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Journal articles on the topic 'HIV/Hepatitis C'
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Crobu, Maria Grazia, Paolo Ravanini, Clotilde Impaloni, Claudia Martello, Olivia Bargiacchi, Christian Di Domenico, Giulia Faolotto, et al. "Hepatitis C Virus as a Possible Helper Virus in Human Hepatitis Delta Virus Infection." Viruses 16, no. 6 (June 20, 2024): 992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v16060992.
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Previous studies reported that the hepatitis C virus (HCV) could help disseminate the hepatitis D virus (HDV) in vivo through the unrelated hepatitis B virus (HBV), but with essentially inconclusive results. To try to shed light on this still-debated topic, 146 anti-HCV-positive subjects (of whom 91 HCV/HIV co-infected, and 43 with prior HCV eradication) were screened for anti-HDV antibodies (anti-HD), after careful selection for negativity to any serologic or virologic marker of current or past HBV infection. One single HCV/HIV co-infected patient (0.7%) tested highly positive for anti-HD, but with no positive HDV-RNA. Her husband, in turn, was a HCV/HIV co-infected subject with a previous contact with HBV. While conducting a thorough review of the relevant literature, the authors attempted to exhaustively describe the medical history of both the anti-HD-positive patient and her partner, believing it to be the key to dissecting the possible complex mechanisms of HDV transmission from one subject to another, and speculating that in the present case, it may have been HCV itself that behaved as an HDV helper virus. In conclusion, this preliminary research, while needing further validation in large prospective studies, provided some further evidence of a role of HCV in HDV dissemination in humans.
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Dickson-Spillmann, Maria, Severin Haug, Ambros Uchtenhagen, Philip Bruggmann, and Michael P. Schaub. "Rates of HIV and Hepatitis Infections in Clients Entering Heroin-Assisted Treatment between 2003 and 2013 and Risk Factors for Hepatitis C Infection." European Addiction Research 22, no. 4 (December 11, 2015): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000441973.
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Background/Aims: We report on the rates of hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in 1,313 clients entering heroin-assisted treatment (HAT) in Switzerland from 2003 to 2013. We identify predictors of HCV infection. Methods: Data were collected using questionnaires within 2 weeks of clients' first entry into HAT. Prevalence of HAV, HBV, HCV and HIV was calculated using laboratory test results collected at entry or using reports of older test results. Predictors of HCV status were identified through multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: Results show stable rates of HIV-positive clients and decreasing proportions of HAV- and HBV-infected clients. In 2013, there were 12% (n = 8) HIV-, 20% (n = 12) HAV-, 20% (n = 12) HBV- and 52% HCV- (n = 34) positive clients. Vaccination against HAV and HBV had become more frequent. Predictors of positive HCV status included older age, female gender, earlier year of entry, having spent 1 month or more in detention or prison, use of injected heroin and more years of intravenous use. Conclusion: Our results highlight the fact that efforts to prevent and test for infections and to promote vaccination against HAV and HBV in heroin users need to be continued.
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Shrestha, Lok Bahadur, Gopal K. Yadav, Saugat Pradhan, Abhilasha Sharma, Tejendra Pandit, Roshan Chhetry, and Basudha Khanal. "Co-infection of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C among HIV-infected patients: A cross-sectional study from tertiary care hospital of eastern Nepal." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (March 3, 2022): e0264791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264791.
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Introduction This study was conducted with an objective to analyze prevalence and risk factors associated with co-infection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) in HIV-positive patients with reference to their CD4+ T cell status. Materials and methods HIV-positive patients visiting the HIV clinic for CD4+ T cells testing at B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences were tested for Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C. Data regarding age, gender, mode of HIV transmission, duration of HIV diagnosis, antiretroviral therapy status, antiretroviral therapy duration, hepatitis B or C status, and CD4+ T cells count were collected via face-to-face interview, and hospital records. The data were entered in Microsoft Excel 2019 v16.0 (Microsoft, WA, USA) and statistical analysis was performed by using statistical package for social sciences, IBM SPSS® v21 (IBM, Armonk, New York). Results Out of 474 HIV-positive patients, HIV-HBV, HIV-HCV, and HIV-HBV-HCV co-infections were seen in 2.95% (14/474), 18.14% (86/474), and 2.53% (12/474) respectively. The primary route of infection was intra-venous drug use (IVDU) in those co-infected with HBV only (8, 57.14%), HCV only (46, 53.49%), and both HBV and HCV (8, 66.67%). HIV patients infected via IVDU were 2.40 times more likely to have HIV-HCV co-infection as compared to those infected via sexual route (AOR 2.40, 95% CI: 1.49,3.86). Similarly, HIV patients with CD4+ T cells count less than 350 cells/mm3 were more likely to have HIV-HBV-HCV co-infection as compared to those with CD4 count equal to and more than 350 cells/mm3 (AOR 13.84, 95% CI: 2.90,66.10). Conclusion HIV-positive patients are at high risk of hepatitis B and/or hepatitis C co-infection. Intravenous drug use, and lower CD4+T cells count are the most important risk predictors of co-infection. All HIV-positive patients should be carefully screened with hepatitis B and hepatitis C tests during their follow-up.
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Sattarova, Gulsunai. "PREVALENCE AND GENOTYPES OF HEPATITIS B AND C VIRUS AMONG HIV-INFECTED PEOPLE." Alatoo Academic Studies 23, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 497–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.17015/aas.2023.233.50.
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Viruses of parenteral hepatitis HBV, HCV and human immunodeficiency (HIV) are characterized by similar transmission routes and risk groups, in which the probability of acquiring two or more of these infections at once is increased. The aim of the research is to study the prevalence and determine the genotypes of hepatitis B and C virus circulating among HIV-infected people. The results of the studies show a high prevalence of HCV markers (HCV – 45% and HBV- 16%) among HIV-infected people. Co-infected patients had high viral replication of HBV (60%) and HCV (62.7%). Аlso by molecular genetic method, HBV DNA was detected among HBsAg negative and HCV RNA in the absence of anti- HCV. Among those co-infected with HIV+HCV, genotype 1b of hepatitis C virus prevailed so the proportion of the total number was 45.7%. Among those co-infected with HIV+HBV, genotype D of the hepatitis B virus prevailed, which amounted to 70%. The genetic diversity of variants of hepatitis B and C viruses among HIV-infected people is similar to the diversity observed in the general population of the republic.
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Tserashkou, D. V., V. M. Mitsura, E. V. Voropaev, and O. V. Osipkina. "VIRAL COINFECTIONS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B: THEIR PREVALENCE AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE." Hepatology and Gastroenterology 4, no. 2 (2020): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.25298/2616-5546-2020-4-2-171-176.
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Background. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a global public health problem. Objective – to analyze the prevalence of viral coinfections with human immunodefciency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis delta virus (HDV), TT-viruses and SENV in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and to assess their influence on liver disease severity. Material and methods. The observational cross-sectional study included 287 patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) – those with monoinfection and coinfected with HIV, HCV, HDV. Routine hematological and biochemical tests were performed, serum HBV DNA level as well as liver fbrosis stage were measured. Blood samples from 62 patients for Torque teno virus (TTV), Torque teno mini virus, Torque teno midi virus, SENV (D and H genotypes) DNAs were examined by polymerase chain reaction. Results. Among patients with CHB the prevalence of coinfection HBV + HIV is 6.6%, HBV + HCV – 6.3%, HBV + HDV – 3.8% and HBV + HDV + HCV – 1.7%. CHB patients coinfected with HIV, HCV, HDV had more pronounced biochemical differences and higher proportion of liver cirrhosis vs. HBV-monoinfected ones. The detection rate of TT viruses and their various combinations in patients with CHB is 91.9%, SENV – 66.1%. Conclusion. Coinfection with HIV, HCV, HDV in CHB patients is associated with more severe forms of chronic liver disease as compared to HBV-monoinfection. TT viruses and SENV are widespread and don’t affect the severity of liver disease in patients with CHB.
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Suman, Sonu. "Clinical, haematological, and biochemical profile of HIV patient co-infected with hepatitis B and /or C." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 8, no. 11 (October 28, 2020): 3955. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20204885.
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Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive population is at higher risk of getting infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) or both. Co-infection with HBV/HCV may possibly complicate the clinical course of HIV in infected patients. Aim and objectives of the study were intended to determine clinical, haematological and biochemical profile of HIV patients co infected with hepatitis B and/or C.Methods: All consecutive patients presented with HIV infection who were coinfected with either Hepatitis B, C or both presenting to immunodeficiency or Gastroenterology OPD Base Hospital Delhi, were included in the study. It was a prospective, observational study.Results: HIV impacts the progression of HCV and increases the likelihood of subsequent liver damage as it is apparent in study by significant raised liver enzymes and hypoalbuminemia in HIV-HCV co infection compare to HIV–HBV. Conclusions: These coinfections are more common in younger and lesser educated people. Biochemical parameters could serve as pointers for early detection of liver disease as result of hepatitis co infections in HIV patients. Prompt diagnosis of HCV and HBV co-infection in HIV patients has both individual and public health benefits.
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Seyoum, Eleni, Meaza Demissie, Alemayehu Worku, Andargachew Mulu, Alemseged Abdissa, and Yemane Berhane. "HIV, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus co-infection among HIV positives in antiretroviral treatment program in selected hospitals in Addis Ababa: A retrospective cross-sectional study." PLOS ONE 17, no. 4 (April 22, 2022): e0267230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267230.
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Introduction HIV co-infection with hepatitis B (HIV-HBV) and hepatitis C (HIV-HCV) is known to affect treatment outcomes of antiretroviral therapy (ART); however, its magnitude is not well documented. We aimed to determine the magnitude of HIV-HBV and HIV-HCV co-infections simultaneously in people living with HIV (PLHIV) enrolled in ART care in Addis Ababa. Methods We reviewed the medical records of adults ≥15 years who were receiving ART care in three high burden hospitals in Addis Ababa. Baseline clinical and laboratory test results were extracted from medical records. Co-infection was determined based on hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis C virus antibody (anti-HCV) tests obtained from the medical records. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify the risk factors for hepatitis B and C co-infections. Results A total of 873 HIV-positive participants were included in this study. The median age of the participants was 37.5 years, and 55.7% were women. Overall, HIV-HBV co-infection was 5.96% (95% CI: 4.56–7.74), and HIV-HCV co-infection was 1.72% (95% CI: 1.03–2.83). The multivariable logistic regression showed that the male sex was the most independent predictor for viral hepatitis B co-infection with an odds ratio of 2.42(95% CI:1.27–4.63). However, HIV-HCV co-infection did not show a significant association in any of the sociodemographic data of the participants. Conclusion HIV co-infection with hepatitis B was moderately high in individuals enrolled in ART care in Addis Ababa. Men had significantly higher HIV-HBV co-infection. HIV co-infection with hepatitis C was relatively low. Strengthening integrated viral hepatitis services with HIV care and treatment services should be emphasized to improve patient care in health facilities.
