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Journal articles on the topic 'HIV infections Laos Epidemiology'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Otokiti, O. E. "Sero-Epidemiology And Pattern Of Transfusion-Transmissible Infectious Diseases Among Family Replacement And Voluntary Blood Donors In Lagos University Teaching Hospital (2018-2019), South-West Nigeria." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 154, Supplement_1 (October 2020): S168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqaa161.366.

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Abstract Introduction/Objective Despite innovations and giant strides achieved in medicine, blood transfusion has continually remained an integral aspect of patient care and management. Currently, blood and blood products are part of the World Health Organisation (WHO) model list of Essential Medicine (EML). However, despite being a ‘life saver’, potential risks of transfusion of fatal infections (TTI) are associated with its use, hence this study to evaluate the trend of TTI in blood donors. Methods In this study, 21,464 donors were screened for HIV, HBV, HCV and Syphilis between 2018 and 2019 via 4 th generation ELISA. Retrospective data was gotten from records. The results were read using a spectrophotometer. Optical Density was calculated for positive and negative controls and only results from runs in which controls had passed were used and released. Results Of the 21,464donors tested, 3818 (17%) were voluntary blood donors (VBD) and 17,646 (83%) were family replacement donors (FRP). Total number of TTI was 1928 (0.1%) of units donated. Of the screened units positive for TTI, HBV accounted for the highest prevalence 1031 (54%), HCV 498 (26%), HIV 246 (13%) and Syphilis 147 (8%). A much higher incidence of TTI sero-positivity was observed in FRP (85%) as compared with voluntary blood donors (15%). Cumulative discard rate from TTI was approximately 0.1%. Conclusion Our results in this study showed that FRP are more likely to transmit TTI than VBD. Blood transfusion services should work more on replacing family replacement donors with voluntary donors. This can be achieved by reinforcing the culture of voluntary blood donation through the media, secondary and higher institutions as well as through advocacy. Indeed the WHO recommends 100% voluntary blood donations for all nations.

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2

Peng, Huasong, Muhammad Bilal, and Hafiz Iqbal. "Improved Biosafety and Biosecurity Measures and/or Strategies to Tackle Laboratory-Acquired Infections and Related Risks." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 12 (November 29, 2018): 2697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122697.

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Herein, we reviewed laboratory-acquired infections (LAIs) along with their health-related biological risks to provide an evidence base to tackle biosafety/biosecurity and biocontainment issues. Over the past years, a broad spectrum of pathogenic agents, such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites, or genetically modified organisms, have been described and gained a substantial concern due to their profound biological as well as ecological risks. Furthermore, the emergence and/or re-emergence of life-threatening diseases are of supreme concern and come under the biosafety and biosecurity agenda to circumvent LAIs. Though the precise infection risk after an exposure remains uncertain, LAIs inspections revealed that Brucella spp., Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Rickettsia spp., and Neisseria meningitidis are the leading causes. Similarly, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as well as hepatitis B (HBV) and C viruses (HCV), and the dimorphic fungi are accountable for the utmost number of viral and fungal-associated LAIs. In this context, clinical laboratories at large and microbiology, mycology, bacteriology, and virology-oriented laboratories, in particular, necessitate appropriate biosafety and/or biosecurity measures to ensure the safety of laboratory workers and working environment, which are likely to have direct or indirect contact/exposure to hazardous materials or organisms. Laboratory staff education and training are indispensable to gain an adequate awareness to handle biologically hazardous materials as per internationally recognized strategies. In addition, workshops should be organized among laboratory workers to let them know the epidemiology, pathogenicity, and human susceptibility of LAIs. In this way, several health-related threats that result from the biologically hazardous materials can be abridged or minimized and controlled by the correct implementation of nationally and internationally certified protocols that include proper microbiological practices, containment devices/apparatus, satisfactory facilities or resources, protective barriers, and specialized education and training of laboratory staffs. The present work highlights this serious issue of LAIs and associated risks with suitable examples. Potential preventive strategies to tackle an array of causative agents are also discussed. In this respect, the researchers and scientific community may benefit from the lessons learned in the past to anticipate future problems.

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3

Phongmany, Simaly, Jean-Marc Rolain, Rattanaphone Phetsouvanh, Stuart D. Blacksell, Vimone Soukkhaseum, Bouachanh Rasachack, Khamphong Phiasakha, et al. "Rickettsial Infections and Fever, Vientiane, Laos." Emerging Infectious Diseases 12, no. 2 (February 2006): 256–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1202.050900.

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4

Dubot-Pérès, Audrey, Mayfong Mayxay, Rattanaphone Phetsouvanh, Sue J. Lee, Sayaphet Rattanavong, Manivanh Vongsouvath, Viengmon Davong, et al. "Management of Central Nervous System Infections, Vientiane, Laos, 2003–2011." Emerging Infectious Diseases 25, no. 5 (May 2019): 898–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2505.180914.

