Journal articles: 'HIV infections Laos Prevention'

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Bowring, Anna L., Caroline van Gemert, Kongchay Vongsaiya, Chad Hughes, Amphoy Sihavong, Chansy Phimphachanh, Niramonh Chanlivong, Mike Toole, and Margaret Hellard. "It goes both ways: a cross-sectional study of buying and selling sex among young behaviourally bisexual men in Vientiane, Laos." Sexual Health 12, no. 5 (2015): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh15053.

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Background Transactional sex may increase risk of HIV and sexually transmissible infections (STIs). In Laos, men who have sex with men are disproportionately affected by HIV, and bisexual behaviour among men is relatively common. The occurrence of transactional sex among behaviourally bisexual men in Vientiane, Laos was explored. Methods: In 2010, behaviourally bisexual men were recruited through enhanced snowball sampling to complete a behavioural survey. Reports of transactional sex partners (anal/vaginal sex) in the previous year, by direction of payment and partner gender, is described. Results: Of 88 participating behaviourally bisexual men (median age 22 years), 17 (19%) reported only selling sex, eight (9%) reported only paying for sex and nine (10%) reported both selling and paying for sex. Men reporting any transactional sex reported a median of four transactional sex partners and reported a higher number of total sex partners in the previous 12 months (median: 18.5 partners) than men reporting no transactional sex partners (median: 6 partners). Of 26 men who reported selling sex, 15 (58%) were paid by females, 15 (58%) were paid by males and 14 (55%) were paid by transgender sex partner(s); 11 (42%) reported consistent condom use (CCU) when selling sex. Of 17 men who reported paying for sex, 13 (76%) paid females, six (35%) paid males and two (12%) paid transgender partner(s); eight (47%) reported CCU when paying for sex. Conclusions: Young behaviourally bisexual men engaging in transactional sex may be at increased risk of HIV and STIs. Prevention interventions should consider the transient and informal nature of transactional sex in this population.

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Toole, M. J., B. Coghlan, A. Xeuatvongsa, W. R. Holmes, S. Pheualavong, and N. Chanlivong. "Understanding male sexual behaviour in planning HIV prevention programmes: lessons from Laos, a low prevalence country." Sexually Transmitted Infections 82, no. 2 (March 30, 2006): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sti.2005.016923.

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Haines, Marlene, and Patrick O’Byrne. "Nurse-led safer opioid supply and HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis: a novel pilot project." Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease 9 (January 2022): 204993612210914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20499361221091418.

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Introduction: HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an effective intervention for preventing HIV infections yet is largely unknown to and underutilized among people who use drugs. Methods: To better provide services to this group, we present a prospective, single-group interventional study involving the creation of a partnership between a safer opioid supply program and an HIV PrEP program, both of which were nurse-led. Results: Overall, HIV PrEP was offered to 42 individuals within the safer opioid supply program, resulting in 55% ( n = 23) acceptance. Almost half of the group that accepted PrEP identified as female, and nearly all participants were homeless and did not have a primary care provider. While it was challenging to obtain routine PrEP follow-up labs per guideline recommendations due to poor venous access, most participants were able to successfully stay on PrEP and maintained good medication adherence. There were no PrEP discontinuations due to renal impairment and no participants tested positive for HIV. Conclusion: This novel integration of programs appeared to be a highly effective way to expand access to HIV prevention among people who use drugs. Given the historical and current mistreatment of people who use drugs within the healthcare system, rapport and trust were essential to the uptake of HIV PrEP services. Further, the importance of infectious disease screening among people who use drugs is underscored, and built-in program flexibility and low barrier access is essential.

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Adesina, Evaristus, Oladokun Omojola, David Imhonopi, Babatunde Adeyeye, Charity Ben-Enukora, and Scholastica Anake. "Information Sources, Knowledge and Practice Towards HIV/ Hepatitis B Co-Infection In Lagos, Nigeria." International Journal of Biology and Biomedical Engineering 15 (July 20, 2021): 285–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.46300/91011.2021.15.34.

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Attaining the objective of healthy lives and wellbeing Sustainable Development Goal 3 is hinged on effective health communication. This study investigates the information source usage, knowledge, attitude and practices of 200 dwellers of Lagos, Nigeria towards HIV/HBV co-infection. In this cross-sectional study, the simple random sampling method was employed in selecting 200 participants in the most populated local government in Lagos state, Nigeria. Questionnaire instrument was created, to elicit responses on four major areas: uses of information sources, knowledge, attitude, health practice towards HIV/HBV co-infection. Descriptive statistical data in percentages and cross-tabulations were employed. The study indicated that 60.4% of the respondents source for information on HIV/HBV co-infection on television. Furthermore, while 60% noted the co-infection is caused by a virus 48.5% declared that the fear of death will be their main concern if they were diagnosed with the co-infection. The result further reveals that only 26.8% of the sampled respondents have been tested for the co-infection in Lagos State. The study concludes that there is need for the creation of preventive information campaigns for awareness in order to mitigate the rising cases of HIV/HBV co-infection as well as influence persons towards healthy practices. The insight from this study would further provide a focal point of direction to government as well as non-governmental organisations working on HIV/HBV co-infection in Nigeria.

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Ehiri, John E., Halimatou S. Alaofè, Victoria Yesufu, Mobolanle Balogun, Juliet Iwelunmor, Nidal A.-Z. Kram, Breanne E. Lott, and Olayinka Abosede. "AIDS-related stigmatisation in the healthcare setting: a study of primary healthcare centres that provide services for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Lagos, Nigeria." BMJ Open 9, no. 5 (May 17, 2019): e026322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026322.

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ObjectiveTo assess AIDS stigmatising attitudes and behaviours by prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) service providers in primary healthcare centres in Lagos, Nigeria.DesignCross-sectional survey.SettingThirty-eight primary healthcare centres in Lagos, Nigeria.ParticipantsOne hundred and sixty-one PMTCT service providers.Outcome measuresPMTCT service providers’ discriminatory behaviours, opinions and stigmatising attitudes towards persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHAs), and nature of the work environment (HIV/AIDS-related policies and infection-control guidelines/supplies).ResultsReported AIDS-related stigmatisation was low: few respondents (4%) reported hearing coworkers talk badly about PLWHAs or observed provision of poor-quality care to PLWHAs (15%). Health workers were not worried about secondary AIDS stigmatisation due to their occupation (86%). Opinions about PLWHAs were generally supportive; providers strongly agreed that women living with HIV should be allowed to have babies if they wished (94%). PMTCT service providers knew that consent was needed prior to HIV testing (86%) and noted that they would get in trouble at work if they discriminated against PLWHAs (83%). A minority reported discriminatory attitudes and behaviours; 39% reported wearing double gloves and 41% used other special infection-control measures when providing services to PLWHAs. Discriminatory behaviours were correlated with negative opinions about PLWHAs (r=0.21, p<0.01), fear of HIV infection (r=0.16, p<0.05) and professional resistance (r=0.32, p<0.001). Those who underwent HIV training had less fear of contagion.ConclusionsThis study documented generally low levels of reported AIDS-related stigmatisation by PMTCT service providers in primary healthcare centres in Lagos. Policies that reduce stigmatisation against PLWHA in the healthcare setting should be supported by the provision of basic resources for infection control. This may reassure healthcare workers of their safety, thus reducing their fear of contagion and professional resistance to care for individuals who are perceived to be at high risk of HIV.

