Academic literature on the topic 'HIV infections – Australia'
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Journal articles on the topic "HIV infections – Australia"
1
Mallitt, Kylie-Ann, David P. Wilson, Ann McDonald, and Handan Wand. "HIV incidence trends vary between jurisdictions in Australia: an extended back-projection analysis of men who have sex with men." Sexual Health 9, no. 2 (2012): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh10141.
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Background Trends in HIV diagnoses differ across Australia and are primarily driven by men who have sex with men (MSM). We use national population surveillance data to estimate the incidence of HIV infections among MSM by jurisdiction and infer the proportion of undiagnosed infections. Methods: Annual surveillance data for AIDS diagnoses, HIV diagnoses and recently acquired HIV infections were obtained from 1980 to 2009. A modified statistical back-projection method was used to reconstruct HIV incidence by jurisdiction. Results: HIV incidence among MSM peaked for all jurisdictions in the early 1980s and then declined into the early 1990s, after which incidence increased. Trends then differ between jurisdictions. In New South Wales (NSW) and South Australia, estimated HIV incidence peaked at 371 and 50 cases respectively in 2003, and has since decreased to 258 and 24 cases respectively in 2009. HIV infections in Queensland (Qld) have more than doubled over the past decade, from 84 cases in 2000 to 192 cases in 2009. Victoria and Western Australia have seen a rise in HIV incidence from 2000 to 2006 (to a peak of 250 and 38 incident cases respectively), followed by a plateau to 2009. HIV incidence in the Northern Territory, Tasmania and Australian Capital Territory have increased since 2000; however, case numbers remain small (<20 per year). The estimated proportion of HIV infections not yet diagnosed to 2009 ranges from 10% (NSW) to 18% (Qld), with an average of 12% across Australia. Conclusions: HIV diagnosis trends among MSM in Australia reflect changes in estimated incidence to 2009, and reveal the largest increase in the past 10 years in Qld.
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Gray, Richard T., Jo Watson, Aaron J. Cogle, Don E. Smith, Jennifer F. Hoy, Lisa A. Bastian, Robert Finlayson, et al. "Funding antiretroviral treatment for HIV-positive temporary residents in Australia prevents transmission and is inexpensive." Sexual Health 15, no. 1 (2018): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh16237.
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Background The aim of this study is to estimate the reduction in new HIV infections and resultant cost outcomes of providing antiretroviral treatment (ART) through Australia’s ‘universal access’ health scheme to all temporary residents with HIV infection living legally in Australia, but currently deemed ineligible to access subsidised ART via this scheme. Methods: A mathematical model to estimate the number of new HIV infections averted and the associated lifetime costs over 5 years if all HIV-positive temporary residents in Australia had access to ART and subsidised medical care was developed. Input data came from a cohort of 180 HIV-positive temporary residents living in Australia who are receiving free ART donated by pharmaceutical companies for up to 4 years. Results: Expanding ART access to an estimated total 450 HIV+ temporary residents in Australia for 5 years could avert 80 new infections. The model estimated the total median discounted (5%) cost for ART and associated care to be A$36 million, while the total savings in lifetime-discounted costs for the new infections averted was A$22 million. Conclusions: It is estimated that expanded access to ART for all HIV-positive temporary residents in Australia will substantially reduce HIV transmission to their sexual partners at little additional cost. In the context of Australia’s National HIV strategy and Australia’s endorsement of global goals to provide universal access to ART for all people with HIV, this is an important measure to remove inequities in the provision of HIV-related treatment and care.
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Wilson, David P., Alexander Hoare, David G. Regan, and Matthew G. Law. "Importance of promoting HIV testing for preventing secondary transmissions: modelling the Australian HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men." Sexual Health 6, no. 1 (2009): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh08081.
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Background: We address the research questions: (i) what proportion of new HIV infections is transmitted from people who are (a) undiagnosed, (b) in primary HIV infection (PHI), (c) on antiretroviral therapy?; and (ii) what is the expected epidemiological impact of (a) increasing the proportion of newly acquired HIV infections receiving early treatment, and (b) increasing HIV testing rates? Methods: We used a mathematical model to simulate HIV transmission in the population of men who have sex with men (MSM) in Australia. We calibrated the model using established biological and clinical data and a wide range of Australian MSM epidemiological and behavioural data sources. Results: We estimate that ~19% of all new HIV infections are transmitted from the ~3% of Australian HIV-infected MSM who are in PHI; ~31% of new HIV infections are estimated to be transmitted from the ~9% of MSM with undiagnosed HIV. We estimate that the average number of infections caused per HIV-infected MSM through the duration of PHI is ~0.14–0.28. Conclusions: The epidemiological impact of increasing treatment in PHI would be modest due to insufficient detection of newly-infected individuals. In contrast, increases in HIV testing rates could have substantial epidemiological consequences. The benefit of testing will also increase over time. Promoting increases in the coverage and frequency of testing for HIV could be a highly-effective public health intervention, but the population-level impact of interventions based on promoting early treatment of patients diagnosed in PHI is likely to be small. Treating PHI requires further evaluation of its long-term effects on HIV-infected individuals.
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David Lum, Gary. "Problems in diagnosing sexually transmitted infections in remote Australia." Microbiology Australia 28, no. 1 (2007): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma07017.