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Riddhi Pradhan, Kirti Hemwani, Vidit Khandelwal, Bamboriya BL, Yogyata Marothi, and Varsha Saxena. "A cross-sectional study on co-infection of hepatitis B and hepatitis C among people living with HIV/AIDS from a tertiary care hospital of Central India." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 14, no. 4 (April 1, 2023): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v14i4.50299.
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Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are prevalent throughout the world. HIV infection increases the risk of HBV and HCV liver disease especially when HIV-associated immunodeficiency progresses. Aims and Objectives: This study was carried out with the objectives as follows: Estimation of the prevalence of HIV- Hepatitis co-infection, determine CD4+T lymphocyte count in co-infected patients, identify most common opportunistic infections in HIV – Hepatitis co- infection. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based, prospective, cross-sectional, and observational study was carried among people with confirmed HIV infection. HIV antibody, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), and HCV antibody tests were done in all patients visiting to integrated counseling and testing center. HIV, HBV, and HCV viral load were done in all serologically confirmed patients. In HBsAg positive patients various markers for hepatitis such as hepatitis B envelop antigen (HBeAg), anti-hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb), and anti-hepatitis B envelop antibody were also done. Results: Out of 357 people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) patients 15/357 (4.20%) were co-infected with HBV, 03/357 (0.84%) were co-infected with HCV. The overall seroprevalence of Hepatitis virus (HBV+HCV) in PLHA patients was found to be 5.04% (18/357). CD4+T lymphocyte count <200 cells/μL was seen in 66/339 (19.4%), 04/15 (26.6%), and 03/03 (100%) patients of HIV mono-infected, HBV co-infected, and in HCV co-infected patients, respectively. HIV Viral load ≤1000 copies/mL was seen in 324 and 15 patients in HIV mono-infected and HIV- hepatitis co-infected patient, respectively. Among PLHA patients who were positive for HBsAg; 46.7% (n=7) patients had HBV viral load >2000 IU/mL. All hepatitis B co-infected patients were positive for HBcAb test; HBeAg was positive in 40% (n=06). All HBeAg positive were having viral load >2000 IU/mL. Conclusion: HIV-infected patients are more prone to hepatitis associated liver diseases and exposure to the HBV infection than the general population.
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Guo, Fuying, and Lingzhou Yang. "Research Progress on HIV/AIDS with Concomitant Hepatitis B Virus and/or Hepatitis C Virus Infection." Infection International 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ii-2017-0099.
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Abstract Hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) involve similar transmission routes, namely, blood, sexual contact, and mother-baby contact. Therefore, HIV infection is usually accompanied by HBV and HCV infections. This observation poses a great challenge to the prevention and treatment of HIV/human acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) accompanied by HBV and HCV infection. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been extensively applied. Hence, liverrelated diseases have become the main causes of complication and death in HIV-infected individuals. This paper summarizes the current epidemiology, mutual influence, and treatment of HIV/AIDS accompanied by HBV or HCV infection.
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Basimane-Bisimwa, Parvine, Giscard Wilfried Koyaweda, Edgarthe Ngaïganam, Ulrich Vickos, Ornella Anne Demi Sibiro, Brice Martial Yambiyo, Benjamin Seydou Sombié, et al. "Seroprevalence and molecular characterization of viral hepatitis and HIV co-infection in the Central African Republic." PLOS ONE 19, no. 5 (May 9, 2024): e0291155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0291155.
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Background The Central African Republic (CAR) is one of the countries with the highest prevalence of viral hepatitis infection in the world. Coinfection with HIV increases the morbidity and mortality beyond that of mono-infection with either hepatitis or HIV. The present study describes the geographic distribution of viral hepatitis infections and molecular characterization of these viruses in the CAR. Methodology Out of 12,599 persons enrolled during the fourth Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey of 2010 in the CAR, 10,621 Dried Blood Spot (DBS) samples were obtained and stored at -20°C. Of these DBS, 4,317 samples were randomly selected to represent all regions of the CAR. Serological tests for hepatitis B, D, and C viruses were performed using the ELISA technique. Molecular characterization was performed to identify strains. Results Of the 4,317 samples included, 53.2% were from men and 46.8% from women. The HBsAg prevalence among participants was 12.9% and that HBc-Ab was 19.7%. The overall prevalence of HCV was 0.6%. Co-infection of HIV/HBV was 1.1% and that of HBV/HDV was 16.6%. A total of 77 HBV, 6 HIV, and 6 HDV strains were successfully sequenced, with 72 HBV (93.5%) strains belonging to genotype E and 5 (6.5%) strains belonging to genotype D. The 6 HDV strains all belonged to clade 1, while 4 recombinants subtype were identified among the 6 strains of HIV. Conclusion Our study found a high prevalence of HBV, HBV/HDV and HBV/HIV co-infection, but a low prevalence of HCV. CAR remains an area of high HBV endemicity. This study’s data and analyses would be useful for establishing an integrated viral hepatitis and HIV surveillance program in the CAR.
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FAYYAZ, MOHAMMAD, Muhammad Ayub Khan, MASROOR ALI QAZI, Ghulam Mohyud Din `Chaudhary, and GULZAR AHMED. "HEPATITIS B, C & HIV." Professional Medical Journal 13, no. 04 (December 16, 2006): 632–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2006.13.04.4941.
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Objective: To determine the prevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV in healthyblood donors in Blood Transfusion Services, Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur. Design: Prospective observationalstudy. Setting: Blood Transfusion Services, Bahawal Victoria Hospital (BVH), affiliated with Quaid-e-Azam medicalCollege Bahawalpur. Period: From 1 January t st o 31st December 2005. Methods and Materials: All the personscoming for blood donations , at the BVH facility, were included. Clinically anaemic, ill, past history of jaundice and ageof less than 18 or more than 50 years were excluded. All the donors (27938) from various areas of Bahawalpur,Bahawalnagar, Lodhran, Vehari and Rahim Yar Khan districts, were screened for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs)Antigen, hepatitis C antibody (Anti HCV) & Human Immuno-deficiency Virus Antibody (Anti-HIV)on sera by one StepTest Device. All the positives cases were confirmed by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay. Results: Out of total27938, 25420(91%) were male. Mean age was 28 years with age range 18-50. No HIV positive case was detected.HBV was 2.69%, slightly more than HCV, 2.52%. Males were significantly (p<0.02) more infected than females.Conclusion: Risk of transmission of viral hepatitis is a major problem of blood transfusion. Frequency of viral hepatitisin blood donors is higher in our area as compared to rest of the world. HIV infection is very low. Preventive strategiesinclude good blood transfusion services along with safe sex and other measures.
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Ramezani, A., M. Mohraz, A. Aghakhani, M. Banifazl, A. Eslamifar, A. Khadem-Sadegh, and A. A. Velayati. "Frequency of isolated hepatitis B core antibody in HIV-hepatitis C virus co-infected individuals." International Journal of STD & AIDS 20, no. 5 (May 2009): 336–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/ijsa.2008.008377.
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Association between isolated hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been noted in HIV-infected individuals. This study describes the frequency of isolated anti-HBc and its possible value for the detection of HBV-DNA in HIV-infected patients with or without HCV co-infection. Ninety-two HIV-infected patients were enrolled in the study. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag), anti-HBs, anti-HBc, anti-HCV, HIV viral load and CD4 count were tested in all subjects. Then we compared 63 subjects with HIV-HCV co-infection with 29 subjects with HIV infection alone regarding isolated anti-HBc (HBs Ag negative, anti-HBs negative and anti-HBc positive). The presence of HBV-DNA was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction in serum samples of patients with isolated anti-HBc. Of 63 anti-HCV-positive patients, 18 subjects (28.6%, 95% [confidence interval] CI: 22.6–34.6%), and of 29 anti-HCV-negative patients, five subjects (17.2%, 95% CI: 11.5–22.9%) had isolated anti-HBc. HBV-DNA was detectable in three of 18 anti-HCV-positive patients (16.7%, 95% CI: 9.7–23.7%) and none of the anti-HCV-negative patients with isolated anti-HBc. Our study showed that individuals co-infected with HIV and HCV were more likely to have isolated anti-HBc than subjects with HIV alone. This investigation also demonstrates that the presence of isolated anti-HBc in HIV-HCV-infected individuals may reflect occult HBV infection in these patients.
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Zaki, Amal, Maria Sabir, and Fatima El Omari. "HEPATITIS B, HEPATITIS C AND HIV AMONG DRUG USERS IN METHADONE MAINTENANCE TREATMENT: PREVALENCE, DOSES, TREATMENT COMPLIANCE." International Journal of Advanced Research 11, no. 02 (February 28, 2023): 763–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/16308.
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TheUsersofopioidsubstances,especiallyinjectingdrugs,areathighriskofinfection with blood- borne viruses,such as hepatitis B,C and human immunodeficiency virus, due to the sharing of needles and injection equipment. Methadone substitution treatment is approven device in the risk reduction strategy of hepatitis B,C and HIV infection.The aim of this studyis to determine: the socio-demographic and medical psychiatric characteristics of patients with hepatitis B,C and HIV under methadone,the prevalence of hepatitis C,B and HIV,the dose of methadone and compliance with treatment in this population. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective descriptive study of patients admitted to the center of addictology at the hospital Ar-razi of Sale in Morocco , specifically in methadone unit. Results: The prevalence of hepatitis C, B and HIV were respectively 80%, 13% and 4% in patients with positive serology, the average dose of methadone was higher than the dose of all patients enrolled in the methadone program. 80% of patients under methadone with positive serology to HCV, HBV and HIV had a polyconsumption of psychoactive substances (cannabis, cocaine, alcohol, benzodiazepine). 72% of our patients with hepatitis C received treatment for their infection while all the patients with HIV were put on antiretroviral drugs with good therapeutic compliance. Conclusion:Methadone substitution therapy has proven to be a successful strategy to reduce the risk of HIV, HCV and HBV infection in opioid-dependent patients. However, the adjustment of methadone doses and systematic screening for HIV, HCV and HBV is essential in this vulnerable population.
