Academic literature on the topic 'History of the international relations in the XVIIth century'
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Journal articles on the topic "History of the international relations in the XVIIth century"
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Troebst, Stefan. "1667 – A Threshold Year? Debating the ‘Breakthrough of the Modern Age’ in Muscovite Russia." Revue de Synthèse 139, no. 1-2 (2018): 39–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552343-13900003.
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Abstract In this article of 1995, which had been translated into Russian already in 2013, the German Historian Stefan Troebst studied the question of the « breakthrough of the modern age » in Russia, usually attributed to tsar Peter I « the Great », suspecting that the new Era had in fact begun earlier, in the XVIIth century. After a theoretical reflexion about periodization in history, and its application to the history of Russia, he demonstrates that the « threshold year » takes place in 1667, examining this theory from different points of view: state and institutions, international relations, economical policy, religion, culture and fine arts. But this modernization has also caused violent revolts and oppositions during the reign of tsar Alexis Mikhailovitch.
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TAVROVSKIY, Yury. "Russian-Chinese Treaties: Milestones and Zigzags of History. I. From the 17th century to World War II." Perspectives and prospects. E-journal, no. 2/3 (25/26) (2021): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.32726/2411-3417-2021-2-3-51-65.
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The relations between Russia and China were recorded in numerous documents, among which treaties were of particular value. Some of them were gradually becoming outdated, others were denounced after several years, but some remained quite relevant for decades. As documents of the highest international legal level leaving an indelible mark on the bilateral relations, treaties are the most suitable tool to track and perceive clearly their dynamics. Part I of the article reviews treaty relations between the two countries from the beginning of diplomatic contacts in the early seventeenth century to World War II. While Russian-Chinese relations expanded especially rapidly since the middle of the 19th century the Non-Aggression Treaty of 1937 is especially noteworthy as it proved to be of great value for the interests of both the USSR and the Republic of China at a critical juncture in their history.
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Kamionka, Mateusz. "Andrij Potebnia – a forgotten hero of Polish-Ukrainian relations." Skhid 3, no. 1 (2022): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21847/1728-9343.2022.3(1).254229.
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Poland and Ukraine have a lot of problems in establishing bilateral remembrance policy, first of all because of the history after World War I, and as well in topic connected to – mostly in frame of stereotypes – the history during The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Deep russification and anti-Polish state policy, which lasted from XVIII to XXI century, implemented by Russians in Ukraine should be underlined as well. Not only “Ukrainian” meant second category, but also world “Polski Pan” (Polish Lord) had a definite pejorative tone then – it was used even in propaganda during Soviet Invasion in 1920 and 1939. In article will ipso facto be presented one of the forgotten heroes (definitely in Ukraine) which can be a symbol of bilateral international relations. Andrij Potebnia should be one of main actors of building Polish-Ukrainian memory cooperation. The text not only reveals how memory of this officer is presented in Polish Internet today, but also how this forgotten hero of two nations is remembered by local communities in Poland.
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Karassayev, Ganiy, Kanat Yensenov, Bolat Zhumagulov, Akbota Bexeitova, and Aina Khamitova. "Kazakh Khanate in the middle of the XVIII-XIX century: External relations, process, results and significance." Scientific Herald of Uzhhorod University Series Physics, no. 55 (January 8, 2024): 751–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.54919/physics/55.2024.75ge1.
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Relevance. This research article examines Abylai Khan's role as a historical figure in the Kazakh Khanate's foreign policy from the middle of XVIII century to 1781, as well as his diplomatic relations with the Qin Manchurian Empire of China, the Russian Empire, and, most importantly, good diplomacy connections. Purpose. The diplomatic relations of the Kazakh Khanate with neighboring countries in the seventeenth century, armed conflicts between the Kazakh Khanate and the Dzungarian Khanate, the heroic deeds of Abylai Khan, Kabanbai Batyr, Bogenbai Batyr, and others during the Qin Empire's invasion of the Kazakh Khanate are documented. Methodology. From a theoretical and methodological point of view, the work was carried out on historical principles, true objective research, analysis of historical events in chronological order, comparative use of archival data, references to the research of scientific literature. Results. On the basis of ancient and current scientific literature in Kazakh and international scientific libraries, the real data have been analyzed and methodically reviewed. All these have been considered from the point of view of historical research in the state archives of Russia and Kazakhstan. Conclusions. The history of further development of Kazakh people has proved that such a courageous and purposeful service, provided by Abylai Khan in the middle of the XVIII century, transcended the borders of one country and became the most important in the region.
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Morozan, Vladimir V. "History of St. Petersburg’s Pavements." RUDN Journal of Russian History 22, no. 3 (2023): 342–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2023-22-3-342-353.
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Within the article, the author examines the history of everyday life of St. Petersburg through analyzing documents that have recorded the history of the city’s pavement replacement with various materials over a period of more than three hundred years. The study was mainly carried out on the basis of archival materials from the funds of the Central State Historical Archive of St. Petersburg and the Russian State Historical Archive. It is evident that this work is the first comprehensive study of the history of the pavements of the Russian Empire capital as a theme, a topic which has not yet been adequately reflected in either domestic or foreign historiography. It has been established that it took the city authorities a considerable time to pave the capital's roads during the imperial period. The paving of the city roads developed from the use of raw stone to natural asphalt. In the end, it took almost a century to bring the streets of the main part of the city to the proper condition; they have been previously been covered with mainly stone. Whereas in the XVIII century the main task of the central and city authorities was to pave as many streets as possible, then in the XIX - early XX centuries the city government instead concentrated on a way find an inexpensive but durable material for this purpose.
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Mogilevskiy, Nikolay A., Alexey V. Skizhenok, and Tatiana V. Chernikova. "Defensive Social Practices in the History of Russia: the Early Formation of “Cancel Culture” or a Rare Event of the Past?" RUDN Journal of Russian History 22, no. 3 (2023): 470–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2023-22-3-470-483.
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While the concept of “cancel culture” is already a given in contemporary culture; through this article, the authors propose to illustrate a comparable concept/term “defensive practice” in a broader historical retrospective. The authors emphasize that in general there were relative few examples of such “defensive practices” in Russian history, but analyzes the two earliest of them. The first is at the end of the XVII century, when a conflict broke out between the religious and political groups of “Latinisers” and “Graecophils.” Patriarch Joachim played an active role in resolving the conflict by unequivocally taking the side of the “Graecophils.” As a result, the writings of “latinising heretics” were banned, and they were either executed or condemned by the local council of the Russian Church. In the XVIII century manifestations of comparable defensive practice became even rarer, but already at the very end of the century, under Emperor Paul I, the highest authorities again re-used this technique. Fearing the spread of revolutionary “contagion,” Paul I set the goal of banning the spread of “French fashions” in Russia, individual French words, as well as writings by French authors (or those who sympathized with the events of the French Revolution). However, all these measures had no effect and were eventually ended under Alexander I. As a result, the authors come to the conclusion that at the initial stage of the Modern era and even in the XVIII century, practices comparable to modern cancel culture were not widespread in Russian life, and were an exception rather than socio-political practice.
