Journal articles on the topic 'History Sniffing'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: History Sniffing.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'History Sniffing.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Gordon, S., and I. Nedelchev. "Sniffing in the sun: History of a disaster." Network Security 1994, no. 7 (July 1994): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1353-4858(94)90012-4.
Full text
2
Mishra, Deebya Raj, Narendra Bhatta, Bidesh Bista, Puru Koirala, and Ramhari Ghimire. "Air due to Glue: Spontaneous Pneumothorax in a Young Adult with Glue Sniffing." Journal of Nepal Medical Association 56, no. 210 (April 30, 2018): 621–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31729/jnma.3530.
Full textAbstract:
Solvent abuse, as inhalant specially, in the form of low cost adhesives like dendrite is common in low income countries among children and the teens. This habit is often a stepping stone to harder drugs. The neurological and neuropsychological effects of solvent abuse are well explored. But the respiratory effects are often overlooked. In this report, we present a case of a 19 year old gentleman, with regular history of sniffing of commercial “glue” compounds. This patient presented with right sided chest pain and chest x-ray showed a right sided pneumothorax. The pulmonary barotrauma, possibly due to increased intra-alveolar pressure, during the sniffing process can lead to alveolar rupture and in turn, pneumothorax. In the absence of other risk factors for Pneumothorax, the link between inhalant abuse and respiratory complications has to be explored in patients with history of such abuse.
3
Ramcharan, Kanterpersad, Amrit Ramesar, Moshanti Ramdath, Joel Teelucksingh, and Maria Gosein. "Encephalopathy and Neuropathy due to Glue, Paint Thinner, and Gasoline Sniffing in Trinidad and Tobago-MRI Findings." Case Reports in Neurological Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/850109.
Full textAbstract:
A 29-year-old male petrol station pump attendant was admitted with ataxia and clinical evidence of a sensorimotor polyneuropathy which developed over the preceding 3 months. He had cognitive dysfunction, hearing loss, and cerebellar clinical abnormalities that came on slowly over the three years. He had a fifteen-year history of sniffing mostly glue, occasionally paint thinners, and, in the recent two years, gasoline. Magnetic resonance brain imaging showed abnormalities of the cerebral cortex, cerebral white matter, corpus callosum, hippocampus, brainstem and cerebellar atrophy, hypointensities of basal ganglia, red nuclei, and substantia nigra as previously described in toluene sniffing. Abstinence for six months led to partial clinical improvement. Clinicians need to be aware of this preventable entity which has peculiar radiological findings which are being increasingly accepted as typical.
4
Shibata, S., K. Murakami, Y. Umeno, and S. Komune. "Epidemiological study of cholesteatoma in Fukuoka City." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 129, S2 (February 23, 2015): S6—S11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002221511400231x.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractObjective and design:To investigate the pathogenesis of cholesteatoma, we planned to conduct a cohort study. As a first step, we conducted an epidemiological study in Fukuoka City, Japan to determine the incidence of cholesteatoma treated both with and without surgery. We also conducted a case–control study to investigate the pathogenesis of cholesteatoma.Results:The annual incidence of cholesteatoma, including cases treated without surgery, was 6.8–10.0 in a population of 100 000. The results of the case–control study suggested that a past history of otitis media and habitual sniffing caused by a patulous eustachian tube play a role in the pathogenesis of cholesteatoma.Conclusions:The annual incidence of cholesteatoma, including cases treated without surgery, was considered to not be high enough to perform a cohort study. The results of the case–control study suggest that otitis media and habitual sniffing due to a patulous eustachian tube, contribute to the onset of cholesteatoma.
5
Daniel, François-Joseph. "Sensory Science in Tension." Science & Technology Studies 33, no. 2 (May 14, 2020): 49–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.23987/sts.60784.
Full textAbstract:
For the last 15 years, sensory science has frequently been recommended to industrial actors to monitor odours, assess the quality of the environment and improve their factories’ functioning. Resident “sniffing teams” have been put in place in different contexts to assess odorous pollution. These teams are groups of local residents living in the neighbourhoods of industrial facilities, who have been trained to report pollution emissions. This article describes these teams as sensory devices and argues that their functioning relies on the consent of the residents to allow themselves to “be affected differently” by smells – from annoyance to interest and curiosity about odour recognition and reporting activity. This consent, which is based on an ‘ethic’ of sensing, centered on the sniffers’ own feelings, is delicate, tense and reversible, given the emotionally-loaded contexts of odorous pollution.
6
Altenkirch, Holger, and Walter Kindermann. "Inhalant abuse and heroin addiction: A comparative study on 574 opiate addicts with and without a history of sniffing." Addictive Behaviors 11, no. 2 (January 1986): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4603(86)90033-x.
Full text
7
Tryka, A. F., W. E. Cox, and S. H. Van Devanter. "ESI detection of titanium in lungs of a spray paint sniffer." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 49 (August 1991): 134–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100084971.
Full textAbstract:
Do lungs of inhalation substance abusers contain materials indicative of such abuse, and is it possible to detect these materials by electron energy loss spectroscopy? While most abuse involves only volatile materials, spray paint is one material where when volatile materials evaporate, resultant solid particles may be of respirable size. These particles may contain paint pigments such as titanium dioxide.Lung biopsy tissue was obtained for diagnostic purposes from a 16 year old male who presented with acute onset of progressive respiratory insufficiency. The patient later admitted to a history of significant paint sniffing. Desquamative interstitial pneumonitis was observed by light microscopy, with an unusual additional feature of many alveolar macrophages having dusty cytoplasm. Routine ultrastructural study demonstrated large amounts of electron dense material in these macrophages. To address the question of what materials were present in the cells, additional tissue samples were embedded in Araldite, sectioned at 30 nm, and viewed unstained on a Zeiss 902.
8
Chao, Tzee Cheng, Danny S. T. Lo, J. Koh, T. C. Ting, L. M. Quek, T. H. Koh, C. Y. Koh-Tan, and A. Zubaidah. "Glue Sniffing Deaths in Singapore — Volatile Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Post-Mortem Blood by Headspace Gas Chromatography." Medicine, Science and the Law 33, no. 3 (July 1993): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580249303300312.
Full textAbstract:
Over a period from 1983 to 1991, of a total of 19,000 post-mortems, 33 were found to have at least one aromatic hydrocarbon (benzene, toluene or xylenes) in the blood. Of the 33 deceased, 22 had a history of toluene or petrol abuse while most of the remaining 11 were suspected to be glue sniffers through evidence found at the scene. This number, which represented 0.17 per cent of all the unnatural deaths, is considered small for a nation having a glue sniffing epidemic. The low death rate, as compared to 2.1 per cent through drug and chemical poisoning during the same period, is attributed to the timely intervention by the Government who outlawed glue sniffing and the effectiveness of compulsory rehabilitation. The male gender predominates (81.8 per cent) among the 33 deceased with a mean age of 20.1 years (range 15 to 33). The mean age for the female gender is 17.7 years (range 16 to 20). The blood toluene levels were found to be in the range 0.2 to 92μg per ml blood. The causes of death are: 63.6 per cent due to falling or suicide by jumping; 18.2 per cent drowning; 6.1 per cent hanging; 6.1 per cent homicide; and 6.1 per cent acute toluene poisoning. The high proportion of traumatic deaths are discussed. Headspace gas chromatography with a suitable GC column was used for the analysis. Calibration blood standards were prepared in situ or in bulk stabilized by 10 per cent (v/v) methanol to overcome the hydrophobic and volatile nature of the aromatic hydrocarbons. Both methods of calibration gave analogous calibration factors, (slope for toluene: 0.092 to 0.095; slope for m-xylene: 0.070 to 0.071; and slope for o-xylene: 0.064 to 0.065), correlation coefficients of 0.9997 or better and standard deviation of 3.1 per cent or less. The consequences of different ways of blood standards preparations are discussed.
9
Clough, Alan R., Peter D'abbs, Sheree Cairney, Dennis Gray, Paul Maruff, Robert Parker, and Bridie O'reilly. "Adverse Mental Health Effects of Cannabis Use in Two Indigenous Communities in Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia: Exploratory Study." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 39, no. 7 (July 2005): 612–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01634.x.
Full textAbstract:
Objective: We investigated adverse mental health effects and their associations with levels of cannabis use among indigenous Australian cannabis users in remote communities in the Northern Territory. Method: Local indigenous health workers and key informants assisted in developing 28 criteria describing mental health symptoms. Five symptom clusters were identified using cluster analysis of data compiled from interviews with 103 cannabis users. Agreement was assessed (method comparison approach, κ-statistic) with a clinician's classification of the 28 criteria into five groups labelled: ‘anxiety’, ‘dependency’, ‘mood’, ‘vegetative’ and ‘psychosis’. Participants were described as showing ‘anxiety’, ‘dependency’ etc., if they reported half or more of the symptoms comprising the cluster. Associations between participants' self-reported cannabis use and each symptom cluster were assessed (logistic regression adjusting for age, sex, other substance use). Results: Agreement between two classifications of 28 criteria into five groups was ‘moderate’ (64%, κ=0.55, p<0.001). When five clusters were combined into three, ‘anxietydependency’, ‘mood-vegetative’ and ‘psychosis’, agreement rose to 71% ( κ=0.56, p<0.001). ‘Anxiety-dependency’ was positively associated with number of ‘cones’ usually smoked per week and this remained significant when adjusted for confounders (p=0.020) and tended to remain significant in those who had never sniffed petrol (p=0.052). Users of more than five cones per week were more likely to display ‘anxiety-dependency’ symptoms than those who used one cone per week (OR=15.8, 1.8–141.2, p=0.013). A crude association between the ‘mood-vegetative’ symptom cluster and number of cones usually smoked per week (p=0.014) also remained statistically significant when adjusted for confounders (p=0.012) but was modified by interactions with petrol sniffing (p=0.116) and alcohol use (p=0.276). There were no associations between cannabis use and ‘psychosis’. Conclusions: Risks for ‘anxiety-dependency’ symptoms in cannabis users increased as their level of use increased. Other plausible mental health effects of cannabis in this population of comparatively new users were probably masked by alcohol use and a history of petrol sniffing.
10
Mail. "Boozing, Sniffing, and Toking: An Overview of the Past, Present, and Future of Substance Use by American Indians." American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research 5, no. 2 (1993): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5820/aian.0502.1993.1.