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Times are changing. The National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Sexual Health and Blood Borne Virus Strategy 2005-2008 provides current commentary on the problems facing Australia?s Indigenous population. While the rates of sexually transmitted infections have always been higher in Indigenous Australians, there is some evidence of increasing rates of HIV infection. The rate of Chlamydia infection in non-Indigenous Australians has doubled between 1999 and 2003, while the rate of infection in some populations of Indigenous Australians has moved from 658 per 100 000 to 1140 per 100 000 population. Indigenous Australians are forty-times more likely to be infected with the gonococcus than non-Indigenous Australian men and women. It should not be surprising that Indigenous Australian rates of syphilis are unacceptably high at ~250 per 100 000 population and almost non-existent in the non-Indigenous population.
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Drummond, Peter D., Ayse Mizan, and Bernadette Wright. "HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitudes among West African immigrant women in Western Australia." Sexual Health 5, no. 3 (2008): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh07077.
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Background: Most women who live in sub-Saharan countries have heard of HIV/AIDS, but there is still widespread misunderstanding about how HIV is spread, the consequences of infection, and how to protect against infection. The aim of the present study was to investigate knowledge about HIV and attitudes towards condom use in West African refugees who had settled in Perth, Western Australia, within the past 5 years. Methods: Knowledge about transmission of HIV, myths about how HIV is spread, incorrect beliefs about protective factors, the effectiveness of condoms in protecting against sexually transmissible infections, and attitudes towards condom use were investigated by survey in 51 West African women, and in 100 Australian women for comparison. Where possible, each West African woman was matched for age and level of education with an Australian woman. Results: Knowledge of HIV was poorest in the least educated West African women, but many of the more highly educated women also had misconceptions about how HIV is spread, how to protect against HIV, and the effectiveness of condoms in protecting against HIV. Moreover, most West African women held negative attitudes towards condom use. Within the Australian sample, HIV knowledge was greatest in women with tertiary qualifications, and was greater in younger than older women; in addition, attitudes towards condom use differed across the age span. Conclusions: The findings in the present study suggest that educational programs that focus on knowledge about HIV should be tailored to meet the needs and cultural sensitivities of newly emerging immigrant communities, and should target particular demographic groups within the Australian population.
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Jansson, James, Cliff C. Kerr, and David P. Wilson. "Predicting the population impact of increased HIV testing and treatment in Australia." Sexual Health 11, no. 2 (2014): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh13069.
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Introduction The treatment as prevention strategy has gained popularity as a way to reduce the incidence of HIV by suppressing viral load such that transmission risk is decreased. The effectiveness of the strategy also requires early diagnosis. Methods: Informed by data on the influence of diagnosis and treatment on reducing transmission risk, a model simulated the impact of increasing testing and treatment rates on the expected incidence of HIV in Australia under varying assumptions of treatment efficacy and risk compensation. The model utilises Australia’s National HIV Registry data, and simulates disease progression, testing, treatment, transmission and mortality. Results: Decreasing the average time between infection and diagnosis by 30% is expected to reduce population incidence by 12% (~126 cases per year, 95% confidence interval (CI): 82–198). Treatment of all people living with HIV with CD4 counts <500 cells μL–1 is expected to reduce new infections by 30.9% (95% CI: 15.9–37.6%) at 96% efficacy if no risk compensation occurs. The number of infections could increase up to 12.9% (95% CI: 20.1–7.4%) at 26% efficacy if a return to prediagnosis risk levels occur. Conclusion: Treatment as prevention has the potential to prevent HIV infections but its effectiveness depends on the efficacy outside trial settings among men who have sex with men and the level of risk compensation. If antiretroviral therapy has high efficacy, risk compensation will not greatly change the number of infections. If the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy is low, risk compensation could lead to increased infections.
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Guy, Rebecca J., Ann M. McDonald, Mark J. Bartlett, Jo C. Murray, Carolien M. Giele, Therese M. Davey, Ranil D. Appuhamy, et al. "Characteristics of HIV diagnoses in Australia, 1993-2006." Sexual Health 5, no. 2 (2008): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh07070.
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Objective: To describe recent trends in the diagnosis of HIV infection in Australia. Methods: National HIV surveillance data from 1993 to 2006 were analysed with a focus on geographic differences by HIV exposure route and late presentation (HIV within 3 months of a first AIDS-defining illness or a CD4 count of less than 200 cells μL–1). Results: In 1993–99, the number of HIV diagnoses declined by 32%, and then increased by 39% from 1999 to 2006. From 2000 onwards, rates increased significantly in Victoria, Queensland, South Australia and Western Australia. The most frequently reported routes of HIV exposure were male to male sex (71%) and heterosexual contact (18%), and the population rate of diagnoses have increased in both categories. Among the cases reported as heterosexually acquired (n = 2199), 33% were in people born in a high-prevalence country and 19% in those with partners from a high-prevalence country. Late presentation was most frequent in heterosexually acquired infections in persons who had a partner from a high-prevalence country: 32% compared with 20% overall. Conclusions: Recent increases in annual numbers of HIV diagnoses in Australia underline the continuing need for HIV-prevention programs, particularly among men having male to male sex. Early diagnosis and access to care and treatment should also be emphasised, as a substantial proportion of people with HIV infection are unaware of their status until late in the course of disease.
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Middleton, Melanie G., Andrew E. Grulich, Ann M. McDonald, Basil Donovan, Jane S. Hocking, and John M. Kaldor. "Could sexually transmissible infections be contributing to the increase in HIV infections among men who have sex with men in Australia?" Sexual Health 5, no. 2 (2008): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh07086.