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Krom, Mikhail. "Patronage and Clientele in the Muscovite State in the 16th and 17th Centuries: Historiography and the Key Issues." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 4 (August 2021): 66–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.4.6.
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Introduction. The paper deals with the phenomenon of patron-client relations in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Russia, which until recently has been almost completely neglected by the scholars. Relying on recent publications and his own findings, the author addresses the key issues of the topic including the origins of this phenomenon in Russia, the typology of patron-client relations and their specifics in Muscovy. Methods and materials. The paper combines a survey of the current historiography with examination of selected primary sources (mainly private letters from archival collections) and forays into the theory of patron-client relations elaborated by social scientists. Comparing the Muscovite patronage system to its counterparts in other European countries enables some hypotheses about the peculiarities of patron-client relations in pre-Petrine Russia. Analysis. Addressing the problem of the origins of the Russian patronage the author traces the evolution of social relations and the appearance of the specific language of patronage which leads him to a conclusion that the phenomenon in question might have emerged by the end of the 16th century. Proceeding then to the typology of patron-client relations, the author assumes that, although only aristocratic patronage has been thoroughly studied so far, similar phenomena can be detected in other milieus as well, including the Church, where nepotism and corporate clientelism flourished. Finally, the author isolates some specific features of the Muscovite patronage, especially its depoliticized and decentralized character, as contrasted to the analogous phenomena in Poland-Lithuania, England, and France. Results. Summing up the present-day knowledge of the Muscovite patronage, the author highlights it as a typically early modern phenomenon that evolved within the official state institutions and functioned as an addendum to them.
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Mamanovna, Tanieva Guldona. "The Issue Of The Central Asian Northern Pilgrimage Route In The Russian-Bukhara Diplomatic Relations In The XVIII Century (On The Example Of The Activities Of Ambassador Ernazar Maqsud Oglu)." American Journal of Interdisciplinary Innovations and Research 02, no. 11 (2020): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajiir/volume02issue11-19.
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In the Middle Ages, Central Asian pilgrims traveled to Mecca in three directions: the North direction ‒ through the Russian Empire, the central direction‒ through the territory of Persia, and the south direction ‒ along roads through India and the Arabian Sea. Therefore, the question of the directions of the Hajj was reflected in the diplomatic correspondence of the Central Asian khanates with Persia, India, the Russian and Ottoman empires тоо. Depending on the political, economic and ideological interests of these states, sometimes pilgrims were given permits to be sent to Mecca through their territories, and sometimes not. The degree of intensity of pilgrimage movements, in most cases, depended on the activities of interstate ambassadors. On the issue of eliminating various prohibitions and obstacles in the movements of pilgrimage roads, the Central Asian ambassadors were active and historical documents reveal these data to us. In this period the Central Asian ambassadors, who were sent to the reception of the governors those neighbor states on other issues, in most cases negotiated precisely on the direction of the Hajj of the Central Asian pilgrims also. One of such far-sighted ambassadors was a rich merchant from Bukhara, who lived in the XVIII c. Ernazar Maksud ogli officially sent several times by the Central Asian rulers to the Russian Empire. In this article analyzes the question of how the problems of the Hajj road were solved at the international diplomatic level by the example of the activities this ambassador. The history of negotiations between Ernazar and the Russian emperors on matters of the northern direction of the Hajj road and their results illuminated on base documents on this issue, which stored in the fund of the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire (AFPRE). The scientific conclusions of this article serve for an extensive study of the issues of diplomatic and economic relations between the Central Asian khanates and the Russian Empire in the XVIII century, revealing the history of the embassy relations of the khanates and the history of the pilgrimage of the Hajj of the Central Asian people and the features of the directions of roads from Central Asia to Mecca.
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Bazarova, Tatiana A. "THE PROBLEM OF ANNUAL PAYMENTS TO THE CRIMEAN KHANATE DURING THE RUSSIAN-TURKISH NEGOTIATIONS IN THE FIRST QUARTER OF THE 18TH CENTURY." Ural Historical Journal 73, no. 4 (2021): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2021-4(73)-183-191.
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Тhe paper considers diplomatic struggle around fixing in the Russian-Turkish agreements the refusal of annual payments to the Crimean Khan. This problem was one of the key issues in Russia’s relations with the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate during the Petrine era. The participation of Crimean diplomacy in the discussion of the problem at the Russian-Turkish peace talks remains poorly studied in Russian historiography. The Treaty of Constantinople (1700) secured the abolition of annual payments to the Crimean Khanate. However, the failure of the Prut campaign and non-fulfilment of Russian-Turkish peace agreements obligations by the tsar led to the renewal of the demand for annual payments. In 1711 and 1712, during negotiations with Russian ambassadors, the Ottomans did not insist on including to the peace treaty a clause on payments to the Crimean Khan and were content with oral promises. A difficult diplomatic struggle on the “Crimean dacha” unfolded at the peace talks in 1713, when Kaplan I Giray joined the active discussion of the problem. The clause on Crimean payments (without declaring direct obligations) was included in the text of the Adrianople (1713) and Constantinople (1720) treaties. By supporting the “khan’s claims” at the Russian-Turkish peace talks, the Sublime Porte demonstrated the readiness to protect the interests of its vassal. Peter I regarded the return of the clause about the “Crimean dacha” as a blow to Russia’s international prestige.
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Bohomolets-Barash, Oleksandr. "The European imprint in the linguistic picture of the world of an educated Ukrainian of the eighteenth century (based on private Cossack diaries)." Ukrainian Linguistics, no. 53 (2023): 88–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/um/53(2023).88-119.