Full text
11
Mishra, Vikas, Pierre Laperdrix, Walter Rudametkin, and Romain Rouvoy. "Déjà vu: Abusing Browser Cache Headers to Identify and Track Online Users." Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2021, no. 2 (January 29, 2021): 391–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/popets-2021-0033.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Many browser cache attacks have been proposed in the literature to sniff the user’s browsing history. All of them rely on specific time measurements to infer if a resource is in the cache or not. Unlike the state-of-the-art, this paper reports on a novel cache-based attack that is not a timing attack but that abuses the HTTP cache-control and expires headers to extract the exact date and time when a resource was cached by the browser. The privacy implications are serious as this information can not only be utilized to detect if a website was visited by the user but it can also help build a timeline of the user’s visits. This goes beyond traditional history sniffing attacks as we can observe patterns of visit and model user’s behavior on the web. To evaluate the impact of our attack, we tested it on all major browsers and found that all of them, except the ones based on WebKit, are vulnerable to it. Since our attack requires specific HTTP headers to be present, we also crawled the Tranco Top 100K websites and identified 12, 970 of them can be detected with our approach. Among them, 1, 910 deliver resources that have expiry dates greater than 100 days, enabling long-term user tracking. Finally, we discuss possible defenses at both the browser and standard levels to prevent users from being tracked.
12
Debshankar Mukhopadhyay, Abhijit Chakraborty, and Srijit Ghosh. "A study on profile of patients using inhalants attending in a tertiary care center of East India." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 13, no. 6 (June 1, 2022): 168–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v13i6.41267.
Full textAbstract:
Background: There is a slow but steady increase in inhalant use in India among adolescent age group. There is a very few studies regarding inhalant use disorder in India. No study has been reported from West Bengal. Aims and Objectives: In our study, we aimed to study the sociodemographic and clinical profile of patients using inhalants. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional clinic-based study conducted in a tertiary care center medical college hospital of West Bengal. All patients attending in the outpatient department with a history of inhalant use were taken in this study irrespective of diagnosis and purpose of visit. Duration of the study was 18 months. Sociodemographic and clinical profiles were obtained using asemi-structured pro forma. Results: We studied 26 patients. All were unmarried male from urban background, middle to lower socioeconomic status. Most of them were from nuclear family. Mean age was 15.2 years. Most of them were studying (69.2%). Inhalant was the preferred substance for all of them. Tobacco was the most common substance used along with inhalants. The most common inhalants substance was glue (Dendrite) 84.6%. Sniffing (80.8%) was the most common form of inhalation. For all of the patients, inhalation was out of curiosity. Only 23.1% had a positive family history of substance dependence. The most common comorbidity found was conduct disorder (30.8%). Motivation for quitting was poor for most of the patients. Conclusion: Inhalant use disorder is an important but still unexplored research area in West Bengal. Although not common, inhalant use disorder is not rare in clinical setting.
13
[方博], Fang Bo. "The Transtextual Gender Construction in the Opera Madame White Snake." ASIAN-EUROPEAN MUSIC RESEARCH JOURNAL 7 (June 21, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30819/aemr.7-1.
Full textAbstract:
The opera Madame White Snake (hereafter Madame), co-commissioned by Opera Boston and Beijing Music Festival, premiered at Boston Cutler Majestic Theater in February 2010. It was the first commissioned opera by Opera Boston.1 Based on the story from the famous Chinese ancient myth Bai She Zhuan 2 (in Chinese: 白蛇传), this opera’s libretto was created by a Singaporean American librettist, who has shed the story’s “traditional skin and taking on modern trappings” (Smith, 2019: 27) on purpose. When sniffing at male librettists’ discourses about female characters’ vulnerable and tragic lives in their operas, opera Madame’s initiator and librettist Cerise Lim Jacobs argues that women should seize the initiative to make their own decisions in life. The white snake, in her mind, ought to be a whole woman who is powerful and demonic, and yet, is also nurturing and caring, is capable of deep and intense love. In the first section of this article, I introduce the original legend’s background and the story outline in its operatic adaptation; I also trace back the opera’s commissioning process. After providing the background information of the story and the operatic version, then, in the second section I analyze the opera in terms of its transtextual figural gender construction in her characterization through comparative studies of the white and green snakes’ images from the sources of literary works, traditional xiqu scripts and operatic librettos. Referring to Lim’s personal growth and migrating history, as well as she and her husband co-founded charitable foundation’s missions and its recent IDEA (Inclusion, Diversity, Equity, and Access) opera grant program partnering with Opera America, I aim to examine her gender construction of the “female” roles in the opera from the perspectives of feminism, interracial marriage; and heterosexual, transsexual, and homosexual relationships.
14
Ciorba, Andrea, Stavros Hatzopoulos, Cristina Cogliandolo, Chiara Bianchini, Martina Renna, Stefano Pelucchi, Piotr Henryk Skarżyński, et al. "Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Olfactory Perception of the Same Stimuli." Life 11, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11010011.
Full textAbstract:
Background. Data in the literature report that a number of studies have attempted to identify the exact location of the cortical olfaction representation, searching for evidence suggesting that sniffing odors can initiate a primary activation of the piriform cortex and the insula. Nowadays, due to the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) outbreak, the functional study of the olfactory system could offer a better understanding of the physiopathology of olfactory perception, elucidating better the possible site(s) of damage induced by the COVID-19 infection. The aim of this paper was to evaluate brain maps generated from functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data, collected from healthy individuals in response to the same olfactory stimulus. Methods. A total of 45 healthy volunteers, without history and/or no clinical signs of sinonasal disease and without history and/or presence of olfactory dysfunction underwent fMRI assessment. Subjects were presented with the same odorous stimuli at specific intervals. fMRI generated brain maps were used in the identification of different cortical areas, involved in the stimuli perception. Results. The fMRI brain maps showed that odorous stimuli activate primarily the left anterior insula (in 35/45 cases or 77.8%). Other activated areas include: the low temporal gyri, the middle and superior temporal gyri, the frontal and piriform cortex, the anterior cingulate gyrus, the parahippocampal gyrus, the temporopolar area, the para-insular area, the subcentral area, the supramarginal gyrus, the occipital cortex and the cerebellum. Conclusions. fMRI resulted as a safe and reliable means to study the perception of olfaction in the cortex. The data of this study suggest that the anterior insula is the main stimulated area when olfactory stimuli are present. This area is always activated, despite the hand and nostril dominance.
15
Suardi, N. E., M. Preve, M. Godio, E. Bolla, R. A. Colombo, and R. Traber. "Misuse of pregabalin: Case series and literature review." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1067.
Full textAbstract:
IntroductionPregabalin is widely used in neurology, psychiatry and primary healthcare, and recently in literature different studies explain the possible misuse [1,2]. Pregabalin has shown greater potency in preclinical models of epilepsy, pain and anxiety, and may have potential in the treatment of cocaine addiction [3]. The purpose of this report is to review the clinical evidence for the potential of abuse and misuse of pregabalin. We propose ten different cases and literature review.MethodTen inpatients with misuse of pregabalin were assessed with: the SCID-P, Anamnestic Folio, HAM-A and DAST. We conducted a systematic review of the literature (PubMed, Embase, PsychInfo), using the terms “pregabalin”, “misuse”.ResultsAll our patients present: cocaine, alcohol and/heroin positive in drugs urine screening at admission; a significant high level of total anxiety at the HAM-A Tot (P < .001), and especially at the item 7 (P < .001); the misuse of pregabalin is made for sniffing; the predominant symptoms assessed were euphoria, psychomotor activation and sedation.Discussion and conclusionSchifano F et al., [1,2] suggest that pregabalin should carefully prescribe in patients with a possible previous history of drug abuse. Our result identifies a particular population the misuse pregabalin that are abuser of cocaine, alcohol and/or heroin. Further research is warranted to replicate our clinical and qualitative observations and, in general, quantitative studies in large samples followed up over time are needed. Methodological limitations, clinical implications and suggestions for future research directions are considered.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
16
Russell, Lynette. "Australian Aborigines: New Perceptions and Altered StatesA Place for Strangers: Towards a History of Australian Aboriginal Being.Tony SwainHeavy Metal: The Social Meaning of Petrol Sniffing in Australia.Maggie BradyAboriginal Health and History: Power and Prejudice in Remote Australia.Ernest Hunter." Current Anthropology 35, no. 2 (April 1994): 202–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/204264.
Full text
17
Kakchapati, Sampurna, Bishnu Shrestha, Dan Y. Li, Rajesh Rajbhandari, and Tarun Poudel. "Drug use, injecting behaviors, and survival sex among street children and youths in Kathmandu valley, Nepal." International Journal of STD & AIDS 29, no. 6 (December 21, 2017): 588–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462417746532.
Full textAbstract:
A disproportionate number of street children use and inject drugs and engage in survival sex as coping mechanisms. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of drug use, injecting drugs, survival sex, and condom use and determinants associated with these behaviors among street children. Cross-sectional surveys were conducted in 2016 with an aim to sample 350 street children and youths in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Information about sociodemographic characteristics, injecting drugs, sexual risk behaviors, and biological specimens for HIV testing were obtained. The logistic regression model was used to identify the determinants associated with drug use, injecting drugs, survival sex, and condom use during last sex. Variables that were significantly associated with being a current drug user (versus never) in the presence of other variables included being a rag picker (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 3.2; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.73–5.9), history of imprisonment (AOR = 2.21; 95% CI = 1.21–4.04), alcohol consumption (AOR = 2.66; 95% CI = 1.46–4.84), and solvent sniffing (AOR = 5.12; 95% CI = 2.74–9.59). Variables that were significantly predictive of injecting drugs (versus never) in the presence of other variables include being 17 years old (AOR = 3.42; 95% CI = 1.11–10.55) and being a rag picker (AOR = 3.5; 95% CI = 1.25–9.75). Variables that were significantly associated with having survival sex (versus never) in the presence of other variables include being 17 years old (AOR = 3.58; 95% CI = 1.31–9.81) and having forced sex (AOR = 9.62; 95% CI = 3.21–28.8). Drug use and survival sex are major coping mechanisms among street children in Kathmandu Valley and are associated with many risk behaviors. Targeted programs should be implemented to meet their special needs.