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Background: To review existing data on sexually transmissible infections (STI) in men who have sex with men in Australia in order to determine the possible contribution of STI to diverging trends in HIV notifications in different states. Methods: We reviewed data from multiple sources, including routine national surveillance data, laboratory surveillance data, self-reported information on STI testing in men who have sex with men and ad hoc reports of STI prevalence. Results: We found increasing rates of gonorrhoea and infectious syphilis notifications in urban men in Australia between 1997 and 2006, and increasing rates of chlamydia notifications in men aged 30–49 years. There was little difference in these trends by state. Differences in the population groups sampled meant we were unable to gain further information on trends in men who have sex with men from these studies. Data on STI testing showed an increase in anal STI testing between 2003 and 2006, which may have increased the number of diagnoses of chlamydia and gonorrhoea for men who have sex with men during this period. Conclusions: Over the past 10 years, there has been a substantial increase in diagnoses of gonorrhoea and infectious syphilis, and probably chlamydia, in men who have sex with men in Australia. However, it is unlikely that changes in the pattern of STI transmission are responsible for the recent divergence in HIV rates between Australian states because there is little evidence that trends in STI also differ by state.
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Heymer, Kelly-Jean, Matthias Wentzlaff-Eggebert, Elissa Mortimer, and David P. Wilson. "An economic case for providing free access to antiretroviral therapy for HIV-positive people in South Australia." Sexual Health 9, no. 3 (2012): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh10148.
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Background As financial constraints can be a barrier to accessing HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART), we argue for the removal of copayment requirements from HIV medications in South Australia. Methods: Using a simple mathematical model informed by available behavioural and biological data and reflecting the HIV epidemiology in South Australia, we calculated the expected number of new HIV transmissions caused by persons who are not currently on ART compared with transmissions for people on ART. The extra financial investment required to cover the copayments to prevent an HIV infection was compared with the treatment costs saved due to averting HIV infections. Results: It was estimated that one HIV infection is prevented per year for every 31.4 persons (median, 24.0–42.7 interquartile range (IQR)) who receive treatment. By considering the incremental change in costs and outcomes of a change in program from the current status quo, it would cost the health sector $17 860 per infection averted (median, $13 651–24 287 IQR) if ART is provided as a three-dose, three-drug combination without requirements for user-pay copayments. Conclusions: The costs of removing copayment fees for ART are less than the costs of treating extra HIV infections that would result under current conditions. Removing the copayment requirement for HIV medication would be cost-effective from a governmental perspective.
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Bennett, Charles L., Lauren E. Frohlich, Kathryn R. McCaffrey, June M. McKoy, Glenn E. Ramsey, and Julia S. Lindenberg. "National Responses to HIV Versus HCV-Infection from Virally Contaminated Blood Products among Persons with Hemophilia (PWH): More Different Than Alike." Blood 106, no. 11 (November 16, 2005): 3213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.3213.3213.
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Abstract Background: 95% of HIV- and HCV-infections among PWHs occurred with use of contaminated blood products prior to 1985. Overall, 20% to 90% of PWHs in developed countries have HIV- and/or HCV-infection. We compared country-specific public health approaches, judicial activities, and compensation for these viral infections. Methods: Reports from hemophilia organizations, national ministries of health, published articles, and the World Federation of Hemophilia were reviewed. Results: Except for the United States, the number of PWHs who developed HCV-infection from contaminated blood products was 1.5 to 3-fold as great as for HIV-infection- as a result of delayed use of heat-treated blood products, importation in late 1984 of HCV-infected non-heat treated blood products from the United States, and failure to use surrogate laboratory marker hepatitis screening tests. Compensation funds for HIV-infected PWHs were established in Japan ($521,000 at Dx); France ($305,000 at Dx; $102,000 for AIDS); the United States ($115,000 at Dx); Ireland ($106,000 at Dx); the United Kingdom ($55,000 at Dx); Australia ($48,000 at Dx); Canada ($13,000 at Dx/$18,000/yr); Germany ($12,000/yr for HIV; $24,000/yr for AIDS); and Italy ($6,000/yr; $82,000 at death). Compensation has also been provided to HCV-infected PWHs in Ireland ($266,000 at Dx); Canada ($251,000 at Dx); the United Kingdom ($33,000 at Dx; $42,000 if w/liver damage); and Italy ($10,000/yr; $37,000 at death). Conclusions: In most developed countries, despite a greater number of HCV-versus HIV-infected PWHs, markedly less attention has been paid to HCV-infected PWHs. All countries should review HCV-related blood safety decisions made in the 1980s and consider providing compensation to HCV-infected PWHs. A comparison of national responses to HIV and HCV infections from blood products Country -PWH (thousands) % PWH with HIV:HCV Man-dated HIV ELISA (date) Man-dated heat Rx factor (date) Anti-HBc marker screening (date) Nat’l Funds for HIV/HCV among PWHs (year) Nat’l Panels for HIV/HCV decisions (year) USA-20 50%:30% Mar 85 Oct 84 Oct 84 96/none 95/none Italy- 8.7 23%:55% Mar 85 Jul 85 None 92/98 92/05 GDR- 6 47%:90% Oct 85 Oct 85 None 95/none 94/none UK-6 28%:80% Oct 85 Jun 85 None 88/03 87/05 France-4 50%:90% Aug 85 Oct 85 None 89/none 91/none Japan-3.4 60%:90% Nov 86 Jun 86 None 88/none 96/none Canada-2 40%:88% Nov 85 Jul 85 None 89/98 97/none Australia-1.5 31%:90% May 85 Jan 85 None 89/none 88/none Ireland-0.3 36%:76% Oct 85 Feb 85 None 91/97 91/97
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "HIV infections – Australia"
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Petoumenos, Kathy Public Health & Community Medicine Faculty of Medicine UNSW. "Treatment experience and HIV disease progression: findings from the Australian HIV observational database." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Public Health and Community Medicine, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/24937.