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Background. In the context of the ongoing Russian war against Ukraine, when its relations with European countries are strengthening as Ukrainians are defending not only themselves but the whole of Europe, it is important to examine the history of Ukrainian-European relations at the linguistic level. It is known that Ukrainian students studied at European universities already in XV–XVI centuries, mainly in Germany. Moreover, some embarked on a long educational journey through Europe, including studies in France and Italy. Later, in XVII–XVIII centuries, a significant role in the educational system played Kyiv (now Kyiv-Mohyla) Academy, the all-Ukrainian center of education, science, and culture of that period, from where the students went to Europe to deepen their knowledge. Following the best European educational practices, Kyiv Academy contributed to the rapid adaptation of Ukrainian students to the international environment in Europe. Amongst these students, were descendants from the families of the Ukrainian nobility and Cossack officers, including the Markovych and Khanenko families, whose diaries are the subject of research in this article. Aims and approach. Cossack diaries were the subject of in-depth historical & linguistic research, including educational background, intellectual interests, and individual style of writing of Yakiv Markovych, Mykola Khanenko, and Petro Apostol – the authors of the analyzed documents. However, so far, the lexical units related to Europe have not been the object of a separate study in the above-mentioned texts, which determines the scientific novelty of our research. Methodology. To fulfill the tasks, set out in the article, we used the method of analyzing the semantic space of the concept, which involves grouping the studied vocabulary according to the ideographic principle, which, in turn, makes it possible to reconstruct the linguistic picture of the world. The peculiarities of the functioning of adjectival-substantive phrases in the texts of the diaries were analyzed from the perspective of combinatorial linguistics. Results and findings. Cossack diaries are a valuable source of conceptual knowledge about Europe from the perspective of 18th-century Ukrainians. The authors of the diaries, the most educated people of their time, were quite rich both materially and spiritually. Accordingly, they studied foreign languages (Latin, French, German, Italian, Polish), read and translated from them, provided education for their descendants; were interested in the latest in European literature, science, and philosophical thought; exchanged books and communicated about what they had read; followed the cultural life of Europe, attending new performances by European authors. In everyday life, they paid tribute to fashion by buying fabrics for clothing from European countries, and as representatives of the Cossack elite, they had access to physical pleasures (drinks, tobacco) of European origin. As memoirists, they were particularly interested in history: they were aware of Europe’s social and political life by subscribing to European newspapers; at the same time, they were participants and witnesses of important historical events. Based on the analyzed diaries, a variety of lexical items, primarily adjectival and substantive phrases, have been identified to refer to items of European spiritual/material culture, phenomena, and persons related to Europe. Accordingly, the semantic fields “Spiritual Culture” and “Material Culture” were built in the semantic space of the concept of Europe. Conclusion. Europe left a noticeable impact on the linguistic picture of the world of educated Ukrainians of the eighteenth century, which is a natural result of the historical continuity of Ukrainian-European relations in the cultural, educational, scientific, art, and international trade fields.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "History of the international relations in the XVIIth century"
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Lemée, Emmanuel. "Devenir prince : James Stuart, réseaux européens et ambitions britanniques (1660-1685)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUL097.
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Cette thèse étudie le rôle politique et social de frère d’un roi européen de l’époque moderne à travers le cas de James Stuart, duc d’York et d’Albany, frère du roi d’Angleterre Charles II. Prince pluriel, amené à se réinventer et à évoluer au fil des crises en se fondant sur son expérience et ses prédilections personnelles, James Stuart demeura toujours le fidèle second du souverain. Les frères Stuart se partagèrent les tâches : à Charles le soin de gouverner l’Angleterre, cœur politique et économique des îles britanniques, à James celui d’entretenir la fidélité des marges sociales et géographiques du royaume. Il y parvint en s’imposant progressivement comme le principal patron des îles britanniques et la clé de voûte de la diplomatie anglaise. À la fin années 1670, il était ainsi devenu responsable de l’essentiel des échanges avec les puissances catholiques du continent européen, tout en contrôlant les nominations au sein de l’armée et de la Royal Navy. Son rôle informel, qui faisait de lui l’un des principaux acteurs de la guerre comme de la paix, lui permit non seulement de se maintenir à la cour d’Angleterre malgré les oppositions croissantes, mais de devenir de plus en plus puissant et irremplaçable. Ce faisant, il contribua peu à peu à l’intégration des marges britanniques, accélérant le rapprochement des Couronnes d’Angleterre, d’Écosse et d’Irlande. Ce rôle de prince, conçu pour projeter une image publique valorisante, conduisit cependant à faire naître la légende noire de James Stuart, perçu par les Anglais comme un prince belliqueux, corrompu et inquiétant<br>This thesis studies the political and social function of the brother to an early modern European King through the case study of James Stuart, Duke of York and Albany, brother to Charles II of England. A multifaceted prince, he had to reinvent himself and evolve to overcome multiple crises while staying the king’s loyal second. He did so using his own experience and personal preferences, gradually shaping the function of brother to the King to mirror his identity. The Stuart brothers shared the Crown’s burden: Charles ruled England, the political and economic heart of the British Isles, while James managed the geographical and social fringes of the realm, ensuring their fidelity to the Crown. He did so by becoming gradually the main patron in the British Isles and the cornerstone of English diplomacy. By the end of the 1670’s, he was overseeing the essential part of the negotiations with the Catholic powers in Europe, while managing most of the appointments in the King’s army and the Royal Navy. His function, while informal, made him one of the main promoters of war and peace alike. This enabled him not only to keep his position at court, despite growing oppositions, but also to become increasingly powerful and irreplaceable. In doing so, he helped gradually integrate the British fringes, speeding up the unification of England, Scotland, and Ireland. This princely role, which was meant to broadcast an attractive public image, instead made James Stuart appear to the English population as a warlike, corrupted, and ominous prince, thus creating the black legend attached to him
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Fontvieille, Damien. "La galaxie Bochetel : un clan de pouvoir au service de la couronne de France de Louis XII à Louis XIII." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUL144.