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Peng, Huasong, Muhammad Bilal, and Hafiz Iqbal. "Improved Biosafety and Biosecurity Measures and/or Strategies to Tackle Laboratory-Acquired Infections and Related Risks." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 12 (November 29, 2018): 2697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122697.

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Herein, we reviewed laboratory-acquired infections (LAIs) along with their health-related biological risks to provide an evidence base to tackle biosafety/biosecurity and biocontainment issues. Over the past years, a broad spectrum of pathogenic agents, such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites, or genetically modified organisms, have been described and gained a substantial concern due to their profound biological as well as ecological risks. Furthermore, the emergence and/or re-emergence of life-threatening diseases are of supreme concern and come under the biosafety and biosecurity agenda to circumvent LAIs. Though the precise infection risk after an exposure remains uncertain, LAIs inspections revealed that Brucella spp., Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Rickettsia spp., and Neisseria meningitidis are the leading causes. Similarly, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as well as hepatitis B (HBV) and C viruses (HCV), and the dimorphic fungi are accountable for the utmost number of viral and fungal-associated LAIs. In this context, clinical laboratories at large and microbiology, mycology, bacteriology, and virology-oriented laboratories, in particular, necessitate appropriate biosafety and/or biosecurity measures to ensure the safety of laboratory workers and working environment, which are likely to have direct or indirect contact/exposure to hazardous materials or organisms. Laboratory staff education and training are indispensable to gain an adequate awareness to handle biologically hazardous materials as per internationally recognized strategies. In addition, workshops should be organized among laboratory workers to let them know the epidemiology, pathogenicity, and human susceptibility of LAIs. In this way, several health-related threats that result from the biologically hazardous materials can be abridged or minimized and controlled by the correct implementation of nationally and internationally certified protocols that include proper microbiological practices, containment devices/apparatus, satisfactory facilities or resources, protective barriers, and specialized education and training of laboratory staffs. The present work highlights this serious issue of LAIs and associated risks with suitable examples. Potential preventive strategies to tackle an array of causative agents are also discussed. In this respect, the researchers and scientific community may benefit from the lessons learned in the past to anticipate future problems.

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Chesney, M. A. "Prevention of HIV and STD Infections." Preventive Medicine 23, no. 5 (September 1994): 655–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/pmed.1994.1109.

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Surie, D., J. D. Interrante, I. Pathmanathan, M. R. Patel, G. Anyalechi, J. S. Cavanaugh, and H. L. Kirking. "Policies, practices and barriers to implementing tuberculosis preventive treatment—35 countries, 2017." International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 23, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 1308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.19.0018.

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BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis preventive treatment (TPT) reduces the development of tuberculosis (TB) disease and mortality in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Despite this known effectiveness, global uptake of TPT has been slow. We aimed to assess current status of TPT implementation in countries supported by the US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR).METHODS: We surveyed TB-HIV program staff at US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) country offices in 42 PEPFAR-supported countries about current TPT policies, practices, and barriers to implementation. Surveys completed from July to December 2017 were analyzed.RESULTS: Of 42 eligible PEPFAR-supported countries, staff from 35 (83%) CDC country offices completed the survey. TPT was included in national guidelines in 33 (94%) countries, but only 21 (60%) reported nationwide programmatic TPT implementation. HIV programs led TPT implementation in 20/32 (63%) countries, but TB programs led drug procurement in 18/32 (56%) countries. Stock outs were frequent, as 21/28 (75%) countries reported at least one isoniazid stock out in the previous year.CONCLUSION: Despite widespread inclusion of TPT in guidelines, programmatic TPT implementation lags. Successful scale-up of TPT requires uninterrupted drug supply chains facilitated by improved leadership and coordination between HIV and TB programs.

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Onovo, Amobi, Abiye Kalaiwo, Moses Katbi, Otse Ogorry, Antoine Jaquet, and Olivia Keiser. "Geographical Disparities in HIV Seroprevalence Among Men Who Have Sex with Men and People Who Inject Drugs in Nigeria: Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis." JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 7, no. 5 (May 24, 2021): e19587. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/19587.

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Background The assessment of geographical heterogeneity of HIV among men who have sex with men (MSM) and people who inject drugs (PWID) can usefully inform targeted HIV prevention and care strategies. Objective We aimed to measure HIV seroprevalence and identify hotspots of HIV infection among MSM and PWID in Nigeria. Methods We included all MSM and PWID accessing HIV testing services across 7 prioritized states (Lagos, Nasarawa, Akwa Ibom, Cross Rivers, Rivers, Benue, and the Federal Capital Territory) in 3 geographic regions (North Central, South South, and South West) between October 1, 2016, and September 30, 2017. We extracted data from national testing registers, georeferenced all HIV test results aggregated at the local government area level, and calculated HIV seroprevalence. We calculated and compared HIV seroprevalence from our study to the 2014 integrated biological and behavioural surveillance survey and used global spatial autocorrelation and hotspot analysis to highlight patterns of HIV infection and identify areas of significant clustering of HIV cases. Results MSM and PWID had HIV seroprevalence rates of 12.14% (3209/26,423) and 11.88% (1126/9474), respectively. Global spatial autocorrelation Moran I statistics revealed a clustered distribution of HIV infection among MSM and PWID with a <5% and <1% likelihood that this clustered pattern could be due to chance, respectively. Significant clusters of HIV infection (Getis-Ord-Gi* statistics) confined to the North Central and South South regions were identified among MSM and PWID. Compared to the 2014 integrated biological and behavioural surveillance survey, our results suggest an increased HIV seroprevalence among PWID and a substantial decrease among MSM. Conclusions This study identified geographical areas to prioritize for control of HIV infection among MSM and PWID, thus demonstrating that geographical information system technology is a useful tool to inform public health planning for interventions targeting epidemic control of HIV infection.