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Brook, M. G., K. Jones, A. W. S. Dale, and R. F. Miller. "Management of HIV and hepatitis B or C co-infection in 15 HIV treatment centres. Disparity between protocols and practice." International Journal of STD & AIDS 14, no. 7 (July 1, 2003): 469–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/095646203322025777.
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Our aim was to ascertain current guidelines and clinical practices prevalent in HIV treatment centres in the North Thames Region of England on the care of patients co-infected with HIV and hepatitis B or C. A self-completed postal survey of clinic guidelines and retrospective case-note reviews was performed. Fifteen of the 27 units completed the survey and generally had clinic guidelines consistent with current national guidelines. Stated policy was usually to screen HIV patients for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) and to offer specific therapy for the hepatitis as well as the HIV. Many units were unable to contribute cases to the case-note review, probably through lack of case-identification, and therefore 11 units contributed 27 case-note reviews on HIV/HBV and five units contributed 11 case-note reviews on HIV/HCV. Fifty-six percent (25/45) of patients of HBV patients were HBeAg+ve and 88% (22/25) of these had received specific hepatitis B therapy although for 59% (13/22) this was with lamivudine as part of a highly active antiretroviral therapy regimen. None of the HIV/HCV patients had received or been referred for HCV-specific therapy. Testing for hepatitis A immunity in HBV or HCV patients with a view to vaccination was done in only 50% although 96% of HIV/HCV patients had been screened for HBV. There are significant differences between the clinics' intended and actual management of HIV and chronic viral hepatitis co-infection.
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TÁVORA, Lara Gurgel Fernandes, Elodie Bomfim HYPPOLITO, José Napoleão Monte da CRUZ, Nyvia Maria Barroso PORTELA, Samuel Montenegro PEREIRA, and Camila Monteiro VERAS. "HEPATITIS B, C AND HIV CO-INFECTIONS SEROPREVALENCE IN A NORTHEAST BRAZILIAN CENTER." Arquivos de Gastroenterologia 50, no. 4 (December 2013): 277–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-28032013000400007.
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ContextThe occurrence of HIV and hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) virus associations is of great concern since co-infected patients respond poorly to antiviral treatment and usually progress to chronic and more complicated hepatic disease. In Brazil, these co-infections prevalence is not well known since published data are few and sometimes demonstrate conflicting results. Also, a significant number of co-infected individuals are HBV/HCV asymptomatic carriers, leading to under notification.ObjectivesThe present study aimed to determine the prevalence of the HBV and HCV infection in a recently diagnosed HIV population in the state of Ceará/Brazil.MethodsRetrospective cohort, with >18yo patients diagnosed HIV+ from 2008-2010. First year medical attention information was collected.ResultsA total of 1.291 HIV+ patients were included. HBV serologies were collected in 52% (23% had previous hepatitis B, 3.7% were co-infected) and HCV in 25.4% (1.5% had previous hepatitis C, 5.4% co-infection). The majority of HBV/HIV patients referred multiple sexual partners/year, 28% homosexualism and 20% bisexualism. In the HCV/HIV group 38.8% individuals had > one sexual partner/year and 22.2% used intravenous drugs.ConclusionThe study reinforce the need for better training healthcare workers and providing laboratory support for a prompt hepatitis diagnosis and adequate medical management to avoid complications and decrease viral spread.
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Kartashov, Mikhail Yu, Kirill A. Svirin, Ekaterina I. Krivosheina, Elena V. Chub, Vladimir A. Ternovoi, and Galina V. Kochneva. "Prevalence and molecular genetic characteristics of parenteral hepatitis B, C and D viruses in HIV positive persons in the Novosibirsk region." Problems of Virology 67, no. 5 (November 19, 2022): 423–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-133.
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Introduction. Parenteral viral hepatitis (B, C, D) and HIV share modes of transmission and risk groups, in which the probability of infection with two or more of these viruses simultaneously is increased. Mutual worsening of the course of viral infections is important issue that occurs when HIV positive patients are coinfected with parenteral viral hepatitis.
The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of HCV, HBV and HDV in HIV positive patients in the Novosibirsk region and to give molecular genetic characteristics of their isolates.
Materials and methods. Total 185 blood samples were tested for the presence of total antibodies to HCV, HCV RNA, HBV DNA and HDV RNA. The identified isolates were genotyped by amplification of the NS5B gene fragment for HCV, the polymerase gene for HBV and whole genome for HDV.
Results. The total antibodies to HCV were detected in 51.9% (95% CI: 44.758.9), HCV RNA was detected in 32.9% (95% CI: 26.639.5) of 185 studied samples. The distribution of HCV RNA positive cases completely repeated the distribution of HCV serological markers in different sex and age groups. The number of HCV infected among HIV positive patients increases with age. HCV subgenotypes distribution was as follows: 1b (52.5%), 3а (34.5%), 1а (11.5%), 2а (1.5%). 84.3% of detected HCV 1b isolates had C316N mutation associated with resistance to sofosbuvir and dasabuvir. The prevalence of HBV DNA in the studied samples was 15.2% (95% CI: 10.721.0). M204I mutation associated with resistance to lamivudine and telbivudine was identified in one HBV isolate. Two HDV isolates that belonged to genotype 1 were detected in HIV/HBV coinfected patients.
Conclusion. The data obtained confirm the higher prevalence of infection with parenteral viral hepatitis among people living with HIV in the Novosibirsk region compared to the general population of that region. The genetic diversity of these viruses among HIV infected individuals is similar to that observed in the general population.
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Alexiev, Ivailo, Elitsa Golkocheva-Markova, Asya Kostadinova, Reneta Dimitrova, Lora Nikolova, Anna Gancheva, Tencho Tenev, et al. "The prevalence of hepatitis B and C co-infections among people with HIV-1 in Bulgaria: 2010–2015." Future Virology 14, no. 12 (December 2019): 791–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fvl-2019-0092.
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Aim: To evaluate hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) among individuals with HIV/AIDS in Bulgaria diagnosed between 2010 and 2015. Materials & methods: A total of 1158 individuals were diagnosed with HIV/AIDS during the study period. Different transmission groups were tested with ELISA and real-time PCR for HBV and HCV markers. Results: Hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis C virus antiboby were found in 9.3 and 23.2% of the tested. HBV DNA and HCV RNA has been found in 47.4 and 69.6%. Hepatitis B and C co-infections were predominant in multiple risk behavior groups, including people who inject drugs, men who have sex with men, prisoners and Roma individuals. Conclusion: HIV prevalence in Bulgaria is low but the rates of hepatitis B and C co-infections among these patients fall within the upper range reported in Europe.
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YAN, Y. X., Y. Q. GAO, X. SUN, W. WANG, X. J. HUANG, T. ZHANG, M. LI, C. P. ZANG, Z. C. LI, and H. WU. "Prevalence of hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B virus infections in HIV-positive Chinese patients." Epidemiology and Infection 139, no. 3 (July 2, 2010): 354–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268810001597.
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SUMMARYTo evaluate the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and/or hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections in HIV-infected patients in China, an epidemiological serosurvey was conducted from May 2007 to September 2008 using a random cluster sampling design of infectious disease hospitals in seven high HIV-prevalent provinces (municipalities). Univariate analysis and logistic regression were used to study the determinants of HIV and HBV and/or HCV co-infection. The overall prevalence was 41·83% (95% CI 40·36–43·30) for anti-HCV and 12·49% (95% CI 11·50–13·48) for HBsAg, respectively. The prevalence of anti-HCV and HBsAg varied according to the route of HIV transmission. Compared to those with sexually acquired HIV infection, intravenous drug users and blood donors/recipients had the greatest risk of carrying anti-HCV. Needle sharing and unprotected sexual exposures are important modes of transmission for HBV. Further interventions including health education and harm reduction strategies should be implemented in high-risk populations.
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Choy, Chiaw Yee, Li Wei Ang, Oon Tek Ng, Yee Sin Leo, and Chen Seong Wong. "Factors Associated with Hepatitis B and C Co-Infection among HIV-Infected Patients in Singapore, 2006–2017." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 4, no. 2 (May 27, 2019): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed4020087.
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Co-infection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with increased risk of hepatic complications and mortality. A retrospective study to estimate the proportion of HBV and HCV co-infections in Singapore was conducted using a clinical database. We included 3065 patients who were seen under the Clinical HIV Programme at the largest referral centre for HIV care between 2006 and 2017 and were tested for both HBV and HCV. Factors associated with HIV-HBV and HIV-HCV co-infections were determined using logistic regressions. The majority (86.3%) of HIV-infected patients were mono-infected, while 7.2% were co-infected with HBV, 6.0% with HCV, and 0.5% were co-infected with both HBV and HCV. The most common HCV genotype was GT1 (63%). Factors significantly associated with HBV co-infection in the multivariable model were: Aged 30–49 years and 50–69 years at HIV diagnosis, male gender, and HIV transmission through intravenous drug use (IDU). Independent factors associated with HCV co-infection were: Malay ethnicity, HIV transmission through IDU, and HIV diagnosis between 2006 and 2008. Behavioural risk factors such as IDU, as well as epidemiologic differences associated with co-infection, should inform further studies and interventions aimed at reducing viral hepatitis infection among HIV-infected individuals.
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Shrestha, Umid Kumar, and Bhup Dev Bhatta. "Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus in the western region of Nepal." Journal of Advances in Internal Medicine 5, no. 1 (March 30, 2017): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jaim.v5i1.17064.
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Background and aims: The hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are associated with major public health concerns. The aim of the study was to determine the seroprevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV in the western region of Nepal.Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study, in which 15,791 patients, attending to Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal, were investigated for HBV, HCV and HIV from June 2013 to March 2016; demographic and biochemical profile were studied among the patients with positive test results.Results: Among 15,791 patients [male 6614 (41.9%) and female 9177 (58.1%)], HBV was found in 180 (1.1%), HCV in 52 (0.3%) and HIV in 77 (0.5%). The HBV was found in 63.9% of males and 36.1% of females, HCV in 67.3% of males and 32.7% of females, and HIV in 61% of males and 39% of females which showed that males had more positivity of HBV (P<0.001), HCV (P<0.001) and HIV (P 0.001) than that of female. The HBV was found more in 20-29 years age group (27.2%), HCV in 30-39 years (32.7%), and HIV in 40-49 years (28.6%), with all having p<0.001. Among the patients of HBV, HCV and HIV, the mean values of total bilirubin were 1.4 mg/dl, 0.8 mg/dl and 2.6 mg/dl, Aspartate Transaminase 75.9 U/L, 54.3 U/L and 92.7 U/L, Alanine Transaminase 54.6 U/L, 55.5 U/L and 56.1 U/L, and Alkaline Phosphatase 124.2 U/L, 109.2 U/L and 107.2 U/L, respectively. The majority of patients with HCV had a history of intravenous drug abuse and HIV had concomitant alcoholic liver disease.Conclusion: The HBV was more prevalent followed by HIV and HCV in the western region of Nepal with more prevalence seen in males than in females. Regular screening of HBV, HCV and HIV among the selected patients can help detecting many new cases in Nepal.Journal of Advances in Internal Medicine 2016;05(01):6-10
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Pathare, Anil, and Salam Alkindi. "PREVALENCE OF HEPATITIS B, HEPATITIS C AND HIV IN MULTIPLY TRANSFUSED SICKLE CELL DISEASE PATIENTS FROM OMAN." Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases 11, no. 1 (October 30, 2019): e2019058. http://dx.doi.org/10.4084/mjhid.2019.058.