18
Chromy, David, Ralf Schmidt, Mattias Mandorfer, Gerold Felician Lang, David Bauer, Philipp Schwabl, Theresia Popow-Kraupp, Thomas Reiberger, and Florian Mayer. "Hepatitis C Virus RNA Is Commonly Detectable in Rectal and Nasal Fluids of Patients With High Viremia." Clinical Infectious Diseases 71, no. 5 (September 28, 2019): 1292–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz948.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background Increasing numbers of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among men who have sex with men (MSM) are being observed in the Western world. The actual routes of HCV transmission during high-risk sex practices and associated drug use remain poorly understood. Methods Forty-seven patients with HCV were prospectively enrolled. Rectal and nasal swabs were collected to quantify HCV-RNA levels within rectal and nasal fluids. Contamination by occult rectal bleeding was excluded by guaiac paper test. Risk behavior was assessed by standardized questionnaires. Results Median age was 41.9 years, 89% were HIV positive (+) (42/47) and 85% (40/47) were male, 58% (23/40) of whom were MSM. Acute HCV infection was diagnosed in 32% (15/47) ,with all patients being HIV+MSM and 93% (14/15) having a documented history of sexually transmitted disease. Thirty-three (70%) patients had ≥1 HCV+ swab sample (HCV+SS; 48%, 22/46 rectal; 62%, 29/47 nasal), and contamination with blood was excluded in all patients. Individuals with HCV+SS had significantly higher serum HCV-RNA levels than patients with HCV-negative SS (6.28 [IQR, 0.85] log IU/mL vs 4.08 [2.45] log IU/mL; P < .001). Using ROC-curve analysis, serum HCV-RNA cutoffs for ruling in/out any HCV+SS were established at 6.02 log IU/mL and 4.02 log IU/mL, respectively. Conclusions HCV-RNA is commonly detectable in rectal and nasal fluids of both HIV+ and HIV-negative HCV patients with high serum HCV-RNA, independently of the suspected route of HCV transmission. Accordingly, high-risk sex practices and sharing of nasal drug-sniffing “tools” might be important HCV transmission routes, especially in patients with high serum HCV-RNA.
19
Singh, Amrinder, Sidhu Rubani, Estevao Ribeiro, Vikram Preet Kaur, and Alan Hirsch. "Anosmia as an Enantiopathy for Migraines." CNS Spectrums 27, no. 2 (April 2022): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852922000244.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractIntroductionElimination of olfactory sensory perception with a reduction in odor-induced migraine has not heretofore been reported.MethodsCase study: A 64-year-old right-handed woman presented with a history of common migraines since childhood. The headaches were bilateral, throbbing, pulsatile, and without aura and were associated with lightheadedness, photophobia, sonophobia, nausea, and vomiting. They would be precipitated by ambient aromas, such as perfumes and bath products, and she became agoraphobic, fearful of going out of her domicile and being exposed to odors. She avoided stores, perfume counters, and public places; scared that it would initiate a disabling headache. Twenty-five years prior to presentation, the patient fell on ice, striking her head and causing a transient loss of consciousness and persistent absence of smell and taste. From that point forwards, while she would have an occasional headache independent of an odor, she no longer experienced odor-induced headaches. Her agoraphobia had resolved. Since the head trauma, her smell remained at 10% to 20%. Her taste remained at 30% of normal.ResultsAbnormalities on neurological examination: Motor examination: Drift testing: Right pronator drift with right abductor digiti minimi sign. Cerebellar examination: Bilateral finger-to-nose dysmetria. Rapid alternating movements: decreased in the left upper extremity. Reflexes: Bilateral upper extremity 3+. Absent bilateral ankle jerks. Bilateral palmomental and Hoffmann reflexes present. Chemosensory testing: Olfaction: Brief Smell Identification Test (B-SIT): 7 (hyposmia), Alcohol Sniff Test: 0 (anosmia). Retronasal Olfaction: Retronasal Smell Index: 4 (hyposmia). Gustation: Propylthiouracil Disc Taste Test: 10 (normogeusia). While performing the B-SIT and sniffing the aroma of rose, the patient noted the sudden onset of a headache, even though she could not detect any odor present.DiscussionThe temporal relationship between loss of sense of smell and elimination of odor-induced migraines suggests a causal relationship. Conscious recognition of odor may induce a stimulus-response paradigm, whereby migraine occurs. Head trauma-induced anosmia, by elimination of conscious perception of the odor, may thus be the modality whereby her headaches resolved. Alternatively, odors may induce an autonomic response, and conscious recognition of such autonomic response may induce a headache. To tergiversate, that the rose aroma in the B-SIT induced a headache, without any conscious detection of the odor, implies that either unconscious perception is enough to precipitate a headache or that these odors act not as odorants, but rather as an exogenous ambient chemical inducing headaches. Possibly the production of temporary anosmia by use of nose clips may be utilized as a prophylactic device for those with odor-induced migraines. Further investigation into this is warranted.FundingNo funding
20
Alkan, Hasan, Fatma Satilmis, Mehmet Eray Alcigir, Mehmet Bugra Kivrak, and Ibrahim Aydin. "Clinicopathological Evaluation of Disseminated Metastases of Transmissible Venereal Tumor in a Spayed Bitch." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 45 (June 27, 2017): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.86160.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Although transmissible venereal tumor (TVT, transmissible venereal sarcoma, Sticker’s sarcoma) that affects dogs and other canids can be seen in many countries, it especially emerges in the countries which homeless dog population is very high. Female dogs are more susceptible than males. Transmissible venereal tumor is usually transmitted to genital organs during coitus and occasionally by social behavior such as sniffing and licking. The tumor is generally observed in the posterior part of the vagina. The tumor usually appears in various sizes, in the appearance of cauliflower, red and fragile. Metastases are rarely reported in cases with TVT. Metastases have been detected in lung, liver, tonsils, skin, lymph nodes, muscles, spleen. The diagnosis of transmissible venereal tumor is achived by considering the history of the animal, gross lesions, cytological examination and histopathology. Chemotherapy is frequently used in the treatment of TVT. In addition, radiotherapy, cryosurgery, surgical incision and immunotherapy are rarely applied for treatment. Chemical agents such as doxorubicin, vincristine sulfate, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate are preferred for chemotherapy.Case: Metastases to all mammary lobes, cervix uteri, neck, skin, gluteal muscles, the oropharyngeal region, and primary vaginal mass were described in spayed bitch, a 10-year old and mixed breed. The clinical examination manifested, fragile and hemorrhagic masses which resemble cauliflower in the vagina, neck, and inguinal region. Furthermore firm and multilobular masses in all mammary lobes, oropharyngeal region, and gluteal muscles of right leg were detected. Firstly, vaginal cytology was performed in order to confirm. In vaginal cytology, round to polyhedral shaped transmissible venereal tumor cells including cytoplasmic vacuoles and polychromatic nuclei were identified. Histopathologically, solid areas included oval- to round-shaped cells with prominent, hyperchromatic nuclei in all masses. Also, some of them comprised mitotic figures in their nuclei. In general, the tumor cells were separated by thin fibrous septa. Additionally, the cells were completely infiltrated to the mammary gland. In contrast, oropharyngeal and subdermal region of neck consisted more solid areas under the epidermis. There was lymphocyte infiltration at the periphery of the cells. For gluteal mass, TVT cells were confined in muscle bundles. Transmissible venereal tumor cases are often located in genital organs and their metastases are rarely encountered in comparison with other tumors. In this case report, metastases to cervical tissue, neck skin, oropharyngeal mucosa and gluteal muscles, mammary lobes are found.Discussion: When the sexual activity is high, the incidence of TVT increases. It especially develops in bitches in estrus. Breed, sex and age are not a cause of predisposition for TVT. Transmissible venereal tumors’ malignancy can increase in some cases, although TVT is known as a benign tumor. Prevalence of metastases was found fairly low in the studies. Metastases to mammary region, to subcutaneous region, to brain, to eye, to lung, to uterus, to ovary, to liver, to spleen have been reported. In conclusion, even if a bitch is acyclic, transmissible venereal tumor can be developed and thus the risk of its disseminated metastasis must be considered. Moreover, since the masses have not regresed for a long time, this situation may be related to severe immunosupression in the bitch.
21
Derin, Serhan, Selvet Erdogan, Murat Sahan, Mehmet Fatih Azik, Hatice Derin, Yasar Topal, and Hatice Topal. "Olfactory Dysfunction in β-Thalassemia Major Patients Treated with Iron-Chelating Agents." Ear, Nose & Throat Journal 96, no. 10-11 (October 2017): E8—E12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145561317096010-1103.
Full textAbstract:
Ocular and ophthalmologic adverse effects may occur in patients with β-thalassemia major (BTM) treated regularly with blood transfusions and iron-chelating agents. We hypothesized that olfactory dysfunction may be present in this patient population. We aimed to investigate olfactory dysfunction in patients with BTM and to determine etiologic factors. A total of 43 patients with BTM were included in the study. Forty-three subjects without nasal complaints, history of facial trauma, or nasal surgery were included as the controls. All participants had nasal endoscopy. The use of iron-chelating agents by patients with BTM and their duration of use were recorded, as well as hemoglobin and ferritin levels. The Sniffin Sticks test (SST) was used to assess olfactory function, comparing results between the BTM and control groups. The correlations of SST scores with the other study parameters were analyzed. Eight (18.6%) of 43 patients in the BTM group and none of the subjects in the control group had hyposmia (p < 0.001). Older age, low hemoglobin level, and longer use of deferoxamine were found to be correlated with olfactory dysfunction. Olfactory dysfunction can occur in patients with BTM treated with iron-chelating agents. The results suggest that screening for olfactory function should be part of the routine follow-up of patients with BTM.
22
Derin, Serhan, Selvet Erdogan, Murat Sahan, Mehmet Fatih Azik, Hatice Derin, Yasar Topal, and Hatice Topal. "Olfactory Dysfunction in β Thalassemia Major Patients Treated With Iron-Chelating Agents." Ear, Nose & Throat Journal 98, no. 8 (May 29, 2019): NP125—NP130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145561319840079.