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The Australian HIV Observational Database (AHOD) is a collaboration of hospitals, sexual health clinics and specialist general practices throughout Australia, established in April 1999. Core data variables collected include demographic data, immunological and virological markers, AIDS diagnosis, antiretroviral and prophylactic treatment and cause of death. The first electronic data transfer occurred in September 1999 followed by six monthly data transfers thereafter. All analyses included in this thesis are based on patients recruited to AHOD by March 2004. By March 2004, 2329 patients had been recruited to AHOD from 27 sites throughout Australia. Of these, 352 (15%) patients were recruited from non-metropolitan clinics. The majority of patients were male (94%), and infected with HIV through male homosexual contact (73%). Almost 90% of AHOD patients are antiretroviral treatment experience, and the majority of patients are receiving triple therapy as mandated by standard of care guidelines in Australia. Antiretroviral treatment use has changed in Australia reflecting changes in the availability of new treatment strategies and agents. The crude mortality rate was 1.58 per 100 person years, and of the 105 deaths, more than half died from HIV-unrelated deaths. The prevalence of HBV and HCV in AHOD was 4.8% and 10.9%, respectively. HIV disease progression in the era of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) among AHOD patients is consistent with what has been reported in developed countries. Common factors associated with HIV disease progression were low CD4 cell count, high viral load and prior treatment with mono or double therapy at the time of commencing HAART. This was demonstrated in AHOD in terms of long-term CD4 cell response, the rate of changing combination antiretroviral therapy and factors predicting death. HBV and HCV coinfection is also relatively common in AHOD, similar to other developed country cohorts. Coinfection does not appear to be serious impediments to the treatment of HIV infected patients. However, HIV disease outcome following HAART does appear to be adversely affected by HIV/HCV coinfection but not in terms of HIV/HBV coinfection. Patients attending non-metropolitan sites were found to be similar to those attending metropolitan sites in terms of both immunological response and survival.
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O'Keefe, Elissa J., and n/a. "Young, sexually active, senior high school women in the australian Capital Territory: prevalence and risk factors for genital Human papillomavirus infection." University of Canberra. Health Sciences, 2004. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060410.140559.
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An association between persistent Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in women
and cervical cancer has been established. Young women are particularly at risk of
acquiring sexually transmitted infections such as HPV because of risky sexual activity
and physiological immaturity. While at risk though, young women have been shown
to be amenable to health promoting initiatives. There are a small number of
international studies concerning adolescent HPV infection and the risk factors
associated with infection, but there is currently no evidence on the prevalence and risk
factors for HPV in an Australian, sexually active female adolescent population. This
study aimed to provide evidence of the prevalence of HPV, risk factors associated
with infection and the patterns of sexual activity in a female sexually active, senior
high school population in the Australian Capital Territory.
Participants in this study were a convenience sample of 161 sexually active 16-19
year old females who had an HPV test who were attending a senior high school in the
Australian Capital Territory. Nurses and doctors using a clinical record collected
information about sexual and other risk behaviours. Self-obtained vaginal swabs were
tested for HPV DNA using the polymerase chain reaction method and genotyping was
undertaken.
The HPV prevalence in this cohort of young women was 1 1.2%. High-risk genotypes
were found in 55.5% and multiple genotypes were found in 38.8%. There was a
significant association found between HPV infection and having had more than one
male partner with whom vaginal intercourse had occurred in the previous six months.
No statistically significant association was found between HPV and the age of
coitarche, length of time young women had been sexually active, condom use, and
smoking or alcohol intake. A young age at coitarche was common for this group.
Smoking and alcohol use was seen in large proportions in this group.
This is the first Australian study that has examined the prevalence and risk factors for
genital HPV in this demographic group. The HPV prevalence is lower than in
international studies in comparable groups, in similar age groups and much lower than
in older women both in Australia and overseas. With the comparatively low
prevalence comes an opportunity for important public health interventions for this
group including routine Pap smears, vaccination against the high-risk types of HPV
when this becomes available and strategies for young women to reduce their number
of male sexual partners. A substantial amount of young women in this study were
sexually active aged under 16 years. Whilst this was not identified as being a risk
factor in this study, it is both a health and personal safety issue for these young
women. There is a demonstrated need for health promotion strategies for this cohort
about the consumption of safe levels of alcohol and for smoking cessation. Further
research is recommended that includes a repetition of this study with a larger sample,
the use of a prospective study design to identify trends in infection and examination of
HPV prevalence and risk factors for a variety of populations.
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Nakhaee, Fatemeh Public Health & Community Medicine Faculty of Medicine UNSW. "Modelling survival following HIV and AIDS in Australia." 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/40661.