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5

Desjeux, P., and J. Alvar. "Leishmania/HIV co-infections: epidemiology in Europe." Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology 97, sup1 (October 2, 2003): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/000349803225002499.

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6

Weber, J. "The biology and epidemiology of HIV infections." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 23, suppl A (January 1, 1989): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/23.suppl_a.1.

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7

Joseph Afe, Abayomi, Niyi Adewum, Abieyuwa Emokpa, Tolu Fagorala, Disu Aruma E., Gbadegesin Abidoye, Ismaila Ganikale, and Rosemary Audu. "Outcome of PMTCT services and factors affecting vertical transmission of HIV infection in Lagos, Nigeria." HIV & AIDS Review 10, no. 1 (March 2011): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hivar.2011.02.001.

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8

Adekunle, Motunrayo Oluwabukola, Peter Odion Ubuane, Barakat Adeola Animasahun, Maria Augustina Afadapa, and Monsuru Abiodun Akinola. "Epidemiology of adolescents living with perinatally acquired HIV infection in a tertiary institution in Lagos State, Nigeria." Annals of Infection 4 (August 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/aoi-19-13.

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9

Takebe, Y., H. Sato, K. Taniguchi, Y. Tomita, A. Ono, S. Oka, T. Miyakuni, et al. "Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 infections in asia." Pathophysiology 1 (November 1994): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0928-4680(94)90151-1.

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10

Olczak, Anita. "Gynecologic infections in HIV-infected women." HIV & AIDS Review 6, no. 4 (January 2007): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1730-1270(10)60052-5.

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11

Zhang, Kong-Lai, Shao-jun Ma, and Dong-yan Xia. "Epidemiology of HIV and sexually transmitted infections in China." Sexual Health 1, no. 1 (2004): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh03015.

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As the most populous country in the world, China has been confronted with the huge challenges that HIV and sexually transmitted infections pose. The HIV infection rate among adults is lower than 0.1%, however, the estimated number of HIV infections sits around one million, according to the estimation of some experts. HIV infection is highly prevalent in some regional areas of China and the incidence rate of sexually transmitted infections has sharply increased since the 1980s. The number of HIV infections may reach 10 million if no effective measures are taken. This article aims to outline the profile of the epidemic in China as well as to elaborate on the contributing factors and the response of the government and community.

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12

Chandeying, V. "Epidemiology of HIV and sexually transmitted infections in Thailand." Sexual Health 1, no. 4 (2004): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh04032.

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There are very few developing countries in the world where public policy has been effective in preventing the spread of HIV/AIDS on a national scale. Thailand is an exception, a massive program to control HIV has reduced visits to commercial sex workers by half, raised condom usage, decreased sexually transmitted infections dramatically, and achieved substantial reductions in new HIV infections. However, unless past efforts are sustained and new sources of infection are addressed, the striking achievements made in controlling the epidemic could be put at risk. There is a need in Thailand to continue strong HIV/AIDS prevention and education efforts in the future, as well as to provide treatment and care for those living with HIV/AIDS.

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13

Vonlanthen-Specker, Isabelle, Roger Stephan, Xaver Sidler, Dominik Moor, Cornel Fraefel, and Claudia Bachofen. "Genetic Diversity of Hepatitis E Virus Type 3 in Switzerland—From Stable to Table." Animals 11, no. 11 (November 7, 2021): 3177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11113177.

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Hepatitis E caused by hepatitis E viruses of the genotype 3 (HEV-3) is a major health concern in industrialized countries and due to its zoonotic character requires a “One Health” approach to unravel routes and sources of transmission. Knowing the viral diversity present in reservoir hosts, i.e., pigs but also wild boars, is an important prerequisite for molecular epidemiology. The aim of this study was to gain primary information on the diversity of HEV-3 subtypes present along the food chain in Switzerland, as well as the diversity within these subtypes. To this end, samples of domestic pigs from slaughterhouses and carcass collection points, as well as from hunted wild boars, were tested for HEV RNA and antibodies. HEV positive meat products were provided by food testing labs. The HEV subtypes were determined using Sanger and next generation sequencing. The genetic analyses confirmed the predominance of a Swiss-specific cluster within subtype HEV-3h in pigs, meat products, and wild boars. This cluster, which may result from local virus evolution due to the isolated Swiss pig industry, supports fast differentiation of domestic and imported infections with HEV.

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14

Coppola, R. C., RE Manconi, R. Piro, M. L. Di Martino, and G. Masia. "HCV, HIV, HBV and HDV infections in intravenous drug addicts." European Journal of Epidemiology 10, no. 3 (June 1994): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01719350.

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15

DELORENZE, G. N., M. A. HORBERG, M. J. SILVERBERG, A. TSAI, C. P. QUESENBERRY, and R. BAXTER. "Trends in annual incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients." Epidemiology and Infection 141, no. 11 (February 18, 2013): 2392–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268813000228.