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Background: In Oman, the prevalence of hepatitis B (HBV) infection is 5.8% with 2.8–7.1% HBV carriers. Hepatitis C (HCV) prevalence amongst Omanis is 0.41%. A total of 2917 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections were notified amongst Omanis by 2017. This study was performed as there was no data on the prevalence of HIV, HBV and HCV in sickle cell disease (SCD) patients from Oman.
Study Design and Methods: In this retrospective, cross-sectional study, medical records of all SCD patients who attended our hospital between 2011 to 2017 were retrieved from the hospital information system. Following approval by the local medical research and ethics committee, data on HIV, HBV and HCV exposure were recorded to estimate the prevalence.
Results: Amongst a total of 1000 SCD patients (491 males and 509 females), twenty-three (2.3%) patients showed positive serology for hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg), of whom sixteen (1.6%) were HBV DNA positive. 126 (12.6%) had anti-HCV antibodies (anti-HCV), of whom fifty-two (5.2%) were HCV RNA positive. None of the patients had positive serology for HIV. A normal liver was observed on abdominal ultrasound in 788 (78.8%) patients, whereas, 208 (20.8%) had hepatomegaly and 4 (0.4%) had liver cirrhosis. Thirty-six (3.6%) patients died, but in only two patients, the mortality was due to cirrhosis of the liver.
Conclusion: This study provides the first comprehensive data on the prevalence of HBV and HCV infections among Omani SCD patients exposed to blood transfusions. Reassuringly, no case with HIV was observed.
Keywords: Prevalence; Hepatitis; HBV; HCV; HIV; infection
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Tekin, Suda, Gule Cınar, Orcun Barkay, and Ilhami Celik. "HBV and HCV Coinfection in Patients Living with HIV." Klimik Dergisi/Klimik Journal 36, no. 1 (March 21, 2023): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.36519/kd.2023.4473.
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Coinfection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals results in increased hepatic complications. HBV and HIV viruses are transmitted by blood and unprotected sexual intercourse. People with HIV and HBV coinfection are at increased risk for liver-related morbidity and mortality. HCV-related liver injury progresses more rapidly among people coinfected with HIV. HCV coinfection may also affect the management of HIV infection. This review aims to go over the management of HIV-HCV and HIV-HBV coinfections.
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Zhang, Chao, Qiang Ren, and Wenhui Chang. "Epidemiological Features and Risk Factors for Acquiring Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and Syphilis in HIV-Infected Patients in Shaanxi Province, Northwest China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6 (March 18, 2020): 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061990.
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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients are at a higher risk for co-infection with Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), and Treponema pallidum (TP; the agent causing syphilis) than the general population. The prevalence of HBV, HCV, and syphilis has geographic differences and varies from region to region among HIV-positive individuals. A retrospective study was carried out on HIV-positive individuals between June 2011 and June 2016 in Shaanxi Province. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses using stepwise regression analysis regarding risk factors for HIV–HBV, HIV–HCV, and HIV–syphilis co-infection. HBV–HCV, HCV–syphilis, HBV–syphilis, and HBV–HCV–syphilis co-infection rates were 1.7%, 2.2%, 2.6%, and 0.1%, respectively. The rate of ineffective hepatitis B vaccine immunization was as high as 30.2% among HIV-positive individuals. Ethnicity (OR = 31.030, 95% CI: 11.643–82.694) and HIV transmission routes (OR = 134.024, 95% CI: 14.328–1253.653) were the risk factors for HCV infection in HIV-positive individuals. Among the HIV-positive individuals with the antibodies of TP, the rate of homosexual transmission was also higher, but heterosexual transmission was lower (OR = 0.549 95% CI: 0.382–0.789) The HIV-infected patients in Shaanxi Province had the characteristics of low active detection rate and late diagnosis. The high rate of ineffective vaccination against HBV suggests a need for improved vaccination services.
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Brackmann, SA, A. Gerritzen, J. Oldenburg, HH Brackmann, and KE Schneweis. "Search for intrafamilial transmission of hepatitis C virus in hemophilia patients." Blood 81, no. 4 (February 15, 1993): 1077–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v81.4.1077.1077.
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Abstract This study was performed to determine the risk of family members of anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV)-positive hemophilia patients (index patients) for infection with HCV compared with the risk of acquiring hepatitis B virus (HBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. All index patients (n = 141) were found to be positive by first and second generation anti-HCV enzyme immunoassays (EIAs). Among their household contacts (n = 228), 224 were negative and 1 positive by both assays. Three contacts gave positive results in first generation anti-HCV EIA and negative results in second generation assay. This latter result was confirmed by further tests (neutralization test, synthetic peptides, and supplemental assay). Percent positivity for anti-HBc was about the same in non-sexual household contacts and sexual partners (13 of 109 [12%] and 7 of 54 [13%], respectively). Percent prevalence of anti-HBc was higher in contacts of index patients with chronic hepatitis B than in those of index patients who had recovered from that disease (6 of 20 [30%] and 14 of 133 [10%], respectively; P < .05). The HBV infection rate of contacts participating in controlled self-treatment was not higher than that of controls (3 of 57 [5%] and 10 of 98 [10%], respectively). Of 44 sexual partners, 5 (11%) were found to be positive for anti-HIV. Prevalence of anti-HAV matched with the age-related distribution in the German population. These findings suggest that intrafamilial transmission of HCV to family members of hemophilia patients is uncommon. In contacts of hemophilia patients, the risk of acquiring HBV infection seems to be as high in household contacts as in sexual contacts. Participation in controlled self-treatment does not appear to be an additional risk for HCV and HBV infection. There is no doubt that sexual transmission of HCV is less common than that of HBV and HIV.
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Brackmann, SA, A. Gerritzen, J. Oldenburg, HH Brackmann, and KE Schneweis. "Search for intrafamilial transmission of hepatitis C virus in hemophilia patients." Blood 81, no. 4 (February 15, 1993): 1077–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v81.4.1077.bloodjournal8141077.
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This study was performed to determine the risk of family members of anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV)-positive hemophilia patients (index patients) for infection with HCV compared with the risk of acquiring hepatitis B virus (HBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. All index patients (n = 141) were found to be positive by first and second generation anti-HCV enzyme immunoassays (EIAs). Among their household contacts (n = 228), 224 were negative and 1 positive by both assays. Three contacts gave positive results in first generation anti-HCV EIA and negative results in second generation assay. This latter result was confirmed by further tests (neutralization test, synthetic peptides, and supplemental assay). Percent positivity for anti-HBc was about the same in non-sexual household contacts and sexual partners (13 of 109 [12%] and 7 of 54 [13%], respectively). Percent prevalence of anti-HBc was higher in contacts of index patients with chronic hepatitis B than in those of index patients who had recovered from that disease (6 of 20 [30%] and 14 of 133 [10%], respectively; P < .05). The HBV infection rate of contacts participating in controlled self-treatment was not higher than that of controls (3 of 57 [5%] and 10 of 98 [10%], respectively). Of 44 sexual partners, 5 (11%) were found to be positive for anti-HIV. Prevalence of anti-HAV matched with the age-related distribution in the German population. These findings suggest that intrafamilial transmission of HCV to family members of hemophilia patients is uncommon. In contacts of hemophilia patients, the risk of acquiring HBV infection seems to be as high in household contacts as in sexual contacts. Participation in controlled self-treatment does not appear to be an additional risk for HCV and HBV infection. There is no doubt that sexual transmission of HCV is less common than that of HBV and HIV.
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Troisi, CL, FB Hollinger, WK Hoots, C. Contant, J. Gill, M. Ragni, R. Parmley, C. Sexauer, E. Gomperts, and G. Buchanan. "A multicenter study of viral hepatitis in a United States hemophilic population." Blood 81, no. 2 (January 15, 1993): 412–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v81.2.412.412.
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Abstract Hemophilia A and B patients seen at nine US regional treatment centers were tested for serologic markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis delta virus (HDV) during 1987 and 1988. Because human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, a potentially confounding variable, was present in 53% of the group, the population was divided by HIV status for analysis purposes. In the HIV-positive group (N = 382), less than 1% had not been infected with HBV, HCV, or HDV, whereas 75% had evidence of infection with HBV and 98% with HCV. HBsAg, a marker of active HBV infection, was present in 12% of subjects; 96% of these were HCV positive. Anti-HDV was detected in 35 subjects (9.1%); all were anti-HBc positive. Ten of the 35 (29%) also were positive for IgM anti-HDV, indicating current infection. All 10 were HBsAg positive and 7 of the 9 tested were HDV RNA positive. Severe/moderate hemophilia B patients were more likely to have experienced an HBV infection and to be anti-HDV positive than were similar hemophilia A patients (22% v 8%, P < .05). In the HIV-negative group (N = 345), the subjects were younger and had less severe hemophilia than the HIV-positive patients. No evidence of HBV, HCV, or HDV infection was found in 18%, whereas 33% had experienced HBV infection and 79% were anti-HCV positive. Within this group, 4% were HBsAg positive. All 13 subjects with anti-HDV (4% of the HIV-negative group) also possessed anti-HBc. One (7.7%) was IgM anti-HDV positive and the serum from another contained HDV RNA. Both of these individuals were HBsAg positive. As in the HIV-positive group, severe/moderate hemophilia B patients were more likely to be HBV and HDV positive than were hemophilia A patients (9% v 3%, P < .05). A prevalence study of viral hepatitis in a large US hemophilic population showed that active infection with HCV is common, occurring in 89% of all study patients regardless of HIV status. Evidence of active HBV infection was found in 8%; 19% of these were actively infected with HDV. HDV was more common in hemophilia B patients after controlling for disease severity.