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To obtain more complete mortality data following HIV and AIDS diagnosis in Australia, HIV/AIDS diagnoses between 1980 and 2003 were linked to the National Death Index. Based on 6900 known deaths, and 1455 known non-deaths, sensitivity and specificity of the linkage was estimated to be 82% and 92% respectively. Mortality rates were compared by calendar period, pre-ART (<1990), pre- and early-HAART (1990-1996) and late-HAART (1997-2003). Mortality following AIDS decreased from 590.2/1000 person years pre-ART to 77.4 during the late-HAART period. Mortality following HIV diagnosis prior to AIDS increased from 9.7 to 20.2/1000 person years. The total number living with diagnosed HIV infection in Australia was estimated to have increased from 7873 at the end of 1989 to 12828 in 2003. Risk factors for survival following HIV and AIDS diagnosis were assessed using Cox regression. Age >40 years and certain HIV exposure results were associated with poorer survival following HIV. Predictors of poorer survival following AIDS were age >40 years, females exposed to HIV through receipt of blood, CD4 count <20 and certain AIDS illnesses. Parametric models of survival following HIV and AIDS diagnosis were assessed using likelihood based criteria. Goodness of fit was assessed by comparing observed with model predicted numbers of deaths. Weibull models were found to fit best to both survival following HIV and AIDS. Parametric survival models were used to project deaths after HIV and AIDS across three scenarios of HAART usage. Deaths following HIV were projected to remain low, but to increase from 223 in 2005 to 288, 292 and 282 in 2010 if the HAART usage remains stable at 2005 levels, increases to 70% of all people with diagnosed HIV by 2010 and decreases to 39% of all people with diagnosed HIV respectively. Deaths after AIDS diagnosis were projected to increase unless if HAART usage increases to 100% of AIDS diagnoses by 2010.
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Gao, Zhanhai. "Modelling human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus epidemics in Australia /." 2001. http://www.library.unsw.edu.au/~thesis/adt-NUN/public/adt-NUN20020321.114225/index.html.
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Mackie, Brent Donalson School of Arts UNSW. "Selling safe smut?? a research project exploring the effectiveness of sexually explicit HIV/AIDS prevention education campaigns in engaging Sydney gay men." 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41461.
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This project critically examines the question Are HIV/AIDS prevention campaigns more effective at engaging gay men if they use colloquial language and sexually explicit imagery? by investigating the impact of sexually explicit campaigns on the Sydney gay community. The project approaches the question in three parts: 1. A review of literature exploring the circumstances in which and for what reasons sexually explicit HIV/AIDS campaigns are produced. 2. An analysis of seven interviews with producers of HIV prevention campaigns exploring how, why, where and for what reasons explicit campaigns are produced. 3. An analysis of eight interviews with homosexually active Sydney men exploring how HIV prevention campaigns are viewed, consumed and understood. The interviews were in-depth, semi-structured and conducted over one hour per interviewee. The findings are dominated by two interrelated and at times conflicting themes. First, that there is a strongly held belief by campaign producers that the most effective HIV prevention campaigns targeting gay men are produced by the community and reflect that community and as a result must at times be sexually explicit. Second, that it is no longer sufficient for HIV prevention campaigns to rely on explicit sex to attract attention. In an environment where visual images, and sexually explicit visual images especially, are becoming more accessible, and media and communication is more prevalent and complex, safe sex campaigns are forced to deliver ever more sophisticated and stimulating creative materials in order to maintain the engagement of gay men. The interviews revealed that both campaign producers and consumers participated in the production of a visual literacy of safe sex campaigns. This literacy was necessary to both effectively produce and comprehend the campaigns. The interviews showed that while HIV prevention campaigns that use sexually explicit language and imagery can be highly effective at engaging gay men, the success of sexually explicit campaigns is contextual that is, dependent on where, to whom and in what circumstances the materials are delivered. The audience??s accumulation of knowledge and cultural experience when viewing the campaigns, in other words their safe sex campaign literacy, significantly influenced their capacity to understand, appreciate and be engaged with sexually explicit HIV prevention campaigns.
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Miller, Emma Ruth. "HCV infection in South Australian prisoners : prevalence, transmission, risk factors and prospects for harm reduction." 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/37857.
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This thesis aimed to describe the epidemiology of HCV in South Australian prisons - prevalence, transmission and risk factors. This thesis also aimed to determine the impact of incarceration on reported risk behaviours. A related objective was to evaluate the epidemiological effectiveness of the ELISA - 3 HCV antibody test using PCR as the gold standard. Finally, this thesis aimed to explore the potential for minimising HCV risk in the South Australian prison population. Methods: Two case note audits were conducted at each of eight publicly operated SA prisons ( in summer and winter ) to identify any documented HCV - antibody test results. Prisoners recruited at entry to prison were offered tests for HCV - antibody and completed a pre - entry risk factor survey. Participants completed additional risk factor surveys and ( if HCV - negative at last test ) underwent further antibody tests at three - monthly intervals for up to 15 months. A sample of participants also provided blood specimens for HCV - RNA testing. Limited stakeholder consultations with prison officers and nurses were also conducted. Quantitative data were analysed using univariate and multivariate techniques. Results: 1347 case notes were audited in summer, and 1347 in winter and an overall HCV prevalence of 42 % was estimated. In both univariate and multivariate analyses, HCV prevalence was significantly higher in female prisoners ( 65 % ), those aged above 28 years ( 48 % ), and in Indigenous prisoners originating from metropolitan areas ( 56 % ). Indigenous prisoners originating from remote areas had significantly lower HCV prevalence ( 20 % ). 666 prisoners were recruited at entry, and 42 % were estimated to be HCV - antibody positive. Three seroconversions were noted in 151 initially HCV - seronegative negative individuals followed up for a median time of 121 days - a rate 4.6 per 100 person years - but community exposure could not be ruled out. Overall agreement between HCV - antibody and HCV - RNA assays was 86 % ( 100% in the HCV negative samples ) - kappa = 0.71. Injecting history was highly prevalent in prison entrants ( 70 % ) and both community and prison injecting ( but not tattooing ) were independent predictors of entry HCV status. Prison history was also independently associated with entry HCV status. Injecting in prison during the study was infrequently reported, but significantly more likely in those testing HCV - antibody positive at prison entry ( risk ratio = 2.48, P = 0.046 ). Stakeholders were most supportive of strategies to increase education and to minimise risks associated with hair clippers, but did not support most other suggested preventive strategies. Other issues related to communicable diseases and infection control were explored in the stakeholder interviews. Conclusions: HCV prevalence in South Australian prisoners is extremely high and may have contributed to a ' ceiling effect ' , minimising the seroconversion rate observed in this population. Injecting is relatively infrequently reported in prison, but more likely in those already infected with HCV. Thus, contaminated injecting equipment represents a significant threat to other prisoners and prison staff. Strategies aimed at reducing HCV risk in prisons, which address the concerns of those expected to implement them, are proposed in this thesis.Thesis (Ph.D.)--School of Population Health and Clinical Practice, 2006.