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SUMMARYWe describe trends in incidence rates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients enrolled in a large northern California Health Plan, and the ratio of MRSA to methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) case counts. Between 1995 and 2010, 1549 MRSA infections were diagnosed in 14060 HIV-infected patients (11·0%) compared to 89546 MRSA infections in 6597396 HIV-uninfected patients (1·4%) (P = 0·00). A steady rise in MRSA infection rates began in 1995 in HIV-uninfected patients, peaking at 396·5 infections/100000 person-years in 2007. A more rapid rise in MRSA infection rates occurred in the HIV-infected group after 2000, peaking at 3592·8 infections/100000 in 2005. A declining trend in MRSA rates may have begun in 2008–2009. Comparing the ratio of MRSA to MSSA case counts, we observed that HIV-infected patients shouldered a greater burden of MRSA infection during most years of study follow-up compared to HIV-uninfected patients.

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16

Gurjar, R. Susmita, V. Ravi, and Anita Desai. "Molecular Epidemiology of HIV Type 2 Infections in South India." AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 25, no. 3 (March 2009): 363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/aid.2008.0259.

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17

Ippolito, Giuseppe, Giovanni Rezza, Enrico Girardi, Miroslav Malkovsky, and J. Scott Cairns. "HIV Infections: The Global Epidemiology and Goals for Vaccine Research." Molecular Medicine 6, no. 2 (February 2000): 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03401775.

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18

Smoleń-Dzirba, Joanna, Magdalena Rosińska, Piotr Kruszyński, Jolanta Bratosiewicz-Wąsik, Janusz Janiec, Marek Beniowski, Monika Bociąga-Jasik, et al. "Molecular epidemiology of recent HIV-1 infections in southern Poland." Journal of Medical Virology 84, no. 12 (October 10, 2012): 1857–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.23395.

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19

Chesney, M. A. "Prevention of HIV and STD Infections." Preventive Medicine 23, no. 5 (September 1994): 655–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/pmed.1994.1109.

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20

Najafi, Zeinab, Leila Taj, Omid Dadras, Fatemeh Ghadimi, Banafsheh Moradmand, and SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi. "Epidemiology of HIV in Iran." Current HIV Research 18, no. 4 (September 8, 2020): 228–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570162x18666200605152317.

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: Iran has been one of the active countries fighting against HIV/AIDS in the Middle East during the last decades. Moreover, there is a strong push to strengthen the national health management system concerning HIV prevention and control. In Iran, HIV disease has its unique features, from changes in modes of transmission to improvement in treatment and care programs, which can make it a good case for closer scrutiny. The present review describes the HIV epidemic in Iran from the first case diagnosed until prevention among different groups at risk and co-infections. Not only we addressed the key populations and community-based attempts to overcome HIV-related issues in clinics, but we also elaborated on the efforts and trends in society and the actual behaviors related to HIV/AIDS. Being located in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, given the countryspecific characteristics, and despite all the national efforts along with other countries in this region, Iran still needs to take extra measures to reduce HIV transmission, especially in health education. Although Iran is one of the pioneers in implementing applicable and appropriate policies in the MENA region, including harm reduction services to reduce HIV incidence, people with substance use disorder continue to be the majority of those living with HIV in the country. Similar to other countries in this region, the HIV prevention and control programs aim at 90-90-90 targets to eliminate HIV infection and reduce the transmission, especially the mother-to-child transmission and among other key populations.

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21

Rosinska, M. "Current trends in HIV/ AIDS epidemiology in Poland, 1999 – 2004." Eurosurveillance 11, no. 4 (April 1, 2006): 11–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.11.04.00618-en.

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The first HIV/ AIDS cases in Poland were diagnosed in the mid-1980, and the outbreak in injecting drug users was first observed in 1989. For many years the HIV epidemic in Poland was driven by injecting drug use. In this study we examine the trends in the HIV/ AIDS epidemic based on the surveillance data for 1999-2004. During this period, 3561 new HIV infections (annual rate of 15.4 per 1 000 000 inhabitants) were reported and 803 incident AIDS cases (incidence 3.5 per 1 000 000) were diagnosed. Both the annual number of newly detected HIV infections and the AIDS incidence showed a slight increasing trend. In particular, the vertically transmitted AIDS incidence increased from 0.46 in 1999 - 2000 to 0.91 per 1 000 000 children under 15 years in 2003 - 2004. Approximately 36% of AIDS patients aged 15 years or above had not been previously diagnosed with HIV. The annual number of the late presenters increased markedly between 1999 and 2004 and was higher amongst individuals infected through sexual transmission (51.0%) than those infected by injecting drug use (20.1%) . Injecting drug users made up 78.6% of new HIV infections with known transmission route, but for 47.9% of all cases the route of transmission was not reported. In order to generate more accurate data, HIV surveillance must be enhanced. Nevertheless, there is clear evidence for implementation of a comprehensive programme of prevention of vertical transmission and encouraging more extensive HIV testing especially in the groups at risk for sexual transmission. An effort is needed to enhance HIV surveillance and prevention in the framework of programmes for STI.