Full textAbstract:
Ocular and ophthalmological adverse effects may be seen in β-thalassemia major (BTM) patients treated with regular blood transfusions and iron-chelating agents. We hypothesized that olfactory dysfunction may be present in this population. In this study, we aimed to investigate olfactory dysfunction in patients with BTM and determine the etiological factors. A total of 43 patients with BTM were included in the study. Forty-three patients without any nasal complaints, history of facial trauma, or nasal surgery were included as the controls. All participants had nasal endoscopy. The iron-chelating agents used, their duration of use, as well as hemoglobin and ferritin levels of the BTM patients were recorded. Sniffin’ Sticks test (SST) was used to assess olfactory functions, and BTM and control groups were compared for the results. The correlations of SST scores with the other study parameters were analyzed. Eight (18.6%) of 43 patients in the BTM group had hyposmia while none of the patients in the control group had hyposmia ( P < .001). Older age, low-hemoglobin level, and longer use of deferoxamine were found to be correlated with olfactory dysfunction. Olfactory dysfunction may be seen in BTM patients treated with iron-chelating agents. The results of this study suggest that screening for olfactory function may be needed in routine follow-up of BTM patients.
23
Saltagi, Abdul K., Mohamad Z. Saltagi, Amit K. Nag, Arthur W. Wu, Thomas S. Higgins, Anna Knisely, Jonathan Y. Ting, and Elisa A. Illing. "Diagnosis of Anosmia and Hyposmia: A Systematic Review." Allergy & Rhinology 12 (January 2021): 215265672110265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21526567211026568.
Full textAbstract:
Background Anosmia and hyposmia have many etiologies, including trauma, chronic sinusitis, neoplasms, and respiratory viral infections such as rhinovirus and SARS-CoV-2. We aimed to systematically review the literature on the diagnostic evaluation of anosmia/hyposmia. Methods PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were searched for articles published since January 1990 using terms combined with Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). We included articles evaluating diagnostic modalities for anosmia, written in the English language, used original data, and had two or more patients. Results A total of 2065 unique titles were returned upon the initial search. Of these, 226 abstracts were examined, yielding 27 full-text articles meeting inclusion criteria (Level of evidence ranging from 1 to 4; most level 2). The studies included a total of 13,577 patients. The most utilized diagnostic tools were orthonasal smell tests (such as the Sniffin’ Sticks and the UPSIT, along with validated abridged smell tests). Though various imaging modalities (including MRI and CT) were frequently mentioned in the workup of olfactory dysfunction, routine imaging was not used to primarily diagnose smell loss. Conclusion The literature includes several studies on validity and reliability for various smell tests in diagnosing anosmia. Along with a thorough history and physical, validated orthonasal smell tests should be part of the workup of the patient with suspected olfactory dysfunction. The most widely studied modality was MRI, but criteria for the timing and sequence of imaging modalities was heterogenous.
24
Katotomichelakis, Michael, Maria Riga, Spyridon Davris, Gregorios Tripsianis, Maria Simopoulou, Nikolaos Nikolettos, Konstantinos Simopoulos, and Vasilios Danielides. "Allergic Rhinitis and Aspirin-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease as Predictors of the Olfactory Outcome after Endoscopic Sinus Surgery." American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy 23, no. 3 (May 2009): 348–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/ajra.2009.23.3325.
Full textAbstract:
Background Unlike the functional outcomes of endoscopic sinus surgery, which have been thoroughly studied, the effect of the surgery on olfactory performance and the relative predictive factors have not been adequately assessed by literature. Allergic rhinitis and aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) are examined as potential confounding factors of the olfactory outcome in patients with extensive nasal polyposis and rhinosinusitis treated with functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). Methods A population of 116 adults with severe nasal polyposis was subjected to FESS after failure of the appropriate medical treatment. The olfactory outcome was quantified by Sniffin’ Sticks at the 1st, 3rd, and 6th postoperative month in relation to the concomitant presence of allergic rhinitis (n = 62) or AERD (n = 18). Results Allergic patients seemed to perform worse than nonallergic patients at all time frames. However, when patients with similar olfactory acuity, age, and medical history are compared, allergic rhinitis does not seem to affect the postoperative improvement of the composite threshold-discrimination-identification scores. The same seems to apply for the likelihood of acquiring normosmia after surgery. On the contrary, AERD significantly limits the recovery of olfactory function at all follow-up examinations and patients with AERD are unlikely to become normosmic. Conclusion The olfactory recovery after FESS for nasal polyposis is significantly affected by the concomitant presence of AERD. Although allergy seems to have a general negative effect on olfactory acuity, it was not found to affect the extent of the olfactory improvement, when patients with comparable preoperative characteristics are addressed.
25
Ekström, Ingrid, Maria Larsson, Debora Rizzuto, Johan Fastbom, Lars Bäckman, and Erika J. Laukka. "Predictors of Olfactory Decline in Aging: A Longitudinal Population-Based Study." Journals of Gerontology: Series A 75, no. 12 (September 4, 2020): 2441–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa221.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background Olfactory dysfunction is common in aging and associated with dementia and mortality. However, longitudinal studies tracking change in olfactory ability are scarce. We sought to identify predictors of interindividual differences in rate of olfactory identification change in aging. Method Participants were 1780 individuals, without dementia at baseline and with at least 2 olfactory assessments over 12 years of follow-up (mean age = 70.5 years; 61.9% female), from the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen (SNAC-K). Odor identification was assessed with the Sniffin’ Sticks. We estimated the impact of demographic, health, and genetic factors on rate of olfactory change with linear mixed effect models. Results Advancing age, manufacturing profession, history of cerebrovascular disease, higher cardiovascular disease burden, diabetes, slower walking speed, higher number of medications, and the APOE ε4 allele were associated with accelerated odor identification decline (ps < .014). Multi-adjusted analyses showed unique associations of age, diabetes, and ε4 to olfactory decline (ps < .017). In 1531 participants who remained free of dementia (DSM IV criteria) during follow-up, age, cardiovascular disease burden, and diabetes were associated with accelerated decline (ps < .011). Of these, age and diabetes remained statistically significant in the multi-adjusted model (ps < .001). Conclusion Demographic, vascular, and genetic factors are linked to rate of decline in odor identification in aging. Although some olfactory loss may be an inevitable part of aging, our results highlight the importance of vascular factors for the integrity of the olfactory system, even in the absence of dementia.
26
Wartono, Magdalena, Herkutanto Herkutanto, and Niken Lestari. "High toluene exposure risk increases risk of olfactory dysfunction in furniture workers." Universa Medicina 34, no. 1 (February 26, 2016): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18051/univmed.2015.v34.68-72.
Full textAbstract:
BACKGROUND<br />Few studies have investigated the impact on olfactory functioning of<br />occupational exposure to toluene, an industrial solvent used in paints and<br />cleaning fluids. The estimated olfactory dysfunction prevalence is 0.5–<br />5%. Patients frequently do not complain about olfactory dysfunction.<br />However, occupational exposure to chemicals may affect workers’ health<br />and safety, because of their continuous inhalation. This study aimed to<br />examine the relationship between toluene exposure and olfactory<br />dysfunction in furniture workers.<br />METHODS<br />This was a cross-sectional study involving 65 workers. Data collection<br />was by observation and interview on demographic characteristics, history<br />of habits, and symptoms of chronic rhinitis. Risk of exposure scores were<br />evaluated from potential hazard, exposure level, duration of employment,<br />type of work, use of masks, ventilation of work space, and education and<br />training. Olfactory function was tested using Sniffin’ Sticks, and<br />determination of environmental toluene level was by personal sampling.<br />The odds ratio was used to test correlations between variables.<br />RESULTS<br />Only 44 subjects could be analyzed, 37 (84.1%) of whom had olfactory<br />dysfunction. Workers with high toluene exposure had a significantly 12.5-<br />fold risk of olfactory dysfunction in comparison with those with low<br />exposure (OR=12.5; CI 95% 1.35 – 115.79).<br />CONCLUSIONS<br />Toluene exposure increases risk of olfactory dysfunction in furniture<br />workers. Olfactory function testing should be considered for initial<br />screening or periodic testing of furniture workers. Low toluene levels with<br />a high proportion of olfactory dysfunction indicate that olfactory dysfunction<br />is an early negative impact of chemical inhalation.
27
Wartono, Magdalena, Herkutanto Herkutanto, and Niken Lestari. "High toluene exposure risk increases risk of olfactory dysfunction in furniture workers." Universa Medicina 34, no. 1 (February 26, 2016): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18051/univmed.2015.v34.68-76.
Full textAbstract:
BACKGROUND<br />Few studies have investigated the impact on olfactory functioning of<br />occupational exposure to toluene, an industrial solvent used in paints and<br />cleaning fluids. The estimated olfactory dysfunction prevalence is 0.5–<br />5%. Patients frequently do not complain about olfactory dysfunction.<br />However, occupational exposure to chemicals may affect workers’ health<br />and safety, because of their continuous inhalation. This study aimed to<br />examine the relationship between toluene exposure and olfactory<br />dysfunction in furniture workers.<br />METHODS<br />This was a cross-sectional study involving 65 workers. Data collection<br />was by observation and interview on demographic characteristics, history<br />of habits, and symptoms of chronic rhinitis. Risk of exposure scores were<br />evaluated from potential hazard, exposure level, duration of employment,<br />type of work, use of masks, ventilation of work space, and education and<br />training. Olfactory function was tested using Sniffin’ Sticks, and<br />determination of environmental toluene level was by personal sampling.<br />The odds ratio was used to test correlations between variables.<br />RESULTS<br />Only 44 subjects could be analyzed, 37 (84.1%) of whom had olfactory<br />dysfunction. Workers with high toluene exposure had a significantly 12.5-<br />fold risk of olfactory dysfunction in comparison with those with low<br />exposure (OR=12.5; CI 95% 1.35 – 115.79).<br />CONCLUSIONS<br />Toluene exposure increases risk of olfactory dysfunction in furniture<br />workers. Olfactory function testing should be considered for initial<br />screening or periodic testing of furniture workers. Low toluene levels with<br />a high proportion of olfactory dysfunction indicate that olfactory dysfunction<br />is an early negative impact of chemical inhalation.
28
Lau, Yue Hui, Ahmad Shahir Mawardi, Norzaini Rose Zain, and Shanthi Viswanathan. "Toluene-induced leukodystrophy from glue sniffing." Practical Neurology, May 26, 2021, practneurol—2021–002942. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/practneurol-2021-002942.