Books on the topic "HIV infections – Australia"
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Western Australia. Communicable Disease Control Branch. HIV/AIDS & sexually transmitted infections: Education & prevention plan for Western Australia. Shenton Park, W.A: Communicable Disease Control Branch, Dept. of Health, 2002.
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Intercountry Workshop on the Role of the Broadcast Media in the Prevention and Control of HIV Infection and AIDS (1990 Sydney, N.S.W.). Intercountry Workshop on the Role of the Broadcast Media in the Prevention and Control of HIV Infection and AIDS, Sydney, Australia 26-30 March 1990: Report. Manila, Philippines: The Office, 1990.
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Object matters: Condoms, adolescence, and time. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2008.
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Gay Science: Intimate Experiments with the Problem of HIV. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.
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Race, Kane. Gay Science: Intimate Experiments with the Problem of HIV. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.
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Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for the Prevention of HIV Infection in Australia - 2016. Australasian Society for HIV, Viral Hepatitis and Sexual Health Medicine (ASHM), 2016.
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Vitellone, Nicole. Object matters: Condoms, adolescence and time. Manchester University Press, 2013.
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HIV infection and AIDS: Present status and future prospects for prevention, treatment and cure : proceedings of the 1991 Annual General Meeting of the Australian Academy of Science. Canberra, ACT: Australian Academy of Science, 1991.
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Thun, Michael J., Christopher P. Wild, and Graham Colditz. Framework for Understanding Cancer Prevention. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0061.
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The worldwide increase in the number of people affected by cancer and the costs of cancer care has increased the urgency of efforts to translate knowledge about the causes of cancer into effective preventive interventions. A wide range of interventions has proven to be effective for cancer prevention, either by reducing exposure to known causes of human cancer or by disrupting the multistage progression of tumors. Examples of progress include the up to 40% decrease in the age-standardized lung cancer incidence rate among men in high- and middle-income countries due to tobacco control; the 30% decrease in colorectal cancer incidence in the United States from widespread screening and the removal of precursor adenomatous tumors; the decreased prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in East Asia due to neonatal vaccination; and protection against excessive sun exposure and decreased incidence of melanoma and keratinocytic carcinomas in Australia.
Book chapters on the topic "HIV infections – Australia"
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Solé, Ricard, and Santiago F. Elena. "Epidemics." In Viruses as Complex Adaptive Systems, 120–48. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691158846.003.0005.
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It has been argued that epidemics have played a major role in human history. For example, the arrival of the British in Australia triggered a deadly wave of smallpox infections, with the estimated death of half of the indigenous Australians. The same virus wiped out the population of Easter Island, and measles eliminated a third of the inhabitants of Fiji. New threats have also emerged as human populations explode and pressure on ecosystems crosses sustainability thresholds. In order to understand how to deal with epidemics and eradicate them, there is a need to first understand how they spread. This chapter begins with a discussion of epidemic modeling, specifically the SIS model. It then covers the SIS model in space and graphs, modeling HIV-1 transmission, and halting viruses in scale-free networks.
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Smallman-Raynor, Matthew, and Andrew Cliff. "Mortality and Morbidity in Modern Wars, I: Civil Populations." In War Epidemics. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198233640.003.0013.
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In this chapter, we examine the time trends that have occurred in the causes of morbidity and mortality in civil populations over the last century and a half. Particular attention is paid to the period since 1900 when international comparative data become readily available. We begin with two case studies—of Australia, and England and Wales—to establish the main trends affecting the advanced economies over this period. Next, using data collected by Alderson (1981), we extend our analysis to 31 countries to give global coverage. We look first at the statistical evidence of change. It is shown that mortality and morbidity from all causes have declined. Since 1850, it is the infectious diseases which have witnessed the most spectacular falls in their contribution to total mortality and morbidity. Within the general decline, however, sharp upturns in both mortality and morbidity from infectious diseases occur during times of war. In the second half of the chapter, we examine some of the factors which lie behind the declines. Notwithstanding the general falls, in recent years there has been a revolution of interest in infectious diseases arising from a sharp resurgence of both old and new diseases. The former include drug-resistant strains of tuberculosis and the latter HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). The disease setting is also evolving with environmental change and increased human interaction. And so the chapter is concluded with an assessment of the potential significance of infectious diseases in the present century in times of peace and war. In Australia, notifiable diseases data are collected by states and territories under their public health legislation; collection has taken place on a regular basis since 1917. The legislation has required medical practitioners and some other classes of people to notify health authorities of the number of cases recorded of certain communicable and other diseases. The resulting data were published in the Medical Journal of Australia from 1917 to 1922, Health, 1924 to 1939, and in the Commonwealth Year Book since 1945. Additionally, the Commonwealth Department of Health and its successors have published an annual compilation of notifiable diseases data in the Department’s Annual Report.