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22

Varma, Jay K., Kimberly D. McCarthy, Theerawit Tasaneeyapan, Patama Monkongdee, Michael E. Kimerling, Eng Buntheoun, Delphine Sculier, et al. "Bloodstream Infections among HIV-Infected Outpatients, Southeast Asia." Emerging Infectious Diseases 16, no. 10 (October 2010): 1569–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1610.091686.

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23

Cauthen, G., J. Figueroa, and K. Theall. "THE CHANGING EPIDEMIOLOGY OF GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) INFECTIONS IN HIV-INFECTED INDIVIDUALS." Journal of Investigative Medicine 52 (January 2004): S295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042871-200401001-00767.

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24

MATSUMOTO, TAKAO. "Current epidemiology on AIDS and recommendations for dealing with HIV infections." Juntendo Medical Journal 40, no. 3 (1994): 306–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.14789/pjmj.40.306.

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25

Łapiński, Tadeusz Wojciech, Robert Flisiak, Alicja Wiercińska-Drapało Joanna Pogorzelska, and Magda Rogalska. "The concentrations of IL-22, sFas and sFasL in HCV, HIV and HCV/HIV infections." HIV & AIDS Review 6, no. 1 (January 2007): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1730-1270(10)60038-0.

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26

Viscidi, Raphael P., Brad Snyder, Susan Cu-Uvin, Joseph W. Hogan, Barbara Clayman, Robert S. Klein, Jack Sobel, and Keerti V. Shah. "Human Papillomavirus Capsid Antibody Response to Natural Infection and Risk of Subsequent HPV Infection in HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Women." Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.283.14.1.

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Abstract The association between seropositivity to virus-like particles (VLP) of human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16, 18, 31, 35, or 45 and subsequent cervical HPV infection was examined in 829 women with HIV and 413 risk-matched HIV-negative women. We found no statistically significant differences between HPV-seropositive and HPV-seronegative women in the risk of a new infection with the homologous HPV type, with the exception of a reduced risk of HPV 45 infections 4.5 years beyond the baseline serology measurement in HIV-positive women [hazard ratio, 0.21; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.05-0.89]. Among HIV-negative women, HPV seropositivity was not associated with a statistically significant reduced risk of infections with related viruses in the HPV 16, HPV 18, or “other” HPV groups. Among HIV-positive women, HPV seropositivity was associated with a slightly increased risk of infection with group-related viruses, but the differences were only statistically significant for infection with HPV 16 group viruses (hazard ratio, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1-2.3) in HPV 18-seropositive women and for infections with “other” HPV group viruses in HPV 31-seropositive women (hazard ratio, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.0-2.0). The lack of a protective immune effect from natural infection is most likely due to the low level of antibody elicited by natural HPV infection and/or the potential for reactivation of HPV, especially in HIV-positive women.

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27

Chen, Athena, Oliver Laeyendecker, Susan H. Eshleman, Daniel R. Monaco, Kai Kammers, Harry Benjamin Larman, and Ingo Ruczinski. "A top scoring pairs classifier for recent HIV infections." Statistics in Medicine 40, no. 11 (March 3, 2021): 2604–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sim.8920.

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28

Tzeng, Jeff S., Leslie L. Clark, Eric C. Garges, and Jean Lin Otto. "Epidemiology of Sexually Transmitted Infections among Human Immunodeficiency Virus Positive United States Military Personnel." Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2013 (April 21, 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/610258.

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Background. Minimal data exist that describe the epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections (STI) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive populations across the pre- and post-diagnosis periods for HIV. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the epidemiology of gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, herpes simplex virus, and human papillomavirus in an HIV-positive population. Methods. All 1,961 HIV seropositive United States active duty military personnel from 2000–2010 were identified. STI diagnoses relative to HIV diagnosis from 1995, which was the earliest electronic medical record available, to 2010 were examined. Results. The incidence diagnosis rates of STI generally increased during the period leading up to eventual HIV diagnosis. The rates of STI during the post-HIV diagnosis period fluctuated, but remained elevated compared to pre-HIV diagnosis period. Approximately 45%–69% with an STI in the HIV seropositive military population were diagnosed with their first STI greater than one year after their HIV diagnosis. Of those who were diagnosed with an STI in the post-HIV diagnosis period, 70.6% had one STI diagnosis, 23.5% had two STI diagnoses, and 5.8% had three or more STI diagnoses. Conclusions. Despite aggressive counseling, high-risk sexual behavior continues to occur in the HIV-positive military population.

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CHEMAITELLY, H., and L. J. ABU-RADDAD. "Characterizing HIV epidemiology in stable couples in Cambodia, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and India." Epidemiology and Infection 144, no. 1 (April 28, 2015): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268815000758.