Full textAbstract:
A 33-year-old man with a history of chronic toluene abuse through glue sniffing, developed tremors, cerebellar signs and cognitive decline. MR scan of the brain showed global cerebral and cerebellar atrophy with symmetrical T2-weighted hypointensities in the basal ganglia, thalami and midbrain. After stopping glue sniffing, his tremors, ataxia of gait, speech and cognition partially improved. Early recognition and intervention of toluene-induced leukodystrophy could prevent ongoing morbidity and premature mortality.
29
Chaudhary, Nilesh. "Acute Carotid Dissection Causing Acute Ischemic Stroke Due to Cocaine Sniffing." International Journal of Recent Surgical and Medical Sciences, November 29, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1721548.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Introduction Mechanism of acute ischemic stroke in young adults due to acute carotid dissection can be due to cocaine sniffing, as it is sympathomimetic for cranial circulation. Methods A 24-year-old female presented with acute onset of right-sided neck pain and transient left hemiparesis lasting for 15 minutes after sniffing of cocaine. She had another episode of left hemiparesis with dysarthria (with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] score 7), which did not recover after second sniffing of cocaine. Her urgent magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and computed tomography angiography showed acute ischemic stroke in the right middle cerebral artery territory with acute right proximal carotid dissection with thrombus. She was having high blood pressure during presentation, which was optimized with labetalol, and was started on low-molecular-weight heparin and antiplatelet and statins. She improved gradually and her NIHSS score at discharge was 4. Discussion Cocaine, due to its sympathomimetic properties, causes sudden vasoconstriction; acute surge in blood pressure shortly after intake of cocaine may increase shear stress in the aortic wall, leading to a disruption of the intimal layer and a dissection with an intramural hematoma that subsequently may rupture into the lumen and cause acute ischemic stroke. In our case clinical history was unique in that episodes of cocaine sniffing caused progressive carotid dissection and subsequent stroke. Treatment needs optimal control of blood pressure and anticoagulation and antiplatelet medication. Conclusion Cocaine sniffing is one of the rare causes of acute ischemic stroke in young adults, and the mechanism can be acute carotid dissection.
30
Kabil, Ahmed E., Eman Sobh, Mahmoud Elsaeed, Houssam Eldin Hassanin, Ibrahim H. Yousef, Heba H. Eltrawy, Ahmed M. Ewis, et al. "Diaphragmatic excursion by ultrasound: reference values for the normal population; a cross-sectional study in Egypt." Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine 17 (June 1, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/mrm.2022.842.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Measurement of diaphragmatic motion by ultrasound is being utilized in different aspects of clinical practice. Defining reference values of the diaphragmatic excursion is important to identify those with diaphragmatic motion abnormalities. This study aimed to define the normal range of diaphragmatic motion (reference values) by M-mode ultrasound for the normal population.Methods: Healthy volunteers were included in this study. Those with comorbidities, skeletal deformity, acute or chronic respiratory illness were excluded. Diaphragmatic ultrasound in the supine position was performed using a low frequency probe. The B-mode was applied for diaphragmatic identification, and the M-mode was employed for the recording of the amplitude of diaphragm contraction during quiet breathing, deep breathing and sniffing.Results: The study included 757 healthy subjects [478 men (63.14%) and 279 women (36.86%)] with normal spirometry and negative history of previous or current respiratory illness. Their mean age and BMI were 45.17 ±14.84 years and 29.36±19.68 (kg/m2). The mean right hemidiaphragmatic excursion was 2.32±0.54, 5.54±1.26 and 2.90±0.63 for quiet breathing, deep breathing and sniffing respectively, while the left hemidiaphragmatic excursion was 2.35±0.54, 5.30±1.21 and 2.97±0.56 cm for quiet breathing, deep breathing and sniffing respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between right and left diaphragmatic excursion among all studied subjects. The ratio of right to left diaphragmatic excursion during quiet breathing was (1.009±0.19); maximum 181% and minimum 28%. Only 19 cases showed a right to left ratio of less than 50% (5 men and 14 women). The diaphragmatic excursion was higher in males than females. There was a significant difference in diaphragmatic excursion among age groups. Age, sex and BMI significantly affected the diaphragmatic motion.Conclusions: Diaphragmatic excursion values presented in this study can be used as reference values to detect diaphragmatic dysfunction in clinical practice. Diaphragmatic motion is affected by several factors including age, sex and body mass index.
31
Barocas, Adi, Howard N. Golden, Megan Dudenhoeffer, and Merav Ben-David. "Sociality and signaling activity modulate information flow in river otter communication networks." Behavioral Ecology, November 10, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/araa102.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Animal communication networks are built from interactions between senders and receivers of signals. The drivers of signaling decisions, which are the building blocks of such networks, are not well understood. Theory predicts that conditions which ensure information spread to the largest possible number of receivers should be favored. Several carnivores use latrine sites for visual, olfactory, and auditory signaling. We tested the hypotheses that signaling behavior at latrine sites is influenced by social structure and locally acquired information on the presence of conspecifics, using coastal river otters (Lontra canadensis), in Alaska. River otters exhibit a flexible social system of mostly males that communicate through scent marking at latrines. During scent marking, river otters also perform feet stomping, which may add a visual component to their signal. Using trail camera footage, we found that solitary otters were more likely to perform both sniffing and scent marking compared with otters in groups. Feet stomping was more intense for solitary otters but less pronounced during overmarking. Signalers demonstrated a greater tendency to scent mark when in smaller groups at highly active latrines, whereas feet stomping was more intense in recently visited sites. When in groups, scent-marking frequency increased when other individuals were signaling, suggesting a positive feedback, possibly driven by feet stomping. In concert, our results suggest that in river otters, scent-marking decisions minimize signal dilution by being performed in small groups and maximize the receivers through preferential signaling at latrines with higher, more recent activity. Because signaling decisions in social animals are linked to key life-history events such as mating and group membership shifts, understanding their individual and population-level drivers can be crucial.
32
Suryadevara, Madhu, Eliahu Bishburg, Sandhya Nagarakanti, Krushna Amin, and Eguono Ejayeriese. "2182. Pneumonia in Patients who Inhale drugs, experience in a tertiary care hospital." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 9, Supplement_2 (December 1, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofac492.1801.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background Drug use (DU) is associated with various infectious diseases complications including pneumonia. Inhalational drug use (IHDU) associated pneumonia have not been well described. We sought to describe our experience with pneumonia associated with IHDU. Methods A retrospective chart review from 2015-2021 in a tertiary care teaching hospital. Patients (pts) diagnosed with pneumonia who reported IHDU were included. Data was collected for age, type and route of DU, comorbidities, etiological diagnosis, radiological results and outcome. Results A total of 237 pts were identified. Median age 53 years (range of 22-75), females 128 (54%). Smoking drugs in 158 (66.6%), 115 (48%) used drugs by sniffing/snorting, 19(8%) reported also active intravenous drug use (IVDU) and 16(6.7%) had a past history of IVDU. Overall 120 (50.6%) used cocaine, heroin in 78 (33.3%), while 156 (66%) used both heroin and cocaine. HIV infection in 57 (23.7%). Blood cultures were positive in 18/153: 4 Staphylococcus aureus, 2 Streptococcus pneumonia, 1 Serratia spc., 1 Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Sputum cultures were (+) in 20/69 and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was (+) in 8/10, of them 7 Staphylococcus aureus, 2 Streptococcus pneumonia, 2 Klebsiella pneumonia, 2 Haemophilus influenza and 1 Pneumocystic carnii. Pneumococcal urine Ag in 3. Chest imaging was done in 228 (96%). Imaging was (+) in 192 (84.2%), infiltrates in 83 (43%), opacities in 30 (17%), consolidation in 21 (11%), 1 lung cavity and 44 (23%) had mixed findings. Negative imaging in 36 (15.8%) and no imaging in 9 (4%). In 6(2.5%) there was no imaging or cultures to diagnose pneumonia. The average length of stay was 5.8 days. Rehospitalization in 107/237 (45.1%) within 6 months of initial admission of these 43/107 (40.2%) were diagnosed with pneumonia, 74 (69%) were diagnosed with another pulmonary diagnosis. Five (2.1%) patients expired; of them 3 Had HIV and 3 were active IVDU. Conclusion In our hospital pts with IHNU diagnosed with pneumonia had an increased risk of rehospitalization within 6 months of admission. There were no predominant radiological findings or microorganism isolated. Etiological diagnosis was found in a small number of patients. Mortality rate was relatively low. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures.
33
Liu, David T., Antje Welge-Lüssen, Gerold Besser, Christian A. Mueller, and Bertold Renner. "Assessment of odor hedonic perception: the Sniffin’ sticks parosmia test (SSParoT)." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1 (October 22, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74967-0.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Qualitative olfactory dysfunction is characterized as distorted odor perception and can have a profound effect on quality of life of affected individuals. Parosmia and phantosmia represent the two main subgroups of qualitative impairment and are currently diagnosed based on patient history only. We have developed a test method which measures qualitative olfactory function based on the odors of the Sniffin’ Sticks Identification subtest. The newly developed test is called Sniffin’ Sticks Parosmia Test (SSParoT). SSParoT uses hedonic estimates of two oppositely valenced odors (pleasant and unpleasant) to assess hedonic range (HR) and hedonic direction (HD), which represent qualitative olfactory perception. HR is defined as the perceivable hedonic distance between two oppositely valenced odors, while HD serves as an indicator for overall hedonic perception of odors. This multicenter study enrolled a total of 162 normosmic subjects in four consecutive experiments. Cluster analysis was used to group odors from the 16-item Sniffin’ Sticks Identification test and 24-additional odors into clusters with distinct hedonic properties. Eleven odor pairs were found to be suitable for estimation of HR and HD. Analysis showed agreement between test–retest sessions for all odor pairs. SSparoT might emerge as a valuable tool to assess qualitative olfactory function in health and disease.
