Academic literature on the topic 'HIV infections; Mouth – Diseases; Saliva'
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Journal articles on the topic "HIV infections; Mouth – Diseases; Saliva"
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Arunkumar, Shantala, Arunkumar J S, Krishna N. Burde, and Shakunthala G K. "Developments in diagnostic applications of saliva in oral and systemic diseases- A comprehensive review." Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 3, no. 3 (June 25, 2014): 372–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2014.3316.
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Human saliva is not just the fluid in our mouth, but it mirrors our body’s health and well being. Biomolecules that are circulating in the blood are also found in human saliva. It consists of approximately about 2,000 proteins, and most significantly, 26% of these proteins are also found in blood, therefore emphasizes the saliva’s importance as an added biological resource for disease diagnosis and monitoring, as well as an ultimate diagnostic medium to establish a person’s response to treatment. The field of saliva diagnostics (SDs) began in the early 60s when salivary calcium levels were found to be elevated in cystic fibrosis patients, and 50 years on now how the field has unmitigated to an unpredicted distance due to the development of increasingly sensitive detection techniques. Hence, today in the era of nanotechnology and genomics, field of salivary diagnostics is promising a dramatic change in disease diagnosis and clinical monitoring. It has expanded into detection of cancer, heart and infectious diseases. Today we are using human saliva to detect illicit drugs, alcohol, to measure hormone levels, especially estrogen levels in women suffering from hormone imbalance, endometriosis, and to diagnose HIV virus in patients suspected of having AIDS. In addition, there are home-based saliva tests that one can order over the Internet to test one’s own cholesterol levels and also can verify the risk of developing prostate cancer. With the development of novel, more sensitive detection technology platforms, and the innovation of standardized analytical tools, establishment of reference intervals will make saliva diagnostic a reality in the near future. Especially in the areas of population-based screening programs, confirmatory diagnostics, risk stratification, forensic and therapy response monitoring. So, it represents a progressively more valuable complementary means of diagnosis.
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Grootveld, Martin, Georgina Page, Mohammed Bhogadia, Kayleigh Hunwin, and Mark Edgar. "Updates and Original Case Studies Focused on the NMR-Linked Metabolomics Analysis of Human Oral Fluids Part III: Implementations for the Diagnosis of Non-Cancerous Disorders, Both Oral and Systemic." Metabolites 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo13010066.
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This communication represents Part III of our series of reports based on the applications of human saliva as a useful and conveniently collectable medium for the discovery, identification and monitoring of biomarkers, which are of some merit for the diagnosis of human diseases. Such biomarkers, or others reflecting the dysfunction of specific disease-associated metabolic pathways, may also be employed for the prognostic pathological tracking of these diseases. Part I of this series set the experimental and logistical groundwork for this report, and the preceding paper, Part II, featured the applications of newly developed metabolomics technologies to the diagnosis and severity grading of human cancer conditions, both oral and systemic. Clearly, there are many benefits, both scientific and economic, associated with the donation of human saliva samples (usually as whole mouth saliva) from humans consenting to and participating in investigations focused on the discovery of biomolecular markers of diseases. These include usually non-invasive collection protocols, relatively low cost when compared against blood sample collection, and no requirement for clinical supervision during collection episodes. This paper is centred on the employment and value of ‘state-of-the-art’ metabolomics technologies to the diagnosis and prognosis of a wide range of non-cancerous human diseases. Firstly, these include common oral diseases such as periodontal diseases (from type 1 (gingivitis) to type 4 (advanced periodontitis)), and dental caries. Secondly, a wide range of extra-oral (systemic) conditions are covered, most notably diabetes types 1 and 2, cardiovascular and neurological diseases, and Sjögren’s syndrome, along with a series of viral infections, e.g., pharyngitis, influenza, HIV and COVID-19. Since the authors’ major research interests lie in the area of the principles and applications of NMR-linked metabolomics techniques, many, but not all, of the studies reviewed were conducted using these technologies, with special attention being given to recommended protocols for their operation and management, for example, satisfactory experimental model designs; sample collection and laboratory processing techniques; the selection of sample-specific NMR pulse sequences for saliva analysis; and strategies available for the confirmation of resonance assignments for both endogenous and exogenous molecules in this biofluid. This article also features an original case study, which is focussed on the use of NMR-based salivary metabolomics techniques to provide some key biomarkers for the diagnosis of pharyngitis, and an example of how to ‘police’ such studies and to recognise participants who perceive that they actually have this disorder but do not from their metabolic profiles and multivariate analysis pattern-based clusterings. The biochemical and clinical significance of these multidimensional metabolomics investigations are discussed in detail.