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Cliff, A. D., M. R. Smallman-Raynor, P. Haggett, D. F. Stroup, and S. B. Thacker. "Temporal Trends in Disease Emergence and Re-emergence: World Regions, 1850–2006." In Infectious Diseases: A Geographical Analysis. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199244737.003.0019.
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In Chapters 4–8, we have examined a series of processes that, often working in combination, have served to precipitate the emergence and re-emergence of infectious and parasitic disease agents in the human population. In this chapter, we conclude our survey with an analysis of temporal trends in disease emergence and re-emergence since 1850. The discussion is informed by long-term shifts in the underlying causes of mortality encapsulated in Omran’s model of epidemiological transition (Section 1.4.1), paying particular attention to the manner in which sample infectious and parasitic diseases have waxed and waned at a variety of geographical scales from the global to the local over the last ∼150 years. Our choice of examples strikes a balance between coverage of geographical regions and epidemiological environments, and coverage of important diseases that we have not so far examined in detail. Our consideration is structured by geographical scale: (1) At the global level, we discuss three major human diseases that have undergone phases of rapid global expansion since 1850—plague, cholera, and HIV/AIDS (Section 9.2). (2) At the regional level, we examine twentieth-century trends in general infectious disease mortality in the advanced economies of Europe, North America, and the South Pacific, 1901–75, before looking at time sequences for sample emerging (Ebola–Marburg) and cyclically re-emerging (meningococcal) diseases in sub-Saharan Africa (Section 9.3). (3) At the national level, we use Hall’s (1993) data to establish the main trends in morbidity due to infectious diseases in Australia, 1917–91 (Section 9.4). (4) At the local level, we extend our examination of long-term disease trends in London, described for the pre-1850 period in Section 2.4, into the late twentieth century (Section 9.5). The chapter is concluded in Section 9.6. In this section, we examine long-term trends in three major human infectious diseases that have undergone phases of global expansion in the last 150 years: plague (Section 9.2.1); cholera (Section 9.2.2); and HIV/AIDS (Section 9.2.3).
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Silverstein, Jordana. "His happy go lucky attitude is infectious’: Australian imaginings of unaccompanied child refugees, 1970s–1980s." In Refugee Journeys: Histories of Resettlement, Representation and Resistance, 71–88. ANU Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22459/rj.2021.03.
Full textConference papers on the topic "HIV infections – Australia"
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Allen, C., C. Fairley, M. Chen, K. Maddaford, J. Ong, D. Williamson, and E. Chow. "O08.1 Oropharyngeal gonorrhoea infections among females and heterosexual males with genital gonorrhoea attending a sexual health clinic in Melbourne, Australia." In Abstracts for the STI & HIV World Congress, July 14–17 2021. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2021-sti.92.
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Harney, Brendan, Agius P, Roth N, Tee BK, Fairley CK, Chow Epf, D. Leslie, Stoové M, and El-Hayek C. "O14.1 Risk of hiv following repeat sexually transmissible infections among men who have sex with men in victoria, australia." In STI and HIV World Congress Abstracts, July 9–12 2017, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2017-053264.78.
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Cornelisse, Vincent, Denton Callander, Christopher Fairley, and Darren Russell. "P446 Use of antibiotic prophylaxis for sexually transmitted infections among gay and bisexual men in australia." In Abstracts for the STI & HIV World Congress (Joint Meeting of the 23rd ISSTDR and 20th IUSTI), July 14–17, 2019, Vancouver, Canada. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2019-sti.530.
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Seidl, S. "SCREENING PROCEDURES TO PREVENT TRANSMISSION OF HEPATITIS B, NON-A,NON-B, AND AIDS BY BLOOD TRANSFUSION." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644753.