34
Hernandez, Anna Kristina, Patrick Fuchss, Antje Haehner, and Thomas Hummel. "Olfactory function testing before and after anesthesia." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (December 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-03400-x.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis study aimed to determine whether anesthesia would affect olfactory function. Patients who were admitted for surgical intervention that did not include the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses were included in this prospective cohort study. Structured medical history was taken from the patients, including the following: age, sex, smoking history, alcohol intake, current medications, and sleep deficits prior to surgery. Before surgery, patients were asked for a self-rating of their olfactory function. Olfactory function was also measured using Sniffin’ Sticks comprising measures of odor threshold, discrimination, and identification. The mean interval between olfactory tests was 6 days (range 3–12 days). Seventy-three patients were included in the study, 34 men and 39 women. Olfactory scores were consistent before and after surgery as indicated by correlative analyses (p < 0.05). Odor thresholds, discrimination, identification, and composite TDI scores did not change significantly, whereas odor identification scores increased (p = 0.011) after surgery. In conclusion, post-operative olfactory scores remained stable. However, identification scores exhibited a slight increase which can be attributed to a retest effect. Overall, the present results indicate that surgery outside of the nasal and paranasal sinus region performed in general anesthesia has no major effect on the sense of smell.
35
Hernandez, A. K., D. Woosch, A. Haehner, and T. Hummel. "Omega-3 supplementation in postviral olfactory dysfunction: a pilot study." Rhinology journal, February 3, 2022, 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.4193/rhin21.378.
Full textAbstract:
Background: This study aimed to examine whether omega-3 supplementation would support olfactory recovery among postviral olfactory dysfunction patients. Methodology: Patients with postviral olfactory dysfunction were included in this non-blinded, prospective pilot study. Structured medical history was taken from the patients, including the following: age, sex, history of COVID-19 infection, and duration of symptoms. Patients were randomly assigned to receive olfactory training only (control group) versus olfactory training with omega-3 supplementation (treatment group). All patients exposed themselves twice a day to four odours (phenyl ethyl alcohol [rose], eucalyptol [eucalyptus], citronellal [lemon], and eugenol [cloves]). Olfactory function was measured before and after training using “Sniffin’ Sticks”, comprised of tests for odour threshold, discrimination, and identification. The average interval between olfactory tests was 3 months. Results: Fifty-eight patients were included in the study, 25 men and 33 women. Generally, an improvement in olfactory scores was observed. Compared to the control group, the improvement in odour thresholds was more pronounced in the omega-3 group. Age, sex, and duration of symptoms had no effect on olfactory scores among both control and treatment groups. Conclusion: Overall, the present results indicate that omega-3 supplementation may be an option for adjunct therapy with olfactory training in patients with postviral olfactory dysfunction.
36
Mattos, Jose L., Zachary M. Soler, Rodney J. Schlosser, Jess C. Mace, Jeremiah A. Alt, Vijay R. Ramakrishnan, Spencer C. Payne, Timothy L. Smith, and Daniel M. Beswick. "Olfactory Function After Surgical Treatment of CRS: A Comparison of CRS Patients to Healthy Controls." American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy, September 20, 2020, 194589242096067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1945892420960671.
Full textAbstract:
Background Many patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) have persistent olfactory dysfunction (OD) following endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Few studies compare outcomes to control subjects so it is unknown if residual OD is due to persistent CRS. Objective Compare postoperative measures of OD in case patients with CRS to healthy controls without sinonasal disease. Methods Prospective, observational, multicenter cohort study between October, 2016 and May, 2019. Case participants were selected from referred adult patients diagnosed with CRS, with or without nasal polyposis (NP), electing ESS as subsequent treatment modality. Controls voluntarily enrolled from a community-based sample without a history of CRS. Primary outcomes included measures of preoperative and postoperative OD using “Sniffin’ Stick” pens which summarize odorant threshold (T), discrimination (D), and identification (I) scores. Secondary outcomes included the Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders-Negative Statements (QOD-NS) survey and olfactory cleft endoscopy scores (OCES). Results Outcomes were compared between 113 cases and 164 controls of similar average age and gender. Cases reported significantly worse baseline Sniffin’ Sticks TDI total scores (−6.8[SE ± 1.0]; 95% CI: −4.9 to −8.7), QOD-NS (8.9[SE ± 1.1]; 95% CI: 6.8–10.9), and OCES (3.5[SE ± 0.4]; 95% CI: 2.9–4.2) on average. Cases reported significant postoperative improvement in TDI total score (3.7[SD ± 8.2]; 95% CI: 2.2–5.2), QOD-NS (−5.9[SD ± 8.7]; 95% CI: −7.6 to −4.3), and OCES (−1.7[SD ± 3.8]; 95% CI: −2.7 to −0.8) on average, while 63% of anosmics reported improved postoperative olfaction. Multivariate regression identified that NP (OR = 0.4; 95% CI: 0.2–1.0) and previous ESS (OR = 0.3; 95% CI: 0.1–0.8) decreased the odds of postoperative improvement equal to mean TDI scores of controls, while septoplasty increased those odds (OR = 4.5; 95% CI: 1.5–13.7). Conclusion ESS improved olfactory metrics and restored olfactory function in approximately 50% of patients with CRS to that of healthy controls. Concurrent septoplasty increased the likelihood of achieving normal olfaction, while NP and previous ESS decreased those odds.
37
Bahjat, Mohammed Abdulwahab, Raad Darweesh Fadhil, and Usama Zidan Khalaf. "Olfactory training outcomes in post COVID 19 olfactory dysfunction." Iraq Medical Journal 6, no. 3 (September 26, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.22317/imj.v6i3.1197.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives: The aim of study is to evaluate the olfaction recovery of patients who performed OT (olfactory training) in a post-COVID-19 PPVOD.
Methods: Study included 50 patients with a sudden loss of smell and a confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis from January 2020 to January 2021 in Kirkuk General Hospital. These participants were submitted to The Sniffin’ Sticks test in order to identify those with persistent olfactory dysfunction who were treated either by olfactory training combined with a 10-day course of oral corticosteroids, or by olfactory training alone.
Results: Cross sectional comparative study for 50 patients have history of COVID 19 infection, mean age of patients [47 ± 10] years. [56%] of patients at age group ≥ 45 years, [44%] of patients are females and [56%] are males. The mean of TDI score increase after OT than before OT with significant difference.
Conclusion: Olfactory function appeared to improve only in peripheral aspects of post COVID-19 PPVOD after OT. patients < 45 years have high mean of TDI score than patients ≥ 45 years old.
38
Niklassen, Andreas Steenholt, Karl Bang Christensen, Alexander Wieck Fjaeldstad, and Therese Ovesen. "Development and Psychometric Validation of the Taste And Smell Tool for Evaluation (TASTE) Questionnaire." JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, November 3, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaoto.2022.3392.
Full textAbstract:
ImportanceThe human senses of taste and smell are essential in everyday life. However, as clinical testing of the senses and patient-reported sensory problems are often diverging, additional validated questionnaires are essential for the evaluation of chemosensory impairments.ObjectiveTo develop an instrument with all relevant domains concerning chemosensory dysfunction and quality of life using modern psychometrics.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThe study was designed as a questionnaire study for developing a new instrument. The study started in 2019 and was completed in 2022. Patients with chemosensory dysfunction were recruited from a specialized smell and taste clinic at an ear, nose, and throat department in Denmark. Healthy participants with no history of chemosensory dysfunction were recruited through social media.Main Outcomes and MeasuresEight domains were included (distorted chemosensation, emotional, food and meals, social, hygiene, danger, work, and relationship), and 35 items were generated based on review of the existing literature and interviews with patients and experts. Participants were tested with the Major Depression Inventory, 36-Item Short Form Health Survey, Taste Sprays, and Sniffin’ Sticks for chemosensory function. Descriptive statistics were calculated for all items. Reliability, internal consistency, and validity were investigated, and a Rasch model was fitted. Healthy controls (n = 39) filled out the questionnaire for comparison of known-groups validity. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed. Finally, item reduction was performed, resulting in a final version with 21 items in 8 domains.ResultsThe study included responses from 316 patients, 183 women (58%) and 133 men (42%), with a mean (SD) age of 57 (15.1) years. Rasch model fit was acceptable with P &gt; .05 for all items. An 8-dimensional confirmatory factor analysis model showed a better fit than a bifactor confirmatory factor analysis model. Cronbach α ranged from 0.65 to 0.86. Criterion validity with the Sniffin’ Sticks, Taste Sprays, Major Depression Inventory, and the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey was satisfactory. The test-retest reliability was good in all domains, ranging from 0.55 to 0.86. All domains were discriminative, except the social and work domains.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this survey study, the instrument was validated with 8 domains related to chemosensory dysfunction and quality of life. All items had good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, interitem correlations, item-total correlations, and Rasch model fit. The questionnaire appears suitable for use in clinical and research settings.
39
Hernandez, Anna Kristina, Lena Juratli, Antje Haehner, Julien W. Hsieh, Basile N. Landis, and Thomas Hummel. "Assessment of olfactory fluctuations in a clinical context." European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, June 5, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00405-022-07462-z.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Purpose The aim of the study was to investigate whether olfactory fluctuations (OF) are pronounced in patients with sinonasal olfactory dysfunction (OD). Methods The retrospective investigation included patients aged 18 years or older, who consulted a tertiary referral center for olfactory loss. Patients with normal smell function were excluded. Patients answered a structured questionnaire about their olfactory symptoms, with specific questions related to the presence of OF and its average frequency, amplitude, duration, time since most recent OF, and associated symptoms of self-reported OF. Patients also underwent clinical evaluation including a structured medical history and physical examination including nasal endoscopy. In addition, we assessed orthonasal olfactory function using Sniffin’ Sticks, and gustatory function using “taste sprays”. Results Participants included 131 men and 205 women (n = 336), aged 18 to 86 years (mean 50, SD 16). Patient-reported fluctuations occurred most frequently in sinonasal (38%), idiopathic (29%), and postviral (29%) OD. Amplitude of OF was highest in postviral OD (p = 0.009). Average frequency, duration, and the time since the most recent fluctuation were not significantly different between groups (all p’s > 0.42). Odor discrimination (p = 0.002) and identification (p = 0.017) scores were higher among those individuals with OF. Conclusion Amplitude of OF may help distinguish postviral from other causes of OD, especially in patients presenting with equivocal symptoms of sinonasal disease.