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Kaur, Ishdeep, Arshdeep Kaur, and Vishakha Grover. "Aerosol management in dentistry: An update for safe COVID-19 clinical practice." Science Progress and Research 1, no. 2 (April 4, 2021): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.52152/spr/2021.112.
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Bioaerosols and splatters generated by air syringes, ultrasonic scalers and high-speed turbine handpieces during dental treatment pose a potential hazard of infection not only to the patients but, to the dentists, dental hygienists, dental assistants as well as other healthcare workers. Severe infectious diseases such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), influenza, measles, tuberculosis, hepatitis, HIV AIDS can be transmitted through aerosols. With the emergence of β-coronavirus (COVID-19), questions concerning the protection from such viral transmission in the dental hospital setting have arisen due to close contact and its transmission through the exposure of saliva, blood and other body fluids. A systematic electronic search with relevant key terms viz. Aerosol Management, Dental Aerosols, Dentistry and COVID-19, Dental Unit Waterlines, Preprocedural Mouth rinsing, High Volume Suction Evacuators (HVE) and CDC Guidelines was executed in PubMed and Medline databases for literature extraction and data has been interpreted by including articles based on predefined inclusion criteria.In this review article, we address the importance of understanding and implementation dental safety by following various systems for the management of dental aerosols
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Габибуллаева, S. Gabibullaeva, Абдурахманов, and A. Abdurakhmanov. "The level of dental awareness in the patients with hemophilia." Journal of New Medical Technologies. eJournal 8, no. 1 (November 5, 2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/4801.
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The considerable prevalence of dental diseases in the patients with hemophilia is due to the absence of prevention and the proper care of the oral cavity, as well as regular medical examination. This category of patients reluctantly turns to the dentists for fear of bleeding, and the doctors for the same reason, avoid interventions in the mouth. Dental aspects of hemophilia are relevant problem of modern medicine due to the high intensity of organs and tissues of the oral cavity, a real risk of complications during dental procedures of therapeutic, surgical and orthopedic profiles. Epidemiological studies on lesions of the oral cavity in the patients with hereditary coagulative pathologies show a high prevalence of various dental disease, poor hygienic condition of the mouth, which entails a considerable need for dental treatment and prevention activities. To ensure timely quality dental care, control over the hygienic condition of oral cavity it is necessary to conduct regular examination of the state of the oral cavity in the patients with hemophilia. Dentists refuse to the patients in need of assistance because of fear of bleeding and the risk of infection with hepatitis and HIV infection. The high level of dental diseases at hemophilia may be due to the poor hygienic condition of the mouth, change of physicochemical properties of saliva and local immunity. Most patients with hemophilia brush their teeth not regularly and unsatisfactory. A vast number of microorganisms contained in this RAID, low local immunity can cause various diseases of the oral cavity. In this group of patients it is more important to prevent the development of dental disease than to treat them, for fear of complications.
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Rakitianskaya, Irina Anisimovna, T. S. Ryabova, and A. A. Kalashnikova. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF EFFECTIVENESS OF ANTIVIRAL THERAPY IN CHRONIC HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 6 TYPE INFECTION." Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases (Russian Journal) 24, no. 4 (August 15, 2019): 160–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9529-2019-24-2-160-171.