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Odediran, Omoladun O., Oluwakemi O. Odukoya, Mobolanle R. Balogun, Jonathan A. Colasanti, and Alani S. Akanmu. "A Qualitative Study Exploring Factors Associated with Retention in HIV Care among Women with HIV in a Large HIV Clinic in Lagos, Nigeria, after Implementing the Test and Treat Policy." AIDS Research and Treatment 2022 (August 9, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9074844.

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Background. In Nigeria, various sociocultural and economic factors may prevent women from being retained in HIV care. This study explores the factors associated with retention in care among women with HIV in a large HIV clinic in Lagos, Nigeria, under the Test and Treat policy. Methods. Women living with HIV/AIDS (n = 24) enrolled in an HIV study at the AIDS Prevention Initiative in Nigeria (APIN) clinic in Lagos, Nigeria, were interviewed from April 1 to October 31, 2021, using a semistructured interview guide. Interviews were audio-taped, transcribed verbatim, and the themes were analyzed using the framework of Andersen and Newman’s Behavioural Model for Healthcare Utilization. Results. The mean age of the respondents was 37.4 ± 9.27 years. The identified themes were as follows: being aware of the antiretroviral medications and their benefits, the household’s awareness of the respondents’ HIV status, and the presence of social support. Other themes were the presence of a dependable source of income and the ability to overcome the challenges encountered in obtaining income, ease of travel to and from the clinic (length of travel time and transportation costs), securing support from the clinic, challenges encountered in the process of accessing care at the clinic, and the ability to overcome these challenges. Also mentioned were self-perception of being HIV positive, motivation to remain in care, linkage to care, and intention to stay in care. Conclusion. Several deterring factors to retention in HIV care, such as nondisclosure of status, absence of social support, and clinic barriers, persist under the Test and Treat policy. Therefore, to achieve the “treatment as prevention” for HIV/AIDS, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, it is essential to employ strategies that address these barriers and leverage the facilitators for better health outcomes among women with HIV/AIDS.

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Gisselquist, D. "Denialism undermines AIDS prevention in sub-Saharan Africa." International Journal of STD & AIDS 19, no. 10 (October 2008): 649–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/ijsa.2008.008180.

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Some denialists, widely reviled, contend that HIV does not cause AIDS. Other denialists, widely respected, contend that HIV transmits so poorly through trace blood exposures that iatrogenic infections are rare. This second group of denialists has had a corrosive effect on public health and HIV programmes in sub-Saharan Africa. Guided by this second group of denialists, no African government has investigated unexplained HIV infections. Denialists have withheld and ignored research findings showing that non-sexual risks account for substantial proportions of HIV infections in Africa. Denialists have promoted invasive procedures for HIV prevention in Africa – injections for sexually transmitted infections, and adult male circumcision – without addressing unreliable sterilization of reused instruments. By denying that health care causes more than rare infections, denialists blame (stigmatize) HIV-positive African adults for causing their own infections through sexual behaviour. Denialism must be overcome to ensure safe health care and to combat HIV-related stigma in Africa.

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Wilson, Mary E. "Infections in HIV-infected Travelers: Risks and Prevention." Annals of Internal Medicine 114, no. 7 (April 1, 1991): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-114-7-582.

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O'Farrell, Nigel. "Control of sexually transmitted infections for HIV prevention." Lancet 372, no. 9646 (October 2008): 1297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61540-8.

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White, Richard, Connie Celum, Judith Wasserheit, Sevgi Aral, and Richard Hayes. "Control of sexually transmitted infections for HIV prevention." Lancet 372, no. 9646 (October 2008): 1297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61541-x.

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Awodele, Olufunsho, Sunday O. Olayemi, Joseph A. Nwite, and Titilope A. Adeyemo. "Investigation of the levels of oxidative stress parameters in HIV and HIV-TB co-infected patients." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 6, no. 01 (November 15, 2011): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.1906.

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Introduction: Among opportunistic pathogens associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), Mycobacterium tuberculosis is distinguished by its relative virulence and potential for person-to-person transmission. Oxidative stress is associated with TB infection with a high level in patients with HIV-TB co-infection. However, the comparative level of oxidative stress in HIV patients on highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) and naïve (untreated) HIV patients is not clear.Methodology: This study is aimed to determine the level of oxidative stress and haematological parameters in HIV patients (naïve), HIV patients undergoing HAART, and HIV-TB co-infected patients. In total, 100 consenting subjects were recruited from the AIDS Prevention Iniative in Nigeria (APIN) Clinic. For controls, normal male healthy volunteers were recruited from the blood donor clinic and females from the APIN clinic staff members, both of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital. Measurements of antioxidant enzyme activity and lipid peroxidation were performed according to standard procedures. Haematological parameters were determined using a fully automated hematology analyzer.Results: Red blood cells significantly decreased (P ≤ 0.001) in all patients when compared with control subjects. The lipid peroxidation (MDA) was significantly high (P ≤ 0.05) in naive patients when compared to HIV patients on HAART. The decrease in the levels of GSH in both naive and HIV-TB co-infected patients (P≤0.001) and HIV patients on HAART (P < 0.05) were significant when compared to control patients.Conclusion: There is lower antioxidant level and higher MDA in naive and HIV-TB co-infected patients as compared to HIV patients on HAART and the seronegative patients.

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Busch, Michael P., Evan M. Bloch, and Steven Kleinman. "Prevention of transfusion-transmitted infections." Blood 133, no. 17 (April 25, 2019): 1854–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-11-833996.

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Abstract Since the 1970s, introduction of serological assays targeting virus-specific antibodies and antigens has been effective in identifying blood donations infected with the classic transfusion-transmitted infectious agents (TTIs; hepatitis B virus [HBV], HIV, human T-cell lymphotropic virus types I and II, hepatitis C virus [HCV]). Subsequently, progressive implementation of nucleic acid–amplification technology (NAT) screening for HIV, HCV, and HBV has reduced the residual risk of infectious-window-period donations, such that per unit risks are <1 in 1 000 000 in the United States, other high-income countries, and in high-incidence regions performing NAT. NAT screening has emerged as the preferred option for detection of newer TTIs including West Nile virus, Zika virus (ZIKV), and Babesia microti. Although there is continual need to monitor current risks due to established TTI, ongoing challenges in blood safety relate primarily to surveillance for emerging agents coupled with development of rapid response mechanisms when such agents are identified. Recent progress in development and implementation of pathogen-reduction technologies (PRTs) provide the opportunity for proactive rather than reactive response to blood-safety threats. Risk-based decision-making tools and cost-effectiveness models have proved useful to quantify infectious risks and place new interventions in context. However, as evidenced by the 2015 to 2017 ZIKV pandemic, a level of tolerable risk has yet to be defined in such a way that conflicting factors (eg, theoretical recipient risk, blood availability, cost, and commercial interests) can be reconciled. A unified approach to TTIs is needed, whereby novel tests and PRTs replace, rather than add to, existing interventions, thereby ameliorating cost and logistical burden to blood centers and hospitals.

