional solutions are important, including a thorough preliminary examination of patients, including the use of the proposed "case" of checklists (77.4% of respondents from 53 practicing dentists noted the relevance of such questionnaires in their practice) and enhanced asepsis, especially if treating patients with confirmed COVID-19 will be necessary. The main preventive measures aim to prevent other infections (HIV, hepatitis, etc.), the risk of transmission of which increases in the dental office. Keywords dental care, prevention, coronavirus disease (COVID-19), checklist.
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Skrypnіkova, T. P., and P. M. Skrypnikov. "DIAGNOSTIC AND TREATMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF LEPTOTHRICHOSIS OF THE ORAL MUCOSA." Ukrainian Dental Almanac, no. 3 (September 6, 2019): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2409-0255.3.2019.03.
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Leptotrichia species play an important role in the microflora composition of the oral cavity, a genus of asporogenous gram-negative anaerobic bacteria, in the form of sticks that belong to the family of Fusobakterium. According to the morphological data, the structure of the cell wall, antigenic structure, they are part of the opportunistic flora of the oral cavity. Their peculiarities are the sensitivity to the toxic effects of oxygen, the absence of spores, the complexity of food processes. It also allows to refer them to the family of lactic acid bacteria that promote lactic acid fermentation.
Violation of homeostasis in the oral cavity and the presence of somatic diseases lead to the transformation of leptotrichia from the category of opportunistic microflora into pathogenic one. Different opinions about approaches to treatment in the presence of leptotrichia in the oral cavity are expressed. Some authors say that abundantly vegetative leptotrichia do not indicate pathology. Others, on the contrary, have the opposite view, believing that leptotrichosis is a disease close to opportunistic mycosis. But there is the third opinion: some authors attribute leptotrichosis to HIV - associated diseases. Clinical similarities with other fungal infections make it difficult to manage these patients.
There are some important traits for differential diagnosis such as identified symptoms, in some cases the lack of effectiveness of previous or current treatment, postponed and concomitant diseases, sociodemographic status, use of medicines. Subjective, objective and additional examination methods were used for diagnosis.
Objective examination of patients was carried out according to the recommendations of experts of the World Health Organization (WHO).
As additional method of examination it has been used microscopic research, which was the most effective, clinical analysis of blood, urine, blood for sugar. If necessary, patients were referred for consultation to other specialists. Candidiasis of the oral mucosa has a code ICD - B.370.
Patients have such complaints as burning of the mucous membrane of the lips, cheeks, hard and soft palate, dry mouth. There is a coarse keratinized epithelium of filamentous papillae, which gives them the appearance of spiky, pointed, very dense growths of gray or yellowish-gray color. The plaque may cover some areas of the oral mucosa. It adheres tightly to the tissues, is difficult to remove, exposing a loose bleeding surface. Inflammation is not identified. The mucous membrane appearance is worried patients, they examine it several times a day, which causes a phobia.
In some cases, the filamentous papillae of the tongue may be atrophied, it becomes smooth, but the color of the mucosa is not changed. Patients suffer from eating spicy food.
Among all diagnostic methods (subjective and objective) only the microscopic one is effective. Leptotrichosis accounts for 5 cases (4.09%) of the examined 122 patients with fungal origin stomatitis. This disease is quite rare, only a few clinical cases are described in the literature.
The pathogenesis of the disease (incomplete cellular immunity, shift of the phagocytic activity of neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, the host sensitization of leptotrichia’s byproducts, high saccharolytic activity, and others) is considered in leptotrichosis management. Leptotrichosis of the oral cavity mucosa is characterized by a chronic course (for several months). The treatment plan is made with an internist. A dentist has to know different alternative kind of treatment. Patients should be examined dynamically.
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Ishdeep, Kaur, and Kaur Arshdeep. "Aerosol Management in Dentistry: An Update for Safe Covid-19 Clinical Practice." Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Reports, March 31, 2021, 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.47363/jprsr/2021(2)110.