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Introduction. In recent years human-6 herpes virus (HHV-6) has become the most commonly detected virus in peripheral blood, saliva and cerebrospinal fluid, both in asymptomatic infections and in diseases potentially associated with HHV-6. Today, no antiviral drug has been officially approved for the treatment of HHV-6. Materials and methods. 57 patients with chronic HHV-6 infection were examined (mean age 33.34 ± 1.86 years). Patients were divided into three groups for different treatment regimens: 1 group (12 patients) received therapy with Famvir; Group 2 (16 patients) received Valcite; Group 3 (29 patients) - Ingaron. All patients were determined by the number of copies of HHV-6 DNA by PCR in saliva samples before and after the therapy. Results. None of the patient groups received negative PCR results after treatment. In groups of patients after valcyte therapy and therapy with Ingaron there is a significant decrease in the number of copies of HHV-6 DNA. The severity of complaints after therapy was also analyzed. Significant therapeutic effect a month after therapy showed Ingaron, to a slightly lesser extent - Valcite. The worst result was obtained in the group of patients receiving famvir.
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Rakitianskaya, Irina Anisimovna, T. S. Ryabova, and A. A. Kalashnikova. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF EFFECTIVENESS OF ANTIVIRAL THERAPY IN CHRONIC HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 6 TYPE INFECTION." Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases (Russian Journal) 24, no. 4 (August 15, 2019): 160–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9529-2019-24-4-160-171.
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Introduction. In recent years human-6 herpes virus (HHV-6) has become the most commonly detected virus in peripheral blood, saliva and cerebrospinal fluid, both in asymptomatic infections and in diseases potentially associated with HHV-6. Today, no antiviral drug has been officially approved for the treatment of HHV-6. Materials and methods. 57 patients with chronic HHV-6 infection were examined (mean age 33.34 ± 1.86 years). Patients were divided into three groups for different treatment regimens: 1 group (12 patients) received therapy with Famvir; Group 2 (16 patients) received Valcite; Group 3 (29 patients) - Ingaron. All patients were determined by the number of copies of HHV-6 DNA by PCR in saliva samples before and after the therapy. Results. None of the patient groups received negative PCR results after treatment. In groups of patients after valcyte therapy and therapy with Ingaron there is a significant decrease in the number of copies of HHV-6 DNA. The severity of complaints after therapy was also analyzed. Significant therapeutic effect a month after therapy showed Ingaron, to a slightly lesser extent - Valcite. The worst result was obtained in the group of patients receiving famvir.
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Pirttilä, Tiina, Stina Syrjänen, Karolina Louvanto, and Vuokko Loimaranta. "Longitudinal Dynamics of HPV16 Antibodies in Saliva and Serum among Pregnant Women." Viruses 14, no. 11 (November 20, 2022): 2567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14112567.
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Oral infections with high-risk (hr)HPV genotypes are associated with a subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Oral hrHPV infections may result from having oral sex, but also from horizontal infection from mouth to mouth. In such cases, saliva can serve as a vehicle for HPV transmission. Still, the prevalence and dynamics of salivary HPV antibodies in healthy non-vaccinated individuals are poorly known and the role of the salivary antibodies in protection from oral HPV infection is unclear. We used an ELISA assay to evaluate the dynamics and correlation of oral HPV16 infection and HPV16L1 and E7 specific antibody levels in saliva and serum samples among 39 women, 13 of which had persistent oral HPV16 infection. The women were mothers-to-be, sampled before delivery and followed up for 36 months postpartum. HPV16L1 IgG and sIgA antibodies were regularly detected in saliva. Antibody levels in serum remained stable during the 36-month follow-up, while antibody levels in saliva fluctuated. There was considerable individual variation in salivary HPV16L1 antibody levels, and some women had persistent oral HPV16 infection but no salivary antibodies. No differences in salivary HPV16L1 levels were found between the women with persistent or transient oral HPV16 infection.
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Strang, John, Beverly Powis, Paul Griffiths, and Michael Gossop. "Heterosexual Vaginal and Anal Intercourse Amongst London Heroin and Cocaine Users." International Journal of STD & AIDS 5, no. 2 (March 1994): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095646249400500211.
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A community-derived sample of 392 heroin users and 145 cocaine users were interviewed about their drug use and sexual behaviour, with (optional) collection of saliva specimen for linked anonymous HIV/HBV testing. The heroin sample was stratified (50/50) across current treatment and non-treatment status. For cocaine users 80% were not in current contact with any treatment. Overall levels of sexual activity were several times higher than reported in recent national surveys. Last-year prevalence of heterosexual anal intercourse was 23% and 20% for heroin-using males and females respectively (last-month figures—12% and 10%); and 23% and 15% for cocaine-using males and females respectively (last-month figures—7% and 9%). Two-thirds of subjects rarely or never used condoms during heterosexual anal intercourse. For females, receptive anal intercourse was positively related to a history of sex-for-money activity, high scores of severity of dependence, and injecting as a current route of use.