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Godfrey-Faussett, Peter, Luisa Frescura, Quarraisha Abdool-Karim, Michaela Clayton, and Peter D. Ghys. "HIV prevention for the next decade: Appropriate, person-centred, prioritised, effective, combination prevention." PLOS Medicine 19, no. 9 (September 26, 2022): e1004102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1004102.

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UNAIDS and a broad range of partners have collaborated to establish a new set of HIV prevention targets to be achieved by 2025 as an intermediate step towards the sustainable development target for 2030. The number of new HIV infections in the world continues to decline, in part due to the extraordinary expansion of effective HIV treatment. However, the decline is geographically heterogeneous, with some regions reporting a rise in incidence. The incidence target that was agreed for 2020 has been missed. A range of exciting new HIV prevention technologies have become available or are in the pipeline but will only have an impact if they are accessible and affordable and delivered within systems that take full account of the social and political context in which most infections occur. Most new infections occur in populations that are marginalised or discriminated against due to structural, legal, and cultural barriers. The new targets imply a new approach to HIV prevention that emphasises appropriate, person-centred, prioritised, effective, combination HIV prevention within a framework that reduces existing barriers to services and acknowledges heterogeneity, autonomy, and choice. These targets have consequences for people working in HIV programmes both for delivery and for monitoring and evaluation, for health planners setting local and national priorities, and for funders both domestic and global. Most importantly, they have consequences for people who are at risk of HIV exposure and infection. Achieving these targets will have a huge impact on the future of the HIV epidemic and put us back on track towards ending AIDS as a public health threat by 2030.

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DUFF, PATRICK. "Prevention of Opportunistic Infections in Women With HIV Infection." Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 62, no. 4 (December 2019): 816–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/grf.0000000000000483.

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Sitbounlang, Philavanh, Agnès Marchio, Eric Deharo, Phimpha Paboriboune, and Pascal Pineau. "The Threat of Multiple Liver Carcinogens in the Population of Laos: A Review." Livers 1, no. 1 (March 5, 2021): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/livers1010005.

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Laos is a landlocked country in South East Asia, ranking fifth for primary liver cancer incidence worldwide. Risk factors that might explain this worrying situation are poorly known. We conducted a review of the literature concerning the etiologies of terminal liver diseases in Laos. A double infectious burden with hepatitis B and C viruses and the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini seems to be the main cause of the high liver cancer incidence. Moreover, it was also suggested that mutagenic substances frequently found in tobacco, alcoholic beverages, fermented fish, and mold-contaminated cereals or nuts, which are all substances heavily consumed by Lao people, lead to the accumulation of DNA mutations in the liver cell genome causing tumor processes. However, the respective proportions of liver cancer cases attributable to each category of infections and substances consumed, as well as the histological nature of the neoplasia are still not precisely documented in Laos. The international medical and scientific communities as well as public health stakeholders should urgently consider the alarming situation of liver health in Laos to stimulate both research and subsequent implementation of prevention policies.

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Latkovic, Marina. "Prevention of viral infection transmission in dental practice." Serbian Dental Journal 61, no. 4 (2014): 210–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sgs1404210l.

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The risk of transmission of viral infections in dentistry has caused great public fear both among patients and dentists. This is primarily related to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis viruses (HBV and HCV), which can cause many complications. This problem is particularly important in dental practice where the appropriate protection during all dental procedures is required. The application of preventive measures against blood-borne infections (HIV, HBV and HCV) may prevent transmission of these infectious agents during dental intervention. The aim of this study was to emphasize possible ways of transmission and advise prevention and protection measures against HIV, HBV and HCV infections in dental practice.

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Sargsjane, Jeļena. "PUBLIC AWARENESS ABOUT HIV PREVENTION MEASURES." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 4 (May 25, 2018): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2018vol1.3414.

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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which, when progressing, develops as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), has been known worldwide for over 30 years. It is one of the greatest epidemics that mankind has ever encountered. The number of HIV infections also increases in Latvia each year, as evidenced by official data from the Center for Disease Prevention and Control. In turn, information on infection with AIDS mechanisms, prevention measures is readily available in the mass media, medical institutions, etc. It also determined the purpose of the study - is the public well informed about HIV infection and its preventive measures?

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Stevens, Robin, Stephen Bonett, Jacqueline Bannon, Deepti Chittamuru, Barry Slaff, Safa K. Browne, Sarah Huang, and José A. Bauermeister. "Association Between HIV-Related Tweets and HIV Incidence in the United States: Infodemiology Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 6 (June 24, 2020): e17196. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/17196.

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Background Adolescents and young adults in the age range of 13-24 years are at the highest risk of developing HIV infections. As social media platforms are extremely popular among youths, researchers can utilize these platforms to curb the HIV epidemic by investigating the associations between the discourses on HIV infections and the epidemiological data of HIV infections. Objective The goal of this study was to examine how Twitter activity among young men is related to the incidence of HIV infection in the population. Methods We used integrated human-computer techniques to characterize the HIV-related tweets by male adolescents and young male adults (age range: 13-24 years). We identified tweets related to HIV risk and prevention by using natural language processing (NLP). Our NLP algorithm identified 89.1% (2243/2517) relevant tweets, which were manually coded by expert coders. We coded 1577 HIV-prevention tweets and 17.5% (940/5372) of general sex-related tweets (including emojis, gifs, and images), and we achieved reliability with intraclass correlation at 0.80 or higher on key constructs. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify the spatial patterns in posting HIV-related tweets as well as the relationships between the tweets and local HIV infection rates. Results We analyzed 2517 tweets that were identified as relevant to HIV risk and prevention tags; these tweets were geolocated in 109 counties throughout the United States. After adjusting for region, HIV prevalence, and social disadvantage index, our findings indicated that every 100-tweet increase in HIV-specific tweets per capita from noninstitutional accounts was associated with a multiplicative effect of 0.97 (95% CI [0.94-1.00]; P=.04) on the incidence of HIV infections in the following year in a given county. Conclusions Twitter may serve as a proxy of public behavior related to HIV infections, and the association between the number of HIV-related tweets and HIV infection rates further supports the use of social media for HIV disease prevention.