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Cette thèse étudie un groupe de familles alliées au XVIe siècle, formant un clan de pouvoir aux vastes dimensions. Guillaume Bochetel, secrétaire d’État de 1547 à sa mort en 1558, est l’architecte de ce clan. Par les alliances nouées pour ses enfants, il a rassemblé autour de lui plusieurs familles de robins en ascension par le service du roi, les L’Aubespine, les Bourdin, les Morvillier notamment qui, à leur tour, ont apporté leurs propres alliés, comme les Neufville ou les Brulart. L’étude est menée du XVe siècle, moment où plusieurs familles se mettent au service des princes dans le Val de Loire, et le début du XVIIe siècle lorsque le clan se délite progressivement, laissant pour héritier politique Villeroy, secrétaire d’État de Charles IX à Louis XIII. Il s’agit de mettre en évidence un groupe de pouvoir particulier, marqué par une forte solidarité, et l’importance des liens du sang, dont les membres exercent les plus hautes charges sous les Valois. Ils détiennent la plupart des secrétariats d’État entre 1547 et 1588 et occupent régulièrement des charges diplomatiques en Europe. Le fonctionnement d’un tel clan, avec ses rivalités, les rôles dévolus à chacun, et ses différentes figures est mis en avant. Le clan, par son ancrage en Berry, où il dispose de nombreux alliés, permet également d’examiner la manière dont se noue le dialogue entre la cour de France et les provinces. Les hommes et les femmes du clan ont en partage une identité sociale particulière, entre haute robe cultivée et noblesse. Ce clan offre ainsi un miroir des transformations de la monarchie française à l’époque moderne, entre État domestique et naissance progressif d’une administration expérimentée<br>This thesis study a familial group which composes a clan of power whose extension is very large. Guillaume Bochetel, secretary of State between 1547 and his death in 1558, is the architect of this clan. Through the alliances forged for his children he has reunited around him several families of “robins” who move up the social ladder thanks the service of the king, such as the L’Aubespine, the Bourdin or the Morvillier who in turn have brought their own allies, such as the Neufville or the Brulart. The study covers a period between the 15th century, when several families start serving the princes of the Val de Loire and the beginning of the 17th century when the clan is progressively fading away leaving Villeroy as the political heir, secretary of State between Charles IX and Louis XIII. The purpose is to underline a particular group of power marked by a strong solidarity and the importance of blood links, whose members hold the highest offices under the Valois. They possess the majority of the secretaries of State between 1547 and 1588 and are regularly sent as diplomates in Europe. The functioning of this clan with its rivalries, the roles given to each member and its different figures is outlined. The clan, through his allies in Berry, allows to study the dialog between the French court and the provinces. The men and women of this clan share a particular social identity, between the “haute robe” and the nobility. This clan offers also a mirror of the transformations of the French monarchy in the modern era, between a domestic state and the progressive birth of an experimented administration
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Harris, Steven M. "Between Law and Diplomacy| International Dispute Resolution in the Long Nineteenth Century." Thesis, University of California, Davis, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3723630.
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<p> From late in the eighteenth century through World War I, states increasingly resolved their differences through arbitration; entering into over 1000 agreements to address past controversies and provide for future disputes. Rather than relying entirely on traditional diplomatic methods, states responded to the practical needs of an increasingly complex, commercial, and bureaucratic world. They used mechanisms with some legalistic components; although these procedures remained under political control. Arbitration never prevented a war; the efforts of the Anglo-American peace movement, later augmented by continental activities and the rise of the international legal community, had but small and indirect effects. While appearing responsive to the new influence of public opinion, states only made agreements to arbitrate that were highly controlled and which typically encompassed only relationships and parties for whom war was already quite unlikely. Western powers also extensively used arbitral agreements to resolve and protect their imperial interests, both formal and informal. </p><p> The traditional historiography of this field has been skewed by its emergence out of that peace movement, with its millennial, liberal, Eurocentric, and juridical biases. As a result, the significance of the Vienna settlements in launching the modern arbitral process has been overlooked, the Jay Treaty and the "Alabama Claims" case have been mythologized, the distinctive role of Latin American states has been sidelined, and the meaning of the Hague Conferences has been misunderstood. </p><p> States are political animals and their "states' system" was effective in using arbitration as a shared tool while preserving their essential political discretion and managing their domestic and international publics.</p>
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Dumitrescu, Theodor. "The early Tudor court and international musical relations /." Aldershot [u.a.] : Ashgate, 2007. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=016142806&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Revised Thesis (doctoral)--University of Oxford, 2004.<br>Foreign cultural models at the English royal court -- International events and musical exchanges -- Building a foreign musical establishment at the early Tudor court -- Anglo-continental relations in music manuscripts -- English music theory and the international traditions. Includes bibliographical references (p. [297]-315) and index.
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Encinas-Valenzuela, Jesus Ernesto. "Mexican foreign policy and UN peacekeeping operation s in the 21st century." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/2502.
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On December 1, 2000 a new administration took over the presidency of MeÌ xico. This event was especially anticipated because the new president, Vicente Fox, was coming from a different party than the PRI, the old official party. The arrival of President Fox brought important changes in the way of governing; with the moral obligation to be different, since the beginning of his administration one of the main goals was incline to pursue a more dynamic participation by Mexico in the political issues of the world. This was to be accomplished by taking up several measures that included enhancing economic trade with the United States and other nations, world summits in Mexico, improvement of human rights and others. Among those plans one attracted special attention when Mexico asked for a seat as a non-permanent member in the UN Security Council for the period 2002-2003 the third time in Mexican history. There were divided opinions on the subject because Mexico would be directly involved in UN decisions concerning internal situations of other countries, something that goes against the foreign policy principles of MeÌ xico. Eventually this discussion opened doors for other topics; one of them was the possibility of Mexico participating actively in peacekeeping operations by sending troops overseas; this initiated a biter debate in the political sphere. This study analyzes Mexican Foreign Policy and the historical perspective of the foreign principles stated in the Mexican Constitution[alpha]s article 89, followed by a discussion of their influence and interpretation in the politicalmilitary environment before and during the administration of President Fox. The study includes the analysis includes the new social and political scenario that MeÌ xico is facing in order to determine the odds and obstacles when dealing with military participation overseas. As MeÌ xico takes its place in the community of nations, the country[alpha]s leadership needs to search for possible options and test whether the new Mexican political apparatus has the flexibility to address current threats and requirements for international security. An analysis on the capabilities of the Mexican Armed Forces is also necessary in order to determine their capacity to execute multinational operations. Finally bring out the real benefits and/or risks from getting Mexico involved in these kinds of operations are identified.
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Widmaier, Wesley William. "A constructivist theory of international monetary relations monetary understandings, state interests in cooperation, and the construction of crises (1929-2001) /." Access restricted to users with UT Austin EID, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3036613.
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Bruneau, Quentin. "Knowing sovereigns : forms of knowledge and the changing practice of sovereign lending." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:127b0026-030f-417d-9cb8-f871936d6227.
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This thesis examines how sovereign lending, i.e. the practice of lending capital to sovereigns, has changed since the early nineteenth century. It tackles this question by investigating how lenders have thought about sovereigns for the past two centuries, focusing on the tools they have used to know and represent them. I argue that there was a critical shift in the early twentieth century in terms of the kinds of knowledge lenders deployed to know sovereigns. This shift differentiates the old sovereign lending from the new. In the old sovereign lending, merchant banking families such as the Rothschilds knew sovereigns through intensely personal relations based on gentility, whereas in the new sovereign lending, joint stock banks, credit rating agencies and international institutions largely came to know sovereigns through statistics. Though difficult to imagine nowadays, the description of sovereigns through quantifiable facts (the original definition of 'statistics') was revolutionary for early twentieth century lenders. Despite constituting the origins of sovereign credit ratings, this key shift has been overlooked in all major studies about sovereign debt. The new sovereign lending rose to prominence from the interwar period to the 1970s and now defines our world. The identification of this crucial shift is based on the development and application of the concept of forms of knowledge. Forms of knowledge refer to enduring ways of knowing and representing the constituent units of the international system used by international practitioners (e.g. diplomats, military strategists, financiers, and international lawyers). Examples of forms of knowledge include, but are not limited to, modern cartography, international treaties, statistics, gentility, and heraldry. The use of this concept is that it leads to a better understanding of how international practitioners and their practices undergo radical changes. In so doing, it provides a firmer empirical grasp on the question of how fundamental discontinuities arise in international relations.