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Pathirana, Jayani, Michelle Groome, Jeffrey Dorfman, Gaurav Kwatra, Suresh Boppana, Clare Cutland, Stephanie Jones, and Shabir A. Madhi. "Prevalence of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection and Associated Risk of In Utero Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Acquisition in a High-HIV Prevalence Setting, South Africa." Clinical Infectious Diseases 69, no. 10 (January 7, 2019): 1789–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz019.
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Abstract Background There is a paucity of data on the burden of congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infections in low- and middle-income countries, including their association with maternal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. We investigated the prevalence of cCMV in a patient population with a high rate of HIV and antiretroviral therapy (ART) use during pregnancy in Soweto, Johannesburg. Methods Saliva from neonates were screened for cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at birth. Additional saliva and urine samples were tested within 3 weeks of birth to confirm positive saliva results. HIV PCR testing was done on the whole blood of HIV-exposed neonates. Maternal and neonatal data were extracted from clinical records. Results Of 2685 neonates screened for cCMV, 828 (31%) were born to HIV-infected women, 95% of whom (790/828) were on ART at delivery. The overall prevalence of cCMV was 2.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.9–3.2), with significantly higher cCMV prevalence in HIV-exposed neonates (5.2%, 95% CI 3.8–6.9) than HIV-unexposed neonates (1.4%, 95% CI 0.9–2.0). The risk of in utero HIV infection was 20-fold greater (odds ratio 20.1, 95% CI 6.09–66.46) in HIV-exposed, cCMV-infected neonates, and this increased risk was not associated with the maternal CD4+ T-cell count or the maternal duration of ART. Conclusions The prevalence of cCMV in our setting is substantially higher than the global estimate of 0.64%, partly due to the increased susceptibility for cCMV in HIV-exposed neonates. The significantly increased risk of in utero HIV infection in neonates with cCMV indicates that CMV coinfection plays a major role in the residual burden of in utero HIV transmission, even in the era of ART.
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Singh, Nimmi, Navin Mishra, Jawed Iqbal, Sheeri Sabir, Priyankar Singh, and A. K. Sharma. "The role of saliva in maintaining oral health: Aid to diagnose systemic ailments-A review." IP Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics 7, no. 3 (October 15, 2022): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijce.2022.024.
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Saliva is a complex secretion from three major and various minor salivary glands present in mouth. From clinical point of view saliva is an ideal diagnostic fluid because it is non-invasive fluid and can be easily be collected from the patients for biochemical analysis. The other significant characteristic pertinent to saliva is the handling procedure which is much simpler in comparison with serum or blood. There is plethora of studies which shows a positive correlation between blood biomarkers and salivary biomarkers in different clinical conditions of oral and systemic diseases. Saliva has an important role in maintain oral health through variety of its secretions like calcium, phosphorus, Bacteriocins, salivary leukocyte protease inhibitors different enzymes like ptyalin, amylase for carbohydrate and protein metabolism which maintains tooth integrity when there is demineralization and also acts as first line defense against various bacterial and viral infections. In 21 century endodontic there is a paradigm shift in research on the change in composition of the saliva and biomarkers in presence of periodontal / pulpal and other systemic diseases. Molecular methods for identification and quantification of salivary biomarkers like IL-6, IL-8, MMPs are available at chair side for rapid diagnosis of various inflammatory or infective etiology of oral diseases.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "HIV infections; Mouth – Diseases; Saliva"
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Coates, Elizabeth A. "Qualitative and quantitative analysis of saliva in a group of HIV infected individuals /." Title page, contents and introduction only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09DM/09dmc652.pdf.
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AZEVEDO, Karinne Silva. "Avaliação da prevalência do Papíloma Humano (HPV) em saliva de pacientes portadores do HIV." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2015. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/18071.