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SUMMARYUsing a set of statistical methods and HIV mathematical models applied on nationally representative Demographic and Health Survey data, we characterized HIV serodiscordancy patterns and HIV transmission dynamics in stable couples (SCs) in four countries: Cambodia, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and India. The majority of SCs affected by HIV were serodiscordant, and about a third of HIV-infected persons had uninfected partners. Overall, nearly two-thirds of HIV infections occurred in individuals in SCs, but only about half of these infections were due to transmissions within serodiscordant couples. The majority of HIV incidence in the population occurred through extra-partner encounters in SCs. There is similarity in HIV epidemiology in SCs between these countries and countries in sub-Saharan Africa, despite the difference in scale of epidemics. It appears that HIV epidemiology in SCs may share similar patterns globally, possibly because it is a natural ‘spillover’ effect of HIV dynamics in high-risk populations.

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Patel, Vishesh, Marc Desjardins, and Juthaporn Cowan. "Shift in Epidemiology of Cryptococcal Infections in Ottawa with High Mortality in Non-HIV Immunocompromised Patients." Journal of Fungi 5, no. 4 (November 10, 2019): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof5040104.

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Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungus that can cause life-threatening infections. While human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive status historically had the highest risk for cryptococcal infection and was associated with high mortality rates, there have been changes in HIV treatment and the epidemiology of other acquired immunodeficiencies, such as hematological malignancies. We conducted a retrospective case series analysis of patients who had cryptococcal infections documented at the Ottawa Hospital from 2005 to 2017. The Ottawa Hospital is a tertiary care hospital and provides complex care such as chemotherapy and transplantations. There were 28 confirmed cryptococcal infections. The most common underlying condition associated with cryptococcal infection was hematological malignancy (n = 8, 29%), followed by HIV (n = 5, 18%) and solid organ transplantation (n = 4, 14%). Furthermore, while there was a decrease in the number of cryptococcal infections in HIV patients after 2010 (four to one case), the number of cases in non-HIV immunocompromised patients increased from four in the years 2005–2010 to fourteen in 2011–2017. There were nine cryptococcal-attributable deaths. The case fatality rate was highest among patients with underlying hematological malignancies (63%), followed by solid organ transplant (50%) and HIV patients (20%). In conclusion, this study showed that there may be an epidemiological shift of cryptococcal infection in Ottawa. Additionally, infections may be associated with a worse prognosis in patients with a hematological malignancy and solid organ transplant than in patients with HIV infection in the modern era. Better prevention and/or treatment is warranted for high-risk populations.

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Landes, Megan, Claire Thorne, Patricia Barlow, Simona Fiore, Ruslan Malyuta, Pasquale Martinelli, Svetlana Posokhova, et al. "Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in HIV-1 infected pregnant women in Europe." European Journal of Epidemiology 22, no. 12 (October 10, 2007): 925–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10654-007-9188-0.

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32

Mandelli, C., M. Cesana, P. Ferroni, G. P. Lorini, G. P. Aimo, A. Tagger, P. A. Bianchi, and D. Conte. "HBV, HDV and HIV infections in 242 drug addicts: Two-year follow-up." European Journal of Epidemiology 4, no. 3 (September 1988): 318–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00148917.

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33

Bowring, Anna L., Caroline van Gemert, Kongchay Vongsaiya, Chad Hughes, Amphoy Sihavong, Chansy Phimphachanh, Niramonh Chanlivong, Mike Toole, and Margaret Hellard. "It goes both ways: a cross-sectional study of buying and selling sex among young behaviourally bisexual men in Vientiane, Laos." Sexual Health 12, no. 5 (2015): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh15053.

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Background Transactional sex may increase risk of HIV and sexually transmissible infections (STIs). In Laos, men who have sex with men are disproportionately affected by HIV, and bisexual behaviour among men is relatively common. The occurrence of transactional sex among behaviourally bisexual men in Vientiane, Laos was explored. Methods: In 2010, behaviourally bisexual men were recruited through enhanced snowball sampling to complete a behavioural survey. Reports of transactional sex partners (anal/vaginal sex) in the previous year, by direction of payment and partner gender, is described. Results: Of 88 participating behaviourally bisexual men (median age 22 years), 17 (19%) reported only selling sex, eight (9%) reported only paying for sex and nine (10%) reported both selling and paying for sex. Men reporting any transactional sex reported a median of four transactional sex partners and reported a higher number of total sex partners in the previous 12 months (median: 18.5 partners) than men reporting no transactional sex partners (median: 6 partners). Of 26 men who reported selling sex, 15 (58%) were paid by females, 15 (58%) were paid by males and 14 (55%) were paid by transgender sex partner(s); 11 (42%) reported consistent condom use (CCU) when selling sex. Of 17 men who reported paying for sex, 13 (76%) paid females, six (35%) paid males and two (12%) paid transgender partner(s); eight (47%) reported CCU when paying for sex. Conclusions: Young behaviourally bisexual men engaging in transactional sex may be at increased risk of HIV and STIs. Prevention interventions should consider the transient and informal nature of transactional sex in this population.