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Schulz, Carsten-Andreas. "On the standing of states : Latin America in nineteenth-century international society." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:05459d05-0dfa-4220-bbdc-42e3df63d71a.
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The present dissertation offers a critical examination of the place accorded to Latin American states in the English School account of the expansion of international society. It pursues two aims. First, the study contributes to understanding the nature and scope of international order, and its historical transformation over the course of the 'long nineteenth century'. Because of the profound impact that European colonization had on the region, the English School has conventionally treated the entry of Latin American states into international society as an unproblematic historical fact achieved with diplomatic recognition in the 1820s. The crucial cases of Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico, however, indicate that more attention needs to the paid to the hierarchical nature of the international order. The central argument of this historical-comparative study posits that the three Latin American states were recognized diplomatically, but they were not regarded as fully-fledged members of the community of 'civilized' states. Second, the dissertation examines the implications of hierarchy in international politics. Building on a critique of the legal-formalist conception of 'standing' in English School theorizing, three ideal-typical dimensions of international stratification are identified: the distribution of material capabilities (stature), the function states perform in international society (role), and estimations of honour and prestige (status) among states. The interpretative framework sheds light on how agents understand international society, and the way in which they deal with its hierarchical nature. The study analyzes how Latin American elites perceived the standing of their state, and how these perceptions shaped politics through their corresponding 'logics of social action'. The study finds that nineteenth-century elites in Argentina, Mexico, and Brazil conceived of the standing of their states predominantly in terms of status, and demonstrates how these perceptions informed politics.
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Johnston, Seth Allen. "How NATO endures : an institutional analysis." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.711650.
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Askew, Joseph Benjamin. "The status of Tibet in the diplomacy of China, Britain, the United States and India, 1911-1959." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09pha8356.pdf.
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"June 2002" Bibliography: leaves 229-270. This thesis examines the changes in diplomacy of China, the West, Tibet and India from 1911 to 1951, while Tibet functioned as an independent country, and during 1951 to 1959 while under Chinese control. Tibet maintained its own currency, government, armed forces and way of life until 1959. The thesis also examines the cultural shifts in the political, social and military spheres in these countries. It assumes that the general world trend in political life has been towards increasingly intolerant and extreme politics. If Tibet remains part of China with little chance of resuming independence, it is because the Chinese government and people were quicker to adopt radical Western philosophies than the Tibetans were.
Books on the topic "History of the international relations in the XVIIth century"
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Macmillan, Margaret Olwen. The uneasy century: International relations, 1900-1990. Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co., 1996.
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Kocho-Williams, Alastair. Russia's international relations in the twentieth century. Routledge, 2012.
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Prindle, Tamae K. Japan in the 20th century: International perspectives. Center for Japan Studies, 1999.
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The twentieth-century world: An international history. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, 1996.
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The twentieth-century world: An international history. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 1992.
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Keylor, William R. The Twentieth-century world: An international history. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 1992.
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The twentieth-century world: An international history. 4th ed. Oxford University Press, 2001.
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Klaus-Gerd, Giesen, and Pijl Kees van der, eds. Global norms in the twenty-first century. Cambridge Scholars Press., 2006.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "History of the international relations in the XVIIth century"
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Nicholson, Michael. "A Brief History of the Twentieth Century." In International Relations. Macmillan Education UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26481-0_4.
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Bryan, Anthony T. "Caribbean international relations at the turn of the century." In General History of the Caribbean. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-73773-4_11.
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Wang, Xiaofu. "The Establishment of the East Asian International Order in the Seventh Century." In The History of China–Japan Relations. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5599-0_2.
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Silverstone, Scott A. "Liberal International Relations Theory and the Military." In Handbook of Military Sciences. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02866-4_104-1.
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AbstractWhile much of the study and practice of international relations is anchored in the centuries-old tradition of realism, this chapter explores the important contributions that another theoretical tradition, liberalism, has made to the study of international security and the role of military power. Emerging from Enlightenment beliefs about the rationality of individuals and the potential for progress in human affairs, liberal theories and policy ideas have focused on offering alternative means for states seeking security, alternatives that might break the endless competition and warfare that realists see as inevitable in an anarchic world. Liberal theories emphasize how rules and institutions can help self-interested states achieve mutual interests, they see economic interdependence as a potent incentive for states to avoid war, and they argue that democracies enjoy more peaceful relations with other democracies. The chapter traces the history of liberal international relations theory as it matured in response to the mass violence and chaos of the twentieth century, and it examines a number of examples – like European integration, the post-World War II global economic order, and the control of nuclear weapons – to showcase how liberal ideas in practice might reduce the dangers of war and enhance the prospects for global cooperation.
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Williams, Andrew. "The IR That Dare Not Speak Its Name: The French Extreme (and Not so Extreme) Right in the 1930s and Its Lessons from and to the History of Thought in International Relations." In Radicals and Reactionaries in Twentieth-Century International Thought. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137520623_5.
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Ehrich, Martha Emilie. "Networked Industry Survival." In Palgrave Studies in Economic History. Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54324-1_1.
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AbstractThis chapter introduces the reader to the deeply entrenched relation of capitalist networks and the Dutch paper industry. The production of paper from rags—old and torn cloth—already existed in pre-industrial seventeenth-century Netherlands and continued well into the nineteenth century. Initially, the chapter conducts an international comparison of this well-established industry before delving into a more detailed exploration of the four dimensions of networks in capitalism: technology, state-industry relations, competition and cooperation, and labor-capital relations. The chapter concludes by outlining the methodology used to historicize the industry across four phases of capitalism: the rise of Dutch capitalism (1580–1815), Dutch monarchic liberalism (1815–1914), Fordism (1914–1980), and post-Fordism (1980 until now).
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Cora, Zoltán. "Johan Béla és a modern magyar közegészségügy kiépítése." In Fontes et Libri. Szegedi Tudományegyetem, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/btk.2023.sje.3.