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Haworth, Kevin G., Lauren E. Schefter, Zachary K. Norgaard, Jennifer E. Adair, and Hans-Peter Kiem. "Comprehensive Integration Site Analysis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus during In Vivo Infections Reveals Genomic Regions of Enrichment and Clonal Expansion." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 2518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.2518.2518.

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Abstract BACKGROUND A key event in the lifecycle of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is permanent integration into the infected cells genome. In addition to allowing long-term persistence of the virus, this results in a trackable mark carried in all infected cells. Active HIV replication represses cellular pathways, preventing further cell division. This would imply that any specific integration site (IS) which is clonally expanded either during active or repressed viral infection arises from either a dormant/inactive virus, or is perturbing local gene expression, leading to increased cell proliferation. Alternatively, a cell carrying HIV provirus could proliferate due to T-cell specific antigen stimulation. By analyzing the patterns of integration sites detected in cell cultures and tissue samples from animal models of HIV infection, we can better understand the basic virology of integration site selection and determine what may potentially drive infected cells to persist despite effective treatment regimens. METHODS Jurkat reporter cell lines or primary human CD4+ cells were cultured and infected with various strains of HIV including both CCR5 and CXCR4 tropic viruses. Infected cells were cultured up to 21 days post infection, then analyzed for HIV proviral integration sites by next-generation sequencing. For in vivo studies, NSG mice were infused with human CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, resulting in a reconstituted human immune system including high levels of CD4+ T cells capable of sustaining HIV infection. After 16 weeks post-challenge, tissues were collected and subjected to integration site analysis for HIV proviral DNA. Identified integration sites were mapped and compared across multiple parameters to identify chromosomal regions and associated genes enriched for integration events, as well as clonally expanded cells in vivo. RESULTS Genome-wide analysis of HIV integration sites reveals a remarkably similar chromosomal landscape both in tissue culture infection of Jurkat cells and in vivo infection data (Figure 1), as well as across multiple HIV strains. As previously observed, the majority of integrations occur near or within gene coding regions thought to be actively transcribed at time of infection. However, certain areas of the genome, and even unique genes, are enriched for IS in individual samples. In addition to these genomic regions of enrichment, we also observe specific clonal outgrowth of unique integration events in genes previously unidentified in the literature. Three genes in particular exhibit a significant increase of integration events during acute infection which are 3x higher than predicted by random chance alone. We also observe integration events in genes that have been documented by other labs in HIV+ clinical patient samples, however in our active infection models, we do not see those specific genes enriched or expanded. This could indicate that these genes play a role in persistence that is only present during anti-retroviral therapy which suppresses active replication. CONCLUSIONS We have cataloged the most extensive HIV IS library to date in both relevant tissue culture models and in vivo infection studies, including over 245,000 unique integration events and three different HIV strains commonly used in research. Genome-wide correlation studies reveal regions significantly enriched for HIV integrations and genes which repeatedly exhibit clonal outgrowth in multiple animals. These types of studies are now being applied to human patient samples to determine if latency and persistence of infection can be mapped to unique integration events or genes of interest. Such information may indicate when and how the latent HIV reservoir is seeded and what types of therapy or treatments are most effective at targeting and eliminating these populations. Circos plot comparing HIV integrations sites (IS) identified either during in vitro cell culture infections (black bars), or in vivo infection studies using humanized mice (red bars). The outer ring is composed of human chromosomes each of which are divided into 25kB fragment bins. Total number of unique integration sites identified in each bin is represented by the height of the histogram bars. The in vitro IS concentric ring scale represents increments of 25 outwards up to 250 while the in vivo IS scales inwards in increments of 2 up to 16. Figure 1 Comparison of in vitro vs in vivo HIV Integration Sites. Figure 1. Comparison of in vitro vs in vivo HIV Integration Sites. Disclosures Adair: Rocket Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Equity Ownership.

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Lee, Sun-Hee. "Treatment and Prevention of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Patients." Journal of the Korean Medical Association 50, no. 4 (2007): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2007.50.4.324.

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De Clercq, Erik. "The role of tenofovir in the prevention of HIV infections." AIDS 20, no. 15 (October 2006): 1990–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000247128.27505.28.

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Gray, Ronald H., and Maria J. Wawer. "Control of sexually transmitted infections for HIV prevention – Authors' reply." Lancet 372, no. 9646 (October 2008): 1297–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61542-1.

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Pugliese, Gina, and Martin S. Favero. "Prevention of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Persons—Revised Guidelines." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 18, no. 10 (October 1997): 730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0195941700000746.

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Gray, Ronald H., Maria J. Wawer, Chelsea B. Polis, Godfrey Kigozi, and David Serwadda. "Male circumcision and prevention of HIV and sexually transmitted infections." Current Infectious Disease Reports 10, no. 2 (March 2008): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11908-008-0022-y.

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McNulty, Anna, and Chris Bourne. "Transgender HIV and sexually transmissible infections." Sexual Health 14, no. 5 (2017): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh17050.

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Transgender women across a range of different populations and settings have a high prevalence of HIV infection. There are fewer and often poorer quality studies of sexually transmissible infection (STI) prevalence. There are fewer studies in transgender men and, in general, the prevalence of HIV and STIs is lower than that of transgender women. Susceptibility to HIV and STI infection is inextricably linked to the increased vulnerability of transgender populations, a consequence of a lack of legal and social recognition that results in reduced access to educational and employment opportunities, which can result in high rates of transactional sex. Other measures of disadvantage, such as substance abuse and mental health problems, also increase the risk of HIV and STIs and have an effect on access to health care, highlighting the need for transgender-friendly multidisciplinary services offering individualised risk assessment, prevention advice and testing for STI and HIV.

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Phongsavan, Keokedthong, Inger Gustavsson, Lena Marions, Alongkone Phengsavanh, Rolf Wahlström, and Ulf Gyllensten. "Detection of Human Papillomavirus Among Women in Laos: Feasibility of Using Filter Paper Card and Prevalence of High-Risk Types." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 22, no. 8 (October 2012): 1398–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/igc.0b013e3182664b6b.