40
Sødal, Anne Thea Tveit, Preet Bano Singh, Rasa Skudutyte-Rysstad, My Tien Diep, and Lene Hystad Hove. "Smell, taste and trigeminal disorders in a 65‐year‐old population." BMC Geriatrics 21, no. 1 (May 8, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12877-021-02242-6.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background Smell, taste and trigeminal disorders likely have a substantial impact on human daily life. However, data regarding the prevalence of these disorders in Norway are scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of smell, taste, trigeminal disorders and associated factors in a 65-year-old population in Oslo, Norway. Methods A random sample of 223 individuals (123 men, 100 women) participated in the study. Medical history was obtained, and unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) and stimulated whole saliva (SWS) were collected to determine salivary secretion rates. Sniffin`n Sticks and Taste Strips (Burghart Messtechnik GmbH, Wedel, Germany) were used for quantitative testing of olfactory and gustatory function. In addition, the participants’ self-reported perceptions of smell and taste, and burning mouth sensation were investigated. Results The results showed that 34 % of the participants had reduced smell (28 % hyposmia and 6 % anosmia) and 28 % had reduced taste perception (21 % hypogeusia and 7 % ageusia). 13 % of the partcipants had a combination of smell and taste disorders. Dysgeusia was reported by 5 % and burning mouth sensation (syndrome) by 3 % of the participants. Hyposmia, hypogeusia and ageusia were significantly more prevalent among men. Significant associations were found between taste disorders and previous history of cerebral hemorrhage and heart attack, and between burning mouth sensation and gastrointestinal disorders. Disturbances in olfactory, gustatory and trigeminal function were significantly related to medication use. Ageusia and burning mouth sensation were significantly more prevalent among smokers. Except from higher prevalence of ageusia among participants with hyposalivation with respect to SWS, no significant associations were found between salivary secretion rate and chemosensory or trigeminal disorders in the present study. Conclusions The present study revealed that one-third of 65-year-old individuals had impaired smell and more than one-fourth had impaired taste function. The prevalence of dysgeusia and burning mouth sensation was very low. Reduced smell and taste perception were more common among men than women. Furthermore, some diseases and medications were associated with chemosensory and trigeminal disorders. Ageusia was associated with SWS hyposalivation.
41
Genetzaki, Sotiria, Evangelia Tsakiropoulou, Vasilios Nikolaidis, Konstantinos Markou, and Iordanis Konstantinidis. "Postinfectious Olfactory Dysfunction: Oral Steroids and Olfactory Training versus Olfactory Training Alone: Is There any Benefit from Steroids?" ORL, June 9, 2021, 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000516316.
Full textAbstract:
<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> There are limited treatment options for postinfectious olfactory dysfunction (PIOD). Olfactory training has recently been used in clinical practice, but no medical treatment is widely accepted. Although there is weak evidence for their value, some physicians use oral corticosteroids as first-line treatment. The aim of this study was to compare combined oral methylprednisolone and olfactory training with olfactory training alone in the management of PIOD. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> This prospective cohort study included 131 patients with PIOD over a 2-year period before the COVID-19 pandemic. Seventy-eight patients who were treated with oral methylprednisolone and olfactory training (group A) were compared with 53 patients who were treated with olfactory training only (group B). Olfactory function was evaluated with “Sniffin’ Sticks” at baseline and 2, 8, and 16 weeks after initial assessment. Patients who improved after steroid treatment underwent magnetic resonance imaging of the paranasal sinuses, skin prick tests, lung spirometry, and sputum eosinophil assessment. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Oral steroids improved 19.23% of patients (<i>n</i> = 15) of group A. History, clinical evaluation, imaging, and laboratory tests identified an inflammatory background in half of them (<i>n</i> = 8). The remaining 7 had no findings of nasal inflammation, and all had a short history of olfactory dysfunction. Both groups significantly improved in olfactory testing results at the end of the olfactory training scheme without significant difference between them. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The percentage of improved patients after oral methylprednisolone was relatively low to suggest it as first-line treatment. Half of the improved patients had an underlying upper airway inflammatory condition not related to the infection that caused the acute loss of olfactory function.
42
Masala, Carla, Annachiara Cavazzana, Fabrizio Sanna, Maria Paola Cecchini, Alice Zanini, Flavia Gasperi, Leonardo Menghi, et al. "Correlation between olfactory function, age, sex, and cognitive reserve index in the Italian population." European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, February 24, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00405-022-07311-z.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Purpose Loss of smell decreases the quality of life and contributes to the failure in recognizing hazardous substances. Given the relevance of olfaction in daily life, it is important to recognize an undiagnosed olfactory dysfunction to prevent these possible complications. Up to now, the prevalence of smell disorders in Italy is unknown due to a lack of epidemiological studies. Hence, the primary aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in a sample of Italian adults. Methods Six hundred and thirty-three participants (347 woman and 286 men; mean age 44.9 years, SD 17.3, age range 18–86) were recruited from 10 distinct Italian regions. Participants were recruited using a convenience sapling and were divided into six different age groups: 18–29 years (N = 157), 30–39 years (N = 129), 40–49 years (N = 99), 50–59 years (N = 106), > 60 years (N = 142). Olfactory function, cognitive abilities, cognitive reserve, and depression were assessed, respectively, with: Sniffin’ Sticks 16-item Odor Identification Test, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Cognitive Reserve Index, and the Beck Depression Inventory. Additionally, socio-demographic data, medical history, and health-related lifestyle information were collected. Results About 27% of participants showed an odor identification score < 12 indicating hyposmia. Multiple regression analysis revealed that OI was significantly correlated with age, sex, and cognitive reserve index, and young women with high cognitive reserve index showing the highest olfactory scores. Conclusion This study provides data on the prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in different Italian regions.
43
Abdelazim, Mohamed H., and Ahmed H. Abdelazim. "Effect of Sodium Gluconate on Decreasing Elevated Nasal Calcium and Improving Olfactory Function Post COVID-19 Infection." American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy, August 9, 2022, 194589242211201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/19458924221120116.
Full textAbstract:
Background COVID-19 has been associated with temporary olfactory dysfunction in many infected patients. Calcium plays a great role in the olfaction process with negative feedback for the olfaction transmission. Many reports demonstrated calcium elevation in the nasal secretions with a negative effect on olfaction. Sodium gluconate is a water-soluble salt with a chemical structure that lends to act as a highly efficient chelating agent. It can bind the elevated calcium in the nasal secretions reducing the adverse effects on olfactory function. Objective To evaluate the impact of intranasal sodium gluconate on decreasing the rise of nasal calcium and improving the sense of smell in patients with olfactory dysfunction post-COVID-19 infection. Methods Fifty patients with a history of confirmed COVID-19 suffering from olfactory dysfunction persisted more than 90 days after severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 negative testing were included in a prospective randomized blinded controlled clinical trial. Patients were divided into 2 equal groups, receiving either 0.9% sodium chloride or 1% sodium gluconate. Olfactory function was assessed before treatment and 1 month later using the Sniffin’ Sticks test. Quantitative analysis of the nasal calcium concentration was performed before treatment and 1 month later using a laboratory-designed screen-printed ion-selective electrode. Results After using sodium gluconate, the measured olfactory scores indicated a clinical improvement from anosmia to hyposmia compared to the nonimprovement sodium chloride receiving group. Also, a remarked decrease in the calcium nasal concentration was observed after using sodium gluconate compared to sodium chloride. Conclusion Based on the proposed results, sodium gluconate may associate with an improvement of the olfactory dysfunction post-COVID-19 infection.
44
Di Stadio, Arianna, Luca D’Ascanio, Luigi Angelo Vaira, Elena Cantone, Pietro De Luca, Cristina Cingolani, Gaetano Motta, et al. "Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide and Luteolin Supplement Combined with Olfactory Training to Treat Post-COVID-19 Olfactory Impairment: A Multi-Center Double-Blinded Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial." Current Neuropharmacology 20 (April 20, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159x20666220420113513.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Olfactory training is the only evidence-based treatment for post viral olfactory dysfunction. Smell disorders after SARS-CoV-2 infection have been attributed to neuroinflammatory events within the olfactory bulb and the central nervous system. Therefore, targeting neuroinflammation is one potential strategy for promoting recovery from post-COVID-19 chronic olfactory dysfunction. Palmitoylethanolamide and luteolin (PEA-LUT) are candidate anti-inflammatory/ neuroprotective agents. Objective: To investigate recovery of olfactory function in patients treated with PEA-LUT oral supplements plus olfactory training versus olfactory training plus placebo. Methods: Multicenter double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Eligible subjects had prior COVID-19 and persistent olfactory impairment >6 months after follow-up SARS-CoV-2 negative testing, without prior history of olfactory dysfunction sinonasal disorders. Participants were randomized to daily oral supplementation with ultramicronized PEA-LUT 770 mg plus olfactory training (intervention group) or olfactory training with placebo (control). Sniffin’ Sticks assessments were used to test the patients at baseline and 90 days. Results: A total of 185 patients, including intervention (130) and control (55) were enrolled. The intervention group showed significantly greater improvement in olfactory threshold, discrimination, and identification scores compared to controls (p=0.0001). Overall, 92% of patients in the intervention group improved versus 42% of controls. Magnitude of recovery was significantly greater in the intervention group versus control (12.8 + 8.2 versus mean 3.2 + 3), with >10-fold higher prevalence of anosmia in control versus intervention groups at the 90-day endpoint. Conclusion: Among individuals with olfactory dysfunction post COVID-19, combining PEA-LUT with olfactory training resulted in greater recovery of smell than olfactory training alone. (ITALIAN; Clinicaltrials.gov number: NCT04853836)
45
Winkelmann, S., A. Korth, B. Voss, M. A. Nasr, N. Behrend, A. Pudszuhn, V. M. Hofmann, et al. "Persisting chemosensory dysfunction in COVID-19 - a cross-sectional population-based survey." Rhinology journal, October 27, 2022, 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.4193/rhin22.176.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Chemosensory dysfunction (CD) has been reported as a common symptom of SARS-CoV-2 infection, but it is not well understood whether and for how long changes of smell, taste and chemesthesis persist in infected individuals. Methodology: Unselected adult residents of the German federal state of Schleswig-Holstein with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-test-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were invited to participate in this large cross-sectional study. Data on the medical history and subjective chemosensory function of participants were obtained through questionnaires and visual analogue scales (VAS). Olfactory function (OF) was objectified with the Sniffin’ Sticks test (SST), including threshold (T), discrimination (D) and identification (I) test as well as summarized TDI score, and compared to that in healthy controls. Gustatory function (GF) was evaluated with the suprathreshold taste strips (TS) test, and trigeminal function was tested with an ampoule containing ammonia. Results: Between November 2020 and June 2021, 667 infected individuals (mean age: 48.2 years) were examined 9.1 months, on average, after positive PCR testing. Of these, 45.6% had persisting subjective olfactory dysfunction (OD), 36.2% had subjective gustatory dysfunction (GD). Tested OD, tested GD and impaired trigeminal function were observed in 34.6%, 7.3% and 1.8% of participants, respectively. The mean TDI score of participants was significantly lower compared to healthy subjects. Significant associations were observed between subjective OD and GD, and between tested OD and GD. Conclusion: Nine months after SARS-CoV-2 infection, OD prevalence is significantly increased among infected members of the general population. Therefore, OD should be included in the list of symptoms collectively defining Long-COVID.