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The relationship between the Horthy era (1920–1944) and the communist era shows continuities if it is examined from a social historical perspective. The paper contributes to the reinterpretation of these relations by looking at Hungarian health care in the 1930s and 1940s with a focus on the relationship between international transfers and path dependency in forging health care reforms. I argue that the achievements communists regarded as inventions of socialism in health care and the welfare state had already been developed thoroughly in the 1930s and 1940s. It was only because of the strict wartime budget of the early 1940s that these welfare reforms had not been realised. With the help of internal affairs documents, essays on health care, and official statistics records in the National Archives of Hungary and the Semmelweis Library and Archives of Medical History in Budapest as well as press material, I demonstrate that, even if communists depicted the interwar period as “fascist and imperialist”, the health care system of the so-called “productive social policy” showed continuities. Moreover, social policy makers of the 1930s and early 1940s, such as Béla Johan, Ferenc Keresztes-Fischer and Béla Kovrig, also designed welfare and health care reforms for the post-war period by both developing already existing Hungarian programmes and selectively adapting foreign welfare models (American management principles, the Alsace scheme, and the Beveridge Plan). The study investigates Hungarian health care in view of the theory of path dependency and the macrohistorical convergence thesis developed by Béla Tomka (on the question of East-West convergence). It is within this framework that the paper addresses the issue of health care transfers to better understand the development of 20th -century European health care systems by identifying similarities and differences in their development as well as to speculate on the trajectory of various political solutions to social challenges, including health care.
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Bozzo, Luciano. "La guerra pensata: narrazioni, teoria, prassi." In Studi e saggi. Firenze University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-595-0.06.
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The study of war and strategy has been at the core of the theory of international relations since the birth of the academic discipline. Strategy is a key factor in any conflict, first of all in violent conflicts. Military strategy is the bridge between politics and war. Strategic studies have mainly focused on military doctrines and the means to wage war for too long a time. Limited attention was paid to the cultural dimension of violent confrontations. Then, in the second half of the XX century the Western attention to the technological dimension of war became almost obsessive. However, if war is the continuation of politics by other means we must be aware that the human factor is of utmost importance among those “means”. The willingness of soldiers to sacrifice their life on the battlefield is the precondition to wage war. At the same time, it is also the basis of any political obligation. Hence, death is the continuation of politics by other means. Various “narratives” of war have been created in history in order to justify the individual commitment to fight and eventually die in war to attain political aims. Starting in the classical age the Western world has been developing two related narratives of war: the republican model and the decisive battle one. According to the first one the good citizen was a good soldier too, and vice-versa, while the second required the concentration of violence in space and time to break the enemy’s will to fight in the shortest possible time. The two concepts gave both moral and military sense to the violent, insensate, and chaotic environment of the battle. After the end of the cold war in most Western countries such a way of thinking on the relationship between war and politics has been undermined by several factors, first of all the unwillingness to sacrifice one’s life in war. The readiness to die in order to attain a political aim has almost vanished. On the contrary, the concept of the “decisive battle” has survived thanks to technological evolution. As a consequence, on the one hand, old figures of warriors reappeared on the battlefield: soldiers of fortune, God’s fighters, pirates, and criminals. On the other, the unwillingness to die coupled to the strategic archetype of the decisive battle is bringing more and more machines and AI into war, making it both post-heroic and post-human.
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Humphreys, David. "The International Relations of Global Environmental Change." In Twentieth Century International History. I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780755626076.ch-014.
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"NATION, STATE, AND EMPIRE IN THE LONG NINETEENTH CENTURY." In History and International Relations. Bloomsbury Academic, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350113077.ch-009.
Full textConference papers on the topic "History of the international relations in the XVIIth century"
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Kazenkov, Oleg Iurevich. "History of Relations Between Argentina and Countries of Latin America and the United States in XXI Century." In All-Russian scientific and practical conference with international participation, chair Dmitrij Nikolaevich Ermakov. Publishing house Sreda, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31483/r-97354.
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The article analyzes the history of difficult relations between the United States and Latin American countries in recent times. The author, using a wide source base, examines the prospects for US participation in the overthrow of legitimate political regimes in the States of the region.
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Sallai, János, and Johanna Farkas. "21ST CENTURY CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS IN THE LIGHT OF HISTORY." In SECURITY HORIZONS. Faculty of Security- Skopje, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20544/icp.2.4.21.p24.
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It is impossible to separate the public police organization from the modern state. King Louis XIV was the founder of the first centrally organized and uniform police force in 1667. A book related to the work of the police was first published in 1705 under the title "Traité de la police". It outlines the three main activities of the police, which are economic regulation, measures of the public order, and general rules of hygiene. The first head of Police and his 44 police commissioners' work was assisted by police inspectors beginning in 1709. The police also appeared on German territory, and the works of Lorenz von Stein, Otto Mayer, and Robert von Mohl are still dominant in Europe nowadays. This study examines books, journals, and legal documents to present the development of the law enforcement and the modern challenges of policing in Hungary. Our country celebrated the establishment of the central police last year. In the 20th century there was a development in modern policing and literature, as well as the emergence of modern police officer training. After World War II, a Soviet law enforcement model was imitated in which there was state security, secrecy, and Soviet police character. Although research of historical and theoretical studies of policing was forbidden, after the Revolution of 1989, the research of law enforcement theory was completed. Globalisation has created new sources of danger (e.g. terrorism, cybercrime), driven by a lack of borders and the expansion of international relations (Farkas, 2016). We can only meet the new challenges with the deepening of international law enforcement cooperation. Keywords: law enforcement, globalisation, data-transmission revolution, security
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Georgieva, Teodora. "THE HISTORY OF THE DUBROVNIK AND BRASOV TRADING ON BULGARIAN LANDS, ACCORDING TO THE CYRILLIC SOURCES (13TH–14TH C.)." In THE PATH OF CYRIL AND METHODIUS – SPATIAL AND CULTURAL HISTORICAL DIMENSIONS. Cyrillo-Methodian Research Centre – Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59076/2815-3855.2023.33.20.