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BackgroundPersistent infection with high-risk (HR) human papillomavirus (HPV) is a well-recognized cause of cervical cancer, but little is known about the situation in Laos. The aims of the study were to determine the prevalence of HR-HPV among Lao women and to evaluate the use of a filter paper card (FTA Elute Micro Card) for collection of cervical cells in the humid tropical climate.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study including 1922 women from 3 provinces in Laos. During a gynecological examination, cervical cells were collected and applied to the FTA card followed by HPV typing using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay.ResultsOverall, 213 of the 1922 women were positive for HR-HPV (11%). The most common type was the group HPV33/52/58 (3%), followed by the single type 16 (2%) and the group 18/45 (1%), respectively. Only 11 cards (0.6%) did not contain a sufficient amount of genomic DNA for polymerase chain reaction–based analysis.ConclusionsThe prevalence of HR-HPV infections in Laos is similar to other Asian countries, and 40% of the women with an HR-HPV infection will be target of the present HPV vaccines. The FTA card is suitable for collection of cervical cells for HR-HPV typing in tropical conditions. This information is important for planning and establishing primary and secondary prevention of cervical cancer in Laos.

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Hegelund, Maria H., Daniel Faurholt-Jepsen, and Ib C. Bygbjerg. "Prevention of opportunistic non-communicable diseases." International Health 12, no. 1 (March 11, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihz011.

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Abstract As strategies targeting undernutrition and infections become increasingly successful in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), a second challenge has appeared, namely premature onset of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). In LMICs, NCDs are often related to exposure to undernutrition and infections. As NCDs strike societies and individuals with impaired resistance or a deficient health (care) state, why not label such diseases ‘opportunistic’, in analogy with opportunistic infections attacking individuals with HIV? We propose the concept of opportunistic NCDs, hoping that fighting against infections, and for better maternal and child health, is becoming acknowledged as essential for the early prevention of NCDs.

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Purdy, Bonnie D. "Management and Prevention of Opportunistic Infections in the HIV-Infected Patient." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 13, no. 6 (December 2000): 475–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1106/jdyc-jyvc-xjaa-lj1f.

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With the introduction of potent antiretroviral therapy, the incidence of opportunistic infections (OIs) as well as death has dramatically decreased since 1996. Opportunistic infections are seen mainly in three groups: (1) newly diagnosed patients not receiving antiretroviral therapy and presenting with an OI, (2) patients nonadherent to antiretroviral and OI treatment regimens or (3) patients whose antiretroviral therapy has failed. This article will review the most common opportunistic infections (OIs) seen in the HIV-infected individual and their treatment. The current guidelines for the prophylaxis against these OIs will also be discussed.

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Karuna, Shelly T., and Lawrence Corey. "Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for HIV Prevention." Annual Review of Medicine 71, no. 1 (January 27, 2020): 329–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-110118-045506.

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In the last decade, over a dozen potent broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) to several HIV envelope protein epitopes have been identified, and their in vitro neutralization profiles have been defined. Many have demonstrated prevention efficacy in preclinical trials and favorable safety and pharmacokinetic profiles in early human clinical trials. The first human prevention efficacy trials using 10 sequential, every-two-month administrations of a single anti-HIV bnAb are anticipated to conclude in 2020. Combinations of complementary bnAbs and multi-specific bnAbs exhibit improved breadth and potency over most individual antibodies and are entering advanced clinical development. Genetic engineering of the Fc regions has markedly improved bnAb half-life, increased mucosal tissue concentrations of antibodies (especially in the genital tract), and enhanced immunomodulatory and Fc effector functionality, all of which improve antibodies' preventative and therapeutic potential. Human-derived monoclonal antibodies are likely to enter the realm of primary care prevention and therapy for viral infections in the near future.

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Brundrett, Megan E. "Human Immunodeficiency Virus Preexposure Prophylaxis in Adolescents and Young Adults." Pediatrics In Review 43, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.2020-002048.

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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention holds the promise of decreasing the burden of HIV infections worldwide. Access to HIV prevention services, including preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP), is a key strategy in reducing HIV transmission, but it continues to be underused. PrEP, a once-daily medication for HIV prevention, is approved for adolescents. A pediatrician’s role is critical in identifying and increasing access for adolescents and young adults to PrEP services and reducing HIV acquisition in youth.

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von Braun, Amrei, Henning Trawinski, Sebastian Wendt, and Christoph Lübbert. "Schistosoma and Other Relevant Helminth Infections in HIV-Positive Individuals—an Overview." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 4, no. 2 (April 12, 2019): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed4020065.

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For many years, researchers have postulated that helminthic infections may increase susceptibility to HIV, and that immune activation may have contributed to the extensive spread of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. In the meantime, immunological studies have provided some evidence in support of this hypothesis, while cross-sectional clinical studies were able to further support the assumed association between HIV infection and selected helminthic co-infections. However, as many of the helminthic infections relevant to HIV-infected patients belong to the group of “neglected tropical diseases”, as defined by the World Health Organization, a certain lack of attention has inhibited progress in fully scaling up treatment and prevention efforts. In addition, despite the fact that the challenges of co-infections have preoccupied clinicians for over two decades, relevant research questions remain unanswered. The following review aims to provide a concise overview of associations between HIV and selected helminthic co-infections concerning aspects of HIV acquisition and transmission, clinical and immunological findings in co-infected individuals, as well as treatment and prevention efforts.

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Govender, Kaymarlin, Wilfred G. B. Masebo, Patrick Nyamaruze, Richard G. Cowden, Bettina T. Schunter, and Anurita Bains. "HIV Prevention in Adolescents and Young People in the Eastern and Southern African Region: A Review of Key Challenges Impeding Actions for an Effective Response." Open AIDS Journal 12, no. 1 (July 19, 2018): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874613601812010053.

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The global commitment to ending the AIDS epidemic by 2030 places HIV prevention at the centre of the response. With the disease continuing to disproportionately affect young populations in the Eastern and Southern African Region (ESAR), particularly adolescent girls and young women, reducing HIV infections in this group is integral to achieving this ambitious target. This paper examines epidemiological patterns of the HIV epidemic among adolescents and young people, indicating where HIV prevention efforts need to be focused (i.e., adolescent girls and young women, adolescent boys and young men and young key populations).Key innovations in the science of HIV prevention and strategies for dealing with programme implementation are reviewed. The paper also discusses the value of processes to mitigate HIV vulnerability and recommends actions needed to sustain the HIV prevention response. Stemming the tide of new HIV infections among young people in the ESAR requires an amplification of efforts across all sectors, which will safeguard past achievements and advance actions towards eliminating AIDS as a public health threat.

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Tomlinson, Richard. "Prevention of Hiv/Aids-Associated Opportunistic Infections Through Housing and Municipal Services." Open House International 33, no. 4 (December 1, 2008): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-04-2008-b0006.