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Troisi, CL, FB Hollinger, WK Hoots, C. Contant, J. Gill, M. Ragni, R. Parmley, C. Sexauer, E. Gomperts, and G. Buchanan. "A multicenter study of viral hepatitis in a United States hemophilic population." Blood 81, no. 2 (January 15, 1993): 412–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v81.2.412.bloodjournal812412.
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Hemophilia A and B patients seen at nine US regional treatment centers were tested for serologic markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis delta virus (HDV) during 1987 and 1988. Because human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, a potentially confounding variable, was present in 53% of the group, the population was divided by HIV status for analysis purposes. In the HIV-positive group (N = 382), less than 1% had not been infected with HBV, HCV, or HDV, whereas 75% had evidence of infection with HBV and 98% with HCV. HBsAg, a marker of active HBV infection, was present in 12% of subjects; 96% of these were HCV positive. Anti-HDV was detected in 35 subjects (9.1%); all were anti-HBc positive. Ten of the 35 (29%) also were positive for IgM anti-HDV, indicating current infection. All 10 were HBsAg positive and 7 of the 9 tested were HDV RNA positive. Severe/moderate hemophilia B patients were more likely to have experienced an HBV infection and to be anti-HDV positive than were similar hemophilia A patients (22% v 8%, P < .05). In the HIV-negative group (N = 345), the subjects were younger and had less severe hemophilia than the HIV-positive patients. No evidence of HBV, HCV, or HDV infection was found in 18%, whereas 33% had experienced HBV infection and 79% were anti-HCV positive. Within this group, 4% were HBsAg positive. All 13 subjects with anti-HDV (4% of the HIV-negative group) also possessed anti-HBc. One (7.7%) was IgM anti-HDV positive and the serum from another contained HDV RNA. Both of these individuals were HBsAg positive. As in the HIV-positive group, severe/moderate hemophilia B patients were more likely to be HBV and HDV positive than were hemophilia A patients (9% v 3%, P < .05). A prevalence study of viral hepatitis in a large US hemophilic population showed that active infection with HCV is common, occurring in 89% of all study patients regardless of HIV status. Evidence of active HBV infection was found in 8%; 19% of these were actively infected with HDV. HDV was more common in hemophilia B patients after controlling for disease severity.
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BUREK, V., J. HORVAT, K. BUTORAC, and R. MIKULIĆ. "Viral hepatitis B, C and HIV infection in Croatian prisons." Epidemiology and Infection 138, no. 11 (March 5, 2010): 1610–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268810000476.
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SUMMARYIncarcerated persons comprise about 0·4% of the Croatian population, of whom 25–30% misuse drugs. We attempted to determine the structure of the prison population, prevalence of HBV, HCV, HIV markers, co-infections with HBV, HCV and HIV and acute HBV, HCV and HIV infection. In total, 25·9% of prisoners were positive for some markers for viral hepatitis (HBV 11·3%, HCV 8·3%, HBV/HCV 6·3%). Prevalence of HBV infection in intravenous drug users (IDUs) was 26·2% (highly promiscuous group 20·4%, individuals with psychiatric diseases and personality disorders 16·0%). HCV infection in IDUs was 52·0% and 4·9% in the highly promiscuous group. HBV/HCV co-infection was registered in 34·9% of prisoners positive for HBV markers (203/582). Acute HBV infection was detected in 0·5%, and HCV in 1·2%. Only 0·15% (5/3348) of prisoners were anti-HIV positive. It appears that individuals with psychiatric diseases and personality disorders could be an additional risk population for these viral infections.
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Luma, Henry Namme, Servais Albert Fiacre Bagnaka Eloumou, Domin Sone Majunda Ekaney, Fernando Kemta Lekpa, Olivier Donfack-Sontsa, Bertrand Hugo Mbatchou Ngahane, and Yacouba Njankouo Mapoure. "Sero-prevalence and Correlates of Hepatitis B and C Co-infection Among HIV-infected Individuals in Two Regional Hospitals in Cameroon." Open AIDS Journal 10, no. 1 (November 3, 2016): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874613601610010199.
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Background:Liver disease related to Hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) infection has become a major cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV/AIDS patients. Data on the prevalence of HBV and HCV in Cameroon remains inconclusive.Objective:We aimed to determine the sero-prevalence and correlates of Hepatitis markers in HIV/AIDS patients in two Regional Hospitals.Methods:A cross-sectional study carried out from December 2014 to March 2015. HIV/AIDS patients aged 21 were included and above, receiving care at HIV treatment centres. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Blood samples were collected to screen for Hepatitis with HBsAg and anti HCV antibody rapid immunochromatographic test kits. Correlates of hepatitis were investigated by logistic regression. STATA was used for data analysis.Results:We included 833 HIV/AIDS patients,78.8% (657) were female. Mean age was 44(SD 11) years. Prevalence of Hepatitis in general (total of two viral markers tested) was 8.9% (74/833), with 6.1% for HBsAg and 2.8% for Anti-HCV antibodies. From multivariate analysis, the likelihood of having hepatitis was independently increased by a history of surgical interventions [OR: 1.82(1.06-3.14)], and of sexually transmitted infections [OR: 2.20(1.04-4.67)].Conclusion:Almost one in ten participants with HIV/AIDS attending the BRH and LRH tested positive for either HBsAg or anti HCV antibodies. Screening for HBV and HCV should therefore be integrated to the existing guidelines in Cameroon as it can influence management. More studies are needed to evaluate the extent of liver disease and magnitude of HIV suppression in hepatitis and HIV coinfection in this setting.
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Nouman, Muhammad Khuram, Bushra Zaidi, Ghulam Mohiuddin, Faryal Asif, and Muhammad Khan Malik. "HEPATITIS C." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 03 (March 10, 2018): 387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2018.25.03.381.
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Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the most communal source of non-A,non-B viral hepatitis in the world. The disease is illusory, and the majority of patients do notacquire jaundice at its onset. Treatment of hepatitis C with interferon attained a sustainedvirological response (SVR) in almost 50% of the patients with HCV infection. Viral genotype isimportant to determine the response. The present study aims to provide the incidence of relapseof HCV in patients taking interferon therapy and to identify the predictors for relapse. StudyDesign: Retrospective observational study. Setting: Department of Medicine, DHQ TeachingHospital, Sargodha. Period: Two years. Methods: A total of 60 patients were retrospectivelyevaluated for this study. The exclusion criteria include the patients co- infected with hepatitisB virus or HIV. All the patients were monitored 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 24 weeks after the endof treatment with interferon alpha. Results: We observed that the patients with relapse weresignificantly older and heavier (P value < 0.05). At the start of treatment, viral load was higherin relapsed patients (P value < 0.04). Conclusion: On the bases of our study findings, we canconclude that low incidence of relapse occurred with interferon therapy. High ALT level, viralloads, older age and obesity were some of strong predictors of relapse among HCV patients.
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Dorothy Nnakenyi, Ifeyinwa, Chisom Uchechukwu, and Uloaku Nto-ezimah. "Prevalence of hepatitis B and C virus co-infection in HIV positive patients attending a health institution in southeast Nigeria." African Health Sciences 20, no. 2 (July 22, 2020): 579–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v20i2.5.
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Background: The health of people living with HIV/AIDS becomes progressively worse when co-infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), resulting in shortened life span. The modes of transmission of HIV, HBV and HCV are similar.
Objective: To determine the prevalence of HBV and HCV co-infection in HIV patients.
Method: This was a retrospective study of serology test results for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibodies to HCV (anti-HCV) of HIV positive patients registered from 2008-2013 (6years) at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospi- tal. Adult patients with confirmed HIV seropositivity were included. Ethical approval was obtained and confidentiality of the patient information was maintained. Laboratory records were reviewed to obtain HBsAg, anti-HCV, and CD4 T-lymphocyte results. Prevalence was determined by the number of positive results over total number of patients tested. Chi-square test was used to determine relationships and p<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
Results: 4663 HIV patient records were included comprising 3024 (65%) females and 1639 (35%) males. Serology results showed 365/4663 (7.8%) tested HBsAg-positive only; 219/4663 (4.7%) tested anti-HCV-positive only; and 27/4663 (0.58%) tested both HBsAg and anti-HCV-positive. Correlation of age and sex were statistically significant with HBV and HCV (p<0.05) but not CD4 count (p>0.05).
Conclusion: HBV co-infection was more prevalent than HCV, and triple infection was also observed. Screening for these viral infections in the HIV population is necessary for early identification to enable appropriate, holistic management of these patients.
Keywords: Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis C virus; HIV; co-infection.
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Kurniawati, Sri Agustini, Teguh H. Karjadi, and Rino A. Gani. "Faktor - Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Kejadian Hepatitis C pada Pasangan Seksual Pasien Koinfeksi Human Immunodeficiency Virus dan Virus Hepatitis C." Jurnal Penyakit Dalam Indonesia 2, no. 3 (January 31, 2017): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.7454/jpdi.v2i3.78.
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Pendahuluan. Pencegahan transmisi hepatitis C pada pasangan seksual pasien koinfeksi HIV/HCV merupakan upaya penatalaksanaan hepatitis C. Namun demikian, belum ada data prevalensi hepatitis C dan faktor yang berhubungan dengan transmisi hepatitis C pada pasangan seksual pasien koinfeksi HIV/HCV di Indonesia, sehingga perlu dilakukan penelitian untuk memperoleh data tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi hepatitis C dan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian hepatitis C pada pasangan seksual pasien koinfeksi HIV/HCV.Metode. Studi potong lintang pada pasangan heteroseksual pasien koinfeksi HIV/HCV yang berobat di Pokdisus RSCM. Faktor yang diteliti meliputi penggunaan narkotika suntik, transfusi darah, status HIV, penggunaan kondom, jumlah hubungan seksual, jumlah pasangan seksual, tipe hubungan seksual dan hitung CD4+ pasien koinfeksi HIV/HCV. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan wawancara secara terpisah dan pemeriksaan darah antiHCV total dan antiHIV. Analisis statistik dilakukan dengan uji chi-square dan Fisher dan regresi logistik menggunakan program SPSS.Hasil. Selama periode Mei-Agustus 2008, diperoleh 119 subyek penelitian pada rentang usia 19-39 tahun (median 26 tahun) dan 95,8% diantaranya berjenis kelamin perempuan. Didapatkan prevalensi hepatitis C sebesar 10,1%. Hasil analisis bivariat kelompok subyek nonpengguna narkotika suntik didapatkan status HIV reaktif dan hubungan seksual nonvaginal berhubungan dengan kejadian hepatitis C. Pada hasil analisis multivariat didapatkan hanya tipe hubungan nonvaginal yang berhubungan dengan kejadian hepatitis C (adjusted RP 8,051; IK95% 1,215-53,353).Simpulan. Prevalensi hepatitis C pada pasangan seksual pasien koinfeksi HIV/HCV sebesar 10,1%. Tipe hubungan nonvaginal dan status antiHIV positif dapat meningkatkan risiko terjadinya kejadian hepatitis C sebesar 8 kali. Dibutuhkan studi lanjutan dengan sampel yang lebih besar dan desain yang lebih baik untuk menentukan transmisi seksual hepatitis C.