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34

Cauthen, G., J. Figueroa, and K. Theall. "214 THE CHANGING EPIDEMIOLOGY OF GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) INFECTIONS IN HIV-INFECTED INDIVIDUALS." Journal of Investigative Medicine 52, Suppl 1 (January 1, 2004): S295.3—S295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jim-52-suppl1-767.

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35

Kwan, Tsz Ho, Ngai Sze Wong, Kenny Chi Wai Chan, Owen Tak Yin Tsang, Man Po Lee, Grace Chung Yan Lui, Denise Pui Chung Chan, Wing Cheong Yam, and Shui Shan Lee. "Transmission network structure and newly diagnosed HIV infections: a molecular epidemiology study." Lancet 390 (December 2017): S71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(17)33209-9.

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36

Yang, Chin-Hui, Shih-Yan Yang, Ming-Hui Shen, and Hsu-Sung Kuo. "The changing epidemiology of prevalent diagnosed HIV infections in Taiwan, 1984–2005." International Journal of Drug Policy 19, no. 4 (August 2008): 317–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2006.11.016.

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37

Falkinham, J. O. "Epidemiology of Mycobacterium avium infections in the pre- and post-HIV era." Research in Microbiology 145, no. 3 (January 1994): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0923-2508(94)90013-2.

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Tsang, Chi-Ching, Jade L. L. Teng, Susanna K. P. Lau, and Patrick C. Y. Woo. "Rapid Genomic Diagnosis of Fungal Infections in the Age of Next-Generation Sequencing." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 8 (August 5, 2021): 636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7080636.

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Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have recently developed beyond the research realm and started to mature into clinical applications. Here, we review the current use of NGS for laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections. Since the first reported case in 2014, >300 cases of fungal infections diagnosed by NGS were described. Pneumocystis jirovecii is the predominant fungus reported, constituting ~25% of the fungi detected. In ~12.5% of the cases, more than one fungus was detected by NGS. For P. jirovecii infections diagnosed by NGS, all 91 patients suffered from pneumonia and only 1 was HIV-positive. This is very different from the general epidemiology of P. jirovecii infections, of which HIV infection is the most important risk factor. The epidemiology of Talaromyces marneffei infection diagnosed by NGS is also different from its general epidemiology, in that only 3/11 patients were HIV-positive. The major advantage of using NGS for laboratory diagnosis is that it can pick up all pathogens, particularly when initial microbiological investigations are unfruitful. When the cost of NGS is further reduced, expertise more widely available and other obstacles overcome, NGS would be a useful tool for laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections, particularly for difficult-to-grow fungi and cases with low fungal loads.

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KINOSHITA-MOLEKA, R., J. S. SMITH, J. ATIBU, A. TSHEFU, J. HEMINGWAY-FODAY, M. HOBBS, J. BARTZ, M. A. KOCH, A. W. RIMOIN, and R. W. RYDER. "Low prevalence of HIV and other selected sexually transmitted infections in 2004 in pregnant women from Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo." Epidemiology and Infection 136, no. 9 (November 21, 2007): 1290–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268807009818.

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SUMMARYThis study examined the prevalence of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in pregnant women in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Between April and July 2004, antenatal attendees at two of the largest maternity clinics in Kinshasa were tested to identify HIV status, syphilis, Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG). HIV seroprevalence was 1·9% in 2082 women. With PCR techniques, CT and NG infections were also uncommon in the first 529 women (1·7% and 0·4%, respectively). No active syphilis infection case was identified by Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay (TPHA) and rapid plasma reagin test (RPR). A woman's risk of HIV infection was significantly associated with her reporting a male partner having had other female sexual partners (OR 2·7, 95% CI 1·2–6·2). The continuing low seroprevalence of HIV in pregnant women from Kinshasa was confirmed. Understanding factors associated with this phenomenon could help prevent a future HIV epidemic in low HIV transmission areas in Africa.

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Crofts, Nick, John L. Hopper, Rick Milner, Alan M. Breschkin, D. Scott Bowden, and Stephen A. Locarnini. "Blood-borne virus infections among Australian injecting drug users: Implications for spread of HIV." European Journal of Epidemiology 10, no. 6 (December 1994): 687–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01719282.

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Coutlée, François, Alexandra de Pokomandy, and Eduardo L. Franco. "Epidemiology, natural history and risk factors for anal intraepithelial neoplasia." Sexual Health 9, no. 6 (2012): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh11167.

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Studies conducted in HIV-seropositive individuals have enhanced our understanding of the natural history of anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) and of factors predictive of progression to high-grade AIN, the immediate precursor to anal cancer. AIN is frequently detected in HIV-seropositive individuals. Factors that increase the risk for AIN include HIV infection, low current or nadir blood CD4+ cell counts, receptive anal intercourse, oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, persistent anal HPV infection, multiple HPV type infections and high anal HPV viral load. This review confirms the importance of high-grade AIN in HIV-seropositive individuals and HIV-seronegative men having sex with men.