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The background to this paper is the increasing interest in the relationship between housing and municipal services and HIV/AIDS. The purpose of this paper is to clarify what, precisely, one has in mind when thinking that housing and municipal services might prevent HIV infection and associated opportunistic infections. The focus is not on the socioeconomic dimensions but on the modes of transmission associated with specific opportunistic infections. That is, the paper first disputes the relevance of housing and services to HIV prevention, but then demonstrates that housing and municipal services are important for (a) the prevention of certain opportunistic infections to which people affected by HIV/AIDS are particularly vulnerable, and (b) for the provision of home-based care. In addition to the medical focus of the paper, there is attention to the empirical backdrop on the relation between housing, municipal services and HIV/AIDS, analysing survey findings regarding among whom and where HIV prevalence is highest, and projections regarding the extent of HIV infections and AIDS based on the World Health Organization clinical staging system. Using Johannesburg as a case study, it is demonstrated that the number of persons having AIDS is smaller than one might expect and also that the number is already declining, which has implications for the provision of home-based care. However, it is also shown that the number of households that lost one or several members is increasing rapidly. In this context, labour force surveys are employed to identify the impacts on specific categories of households. At this stage, a defining unknown is the scale, nature and location of these reconstituted households and what this means for housing policy. Finally, a feature of the research was the extent to which medical practitioners viewed housing as a quixotic sideline within the broader struggle for HIV prevention and the provision of treatment. In sum, the paper provides an argument for incorporating housing and municipal services into both HIV and AIDS prevention and treatment programmes.

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Maartens, G. "The prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults." Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 3, no. 1 (July 16, 2002): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajhivmed.v3i1.532.

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van Sighem, Ard, and Marc van der Valk. "Moving towards zero new HIV infections: The importance of combination prevention." Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific 25 (August 2022): 100558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100558.

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Dennin, Reinhard H., Michael Lafrenz, and Georg Gesk. "HIV and Other Sexual Transmitted Infections—Challenges for Liberal Prevention Strategies." World Journal of AIDS 04, no. 02 (2014): 258–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/wja.2014.42031.

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Holtgrave, David R., Aisha Gilliam, Daniel Gentry, and Francisco S. Sy. "Evaluating HIV Prevention Efforts to Reduce New Infections and Ensure Accountability." AIDS Education and Prevention 14, no. 3_supplement (June 2002): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/aeap.14.4.1.23880.

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Staff, EID Editorial. "Guidelines for the Prevention of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Persons." Emerging Infectious Diseases 3, no. 3 (September 1997): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid0303.970332.

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Oreagba, IA, SO Usman, KA Oshikoya, AA Akinyede, EO Agbaje, O. Opanuga, and SA Akanmu. "CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT DRUG-DRUG INTERACTION IN A LARGE ANTIRETROVIRAL TREATMENT CENTRE IN LAGOS, NIGERIA." Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology 26, no. 1 (January 22, 2019): e1-e19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22374/1710-6222.26.1.1.

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Background An important cause of treatment failure to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the potential interaction between the antiretroviral (ARV) drugs and concomitant drugs (CD) used for the treatment of opportunistic infections and comorbid ailments in HIV-infected patients. Objectives The study evaluated potential Clinically Significant Drug Interactions (CSDIs) occurring between recommended ART regimens and their CD. Method This study was carried out in a large HIV treatment centre supported by AIDS Preventive initiative in Nigeria (APIN) clinic in a teaching hospital in Lagos, Nigeria, caring for over 20,000 registered patients. Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) of 500 patients, who received treatment between 2005 and 2015, were selected using systematic random sampling, reviewed retrospectively, and evaluated for potential CSDIs using Liverpool HIV Pharmacology Database and other databases for drug-drug interaction check. Results Majority of patients, 421 (84%) prescribed CDs were at risk of CSDIs, of which 410 (82%) were moderate and frequently involved co-trimoxazole + combinations of Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs) such as zidovudine (or stavudine) /lamivudine 386 (77.2%) and Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) or Protease Inhibitors (PIs) + artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) 296 (59.2%). Age (p=0.13), sex (p=0.32) and baseline CD4+ cell counts (p=0.20) were not significantly associated with CSDIs. The interactions, however, were significantly associated with the development of antiretroviral treatment failure (p <0.001) which occurred in nearly a third 139 (27.8%) of the patients. Conclusion There is a high prevalence of CSDIs between ART and CDs, most of which were categorized as moderate. Further studies are required to evaluate the pharmacokinetic and clinical relevance of these interactions.

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Marschalkó, Márta, Katinka Pónyai, and Sarolta Kárpáti. "Sexually transmitted coinfections. HIV coinfections." Orvosi Hetilap 156, no. 1 (January 2015): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2015.30076.

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Coinfections of sexually transmitted infections are frequent due to the same transmission routes which may facilitate the transmission of other sexually transmitted infections. Sexually transmitted coinfections are associated with atypical and generally more severe clinical features, more complications, resistency to treatment, unfavourable outcome, and worse prognosis. Sexually transmitted infections may increase the likelihood of acquiring and transmission of HIV infection. The authors summarize the most important characteristics of sexually transmitted infections (such as HIV and hepatitis B virus, HIV and hepatitis C virus, HIV and syphilis, HIV and gonorrhoeae, HIV and chlamydia coinfections). These infections are more frequent in HIV infected patients than in the normal population. The shared transmission routes, impairment of the immune response, elevated cytokine levels and the associated inflammatory milieu produce local tissue damage, breaches in mucosal epithelium, which increases the risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Regular screening for sexually transmitted infections, use of more sensitive diagnostic methods, improved reporting and avoidance of unsafe sexual behaviour among certain subpopulations as well as education are essential in the prevention of sexually transmitted coinfections. Orv. Hetil., 2015, 156(1), 4–9.

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Poku, Nana K. "HIV Prevention: The Key to Ending AIDS by 2030." Open AIDS Journal 10, no. 1 (April 8, 2016): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874613601610010065.

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There is no viable substitute for re-energizing, funding and supporting culturally attuned, locally staffed HIV advocacy and prevention programmes, especially in resource poor settings. The evidence that such interventions are effective remains compelling; and although the cost implications are not negligible, the medium to long-term outcomes must be regarded not as complementary, but as integral, to biomedical interventions. The success of the anti-retroviral drugs upscale has enabled a noticeable improvement in AIDS related morbidity and mortality in the recent years; yet the underlying dynamics of the epidemic remains undetermined by the rate at which new infections are taking place in relation to the number of AIDS deaths. While the rate of new HIV infections is stabilising in some of the hardest hit countries, it remains far too high and the future cost of maintaining an ever-expanding pool of people reliant on daily drugs for survival is unsustainable. Countries must exercise caution in continuing to focus on treatment as a ‘quick fix’ to end AIDS as a public health concern. HIV is a socially culturally induced crisis and, as such, a variety of measures are needed simultaneously to appeal to different people, groups and circumstances.