Full textAbstract:
Patient safety and health worker safety from infectious diseases as well as occupational hazards is of utmost importance in every field of medicine. Bioaerosols and splatters generated by air syringes, ultrasonic scalers and high-speed turbine handpieces during dental treatment pose a potential hazard of infection not only to the patients but, to the dentists, dental hygienists, dental assistants as well as other healthcare workers. Severe infectious diseases such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), influenza, measles, tuberculosis, hepatitis, HIV AIDS can be transmitted through aerosols. With the emergence of β-coronavirus (COVID-19), questions concerning the protection from such viral transmission in dental hospital setting have arisen due to close contact and its transmission through the exposure of saliva, blood and other body fluids. Guidelines from regulatory organizations such as CDC regarding infection control in healthcare settings and infection prevention practices should be strictly followed.A systematic electronic search with relevant key terms viz. Aerosol Management, Dental Aerosols, Dentistry and COVID-19, Dental Unit Waterlines, Preprocedural Mouth rinsing, High Volume Suction Evacuators (HVE) and CDC Guidelines was executed in PubMed and Medline databases for literature extraction and data has been interpreted by including articles based on predefined inclusion criteria .In this review article, we address the importance of understanding and implementation of dental safety by following various systems for management of dental aerosols
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"Inflammatory Processes, Viral Infections and Dental Practice during Covid-19." International Journal of Dental Research and Reviews, 2021, 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.28933/ijdrr-2021-08-1205.
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The mouth is a natural reservoir of several microorganisms resulting from various ecological determinants, being conducive to contagion, as it is an open system for contamination, to which the oral health team is exposed. This microbiota, in general, is in harmony with the host and is quite relevant, as it contributes to the development of the mucous immune system. However, local and/or systemic changes can result in imbalance and clinical manifestation of diseases in the mouth, as reported in this chapter, about coronavirus, hepatitis, herpes, varicella-zoster, infectious mononucleosis, cytomegalovirus, ebola, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Oral hygiene is essential to maintain harmony between normal oral microbiota and external contamination, and, as is known, the mouth is part of the digestive and respiratory system and, in this moment of the lethal and quite contagious SARS-VOC 2 pandemic, the dental practice needs to reinforce biosafety care and reduce the vulnerability of staff and patients, in order to favor the good practices of home dental care, outpatient and/or hospital assistance.
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Cao, Peilin, Yifan Zhang, Guangyan Dong, Hongkun Wu, Yuxiang Yang, and Yi Liu. "Clinical Oral Condition Analysis and the Influence of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy on Human Salivary Microbial Community Diversity in HIV-Infected/AIDS Patients." Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 12 (June 29, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.937039.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical oral status and investigate the effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on oral flora diversity in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. We first recorded and analyzed the demographic indicators of 108 HIV-infected patients and assessed their periodontal health, dental health and oral lesion status by oral examination. Besides, we compared the changes in salivary microbial communities of healthy controls, before and after treatment of HAART-processed AIDS patients by Roche 454 sequencing and RT-qPCR. In HIV-infected/AIDS patients, age, sex, marital status, income level, smoking and oral health behaviors had an effect on periodontal clinical indicators; age and marital status were correlated with dental clinical indicators; most of them were accompanied by oral manifestations, mainly including candidiasis albicans, salivary gland disease, AIDS-associated periodontitis, and oral ulcers. Besides, a total of 487 species were detected in the saliva of AIDS patients. The microbial communities of HAART-unprocessed AIDS patients significantly differed from those processed patients, with 112 unique microbial species. More importantly, a large number of conditioned pathogens were also detected in the saliva samples of AIDS patients, which may be associated with opportunistic infections. Therefore, HAART might have a crucial role in salivary microecological balance in AIDS patients. And these patients should pay attention to the maintenance of oral health, and the early initiation of HAART may be important for the development of oral lesions.
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Chow, Eric P. F., Lenka A. Vodstrcil, Deborah A. Williamson, Kate Maddaford, Jane S. Hocking, Melinda Ashcroft, Vesna De Petra, Catriona S. Bradshaw, and Christopher K. Fairley. "Incidence and duration of incident oropharyngeal gonorrhoea and chlamydia infections among men who have sex with men: prospective cohort study." Sexually Transmitted Infections, November 18, 2020, sextrans—2020–054764. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2020-054764.