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Although the number of infectious agents capable of being transmitted through blood and blood products is vast, only a few cause problems in recipients of a magnitude which warrants the need for screening tests. The most important agents are Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Hepatitis non-A,non-B (HNANB) - agents causing posttransfusion hepatitis (PTH) and the human immundeficiency viruses (HIV) responsible for transfusion associated AIDS (TAA).PTH: Prospective studies in open-heart-surgery patients demonstrated a high prevalence (8-17%) *in Spain, Italy, the United States and Israel whereas low percentages (2-5%) were observed in Australia, Finland and West-Germany. Among haemophiliacs acute and chronic hepatitis is a rather frequent complication. Serologic markers of HBV infection have been observed in the majority of patients. Since HBsAg screening has been introduced most cases of PTH (>90%) are due to infection with HNANB-agents. For this type of hepatitis no specific assay exists. It has been suggested that surrogate tests (ALT, anti-HBc screening) might serve as interim screening measure. In prospective studies in the USA a correlation has been observed between donor ALT and recipient hepatitis, but not more than 30% of PTH can be prevented at a loss of 1,5 to 3,0% of the donor population. Similar data have been reported when blood donors were screened for anti-HBc. There was a significantly higher incidence of PTH in recipients receiving at least one unit of anti HBc positive blood. This was recently confirmed in a study in which patients received blood with ALT-levels below 30 IU/ml. The incidence of HNANB was 2,1% after transfusion with anti HBc negative blood whereas 10,1% developed HNANB when anti HB positive blood was transfused (P=< 0.0001). However, these two markers (ALT, anti HBc) do not identify the same NANB carrier population. - ALT screening and testing for anti-HBc have been recently instituted in the USA as “surrogate tests” for detecting HNANB carriers.TAA: Among the total number of AIDS cases there ist a small percentage caused by transfusion of blood and blood products. In the USA approximately 2% of TAA have been reported, 1 % of AIDS patients are haemophiliacs but the majority of haemophiliacs are HIV-antibody positive. According to a survey of the Council of Europe (March 1986) the percentages of HIV positive European haemophiliacs varies between 4 to 8% (Belgium, Norway) and 30 to 60% in other European countries. The number of TAA-cases is around 1%, AIDS among European haemophiliacs has been observed up to 5% of the total AIDS cases. - Screening for HIV antibodies in blood donors was introduced in most European countries and the USA in early summer 1985, but several thousands of recipients of HIV positive blood (issued before) are now virus carriers. This has been confirmed in “look back” programmes: A substantial number of recipient (50 to 90%) has been found to be HIV positive.-A major disadvantage of the HIV antibody test is the fact that antibodies appear several weeks after infection. The gap between infection and detecting HIV antibodies may be reduced by an antigen test, which recognizes the HIV infection as early as two weeks after infection. - The recent detection of HIV 2 implies the necessity of developing tests for the identification of variants of HIV.
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Pratami, Yustika Rahmawati, and Nurul Kurniati. "Sex Education Strategy for Adolescents: A Scoping Review." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.27.
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Background: Comprehensive Sexuality Education (CSE) plays an important role in preparing safe and productive lives of adolescents through understanding about HIV/ AIDS, sexually transmitted infections, unintended pregnancy, gender-based violence, and gender disparity. This scoping review aimed to investigate the appropriate method of sex education and information for adolescents. Subjects and Method: A scoping review method was conducted in eight stages including (1) Identification of study problems; (2) Determining priority problem and study question; (3) Determining framework; (4) Literature searching; (5) Article selection; (6) Critical appraisal; (7) Data extraction; and (8) Mapping. The research question was identified using population, exposure, and outcome(s) (PEOS) framework. The search included PubMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library, ProQuest, and EBSCO databases. The inclusion criteria were English-language and full-text articles published between 2009 and 2019. A total of 460 articles was obtained from the searched database. After the review process, twenty articles were eligible for this review. The data were reported by the PRISMA flow chart. Results: Eleven articles from developing countries (Nigeria, Thailand, Iran, California, Vietnam, Spain, South Africa, Indonesia) and nine articles from developed countries (USA, England, Australia) met the inclusion criteria with quantitative (cross-sectional, quasi-experiments, cohort, RCT) and qualitative design studies. The findings discussed available sources of sex education for adolescents including peers, school, media, and other adults. Digital media (internet and TV) contributed as preferable sources for adolescents. The parents and teacher’s involvement in providing sex education remained inadequate. Inappropriate sources of sex education like invalid information from the internet and other adults caused negative consequences on the sexual and reproductive health of children and adolescents. Conclusion: Parents-school partnership strategies play an important role in delivering appropriate information about sex education for children and adolescents. Keywords: digital media, sex education, parents, schools, adolescents Correspondence: Yustika Rahmawati Pratami. Jl. Siliwangi No. 63, Nogotirto, Gamping, Sleman, Yogyakarta, 55292. Email: yustikarahmawati068@gmail.com. Mobile: +6282198915596. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.27
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Hengel, B., L. Causer, A. Bright, H. McManus, S. McGregor, B. Donovan, J. Ward, and R. Guy. "P162 Increasing trends of infectious syphilis in women of childbearing age in Australia." In Abstracts for the STI & HIV World Congress, July 14–17 2021. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2021-sti.264.
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Aung, E., M. Chen, C. Fairley, N. Higgins, D. Williamson, J. Tomnay, K. Cook, et al. "P087 Spatial and temporal epidemiology of infectious syphilis in Victoria, Australia, 2015–2018." In Abstracts for the STI & HIV World Congress, July 14–17 2021. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2021-sti.217.
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Goller, J., J. Coombe, H. Bittleston, C. Bourne, D. Bateson, A. Vaisey, J. Tomnay, et al. "P095 General practitioner views towards patient delivered partner therapy for chlamydia infection in Australia." In Abstracts for the STI & HIV World Congress, July 14–17 2021. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2021-sti.224.
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Li, B., JS Hocking, P. Bi, C. Bell, A. Ward, and CK Fairley. "P3.26 The efficacy of azithromycin and doxycycline treatment for rectal chlamydial infection: a retrospective cohort study in south australia." In STI and HIV World Congress Abstracts, July 9–12 2017, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2017-053264.263.
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Carter, A., H. McManus, T. Vickers, J. Asselin, E. Chow, M. Chen, C. Fairley, et al. "P405 Identifying subgroups at higher risk of infectious syphilis in major Australian cities: Analysis of national sentinel surveillance data 2011–2018." In Abstracts for the STI & HIV World Congress, July 14–17 2021. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2021-sti.435.
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