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KALIMA, P., F. X. S. EMMANUEL, and T. RIORDAN. "Epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae infections at the Edinburgh City Hospital: 1980–95." Epidemiology and Infection 122, no. 2 (April 1999): 251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268899002125.

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We present data on pneumococcal isolates collected from deep and superficial sites over a 16-year period at the Edinburgh City Hospital. The 10 most frequent serotypes overall were 6, 19, 11, 9, 3, 14, 1, 15 and 18 in children and 19, 23, 6, 6, 9, 11, 3, 15, 14, 22 and 4 in adults. Over 88% (2588/2932, 88·3%) of these pneumococci were of serotypes represented in the 23-valent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine. Within the 20–45 years age group, 228/434 (52·5%) of specimens were from HIV-infected individuals. The isolations showed a seasonal distribution with peaks in February and troughs in September. The annual numbers of blood culture isolates showed an upward trend. Recurrent isolations were more frequent in HIV-infected individuals (49/132, 37%) than in non-HIV-infected individuals (218/2421, 9·9%) (relative risk = 5·05, 95% confidence interval, 3·46–7·03). The prevalence of resistance to penicillin and erythromycin was lower than that reported in other parts of the UK.

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RICE, B. D., K. SINKA, B. PATEL, T. R. CHADBORN, and V. C. DELPECH. "The changing epidemiology of diagnosed prevalent HIV infections in England: greatest impact on the London environs." Epidemiology and Infection 135, no. 1 (June 6, 2006): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268806006522.

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Data from the 1997–2004 Surveys of Prevalent HIV Infections Diagnosed were analysed by three geographical areas of residence and treatment to describe the heterogeneous growth of the HIV epidemic in England and provide projections to 2007. Between 1997 and 2004, the number of diagnosed HIV-infected adults resident in England increased by 163% (14223 to 37459). Within the ‘London environs’ the increase was 360% (742 to 3411), within the rest of England 219% (4417 to 14088) and within London 120% (9064 to 19960). By 2004, the London environs had the largest proportion of infections acquired through heterosexual sex (and in particular women) and the most recently diagnosed population. Projections indicate over half of diagnosed HIV-infected adults will live outside London by 2007. The epidemiology of diagnosed HIV infection within the London environs is likely to be a predictor of future trends in England overall.

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CHUANG, Y. M., S. C. KU, S. J. LIAW, S. C. WU, Y. C. HO, C. J. YU, and P. R. HSUEH. "Disseminated Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii infections in intensive care units." Epidemiology and Infection 138, no. 7 (October 2, 2009): 1036–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268809990926.

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SUMMARYA retrospective study of clinical characteristics, outcome and prognostic factors of patients with cryptococcosis was undertaken in intensive care units (ICUs) of a medical centre for the period 2000–2005. Twenty-six patients with Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii infection were identified (16 males, median age 58 years). The most frequent underlying diseases were liver cirrhosis (38·5%), diabetes mellitus (26·9%) and HIV infection (19·2%). The most frequently identified sites of infection were blood (61·5%), cerebrospinal fluid (38·5%) and airways (34·6%). The mean Acute Physiologic and Chronic Health Evaluation II score at ICU admission was 22·46. The ICU mortality rate in these patients was 73·1% (19/26) and there were a further two mortalities recorded after discharge from ICU, reaching a total mortality rate of 80·8% (21/26). Patients with ICU survival >2 weeks had lower rates of HIV infection (P=0·004), less use of inotropic agents during ICU stay (P<0·001) and lower white blood cell counts (P=0·01). After adjusting for clinical variables in the multivariate Cox regression model, diabetes and cryptococcal infection after ICU admission were independent predictors of good long-term prognosis (P=0·015) and HIV infectious status was associated with poor outcome (P=0·012).

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Spatz Friedman, Dara, Patrick O’Byrne, and Marie Roy. "Comparing those diagnosed early versus late in their HIV infection: implications for public health." International Journal of STD & AIDS 28, no. 7 (August 18, 2016): 693–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462416664674.

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Routine HIV surveillance cannot distinguish between recent and older infections: HIV-positive individuals reported soon or long after infection are both considered new diagnoses from a surveillance perspective, notwithstanding the time since infection. This lack of specificity makes it difficult to understand the jurisdiction-specific trends in HIV epidemiology needed for prevention planning. Previous efforts have been made to discern such timing of infection, but these methodologies are not easily applied in a public health setting. We wished to develop a simple protocol, using routinely collected information, to classify newly diagnosed infections as recent or older, and to enumerate and characterize recent versus older infections. Applying our methodology to a review of HIV cases reported between January 2011 and December 2014, we classified 62% of cases; one-third of these were recent infections. Although men who have sex with men (MSM) and persons from HIV-endemic countries (HEC) disproportionally accounted for new HIV diagnoses, the dynamics of HIV transmission within these groups differed dramatically: MSM accounted for the majority of recent infections, whereas persons from HEC accounted for the majority of older infections. Among older infections, one-quarter were previously unaware of their infection. Categorizing cases in this manner yielded greater, jurisdiction-specific understanding of HIV, and guides subpopulation-specific interventions.