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From the end of 12th c. and the first half of 13th century, the Dubrovnik merchants steadily directed their economic interests to the inland of the Balkan Peninsula and purposefully developed overland trade. With the Dubrovnik charter (1230), the agricultural relations between the Bulgarian State and Ragusa were officially granted regulation. The relationship between Bulgarian and Dubrovnik had grown even in the 352 50s of the 13th century, under the reign of Michael II Asen. Trade-Economical and political contacts found their way into the newly written official document on the 15th of June 1253. This act established the release of paying kommerkion, which income to the fisc would be considered high. This way rights of the Bulgarian representatives were regulated, realizing trading on the land of Ragusa. Shown bilateral relations between Bulgaria and Dubrovnik reflect political and economic processes occurring in the Balkans during the first half of the 13th century. The amplified participation of foreign merchants, firstly the people from Dubrovnik then continued with people from Venice and Genoa, allowed the Bulgarian country to join in on the international trade. The said liveliness in the trade gave decent economic growth for the country and generated said financial resources. The relationship between the two countries continued for a hundred more years, especially with the Vidin kingdom of Joan Stratsimir. Vidin acted as a bridge linking Ragusa with Wallachia, which enabled them to participate in international trade. Mentioning the Vidin kingdom and the activity of the trading, this inevitably points to the Brasov charter, issued by Joan Stratsimir. This document represents a reporting message to the notables of Brasov city (Kronstadt), informing the citizens to roam and trade freely in the lands ruled by Joan Stratsimir. The review of these Cyrillic sources, like the Dobrovnik charter, the contract from 1253 and the document in favour of the citizens of Brasov, indicates that the Bulgarian lands actively participated in the trading. The more foreign representatives there were, it required regulations on the exchange. From the available documents, we know that legal relations were realized with the people from Dubrovnik, Venice and Genoa and citizens of Brasov. Considering the documents, they serve as facts of the entry of the exchange in the legal frameworks of the Bulgarian country, also the relations with foreign countries and the economic development during the 13th–14th c. period.
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Vradiy, Sergey. "DATING THE MAP OF RUSSIA AND RECORDS OF THE LANDS LOCATED ON THE LEFT BANK OF THE RIVER." In 10th International Conference "Issues of Far Eastern Literatures (IFEL 2022)". St. Petersburg State University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/9785288063770.24.
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Two rare sources, the Map of Russia (《俄國輿地圖》) and the Records of the Lands Located on the Left Bank of the River (《江左輿地記》), are of considerable interest to those who study the 19th century history of border interactions between Russia, Korea, and China, or the history of the Korean community in the Primorskiy region of Russia. These rare documents assumed to be one of the first attempts to represent 19th century Russia by Koreans. It appeared at a time when the Korean royal court, trying to get rid of China’ centuries-old trusteeship, to limit Japan’s colonial aspirations, and to find an alternative for the encroachments from Western countries, began to strengthen its relations with Russia. The author discusses the manuscripts authorship, the probable time of its writing, while using newly found materials from archives of Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Academia Sinica (Taiwan), and evaluates the significance of the said documents.
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Nəciyev, Elnur, and Günay Nəciyeva. "The History of Mausoleum of Sheikh Juneyd." In International Symposium Sheikh Zahid Gilani in the 800th Year of His Birth. Namiq Musalı, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59402/ees01201823.
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The Safavid Empire, which is one of the most glorious pages in the history of the statehood of our nation, played an important role in the statehood history, international relations, and military-political life not only of Azerbaijan but also of the South Caucasus as a whole, as well as the entire Near and Middle East. The Safavid state became a powerful military and political factor in the entire Near and Middle East within a short period of time. The Safavid state of Azerbaijan, created by Shah Ismail, helped the evolution of the worldview of the Azerbaijani Turks by reassessing themselves and their role in the formation of the ethnopolitical space. Azerbaijan, the core of the Safavid state, which was founded in the 16th century, was the home of the founders of this state both during their lifetime and after their deaths. Today, the Sheikh Safi complex and the Shah Ismail mausoleum located in the south of Azerbaijan are considered symbols of Ardabil, while the tombs of Sheikh Junayd (1447– 1461) and Sheikh Heydar (1460–1488) located in the historical Shirvan area of Northern Azerbaijan have the same importance. Unfortunately, the indifferent attitude towards these monuments has caused the latter to be blown up and destroyed, and the tomb of Sheikh Junayd has suffered from neglect. The subject of our article is the history of one of these tombs, the Sheikh Junayd monument, including the personality and activities of the sheikh. Today, the tomb of Sheikh Junayd is located in Hazra village in Gusar. In the article, both the history of this tomb and the life path of the person it belongs to are reviewed based on Turkish, English, and Russian historiography. Until Sheikh Juneyd, none of the sheikhs of Ardabil tried to establish political power. It was during his sheikhship that the Ardabil hearth adopted the guise of the sultanate, i.e., the robe of the sultanate, and embarked on the path of establishing political power. In the course of the conducted research, it became clear that it was no coincidence that Sheikh Junayd and his son, Sheikh Heydar, chose Shirvan as the primary target to achieve this goal. Their goal was to create a single state that included the lands of Azerbaijan, including Shirvan. Although they could not achieve these wishes in their health, they were actually able to help their successors, Shah Ismayil and Shah I Tahmasib, establish a unified Azerbaijan state in the future by being buried in the land of Shirvan. Keywords: Safavid, Ardabil, Sheikh Juneyd, Khazra, Trustee.
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Edlichko, Anzhela I. "CODIFICATION OF THE ORTHOEPIC NORMS OF THE GERMAN LANGUAGE: HISTORY AND CURRENT SITUATION." In 49th International Philological Conference in Memory of Professor Ludmila Verbitskaya (1936–2019). St. Petersburg State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/9785288062353.07.
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The article discusses the development of the lexicographic codification of pronunciation norms of German. It gives an overview of the orthoepic norm, its varieties and inherent features, relations between the norm and standard of pronunciation. Pronouncing dictionaries since the end of the 19th century have been studied as primary sources, some phonetic phenomena are also illustrated with the explanatory dictionaries of earlier periods. The lexicographic codification of the pronunciation norms in historical retrospect is briefly analyzed: from exaggerated articulation of actors in Germany to actual sound phenomena using in the pronunciation of professional radio and television announcers, which includes the pronouncing features of authentic oral media communication. Special attention is paid to the problem of codification of the orthoepic standard in different types of dictionaries in light of the pluricentricity of German, due to lack of empirical analyses. The article also represents the current orthoepic dictionaries, which include information about the sounds of three standards of German in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Study of their structure and content features made it possible to identify some advantages and disadvantages. As a result of the study, the author concludes with changing approaches to the codification of pronunciation norms, such as transformation of the metalanguage, expansion of the empirical base, use of contemporary sociophonetic methods in its analysis, some structural and content changes in the dictionaries. These modifications are shown to be connected with the change of the lexicographic paradigm and the turn from monocentricity to pluricentricity due to sociocultural and sociolinguistic factors. Refs 24.
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Goryaev, Sergey, and Olga Olshvang. "Balkan motifs in Russian urbanonymy: “Romanian” and “Bulgarian” street names." In International Conference on Onomastics “Name and Naming”. Editura Mega, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30816/iconn5/2019/37.