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ObjectivesThis prospective cohort study aimed to determine the natural history and incidence of oropharyngeal gonorrhoea and chlamydia among a cohort of men who have sex with men (MSM) over a 12-week period, and to examine risk factors associated with incident oropharyngeal infections.MethodsMSM either aged ≥18 years and had a diagnosis of oropharyngeal gonorrhoea by nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) in the past 3 months or aged 18–35 years who were HIV-negative taking pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) were eligible for this study. Enrolled men were followed up for 12 weeks. Oropharyngeal swabs were collected at week 0 (baseline) and week 12 (end of study). Between these time points, weekly saliva specimens and the number of tongue kissing, penile–oral and insertive rimming partners were collected by post. Oropharyngeal swabs and saliva specimens were tested by NAAT for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. Poisson regression was performed to examine the risk factors (weekly number of partners) associated with incident oropharyngeal gonorrhoea.ResultsA total of 100 MSM were recruited. The incidence of oropharyngeal gonorrhoea and chlamydia was 62 (95% CI 37 to 105) and 9 (95% CI 2 to 35)/100 person-years, respectively. The median duration of incident oropharyngeal infection with gonorrhoea was 28 days (IQR=21–36, n=7). The incidence rate ratio (IRR) for oropharyngeal gonorrhoea increased with an increased number of kissing partners (IRR=1.08; 95% CI 1.03 to 1.12) an increased number of penile-oral sex partners (IRR=1.07, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.14) but not with an increased number of insertive rimming partners (IRR=1.11, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.29) or other demographic factors. The IRR and duration of incident oropharyngeal chlamydia were not calculated due to the small number of cases (n=2).ConclusionsMSM have a high incidence of oropharyngeal gonorrhoea and the median duration of infection was less than 3 months.
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Cannon, Richard D. "Oral Fungal Infections: Past, Present, and Future." Frontiers in Oral Health 3 (February 3, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/froh.2022.838639.
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Oral fungal infections have afflicted humans for millennia. Hippocrates (ca. 460-370 BCE) described two cases of oral aphthae associated with severe underlying diseases that could well have been oral candidiasis. While oral infections caused by other fungi such as cryptococcosis, aspergillosis, mucormycosis, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, and coccidioidomycosis occur infrequently, oral candidiasis came to the fore during the AIDS epidemic as a sentinel opportunistic infection signaling the transition from HIV infection to AIDS. The incidence of candidiasis in immunocompromised AIDS patients highlighted the importance of host defenses in preventing oral fungal infections. A greater understanding of the nuances of human immune systems has revealed that mucosal immunity in the mouth delivers a unique response to fungal pathogens. Oral fungal infection does not depend solely on the fungus and the host, however, and attention has now focussed on interactions with other members of the oral microbiome. It is evident that there is inter-kingdom signaling that affects microbial pathogenicity. The last decade has seen significant advances in the rapid qualitative and quantitative analysis of oral microbiomes and in the simultaneous quantification of immune cells and cytokines. The time is ripe for the application of machine learning and artificial intelligence to integrate more refined analyses of oral microbiome composition (including fungi, bacteria, archaea, protozoa and viruses—including SARS-CoV-2 that causes COVID-19). This analysis should incorporate the quantification of immune cells, cytokines, and microbial cell signaling molecules with signs of oral fungal infections in order to better diagnose and predict susceptibility to oral fungal disease.
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Cao, Cunwei. "S2.2c Talaromycosis in HIV-negative patients: challenges and counter-measures." Medical Mycology 60, Supplement_1 (September 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myac072.s2.2c.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract S2.2 Histoplasmosis and talaromycosis, September 21, 2022, 3:00 PM - 4:30 PM Talaromycosis is an infection caused by the thermally dimorphic fungus Talaromyces marneffei (T. marneffei). It is endemic in tropical countries of Asia and Southeast Asia and has recently been recognized far beyond the traditional endemic areas. Talaromycosis was thought to be exclusively associated with HIV infection. However, an increasing number of T. marneffei infections have been reported in non-HIV-infected patients. Although the incidence of talaromycosis in non-HIV-infected patients is ˂ 10%, the atypical presentation of this disease can lead to misdiagnosis, inappropriate treatment, and poor outcomes, in addition to tremendous burden and suffering for patients and their families. Screening for immunodeficiencies in patients with talaromycosis is crucial in clinically suspicious cases. Our cohort studies identified three major immunodeficiencies in non-HIV patients with talaromycosis: (1) 85.9% anti-interferon-γ autoantibodies, (2) primary immunodeficiency disorders, and (3) tumors. In disseminated talaromycosis, most patients present with fever, anemia, weight loss, respiratory symptoms, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and osteolytic destruction and are often misdiagnosed as tuberculosis and other diseases. Localized talaromycosis, on the other hand, is usually manifested by ulcers or masses in the mouth, throat, and external genitalia. Although antigen screening is an effective approach for diagnosing talaromycosis in patients with advanced HIV disease, pathogen-based detection is still limited by atypical clinical presentation. Direct microscopic examination, mycological culture, and histopathology are the standard traditional diagnostic methods used to isolate T. marneffei from clinical specimens, however, due to time-consuming, it might lead to delay diagnosis. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) technology has shown promising results as a rapid, convenient method for detecting T. marneffei from various types of specimens, leading to correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Based on our current retrospective study, mNGS has been shown to be equivalent and possibly superior to conventional fungal culture in terms of speed and specificity in the diagnosis of talaromycosis. In terms of final clinical diagnosis, mNGS showed a high sensitivity of 97.22% compared with conventional culture (61.11%). Correction of underlying immunodeficiencies and early use of antifungal agents are important treatment strategies for talaromycosis. Currently, there is no optimal therapeutic regimen for the treatment of talaromycosis in this specific group of patients. Amphotericin B is the first line to initial antifungal treatment, other antifungal agents such as voriconazole have shown good efficacy against talaromycosis. We investigated the efficacy of voriconazole in the treatment of talaromycosis using population pharmacokinetics. C-reactive protein (CRP) was found to significantly affect voriconazole plasma concentrations. Optimization of initial dosing based on CRP levels may be useful to guide voriconazole dosing in clinical practice. The mortality rate in non-HIV talaromycosis is higher than in the HIV population, which may be due to the nonspecific and complex clinical manifestations. Failure to initiate antifungal treatment in a timely manner often results in poor prognosis and even death. The course of treatment is protracted, unclear, and depends on the immune status of the patient. Diagnosis and treatment of talaromycosis remain a challenge. Optimization of diagnostic tools and treatment regimens to ensure early detection and prompt antifungal treatment should be considered.
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Kumari, Dr Pallavi. "CLINICAL EVALUATION OF THE TOOTH LOSS IN PERIODONTAL DISEASE IN DIABETIC PATIENTS." International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies 3, no. 11 (November 24, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.32553/ijmbs.v3i11.736.
Full textAbstract:
Help in detecting diabetes may come from an unlikely source like a dentist as an allied health team, as it is rightly said ‘oral cavity is the mirror of the body system’. They may diagnose undetected cases of diabetes and may refer to a physician for further evaluation and treatment. Research studies have found a link between periodontal (gum) disease and diabetes. Symptoms of the disease often appear in the mouth, while almost one-third of people with diabetes have severe periodontal disease. This is believed to be a result of the diabetic patient’s greater susceptibility to developing infections. Conversely, severe periodontal disease may increase the risk of developing diabetes, and may make it more difficult to manage blood sugar levels. However, studies have found that patients who receive treatment for periodontal disease may be able to control the condition with less insulin. Dentists often detect symptoms of diabetes during routine oral health examinations. Foamy saliva, unusually dry and irritated tissue, poor periodontal conditions inside the mouth are tell-tale signs of the condition. And, diabetic patients often lose more teeth compared to patients without the disease. Proper and effective management of patients with diabetes requires that the practice evaluate all aspects of patient interaction. Systems need to be customized so that all procedures and patient communication scripts are implemented consistently to meet the distinct needs of patients with diabetes. Hence based on above findings the present study was planned for clinical evaluation of the tooth loss in periodontal disease in diabetic patients.
The present study was planned in Department of Public Health Dentistry, Buddha Institute of Dental Sciences, Patna ,Bihar for a period of six months from January 2019 to June 2019. Total 40 patients were evaluated during this period . Out of that 20 cases are of Diabetic patients were enrolled in first group and another second group consist of 20 control patients without any diseases.
The data generated from the present study concludes that there is significant difference in teeth loss amongst diabetics and non-diabetics. People with diabetes should be aware about the periodontal complications associated with it and should go for regular dental visits. Therefore it is the need of the hour to educate the dentists, general physicians and specialists about the association of systemic diseases with oral health and vice versa as many of the systemic diseases may be prevented and improved by improving oral hygiene.
Keywords: Tooth Loss, Periodontal Disease, Diabetic Patients, etc.