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Talaie, Haleh, Atieh Mousavizadeh, and Behjat Barari. "The Low Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coinfection and Hepatitis C Virus Mono-Infection Among Methadone Toxicity Patients." International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Forensic Medicine 10, no. 1 (March 19, 2020): 28457. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijmtfm.v10i1.28457.
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the incidence of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)and Human Immunodeficiency Virus(HIV) coinfection in People Who InjectDrugs (PWIDs) is a public health issue; itpresents various contentions to the healthcareproviders. Although antiretroviral therapy improvedthe life expectancy of HIV-infected people, HCV-relatedmortality turned into a greater concern among these individuals[1]. AccFurthermore, they mentioned, “injectingdrug users in the Taipei methadone maintenancetreatment program had a very high prevalence of HIV/HBV coinfection and HCV mono-infection”[2].Besides, a systematic review and meta-analysis resultssuggested a high frequency of HIV/HBV coinfection(>80%) in Intravenous (IV) drug users [3]. Althoughthe incidence of HIV among IV drug users has beendecreased, HCV is still endemic in this population [4].We aimed to estimate HCV/HIV coinfection frequencyand its related risk factors among methadone poisonedpatients who were admitted to the Loghman Hakim poisoningcenter between March 2012 and March 2017.Loghman-Hakim Hospital is a unique poisoning referralcenter in Tehran, Iran, that admits patients from all citiesin Tehran Province, Iran. Annually, around 20000 hospitalizedpatients are observed and treated in this center,with 80-100 patients daily turn-over.The required data were collected using a questionnaire,clinical examinations, and laboratory findings. The patientswith a history of infectious diseases, like hepatitisB or C, HIV, and IV drug consumption, were excludedfrom the present research. The obtained blood sampleswere screened for antibodies to HCV and HIV using acommercially available Enzyme-Linked ImmunosorbentAssay (ELISA). Furthermore, the relevant urine sampleswere analyzed for the presence of methadone with a rapidtest. Among 200 participants, 134 (67%) were male, and66 (33%) were female with the age range of 1 to 83 years.The methadone serum levels of 129 (64.5%) patients werepositive, 39 (19.5%) were negative, and 32 (16%) patientswere not examined due to the short duration of hospitalization(i.e. <2 days). Underlying diseases, such as noncommunicablediseases (11%), psychotic disorders (1.5%), andrespiratory disease (3.5%) were detected in 30 cases. ReactiveHCV-antibodies, active HIV-antibodies, and HIV/HCV coinfection were observed in 10 (5%), 2 (1%), and 2(1%) of the study subjects, respectively. Figure 1 shows theprevalence of HCV and HIV infection by gender and age.
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Mehta, Krunal Dineshbhai, Sejul Antala, Madhulika Mistry, and Yogesh Goswami. "Seropositivity of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, syphilis, and HIV in antenatal women in India." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 7, no. 11 (November 15, 2013): 832–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.2764.
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Introduction: The epidemiology of viral hepatitis during pregnancy is of paramount importance for health planners and program managers. Data on viral hepatitis during pregnancy are not readily available. This study was conducted to assess the extent of seropositivity of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV, and syphilis in pregnant women and to re-evaluate the need for routine antenatal care screening. Methodology: All samples were tested to detect HBsAg by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Samples were tested to detect anti-HCV by ELISA. Samples were also tested for antibodies to Treponema Pallidum by qualitative rapid plasma reagine (RPR); finally, samples were tested for antibodies to HIV by three different methods as per Strategy III of the National AIDS Control Organization by using different systems of testing to establish a diagnosis of HIV. Results: Seropositivity of hepatitis B was 2.9%, hepatitis C was 0.19%, syphilis was 0.48%, and HIV was 0.38%. Out of the 1038 samples, no co-infection was found between hepatitis B, hepatitis C, syphilis, or HIV. Conclusion: The data from this study can help health professionals to treat antenatal patients more effectively. The data also reinforces the need for establishing effective prevention programs, which could lead to a reduction in the prevalence of HBV, HCV, syphilis, and HIV
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Alkindi, Salam, Nada AL-Umairi, and Anil Pathare. "Prevalence of Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and HIV in Sickle Cell Disease Patients from Oman." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 4916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-118435.
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Abstract Background and Purpose: Oman is a country with an intermediate prevalence of Hepatitis B (HBV) carriers (2.8-7.1%, 20101), while the prevalence of HBV infection was 5.8% (20142). Hepatitis C (HCV) prevalence reported from Oman was 0.41% (20163). Further, a total of 2394 Human Immunodeficiency (HIV) infections were identified among Omanis (20134). Unfortunately, there are no studies on the prevalence of HIV, HBV and HCV in sickle cell disease (SCD) patients from Oman. Objectives: This study was therefore performed to estimate the prevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV among SCD patients from Oman. Methods: In a retrospective cross-sectional cohort study, medical records of all patients with SCD and sickle cell trait (SCT) patients who received blood transfusions between 2006 to 2017 were retrieved from the hospital information system. Specifically, data on HIV, HBV and HCV exposure were recorded to study the prevalence, following approval for the study from the hospital medical research and ethics committee. Results: Amongst a total of 1000 patient (491 males and 509 females), 126 (12.6%) had anti-HCV antibodies (anti-HCV) based on serology and amongst these 52(5.2%) were PCR positive. Genotype 1 was the most predominant (n=36), followed by genotype 3& 4(n=7 each) followed by genotype 2(n=2). 23 (2.3%) SCD patients showed positive serology for hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg) and amongst these 16 (1.6%) were PCR positive. None of the SCD patients showed positive serology for HIV. Liver Ultrasound was normal in 788 patients (78.8%), whereas, 208(20.8%) had hepatomegaly and 4(0.4%)had liver cirrhosis. Further, only 2 patients amongst the 36 patients who had died had a hepatic cause. Conclusion: This study provides comprehensive data on the prevalence of HBV and HCV infection among SCD patients and raises concerns regarding the HCV prevalence in these patients with its impact on chronic liver disease. Reassuringly, no case with HIV was observed. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Behl, Shreya, Aaditya Behl, Pratibha Mane, Jyoti Sangwan, and Prakriti Vohra. "Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B and C co-infection in HIV seropositive and HIV seronegative cases in a Tertiary care hospital in Southern Haryana." IP International Journal of Medical Microbiology and Tropical Diseases 9, no. 2 (July 15, 2023): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijmmtd.2023.019.
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HBV (Hepatitis B virus) and HCV (Hepatitis C virus) are the causative agents of acute as well as chronic hepatitis. Nearly, two billion people are suffering with HBV and approximately 170 million people are infected with HCV infection around the world. While patients who are infected with HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) 2-4 million are found to be having chronic HBV co-infection and 4-5 million are having HCV coinfection. Due to common mode of transmission of HIV, HBV and HCV like using shared needles, syringes, other injectable devices, sexual intercourse, or even mother to baby transmission, it is common to see HBV and HCV co-infection in HIV positive individuals. This was a hospital based observational cross-sectional study. This study was conducted in Department of Microbiology, SHKM GMC, Nalhar, Nuh, Haryana. It was for one year. The sample size for HIV seropostive cases was 80 including 40 HIV positive and 40 HIV negative samples. Seroprevalence of HBV and HCV was identified on HIV positive and HIV negative samples. Seroprevalence of HBV and HCV was found to be higher in HIV positive individuals than HIV negative individuals. In HIV positive patients 10% individuals were HBsAg positive, 5% were HBeAg positive, 10% were positive by HBV RT-PCR. None of the HIV negative were coinfected with HBV. Similarly HCV-HIV coinfection was seen in 12.5% of individuals with Rapid test, ELISA and RT-PCR. None of the HIV negative were coinfected with HCV. In HIV positive individuals HBV and HCV coinfection was seen and Co-infection of HBV and HCV was absent in HIV negative individuals. Regular screening is recommended for HBV and HCV in HIV positive individuals.
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Gurung, Kishor, T. P. Poudel, G. J. Shah, and D. Mishra. "Seroprevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus in Nepalgunj Medical College, Nepal." Journal of Nepalgunj Medical College 16, no. 1 (July 31, 2018): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngmc.v16i1.24233.
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Introduction: Human immune deficiency viruses (HIV), Hepatitis B viruses (HBV) and Hepatitis C viruses (HCV) are the three most common chronic viral pathogens known. The viruses have common routes of transmission (such as blood and blood products, sharing needles to inject drugs and sexual activities) and similar risk factors.
Aim and objective: The aim of study was to determine the seroprevalence of HIV, HBV and HCV in Kohalpur Teaching Hospital, Nepalgunj Medical College.
Materials and methods: This is a descriptive hospital based study. The study was conducted at Nepalgunj Medical College, KTH, Banke. In this study, 2865 were tested for HIV, 2849 were tested for HBV and 2950 were tested for HCV from 12-01-2017 to 06-07-2017.
Results: In case of HIV, 1781 (62.16%) were male and 1064 (37.84%) were female. The study revealed that in HIV reactive case was found to be 0.14% where 0.16% (3) were males and 0.09% (1) were females. In case of HBV, 1743 (61.18%) were males and 1106 (38.82%) were females. The prevalence of HBV reactive was found to be 1.65% where 1.2% (34) in male and 0.45% (13) in female. In case of HCV, 1200 (40.67%) were male and 1750 (59.33%) were female. The prevalence of HCV reactive was found to be 0.03% (1) which was only in female.
Conclusion: We found that the prevalence of HIV was more predominant in males 0.16% (3). The HBV was more prevalent followed by HIV and HCV and the prevalence of HBV in male was more 1.2% (34) as compared to females 0.45% (13).
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Pal, Sampa, Margaret C. Shuhart, Lisa Thomassen, Scott S. Emerson, Tao Su, Nathan Feuerborn, John Kae, and David R. Gretch. "Intrahepatic Hepatitis C Virus Replication Correlates with Chronic Hepatitis C Disease Severity In Vivo." Journal of Virology 80, no. 5 (March 1, 2006): 2280–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.80.5.2280-2290.2006.