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The paper discusses some names of the Russian urban space, mainly street names, referring to the ethnonyms Romanian and for comparison Bulgarian, as well as to the names of the capitals of these countries and certain geographical objects, e.g., улица Румынская ‘Romanian street’ (the city of Astrakhan), Болгарский городок ‘Bulgarian town’ (a district in the city of Novokujbyshevsk), Софийский переулок ‘Sophia lane’ (the city of Shimanovsk), shopping center “Bucharest” (Moscow). The appearance of such names in the Russian onomasticon reflects the historical relations between Russia and the mentioned Balkan peoples, their common political history in the 20th century and, in a broader sense, the ways of manifestation of multiculturalism, not related to the global westernization of modern culture.
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Karabushenko, Pavel, and Ekaterina Gainutdinova. "The concept of Greater Eurasia and geopolitics." In East – West: Practical Approaches to Countering Terrorism and Preventing Violent Extremism. Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcshss.dxyu5419.
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In modern international relations, the emphasis of dominance is beginning to shift more and more from the Western part of the political map of the world to the East. Countries that were previously in colonial dependence on the West (China, India) are beginning to challenge international leadership. Against this background, at the beginning of the XXI century, the concept of Greater Eurasia began to take shape and gradually develop, as a desire to acquire subjectivity and an attempt to establish a new hierarchy of geopolitical leadership. Geopolitical geometry plays an important role in the analysis of these processes, which delineates the Eurasian space in accordance with the currently available geopolitical strategies of the leading world powers. And in this geometry, the Caspian region is increasingly emerging, to which the properties of the axial region of Eurasia are increasingly being attributed. The axial region means a certain space that has an increased degree of attraction (economic, cultural, political), which determines the course of history and politics. As the political history of Eurasia shows, most often significant events and vast empires (Persia, Horde, Russia, etc.) arose precisely in the area of the so-called "Caspian Gate" connecting the expanses of Europe and Asia. This work analyzes the concept of Greater Eurasia through the prism of its geopolitical assessment and the role played in its development by its axial region – the Greater Caspian region.
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Ballarin, Matteo, and Nadia D'Agnone. "Paesaggio, suolo, tempo: la rappresentazione dei tempi geologici nella citta' di Catania." In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.8041.
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Parlare di tempo geologico è un modo di contestualizzare i processi materiali della terra nella
 sua storia. La scala dei tempi geologici suddivide la lunga storia della terra in eoni, ere, periodi
 ed epoche, non omogenei tra loro, ma in relazione l'un l'altro a seconda di ciò che emerge
 dall'analisi dei dati stratigrafici o dallo studio della stratificazione dei diversi livelli della crosta
 terrestre.
 Recentemente negli studi relativi a territorio e paesaggio è stata introdotta l'idea che l'epoca
 dell'Olocene, iniziata circa 11.700 anni fa, sia terminata e che sia stata sostituita da una nuova
 epoca geologica chiamata Antropocene, ovvero, 'l'era della razza umana'.
 Per confermare o meno questa ipotesi, siamo partiti da due categorie concettuali di paesaggio:
 il paesaggio terrestre ed il paesaggio costruito.
 Il caso studio della città di Catania, in Sicilia, ben si applica a questa ricerca: il suolo della città
 si è costruito sia tramite l'intensa opera dell'uomo -negli ultimi 40 anni fino a risalire al XVII
 secolo ed al nucleo greco antico- sia tramite una non indifferente attività geologica,
 rappresentata dalle molteplici eruzioni vulcaniche e dai frequenti terremoti che hanno colpito la
 conurbazione nel corso dei secoli. L'analisi -tramite sezioni e carotaggi- della stratigrafia storica
 ha evidenziato come la forma non solo della città ma del paesaggio di Catania abbia risentito in
 maniera eccezionale delle mutazioni geologiche intercorse, più di ogni altra città europea, e la
 rende un oggetto di studio privilegiato per esaminare la correlazione tra paesaggio, tempo ed
 usi. Geologic time is a way of contextualizing the material processes of the Earth within its long
 history. The geologic time scale divides the long history of the earth in eons, eras, periods and
 epochs, not separately, but in relation to each other depending on what emerges from the
 analysis of stratigraphic data and the different levels of the crust of the earth.Recently, studies
 related to territory and landscape have introduced the idea that the current Holocene epoch that began 11,700 years ago has ended and has been replaced by a new geological epoch called
 the Anthropocene, or, 'the era of human race'. To confirm or reject this hypothesis, we started
 from two conceptual categories of landscape: the terrestrial landscape and the constructed
 landscape. We apply this research using the case study of Catania, Sicily. The soil of the city of
 Catania is built is through both the intense work of man – in the last 40 years going back to the
 seventeenth century and to antiquity with the ancient Greeks – and, through substantial
 geological activity – by the many volcanoes and frequent earthquakes over the centuries.
 The analysis is defined by a sectioning and dissection of the historical stratigraphy of the ground
 of Catania. It reveals how the form of the city and landscape of Catania has undergone
 exceptional change and mutation evolving slowly in geologic time, more so than any other
 European city. It is therefore an interesting object of study to examine the relationship between
 landscape, time and use.
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GAID, Salima. "THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF PHYSICS TO THE RISE AND DEVELOPMENT OF PHILOSOPHY AT THE OPENING OF THE MODERN ERA." In 2. IJHER-International Congress of Humanities and Educational Research. Rimar Academy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/ijhercongress2-4.
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Modern Western philosophy is the third stage in the history of philosophy, and it begins at the beginning of the seventeenth century with Descartes. The reason why historians of philosophy have classified this philosophy in a third stage is that it represented a new type of philosophizing completely different from the philosophical pattern that prevailed in the middle Ages. The truth is that the rise of this new style of philosophizing did not come out of nothing, but it rather emerged from a set of objective reasons, including the religious reform and scientific advance or renaissance, that various sciences have witnessed; mainly physics in the forefront. Physics has known amazing developments thanks to great scientists; the most famous of them is Galileo, who is credited with establishing modern physics. The rise of modern physics led directly to the emergence of modern philosophy, and the developments that physics will know after the Renaissance will also be directly reflected in the development of philosophy. This point in particular is what we would like to study in this research paper, we will seek to demonstrate the close relations between philosophy and physics at the beginning of the modern era, to show through them the contributions of physics to the rise of modern philosophy, and its aftermath developments. These contributions appear in the fact that physics determines the subject of philosophy, its method in particular, and its identification of the various issues that it will raise, as well as the various theories and doctrines that it will construct to answer them. Key words: Mechanics, Materialism, Mechanism, Atomism, Expérimental Method, Empiricism.