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Kouanfack, Ornella Sybile D., Charles Kouanfack, Serges Clotaire Billong, Samuel N. Cumber, Claude N. Nkfusai, Fala Bede, Emerson Wepngong, Chombong Hubert, Georges N. K. Tsague Georges, and Madeleine N. Singwe. "Epidemiology of Opportunistic Infections in HIV Infected Patients on Treatment in Accredited HIV Treatment Centers in Cameroon." International Journal of Maternal and Child Health and AIDS (IJMA) 8, no. 2 (December 18, 2019): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21106/ijma.302.

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Background: The African continent accounts for over 70% of people infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The HIV sero-prevalence rate in Africa is estimated at 4.3%. In developed countries, such as France, pneumocystis is indicative of AIDS in 30% of patients; however, in Africa, pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is the most-documented opportunistic infection (OI) and the leading cause of death in HIV-infected patients. In 2016, Cameroon had 32,000 new cases of OI and 29,000 deaths as a result of these infections. However, there is little existing data on the epidemiological profile of OIs in Cameroon, which is why we conducted this study in accredited HIV treatment centers and care/ treatment units in the two cities of Douala and Yaounde, Cameroon. Methods: This was a retrospective descriptive and analytical study carried out in 12 accredited HIV treatment centers in the cities of Yaound

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47

Viktorova, I. B., V. N. Zimina, S. Yu Degtyareva, and A. V. Kravtchenko. "Respiratory diseases in HIV-infected patients (review)." Journal Infectology 12, no. 4 (October 17, 2020): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22625/2072-6732-2020-12-4-5-18.

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The review presents information on epidemiology, clinical, laboratory and radiological manifestations of infectious and malignant respiratory diseases in HIV-infected patients.The data on the most common infections (communityacquired pneumonia, tuberculosis, Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia) and malignant diseases (Kaposhi’s sarcoma, lymphomas) as well as less frequent diseases (CMV-infection, MAC-infection, fungal pneumonias) are presented.The article contains facts about the incidence of pulmonary diseases according to the severity of HIV-associated immunodeficiency. This review also presents current information on the diagnostic criteria, treatment regimens and secondary prophylaxis for HIV-associated respiratory infections and malignancies. The specialties of ART initiation in definite cases of opportunistic infections and ART assignment during the diagnostic period are highlighted.The growing number of HIV-infected patients and the wide spectrum of possible pulmonary diseases argue the need for optimal clinical approach to HIV-infected patients with respiratory lesions for various physicians (general practitioners, pulmonologists and phthisiatricians).

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YAN, Y. X., Y. Q. GAO, X. SUN, W. WANG, X. J. HUANG, T. ZHANG, M. LI, C. P. ZANG, Z. C. LI, and H. WU. "Prevalence of hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B virus infections in HIV-positive Chinese patients." Epidemiology and Infection 139, no. 3 (July 2, 2010): 354–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268810001597.

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SUMMARYTo evaluate the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and/or hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections in HIV-infected patients in China, an epidemiological serosurvey was conducted from May 2007 to September 2008 using a random cluster sampling design of infectious disease hospitals in seven high HIV-prevalent provinces (municipalities). Univariate analysis and logistic regression were used to study the determinants of HIV and HBV and/or HCV co-infection. The overall prevalence was 41·83% (95% CI 40·36–43·30) for anti-HCV and 12·49% (95% CI 11·50–13·48) for HBsAg, respectively. The prevalence of anti-HCV and HBsAg varied according to the route of HIV transmission. Compared to those with sexually acquired HIV infection, intravenous drug users and blood donors/recipients had the greatest risk of carrying anti-HCV. Needle sharing and unprotected sexual exposures are important modes of transmission for HBV. Further interventions including health education and harm reduction strategies should be implemented in high-risk populations.

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SCHMUTZHARD, ERICH, DIETER FUCHS, PAUL HENGSTER, ARNO HAUSEN, ARNO HAUSEN, JOHANNA HOFBAUER, PETER POHL, et al. "RETROVIRAL INFECTIONS (HIV-1, HIV-2, AND HTLV-I) IN RURAL NORTHWESTERN TANZANIA CLINICAL FINDINGS, EPIDEMIOLOGY, AND ASSOCIATION WITH INFECTIONS COMMON EN AFRICA." American Journal of Epidemiology 130, no. 2 (August 1989): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115337.

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50

Pszenny, A., J. Czerwiński, P. Malanowski, M. Łaba, P. Małkowski, and J. Wałaszewski. "HIV infections in deceased organ donors in Poland in years 1998–2008." HIV & AIDS Review 8, no. 2 (January 2009): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1730-1270(10)60032-x.

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