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Identificar a presença dos sorotipos de alto risco do Papilomavírus Humano (HPV) na saliva de pacientes portadores do vírus HIV. A amostra de 90 pacientes foi oriunda de dois centros de referência em tratamento de ISTs da cidade do Recife, PE, Brasil. Uma entrevista foi realizada para identificar o perfil da amostra, sendo realizada uma coleta de saliva empregando tubos falcon e solução para bochecho com sacarose a 5%, com posterior armazenamento em freezer a -20°C para rastreamento do HPV e genotipagem para o sorotipo 16 e 18 por PCR convencional. Na amostra predominou a presença do sexo masculino 59 de 90 (65,6%), com idade média de 38,8 anos, variando entre 18 e 69 anos, renda familiar média de 1,95 Salários Mínimos (DP = 1,37). A prevalência de HPV nesta amostra foi de 23 de 90 (25,6%) e dos sorotipos 16 e 18 foi 8 de 90 (8,9%). A co-infecção por HPV é comumente observada em pacientes portadores de HIV.
To identify the presence of high-risk serotypes human papillomavirus (HPV) in patients with sexually transmitted infections (STIs). A sample of 90 patients were from two referral hospitals in treatment of STIs. An interview was conducted to identify the sample’s profile a saliva collections being perfomed using falcon tubs and mount rinse with 5% sucrose, subsequente storage in a freezer at -20ºC for HPV screening and genotyping for serotype 16 and 18 by conventional PCR. In the sample predominant male presence 59 of 90 (65.6%) with mean age of 38.8 years, ranging between 18 and 69 years, average family income of 1.95 minimum wages (SD = 1, 37). The prevalence of HPV in this sample was 23 of 90 (25.6%) and the serotype HPV 16 and 18 was 8 of 90 (8.9%). Co-infection with HPV is commonly observed in HIV patients.
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Coates, Elizabeth A. "Qualitative and quantitative analysis of saliva in a group of HIV infected individuals." Thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/110056.
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A study which investigates whether the quality and quantity of saliva may contribute to the prevalence of oral disease in HIV infection, and whether there is a significant variance of saliva quality and quantity between early and late stage HIV infection. Samples were collected from 65 subjects with HIV infection and 33 control subjects. Results indicate that it is more likely that subjects with HIV infection will have reduced stimulated salivary flow than subjects without HIV, and that this reduction is not related to the stage of HIV infection nor to medication taken. Subjects with low salivary pH were more likely to exhibit candidiasis.Thesis (M.D.S.) -- University of Adelaide, Dept. of Dentistry, 1999
Books on the topic "HIV infections; Mouth – Diseases; Saliva"
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Michael, Glick, ed. Infections, infectious diseases and dentistry. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co., 2003.
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Louise, Melnick Sandra, ed. A guide for epidemiological studies of oral manifestations of HIV infection. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1993.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "HIV infections; Mouth – Diseases; Saliva"
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Sutcliffe, Nurhan. "Mimics of Sjögren’s syndrome." In Oxford Textbook of Sjögren's Syndrome, edited by Elizabeth J. Price and Anwar R. Tappuni, 229–34. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198806684.003.0027.
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Systemic diseases, which affect salivary and lacrimal glands, can cause dry eyes and mouth and swelling of the affected glands and may present in a similar way to SS. There may also be overlapping extra-glandular, laboratory, and imaging features, which can pose a diagnostic challenge. Certain diseases affecting salivary and lacrimal glands such as sarcoidosis, IgG4-related disease, chronic hepatitis C virus, HIV infections, and graft-versus-host disease can mimic Sjögren’s syndrome, usually via a process of similar inflammation of affected glands. This chapter will focus on these diseases. When evaluating a patient with suspected primary Sjögren’s syndrome it is important to rule out its differential diagnoses. Biopsy of the major or minor salivary gland or of the lacrimal glands may sometimes be needed to reach a final diagnosis.
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Mitchell, David A., Laura Mitchell, and Lorna McCaul. "Oral medicine." In Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry, 407–61. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199679850.003.0010.