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ABSTRACT The role of viral factors in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C is unknown. The objective of the present study was to characterize markers of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and replication in liver biopsy specimens obtained from 65 genotype 1-infected subjects, including 31 who were coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and to analyze associations between intrahepatic viral markers and hepatitis C disease severity. The percentages of liver cells harboring HCV genomes (%G) and replicative-intermediate RNAs (%RI) were evaluated using strand-specific in situ hybridization, while HCV core and NS3 antigens were assessed by immunocytochemistry. HIV-positive and HIV-negative subjects had similar mean grades and stages of liver disease and had similar indices of HCV infection and replication in liver, even though coinfected subjects had significantly shorter mean disease duration (P = 0.0003). Multivariate analysis showed that %G was not associated with grade or stage of liver disease (P = 0.5 and 0.4, respectively), while %RI was strongly associated with liver inflammation (P < 0.001), liver fibrosis (P < 0.001), and serum alanine aminotransferase levels (P = 0.01). NS3 antigen (but not core) was more frequently detected in HCV RI-positive versus RI-negative specimens (P = 0.028). These findings demonstrate a link between HCV proliferation and hepatitis C disease severity and suggest similar pathogenic mechanisms in HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals.
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Makuza, Jean Damascene, Marie Paul Nisingizwe, Jean Olivier Twahirwa Rwema, Donatha Dushimiyimana, Dominique Savio Habimana, Sabine Umuraza, Janvier Serumondo, et al. "Role of unsafe medical practices and sexual behaviours in the hepatitis B and C syndemic and HIV co-infection in Rwanda: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 10, no. 7 (July 2020): e036711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036711.
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ObjectivesThis study describes the burden of the hepatitis B, C and HIV co-infections and assesses associated risk factors.SettingThis analysis used data from a viral hepatitis screening campaign conducted in six districts in Rwanda from April to May 2019. Ten health centres per district were selected according to population size and distance.ParticipantsThe campaign collected information from 156 499 participants (51 496 males and 104 953 females) on sociodemographic, clinical and behavioural characteristics. People who were not Rwandan by nationality or under 15 years old were excluded.Primary and secondary outcomesThe outcomes of interest included chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, HIV infection, co-infection HIV/HBV, co-infection HIV/HCV, co-infection HBV/HCV and co-infection HCV/HBV/HIV. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to assess factors associated with HBV, HCV and HIV, mono and co-infections.ResultsOf 156 499 individuals screened, 3465 (2.2%) were hepatitis B surface antigen positive and 83% (2872/3465) of them had detectable HBV desoxy-nucleic acid (HBV DNA). A total of 4382 (2.8%) individuals were positive for antibody-HCV (anti-HCV) and 3163 (72.2%) had detectable HCV ribo-nucleic acid (RNA). Overall, 36 (0.02%) had HBV/HCV co-infection, 153 (0.1%) HBV/HIV co-infection, 238 (0.15%) HCV/HIV co-infection and 3 (0.002%) had triple infection. Scarification or receiving an operation from traditional healer was associated with all infections. Healthcare risk factors—history of surgery or transfusion—were associated with higher likelihood of HIV infection with OR 1.42 (95% CI 1.21 to 1.66) and OR 1.48 (1.29 to 1.70), respectively, while history of physical traumatic assault was associated with a higher likelihood of HIV and HBV/HIV co-infections with OR 1.69 (95% CI 1.51 to 1.88) and OR 1.82 (1.08 to 3.05), respectively.ConclusionsOverall, mono-infections were common and there were differences in significant risk factors associated with various infections. These findings highlight the magnitude of co-infections and differences in underlying risk factors that are important for designing prevention and care programmes.
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Franchini, Massimo. "Hepatitis C in haemophiliacs." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 92, no. 12 (2004): 1259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th04-08-0510.
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SummaryVirtually all haemophiliacs who received non-virucidally treated, large-pool clotting factor concentrates before 1986 became infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). Although approximately one-tenth of HCV-infected people have been shown to clear the infection naturally, in the remaining cases the infection slowly progresses. Unfortunately, a significant percentage of HCV-infected hemophilic patients were also co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which can accelerate the progression to cirrhosis and liver failure. As regards treatment, combination therapy with interferon (IFN) and ribavirin has improved the poor results obtained with IFN monotherapy and has become the standard treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Given the positive results obtained with pegylated interferon in non-haemophiliacs, ongoing trials are evaluating this promising therapy in HCV-chronically infected haemophilic patients. Finally, anti-HCV treatment should also be considered for those haemophiliacs co-infected with HIV in whom anti-retroviral treatment has stabilized the HIV infection.
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Jadoon, Alamzeb, Shah Nawaz, Fatima Sherin, Muhammad Idress, Zahid Irfan Marwat, Muhammad Safdar, and Safdar Irfan Marwat. "Screening and donor awareness of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa." Journal of Basic & Clinical Medical Sciences 2 (November 15, 2023): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.58398/0002.000011.
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Globally, blood donations carry the risk of transmitting infectious diseases if not properly screened, necessitating rigorous protocols to detect transfusion-transmitted infections such as hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and HIV. Our study focused on assessing the frequencies of HBV, HCV, and HIV, as well as donor awareness of these infections in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. This observational study, which was conducted over two months at Nowshera Medical College, involved 100 volunteer blood donors and used a close-ended questionnaire to gather data on both diagnostic results and awareness. The results indicated that HBV was present in 4% of the donors, HCV was present in 2%, and no HIV was detected. Awareness levels varied, with 52% of donors aware of HBV transmission through blood transfusions, 54% recognizing the lack of a vaccine for HCV, and 74% having a greater awareness of HIV affecting the immune system. This study highlights significant gaps in donor knowledge, especially regarding transmission and prevention. These findings underscore the need for enhanced screening and donor education to reduce the risk of infections from blood transfusions. Improved public health strategies and policies are necessary to ensure the safety of the blood supply, ultimately improving health outcomes in the region. This study advocates for targeted interventions that can significantly mitigate transfusion-related risks and foster a safer blood donation environment.
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Prasetyo, Afiono Agung, Paramasari Dirgahayu, Yulia Sari, Hudiyono Hudiyono, and Seiji Kageyama. "Molecular epidemiology of HIV, HBV, HCV, and HTLV-1/2 in drug abuser inmates in central Javan prisons, Indonesia." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 7, no. 06 (June 15, 2013): 453–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.2965.
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Introduction: This study was conducted to determine the current molecular prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis D virus (HDV), and human T lymphotropic virus-1/2 (HTLV-1/2) circulating among drug abuser inmates incarcerated in prisons located in Central Java, Indonesia. Methodology: Socio-epidemiological data and blood specimens were collected from 375 drug abuser inmates in four prisons. The blood samples were analyzed with serological and molecular testing for HIV, HBV, HCV, HDV, and HTLV-1/2. Results: The seroprevalence of HIV, HBsAg, HCV, HDV, and HTLV-1/2 in drug abuser inmates was 4.8% (18/375), 3.2% (12/375), 34.1% (128/375), 0% (0/375), and 3.7% (14/375), respectively. No co-infections of HIV and HBV were found. Co-infections of HIV/HCV, HIV/HTLV-1/2, HBV/HCV, HBV/HTLV-1/2, and HCV/HTLV-1/2 were prevalent at rates of 4% (15/375), 1.3% (5/375), 1.1% (4/375), 0.3% (1/375), and 2.1% (8/375), respectively. The HIV/HCV co-infection rate was significantly higher in injection drug users (IDUs) compared to non-IDUs. Triple co-infection of HIV/HCV/HTLV-1/2 was found only in three IDUs (0.8%). HIV CRF01_AE was found to be circulating in the inmates. HBV genotype B3 predominated, followed by C1. Subtypes adw and adr were found. HCV genotype 1a predominated among HCV-infected inmates, followed by 1c, 3k, 3a, 4a, and 1b. All HTLV-1 isolates shared 100% homology with HTLV-1 isolated in Japan, while all of the HTLV-2 isolates were subtype 2a. Conclusion: Drug abuser inmates in prisons may offer a unique community to bridge prevention and control of human blood-borne virus infection to the general community.
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Jordan, Ashly E., David C. Perlman, Joshua Neurer, Daniel J. Smith, Don C. Des Jarlais, and Holly Hagan. "Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among HIV+ men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis." International Journal of STD & AIDS 28, no. 2 (July 10, 2016): 145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462416630910.
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Since 2000, an increase in hepatitis C virus infection among HIV-infected (HIV+) men who have sex with men has been observed. Evidence points to blood exposure during sex as the medium of hepatitis C virus transmission. Hepatitis C virus prevalence among HIV + MSM overall and in relation to injection drug use is poorly characterized. In this study, a systematic review and meta-analysis examining global hepatitis C virus antibody prevalence and estimating active hepatitis C virus prevalence among HIV + MSM were conducted; 42 reports provided anti-hepatitis C virus prevalence data among HIV + MSM. Pooled prevalence produced an overall anti-hepatitis C virus prevalence among HIV + MSM of 8.1%; active HCV prevalence estimate was 5.3%–7.3%. Anti-hepatitis C virus prevalence among injection drug use and non-injection drug use HIV + MSM was 40.0% and 6.7%, respectively. Among HIV + MSM, hepatitis C virus prevalence increased significantly over time among the overall and non-injection drug use groups, and decreased significantly among injection drug use HIV + MSM. We identified a moderate prevalence of hepatitis C virus among all HIV + MSM and among non-injection drug use HIV + MSM; for both, prevalence was observed to be increasing slightly. Pooled prevalence of hepatitis C virus among HIV + MSM was higher than that observed in the 1945–1965 US birth cohort. The modest but rising hepatitis C virus prevalence among HIV + MSM suggests an opportunity to control HCV among HIV + MSM; this combined with data demonstrating a rising hepatitis C virus incidence highlights the temporal urgency to do so.
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Gupta, Sakshee, Bharti Malhotra, Jitendra Kumar Tiwari, Prabhu Dayal Khandelwal, and Rakesh Kumar Maheshwari. "Cluster of differentiation 4+ T-cell counts and human immunodeficiency virus-1 viral load in patients coinfected with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus." Journal of Laboratory Physicians 10, no. 02 (April 2018): 162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jlp.jlp_37_17.