46
Menzel, Susanne, Antje Haehner, Dorothea Woosch, Belinda Marquardt, Cristina Ressel, Julia Draf, Giancarlo Ottaviano, et al. "Parosmia as a predictor of a better olfactory function in COVID-19: a multicentric longitudinal study for upper respiratory tract infections." European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, December 22, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00405-022-07781-1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the course of olfactory dysfunction [OD] due to upper respiratory tract infections [URTI] especially for COVID-19 [C19] in a multicentric design and to investigate possible predictors for the outcome. Methods In a multicentric study, patients (n = 147, of which 96 were women) with OD due to URTI, including C19 and non-C19 were evaluated at two visits with a standardized medical history and “Sniffin’ Sticks” extended psychophysical testing to examine the course and possible predictors for improvement of olfactory function. Results C19 patients showed better overall olfactory function (p < 0.001) compared to non-C19. Olfactory function (p < 0.001) improved over 3.5 ± 1.2 months in a comparable fashion for C19 and non-C19 comparable over time (p = 0.20) except for a more pronounced improvement of odour threshold (p = 0.03) in C19. C19 patients with parosmia exhibited a higher probability of clinically relevant improvement of odour threshold, a better threshold in the second visit, and tended to have a better TDI-score at the second visit. Further possible predictors for an improving olfactory function were younger age, female gender, and had lower scores in olfactory tests at the first visit. Conclusions Patients with C19 and non-C19 URTI exhibit a similar improvement over 3–4 months except for the odour threshold, with a better TDI in both visits for C19. For C19 a better prognosis in terms of olfactory recovery was found for younger patients with parosmia and lower olfactory scores at the first visit. Still, for many patients with olfactory loss, an improvement that is experienced as complete may only occur over months and possibly years.
47
Haxel, B. R., T. Hummel, K. Fruth, K. Lorenz, N. Gunder, P. Nahrath, and M. Cuevas. "Real-world-effectiveness of biological treatment for severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps." Rhinology journal, August 10, 2022, 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.4193/rhin22.129.
Full textAbstract:
Background: During the last two years, three different monoclonal antibodies have been approved in many countries for the treatment of patients suffering from severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Their efficacy has been demonstrated through large double-blind placebo-controlled clinical studies. Until now, only very limited reports on real-world data regarding this therapy have been published. Methods: This per protocol analysis included patients with an indication for biological treatment because of uncontrolled CRSwNP, despite long-term nasal steroid treatment, systemic steroid use and/ or endonasal sinus surgery. Baseline data on demographics, medical history and comorbidities, polyp score, quality of life and sense of smell (using Sniffin´ Sticks) were assessed and a treatment with either dupilumab or omalizumab was started. The patients were followed up after three and six months. The changes in polyp score, quality-of-life measures and olfaction were noted. Results: 70 consecutive patients were evaluated during the study. Of the patients, 49 were treated with dupilumab and 21 with omalizumab. The polyp score decreased significantly after three and six months, and the quality-of-life parameters and olfaction increased. More than 90% of patients showed a moderate to excellent response to the therapy and there was no difference in the overall response between the two treatments. Olfaction improved in two thirds of the patients, but one third was still anosmic after six months treatment. Conclusions: This real-world study shows the effectiveness of the monoclonal antibodies dupilumab and omalizumab in the treatment of severe CRSwNP. Nasal polyp scores and quality-of-life parameters as well as measured olfactory function were improved after just three months. The response after guideline-based criteria was insufficient only in 5 patients of this cohort.
48
Otte, Martin Sylvester, Antje Haehner, Marie-Luise Bork, Jens Peter Klussmann, Jan Christoffer Luers, and Thomas Hummel. "Impact of COVID-19-Mediated Olfactory Loss on Quality of Life." ORL, April 12, 2022, 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000523893.
Full textAbstract:
<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> COVID-19 can be associated with a variety of longer-lasting impairments that can have a significant impact on patients’ quality of life (QoL). While this is well described in the literature for limitations in lung capacity or permanent headaches, there is little research on the impact of olfactory dysfunction in the context of COVID-19 on patients’ QoL. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> In 65 patients with a history of COVID-19, the present olfactory ability was assessed using the Sniffin’ Sticks test. In addition, olfactory QoL was assessed by the Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders. Self-assessment was performed with visual analogue scales. The data were compared with the results obtained in healthy individuals and in patients with hyposmia due to other viral infections. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The QoL of COVID-19 patients was significantly lower compared to the healthy control group. Even recovered subjects whose olfaction had already returned to the normal range still had a reduced QoL. The severity of the olfactory impairment correlated with the reduction in QoL. However, the olfactory QoL of COVID-19 patients was not worse than that of patients’ olfactory loss due to other viral infections. Patients with parosmia had reduced QoL and rated their situation worse than patients without parosmia. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> QoL appears to be impaired in patients with long-lasting COVID-19 olfactory disorders several months after overcoming acute symptoms, even if olfaction has normalized. However, the impairment is not more pronounced than in patients with other postviral olfactory disorders of the same duration.
49
Gözen, E. Deniz, Chinara Aliyeva, Fırat Tevetoğlu, Rıdvan Karaali, İlker İnanç Balkan, H. Murat Yener, and H. Ahmet Özdoğan. "Evaluation of Olfactory Function With Objective Tests in COVID-19-Positive Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study." Ear, Nose & Throat Journal, November 25, 2020, 014556132097551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145561320975510.
Full textAbstract:
Objective: Olfactory dysfunction is relatively high in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. The aim of this study is to investigate the incidence of olfactory disorder objectively in patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infection. Material and Method: The study included 31 healthy controls and 59 COVID-19 patients who were diagnosed and treated in the COVID departments in a tertiary hospital. The patients with corona virus infection were screened by a questionnaire and were classified into 2 groups as either group 2 (patients without self-reported smell loss) or group 3 (patients with self-reported smell loss). Age and gender matched healthy controls who do not have chronic nasal condition or nasal surgery history comprised the control group (group 1). All of the patients and subjects in the control group were tested by the Sniffin’ Sticks test. All of the answers and scores were recorded, and the comparisons were made. Results: The rate of self-reported smell and taste loss in all COVID-19 patients in this study was 52.5% and 42%, respectively. There was a significant difference in threshold, discrimination, identification, and Threshold, Discrimination, Identification (TDI) scores between groups 1 and 2. When the comparisons between group 1 and 3 were made, again threshold, discrimination, identification, and TDI scores were significantly different. The comparison between groups 2 and 3 demonstrated a significant difference in discrimination, identification, and TDI scores, but threshold score was not different statistically. With questionnaire, the rate of olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients was 52.5%, but with objective test, the rate was calculated as 83%. Conclusion: Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions are common in COVID-19 patients. According to findings with the objective test method in this study, smell disorder in COVID-19 patients was much higher than those detected by questionnaires.
50
Palta, Priya, Honglei Chen, Jennifer A. Deal, David Knopman, Michael Griswold, Gerardo Heiss, and Thomas H. Mosley. "Abstract 29: Olfactory Function and Neurocognitive Outcomes in Old Age: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Neurocognitive Study (ARIC-NCS)." Circulation 135, suppl_1 (March 7, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circ.135.suppl_1.29.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: Impairment in the sense of smell is associated with plaques and tangles in the olfactory region of the brain, which connects to the hippocampus where neuropathologic changes related to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease are first sited. Olfactory impairments may thus be a marker for poor cognitive function and MCI. We assessed olfaction and cognitive function in 6055 White and Black men and women aged 60-99 years. Methods: Sense of smell was measured in ARIC-NCS participants (2011-2013) by the 12-item Sniffin’ Sticks screening test (score range: 0-12, median: 10). A clinically validated threshold (smell score <6) defined olfactory impairment (OI). A multidimensional neuropsychological assessment (10 tests) ascertained performance in domains of memory, language, executive function/processing speed, and global cognition. For relative comparisons across the tests, raw cognitive test scores were standardized to z scores and averaged to yield domain scores. Following review of neuropsychological assessments, medical history, cerebral magnetic resonance imaging, and physical examinations, MCI was classified by a neurologist and neuropsychologist, and adjudicated by a third reviewer. Multivariable linear regression estimated the mean difference in domain-specific z scores among participants with and without OI. Logistic regression was used to quantify the prevalence odds of MCI in participants with vs. those without OI. Models were adjusted for age, sex, race, education, ARIC study center, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and ApoE4. Race and sex were explored as effect modifiers. Results: The participants’ mean age was 76 years; 41% were male and 23% Black. The prevalence of olfactory impairment was 14%. Compared to participants with no OI, those with OI had a statistically significantly lower mean z score across all cognitive domains [memory: Beta= -0.37 (95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.45, -0.30); language: Beta= -0.39 (95% CI: -0.46, -0.33); executive function/processing speed: Beta= -0.24 (95% CI: -0.32, -0.17); global cognition: Beta= -0.34 (95% CI: -0.41, -0.26). Effect modification by race was observed in the domain of language. Blacks with OI had a greater mean difference in language z score compared to Blacks without OI (Beta= -0.57 (95% CI: -0.70, -0.44)). OI was associated with MCI in Whites, but not Blacks: white participants with OI had greater odds of MCI (Odds Ratio [OR] =1.76, 95% CI: 1.40, 2.21). Sex did not modify these associations. Conclusions: Compared to average cognitive aging (annual rate of decline of 0.04-0.05 standard deviation units/year) relatively large differences in standardized cognitive domain scores are observed between those with and without olfactory impairment among older adults. An impaired sense of smell may serve as a readily accessible early marker of neurodegeneration.