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Manapova, E. R., V. H. Fazylov, and A. T. Beshimov. "SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS IN HIV INFECTED PATIENTS." HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders 11, no. 1 (April 7, 2019): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2019-11-1-71-74.

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Sexually-transmitted infections are among the most well-known risk factors for HIV infection. The problem of combined diseases of STIs and HIV in infected people is represented by few works in the domestic scientific literature, therefore further study of this issue is required. Objective: to identify the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in HIV-infected patients at the time of registration. Materials and methods. 49 clinical histories of patients with HIV infection were analyzed and studied at the Republican Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tatarstan. Results. STIs with the prevalence of urogenital chlamydia, ureaplasmosis and mycoplasmosis in the oligosymptomatic clinical course were registered in 63% of patients (predominantly women — 67% of cases) with HIV infection in the natural infectious process course. Patients with HIV infection and syphilis showed lower level of CD4 lymphocytes and high levels of HIV RNA viral load.

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Luoga, Ezekiel, and Anna Gamell. "Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV – an Update from Rural Africa." Praxis 108, no. 15 (November 2019): 977–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1661-8157/a003335.

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Abstract. Sub-Saharan Africa is home of 85 % of pregnant women living with HIV and 90 % of HIV-infected children. WHO issued the first prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) recommendations in 2000. These guidelines have been revised to incorporate new evidence and align with the goal of universal treatment access and zero infections among children. Currently, 82 % of HIV-infected pregnant women receive antiretroviral treatment, and infections among children have halved since 2010. However, in 2018, 160,000 children became infected. Reasons hindering the success of PMTCT are: a) non-universal HIV testing during pregnancy; b) low retention through the PMTCT cascade; and c) missed opportunities to diagnose women who acquire HIV while pregnant or breastfeeding. To address these gaps innovative strategies are needed.

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Macchione, Micaela A., Dariana Aristizabal Bedoya, Francisco N. Figueroa, María Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández, and Miriam C. Strumia. "Nanosystems Applied to HIV Infection: Prevention and Treatments." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 22 (November 17, 2020): 8647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228647.

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Sexually-transmitted infections (STIs) are a global health concern worldwide as they cause acute diseases, infertility, and significant mortality. Among the bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens that can be sexually transmitted, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has caused one of the most important pandemic diseases, which is acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). 32.7 million people have died from AIDS-related illnesses since the start of the epidemic. Moreover, in 2019, 38 million people were living with HIV worldwide. The need to deal with this viral infection becomes more obvious, because it represents not only a problem for public health, but also a substantial economic problem. In this context, it is necessary to focus efforts on developing methods for prevention, detection and treatment of HIV infections that significantly reduce the number of newly infected people and provide a better quality of life for patients. For several decades, biomedical research has been developed allowing quick solutions through the contribution of effective tools. One of them is the use of polymers as vehicles, drug carrier agents, or as macromolecular prodrugs. Moreover, nanosystems (NSs) play an especially important role in the diagnosis, prevention, and therapy against HIV infection. The purpose of this work is to review recent research into diverse NSs as potential candidates for prevention and treatment of HIV infection. Firstly, this review highlights the advantages of using nanosized structures for these medical applications. Furthermore, we provide an overview of different types of NSs used for preventing or combating HIV infection. Then, we briefly evaluate the most recent developments associated with prevention and treatment alternatives. Additionally, the implications of using different NSs are also addressed.

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Wilandika, Angga. "Religiosity and Self-Efficacy in the Prevention of HIV-Risk Behaviours among Muslim University Students." Jurnal Ners 13, no. 2 (March 27, 2019): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jn.v13i2.6531.

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Introduction: The high prevalence of HIV infection among an age group of 18–25 years, both globally or nationally, was indicating students vulnerable to HIV/AIDS infections. Prevention of HIV risk behaviours can be used as a religiosity approach to strengthening the self-efficacy on prevention HIV-risk behaviour. However, there were limited studies on the association between religiosity and self-efficacy on prevention of HIV-risk behaviour among student, especially Muslim students. The aims of this study were to identify the correlation between religiosity with self-efficacy in the prevention of HIV-risk behaviours.Methods: The study employed a correlation study. The sample size comprised 404 Muslim university students with proportionate stratified random sampling. Student’s religiosity was measured by The Muslim Piety questionnaire and self-efficacy was measured by Self-Efficacy in the Prevention of HIV-Risk Behaviour questionnaire. Descriptive analysis using mean, standard deviation, percentage and frequency distribution. Meanwhile, inferential analysis using Pearson's Correlation.Results: The results were found that most of the students have high levels of religiosity and strong self-efficacy in the prevention of high-risk behaviour. Further analysis revealed a significant (p < 0.005) and strong correlations (r = 0.6780) between religiosity and self-efficacy in the prevention of HIV-risk behaviour. Higher levels of religiosity were followed by higher levels of self-efficacy on the prevention of HIV-risk behaviours among students.Conclusion: findings can be used by academic and health professionals, to implement a religiosity based program to strengthen a self-efficacy of HIV-risk behaviour. Further research can be a focus on the nursing interventions based on religious beliefs to strengthen self-efficacy in the prevention of HIV/AIDS infections.

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Bautista, C. T., D. E. Singer, R. J. O'Connell, N. Crum-Cianflone, B. K. Agan, J. A. Malia, J. L. Sanchez, S. A. Peel, N. L. Michael, and P. T. Scott. "Herpes simplex virus type 2 and HIV infection among US military personnel: implications for health prevention programmes." International Journal of STD & AIDS 20, no. 9 (September 2009): 634–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/ijsa.2008.008413.

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US military personnel are routinely screened for HIV infection. Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is a risk factor for HIV acquisition. To determine the association between HSV-2 and HIV, a matched case-control study was conducted among US Army and Air Force servicemembers with incident HIV infections (cases) randomly matched with two HIV-uninfected servicemembers (controls) between 2000 and 2004. HSV-2 prevalence was significantly higher among cases (30.3%, 138/456) than among controls (9.7%, 88/912, P < 0.001). HSV-2 was strongly associated with HIV in univariate (odds ratio [OR] = 4.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.1–5.8) and multiple analyses (adjusted [OR] = 3.9, 95% CI = 2.8–5.6). The population attributable risk percentage of HIV infection due to HSV-2 was 23%. Identifying HSV-2 infections may afford the opportunity to provide targeted behavioural interventions that could decrease the incidence of HIV infections in the US military population; further studies are needed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'HIV infections Laos Prevention'

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