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Contents. Bacterial infections of the mouth. Viral infections of the mouth. Oral candidosis (candidiasis). Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (ulcers). Vesiculo-bullous lesions—intraepithelial. Vesiculo-bullous lesions—subepithelial. White patches. Pigmented lesions of the mouth. Premalignant lesions. Oral cancer. Abnormalities of the lips and tongue. Salivary gland disease—1. Salivary gland disease—2. Drug-induced lesions of the mouth. Facial pain. Oral manifestations of skin disease. Oral manifestations of gastrointestinal disease. Oral manifestations of haematological disease. Oral manifestations of endocrine disease. Oral manifestations of neurological disease. Oral manifestations of HIV infection and AIDS. Cervico-facial lymphadenopathy. An approach to oral ulcers. Temporomandibular pain—dysfunction/facial arthromyalgia.
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Sylla, Patricia. "The salivary glands." In Head, Neck and Dental Emergencies, 405–11. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198529101.003.0012.
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Salivary gland diseases—general considerations 406 Tumours 406 Calculi (stones) and strictures 407 Infections 408 Salivary gland diseases—miscellaneous considerations 410 Saliva is produced by: • major salivary glands—parotid, submandibular, and sublingual; • minor salivary glands—these line the mouth, palate, and lips, and they can occasionally be found in the nose....
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Netto, Juliana, and Monica Merçon. "“Is the bright red patch on the roof of my mouth related to the purple splotches on my back?”." In HIV, 177–88. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190088316.003.0020.
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Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is an important differential diagnosis for skin lesions in individuals living with HIV/AIDS that may also present systemic manifestations. KS is the most common AIDS-associated cancer (ADC) worldwide. KS was initially described in 1981 among young men wo have sex with men in USA. Since then, we have learned that Kaposi Sarcoma Herpes Virus (KSHV), also called Human Herpes Virus 8 (HHV8) is necessary but not sufficient factor to develop KS. Replication of each virus, HIV and KSHV/HHV8, can be enhanced in the presence of the other while adaptive immune response plays an important role to control KS. KSHV/HHV8 is the causative agent of a spectrum of diseases Kaposi Sarcoma (KS), Multicenter Cattleman's Disease (MCD), Pleural Effusion Lymphoma (PEL). Late presentation to care at the time of HIV diagnosis is still a significant risk for opportunistic infections and ADCs.
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Riddell, Anna, and C. Y. William Tong. "Gastro-intestinal, Hepatic, Pancreatic, and Biliary Infections." In Tutorial Topics in Infection for the Combined Infection Training Programme. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801740.003.0041.
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The gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) hosts the most numerous and diverse reservoir of microbes in humans. There is increasing interest in the relationship between the GIT microbiome and human health. Obesity, diabetes, allergy, and a number of inflammatory diseases have been linked with the human GIT microbiome. Infections of the GIT arise either as a result of a change in the relationship between the commensal microbes colonizing the GIT (endogenous infection) or entry in to the GIT of a micro-organism which causes disease (exogenous infection). Commensals most commonly invade host tissues as a result of compromised defensive barriers. Disease associated with exogenous infection can be toxin-mediated, or associated with local or systemic invasion of the host. Endogenous infections are usually polymicrobial. In the mouth the aetiology, presentation, and anatomical associations have led to the description of a number of syndromes. Peritonsillar infection with involvement of the internal jugular vein is Lemierre’s syndrome, which is particularly associated with infection with Fusobacterium necrophorum. ‘Trench mouth’ is a severe form of ulcerative gingivitis, so named because in the absence of oral hygiene it was a relatively common diagnosis among those in the trenches during the First World War. Ludwig’s angina is a severe infection of the floor of the mouth which spreads in to the submandibular and sub-lingual space, often following a tooth-related infection. Deep neck infections are more common in children than adults and can involve the parapharyngeal, retropharyngeal, peri-tonsillar, or sub-mandibular spaces. Children with deep neck infections are more likely than adults to present with cough and respiratory distress. Oesophagitis has a wide range of potential aetiologies. Fungi (particularly Candida species) are probably the most common microbial cause of oesophagitis. Fungal infection of the distal oesophagus is thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of disseminated fungal infection. Risk factors for fungal infection include poor oral intake, exposure to antibiotics, immunocompromise (HIV, steroids, cancer treatments), gastric acid suppressants, and damage to mucosal integrity (naso-gastric tubes, acid reflux, varices). Bacteria (including Mycobacteria, Actinomycetes, Treponemes), parasites, and viruses (herpes simplex, cytomegalovirus) are rarer infectious causes of oesophagitis.