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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Coinfections of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with hepatitis viruses may affect the progress of disease and response to therapy. OBJECTIVES: To study the incidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfections in HIV–positive patients and their influence on HIV–1 viral load and cluster of differentiation 4+ (CD4+) T–cell counts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This pilot study was done on 179 HIV–positive patients attending antiretroviral therapy (ART) centre. Their blood samples were tested for HIV-1 viral load, CD4+ T–cell counts, hepatitis B surface antigen, anti–HCV antibodies, HBV DNA and HCV RNA polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Among the 179 patients, 7.82% (14/179) were coinfected with HBV and 4.46% (8/179) with HCV. Median CD4+ T–cell count of HIV monoinfected patients was 200 cells/µl and viral load was 1.67 log10 copies/µl. Median CD4+ T–cell counts of 193 cells/µl for HBV (P = 0.230) and 197 cells/µl for HCV (P = 0.610) coinfected patients were similar to that of HIV monoinfected patients. Viral load was higher in both HBV and HCV infected patients but statistically significant only for HCV (P = 0.017). Increase in CD4+ T–cell counts and decrease in HIV–1 viral load in coinfected patients on 2 years of ART were lower than that in HIV monoinfected patients. CONCLUSION: HBV/HCV coinfected HIV patients had similar CD4+ T–cell counts as in HIV monoinfected patients, higher HIV viral load both in chemo–naive patients and in those on ART as compared to HIV monoinfected patients. However, this study needs to be done on a large scale to assess the impact of coinfection on CD4 count and HIV viral load with proper follow–up of patients every 6 months till at least 2 years.
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Khamatova, A. A., A. I. Mazus, L. N. Mazankova, T. A. Chebotareva, and Yu F. Vlatskaya. "Prevalence of HIV/HCV co-infection in pregnant women. Risk factors for perinatal transmission of HIV/HCV." Infekcionnye bolezni 20, no. 1 (2022): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/1729-9225-2022-1-91-98.
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The review provides up-to-date statistical data on the prevalence, transmission routes, and risks of perinatal transmission of hepatitis C virus, immunodeficiency virus, and variants of their co-infections from mother to child. The increase in the number of HIV/HCV co-infected women of reproductive age makes it urgent to develop a strategy for the prevention of vertical transmission of HIV/HCV co-infection based on the treatment of viral hepatitis C during pregnancy planning and three-stage prevention of perinatal transmission of HIV infection at the onset of pregnancy. Key words: HIV infection, chronic viral hepatitis C, HIV/HCV co-infection, perinatal HIV transmission, perinatal transmission of viral hepatitis C infection, risks of perinatal HIV transmission, risks of perinatal hepatitis C virus transmission, risk factors for perinatal HIV/HCV co-infection transmission
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Lawal, Mary Adetola, Oluwafunmilayo Funke Adeniyi, Patricia Eyanya Akintan, Abideen Olurotimi Salako, Olorunfemi Sunday Omotosho, and Edamisan Olusoji Temiye. "Prevalence of and risk factors for hepatitis B and C viral co-infections in HIV infected children in Lagos, Nigeria." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 10, 2020): e0243656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243656.
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Introduction The study was carried out to determine the prevalence of and risk factors for hepatitis B and C viral co-infections in HIV infected children in Lagos. Method A cross-sectional study conducted to determine the prevalence and risk factors for hepatitis B and C viral co-infection in children aged 2 months to 13 years. There were 187 HIV infected and 187 HIV naïve age, sex-matched controls. Blood samples of participants were assayed for the serologic markers [HBsAg, anti-HBc, and anti-HCV)] of HBV and HCV viral infections using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Result The prevalence of HBV infection using HBsAg was 5.3% and 4.8% (p = 0.814), among HIV-infected and HIV naïve children respectively, while using anti-HBc the prevalence was 7.0% and 7.5% (p = 0.842) among HIV- infected and HIV naïve children respectively. The prevalence of HCV infection among HIV- infected and HIV naive children were equal to 0.5% (p = 1.000). There was also no significant association with the identifiable risk factors (sharing of a toothbrush, sharing of needles, incision marks/tattoo, hepatitis B immunization status, history of blood transfusion, previous surgical operation, sexual exposure/abuse, history of jaundice, and genital circumcision) and the HBV and or HCV status among both groups of children. History of sexual exposure/abuse and history of jaundice were however found to be predictors of the presence of HBsAg among HIV infected children only, using a binary logistic regression model. Conclusion The prevalence of HBV and or HCV infection among HIV-infected children is similar to the prevalence among HIV naïve children, suggesting that HIV-infected children are not more predisposed to viral hepatitis than healthy children. Also, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of HBV infection irrespective of the use of HBsAg or anti-HBc.
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Biver, Emmanuel, Alexandra Calmy, and René Rizzoli. "Bone health in HIV and hepatitis B or C infections." Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease 9, no. 1 (October 8, 2016): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1759720x16671927.
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Chronic infections with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) add to age-dependent bone loss and may contribute to lower bone strength in the elderly. In this review, we report recent highlights on the epidemiology of bone fragility in chronic viral infections with HIV, HCV and HBV, its physiopathology and discuss the interference of antiviral therapies with bone metabolism. Chronic infections influence bone through the interactions between risk factors for bone fragility and falls (which are highly prevalent in infected patients), virus activity and antiviral drugs. HIV-infected patients are at increased risk of fracture and the risk is higher in cases of co-infection with HIV and untreated chronic viral hepatitis. In HIV patients, the majority of bone loss occurs during virus activity and at initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, long-term elderly HIV-infected patients on successful ART display bone microstructure alterations only partially captured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Bone loss is associated with an increase of bone resorption, reflecting the upregulation of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) pathways via a crosstalk between virus activity, inflammation and the immune system. The use of some antiviral drugs, such as tenofovir (controlling both HBV and HIV infections) or protease inhibitors, may be associated with higher bone toxicity. The reduction of tenofovir plasma concentrations with the implementation of tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) attenuates bone mineral density (BMD) loss but it remains unknown whether it will contribute to reducing fracture risk in long-term HIV-treated patients. Moreover, to what extent the new direct-acting agents for treatment of HCV, including nucleotide inhibitors and protease inhibitors, may affect bone health similarly as ART in HIV should be investigated.
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Movaghar, Nahid T., Saber Mojarrad, Hadi R. Shahraki, Mohammadreza Nazari, Mahtab Hadadi, and Mohammad Motamedifar. "Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and Human Immunodeficiency Viruses in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients, Southern Iran." Current Immunology Reviews 16, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573395516999200819164045.
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Background: Hemodialysis [HD] patients are more prone to blood-borne viruses, such as hepatitis B virus [HBV], hepatitis C virus [HCV], and, to a lesser extent, Human Immunodeficiency Virus [HIV]. Chronic HBV and HCV infections are associated with liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and early graft failure after kidney transplantation. As there was no recent information, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV infection in HD patients in Fars province, southern Iran. This could help health policymakers to run more effective infection control practices for reducing such blood-borne virus infections, if necessary. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 906 HD patients in Fars province, southern Iran. A total of 906 blood samples were obtained from patients and diagnostic tests of HBV, HCV, and HIV were done. Demographic data and some other information, such as duration of dialysis, were extracted from the patients’ medical records. Data were analyzed in SPSS, version 18. Results: Out of the patients enrolled in the study, 547 [60.4%] were male and 359 [39.6%] female. The mean ± SD age of the patients was 58.0 ± 15.8 years. The prevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV infection was 0.88%, 0.55% and 0.44%, respectively. HIV-infected subjects were significantly younger than the HIV-negative group [P <0.017]. Conclusion: It seems that Fars is among the provinces with low HBV and HCV prevalence in HD patients in comparison to other provinces of Iran. On the other hand, HIV prevalence here is higher than other provincial studies. Strict adherence to preventive infection control measures is recommended in HD centers.
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Bosh, K. A., J. R. Coyle, V. Hansen, E. M. Kim, S. Speers, M. Comer, L. M. Maddox, et al. "HIV and viral hepatitis coinfection analysis using surveillance data from 15 US states and two cities." Epidemiology and Infection 146, no. 7 (April 11, 2018): 920–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268818000766.
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AbstractCoinfection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and viral hepatitis is associated with high morbidity and mortality in the absence of clinical management, making identification of these cases crucial. We examined characteristics of HIV and viral hepatitis coinfections by using surveillance data from 15 US states and two cities. Each jurisdiction used an automated deterministic matching method to link surveillance data for persons with reported acute and chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections, to persons reported with HIV infection. Of the 504 398 persons living with diagnosed HIV infection at the end of 2014, 2.0% were coinfected with HBV and 6.7% were coinfected with HCV. Of the 269 884 persons ever reported with HBV, 5.2% were reported with HIV. Of the 1 093 050 persons ever reported with HCV, 4.3% were reported with HIV. A greater proportion of persons coinfected with HIV and HBV were males and blacks/African Americans, compared with those with HIV monoinfection. Persons who inject drugs represented a greater proportion of those coinfected with HIV and HCV, compared with those with HIV monoinfection. Matching HIV and viral hepatitis surveillance data highlights epidemiological characteristics of persons coinfected and can be used to routinely monitor health status and guide state and national public health interventions.
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Fouelifack Ymele, Florent, Basile Keugoung, Jeanne Hortense Fouedjio, Nadege Kouam, Sandrine Mendibi, and Jacqueline Dongtsa Mabou. "High Rates of Hepatitis B and C and HIV Infections among Blood Donors in Cameroon: A Proposed Blood Screening Algorithm for Blood Donors in Resource-Limited Settings." Journal of Blood Transfusion 2012 (October 10, 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/458372.
Full textAbstract:
Background. Infections with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are currently major public health problems. Methods. A retrospective study was conducted from January to June 2008 at the Blood Bank of the Central Hospital, Yaoundé (Cameroon). The objective was to study the prevalence of HIV, HBV, and HCV and their coinfections among blood donors. Results. A total of 4650 donors were identified, and the sex ratio (male/female) was 14/1. The median age of donors was 28 years (range: 16 to 69 years). Among blood donors, HBV, HIV, and HCV infection prevalences were 12.14% (n=565) , 4.44% (n=206), and 1.44% (n=67), respectively. Coinfection with HIV and HBV was observed among 0.77% donors, followed by hepatitis B and C co-infection (0.21%) and HIV and HCV coinfection (0.06%). Co-infection with HIV-HBV-HCV was encountered in 2 donors. The HIV, HBV, and HCV infections lead to a destruction of one out of six sets of blood collected. Conclusion. There is a need to review policies for blood collection from donors, by modifying the algorithm of blood donors testing. Pretesting potential donors using rapid tests could help to avoid collection and destruction of (infected) blood.