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"Oral medicine." In Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry, edited by Bethany Rushworth and Anastasios Kanatas, 431–86. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198832171.003.0011.
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This chapter contains those oral conditions likely to be diagnosed in general practice. Systemic conditions often present intra-orally and the dentist can play a crucial role in their successful management. The chapter starts by discussing pathologies relating to infective agents, including bacterial and viral infections of the mouth, and then moves to conditions that will require a specialist input. Details relating to the diagnosis and management of oral cancer are presented in addition to an overview of oral manifestations of several systemic conditions, including those arising from skin, gastrointestinal, haematological, endocrine, and neurological diseases and HIV infection/AIDS.
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Mohammed Ali Jassim, Marwa, Majid Mohammed Mahmood, and Murtada Hafedh Hussein. "Human Herpetic Viruses and Immune Profiles." In Innate Immunity in Health and Disease. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96340.
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Herpesviruses are large, spherical, enveloped viral particles with linear double-stranded DNA genome. Herpesvirus virion consists of an icosahedral capsid containing viral DNA, surrounded by a protein layer called tegument, and enclosed by an envelope consisting of a lipid bilayer with various glycoproteins. Herpesviruses persist lifelong in their hosts after primary infection by establishing a latent infection interrupted recurrently by reactivations. The Herpesviridae family is divided into three subfamilies; α-herpesviruses, β-herpesviruses, and γ-herpesviruses based on the genome organization, sequence homology, and biological properties. There are eight human herpes viruses: Herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 (HSV-1, −2) andVaricella-zoster virus (VZV), which belong to the α-herpesvirus subfamily; Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), and Human herpesvirus type 6 and 7 (HHV-6,HHV-7), which belong to the β-herpesvirus subfamily; and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) or Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), which belong to the γ-herpesvirus subfamily. Within this chapter, we summarize the current knowledge about EBV and CMV, regarding their genome organization, structural characteristics, mehanisms of latency, types of infections, mechanisms of immune escape and prevention. Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) genome encodes over 100 proteins, of which only (30) proteins are well characterized, including the proteins expressed during latent infection and lytic cycle proteins. Based on major variation in the EBNA-2 gene sequence, two types of EBV are recognized, EBV type 1 and 2. Epstein–Barr virus types occur worldwide and differ in their geographic distribution depending on the type of virus. EBV spreads most commonly through bodily fluids, especially saliva. However, EBV can also spread through blood, blood transfusions, and organ transplantations. The EBV is associated with many malignant diseases such as lymphomas, carcinomas, and also more benign such as infectious mononucleosis, chronic active infection. The EBV has also been suggested as a trigger/cofactor for some autoimmune diseases. Overall, 1–1.5% of the cancer burden worldwide is estimated to be attributable to EBV The latently infected human cancer cells express the most powerful monogenic proteins, LMP-1 and LMP-2(Latent Membrane Protein-1,-2), as well as Epstein–Barr Nuclear Antigens (EBNA) and two small RNAs called Epstein–Barr Encoded Small RNAs (EBERs). The EBV can evade the immune system by its gene products that interfering with both innate and adaptive immunity, these include EBV-encoded proteins as well as small noncoding RNAs with immune-evasive properties. Currently no vaccine is available, although there are few candidates under evaluation. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous beta herpesvirus type 5 with seroprevalence ranges between 60 to 100% in developing countries. CMV is spread from one person to another, usually by direct and prolonged contact with bodily fluids, mainly saliva, but it can be transmitted by genital secretions, blood transfusion and organ transplantation. In addition, CMV can be transmitted vertically from mother to child. CMV infection can result in severe disease for babies, people who receive solid organ transplants or bone marrow/stem cell transplants and people with severe immune suppression such as advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The HCMV has several mechanisms of immune system evasion. It interferes with the initiation of adaptive immune responses, as well as prevent CD8+ and CD4+ T cell recognition interfering with the normal cellular MHC Class I and MHC Class II processing and presentation pathways. Challenges in developing a vaccine include adeptness of CMV in evading the immune system. Though several vaccine candidates are under investigation.