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1
Bokonyi, SàNdor. "HISTORY OF HORSE DOMESTICATION." Animal Genetic Resources Information 6 (April 1987): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900004089.
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SUMMARYThe wild ancestor of the present day domestic horse was equus ferus Woddaert which included two distinct sub-species - the tarpan and the taki or the Ptzevalsky horse. The tarpan is the main ancestor of the- Present day domestic type. Its domestication irst started in East Europe in the Neolithic period from where it spread in different directions, moving in successive waves to the Carpathian Basin and Moravia in the west, Caucasus in the southeast and Mesopotamia in the Near East, finally reaching western Europe in the Bronze Age.The early domestic horses were small compared to present day animals, measuring only 137 cm at the withers. They were chiefly used to provide mobile power - either draught or riding. Later, during the Iron Age, the Scythians brought these eastern horses to Austria, Italy and Greece, where they were much in demand for their superior power and size, a result of conscious breeding by the Scythians. In contrast, the horses indigenous to the western half of Europe, represented by the Celtic horse, were smaller and slender. These were later improved by crossing with the eastern Scythian horses. From the Greeks, the eastern horses reached the Romans and contributed to the development of the Roman horse.,
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Kusliy, Mariya A., Anna A. Yurlova, Alexandra I. Neumestova, Nadezhda V. Vorobieva, Natalya V. Gutorova, Anna S. Molodtseva, Vladimir A. Trifonov, et al. "Genetic History of the Altai Breed Horses: From Ancient Times to Modernity." Genes 14, no. 8 (July 26, 2023): 1523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes14081523.
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This study focuses on expanding knowledge about the genetic diversity of the Altai horse native to Siberia. While studying modern horses from two Altai regions, where horses were subjected to less crossbreeding, we tested the hypothesis, formulated on the basis of morphological data, that the Altai horse is represented by two populations (Eastern and Southern) and that the Mongolian horse has a greater genetic proximity to Eastern Altai horses. Bone samples of ancient horses from different cultures of Altai were investigated to clarify the genetic history of this horse breed. As a genetic marker, we chose hypervariable region I of mitochondrial DNA. The results of the performed phylogenetic and population genetic analyses of our and previously published data confirmed the hypothesis stated above. As we found out, almost all the haplotypes of the ancient domesticated horses of Altai are widespread among modern Altai horses. The differences between the mitochondrial gene pools of the ancient horses of Altai and Mongolia are more significant than between those of modern horses of the respective regions, which is most likely due to an increase in migration processes between these regions after the Early Iron Age.
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Ilnytska, T. Y., O. V. Sydorenko, Yu S. Yagusevich, and N. M. Leshchenko. "POLESYE HORSE: HISTORY OF ORIGIN AND CURRENT SITUATION." Animal Breeding and Genetics 59 (May 4, 2020): 136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.59.15.
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Introduction. The world is actively in the process of improving the productive qualities of livestock, including horses to meet the needs of society. At the same time, less competitive aboriginal breeds and populations are being displaced, which are characterized by slightly lower productivity, but are well adapted to environmental conditions. In 2002–2019, breeding herds of agricultural animals of many breeds disappeared in Ukraine, including such genetically “valuable” ones as brown Carpathian cattle, Myrhorod pig breed, Ukrainian meat-wool (Kharkiv type)sheep breed and others [1, 2]. In terms of intensive progress in agriculture, given the great anthropogenic and man-made shocks of the twentieth century (wars, Chernobyl accident), the flora and fauna of Ukraine were threatened by significant reductions, especially forest and swamp ecosystems of Ukrainian Polissya, which formed with large wild and domesticated ungulates. Among them is the Polesye horse, which has been in this area for more than 4.000 years, but is now almost extinct [3, 4, 5]. It is necessary to restore and expand the population of Polesye horses as a basis for biodiversity of Ukrainian Polissya and as part of the cultural heritage of the region.
Materials and methods of research. The materials for the research were archival data, literary and scientific sources that contain information about the origin of the Polesye horse, as well as the results of an expeditionary survey of the horse population of private rural estates of the Polesye horse. The main measurements of the horse's body were determined: height at the withers, oblique length of the body, chest girth, cannon girth. A comparative analysis of measurements of modern horses of Ukrainian Polissya with those bred in this area in the 50s of the last century, as well as with the animal population of the Belarusian part of the region (Western and Eastern Polissya) was conducted.
Research results. According to researchers, the Polesye horse originates from wild ancestors – forest tarpans, who lived in Polissya until the 18th century. For a long time, the Polissya horse was bred "in itself" in the conditions of unsatisfactory feeding and excessive use at work. This has led to a reduction in size, the appearance of exterior-constitutional features (stepping of the hind limbs, low heels of the hooves, the proximity of the hocks). But on the other hand, there are high adaptive qualities, unpretentiousness to the conditions of detention and high efficiency. The main place of distribution of horses is determined by Ukrainian and Belarusian Polissya [5, 7, 8, 9].
In the 40's and 50's of the last century, Polesye horses were actively improved. For this purpose, local mares were crossed with stallions of Russian Heavy Draft and Orlov Trotter [6]. During the 50–60s of the last century, scientists of the Belarusian Research Institute of Animal Husbandry studied and examined more than 1.000 horses of the Polesye population [9]. It is worth paying attention to the experience of Belarusian scientists who, within the framework of the state program of revival and development of Polissya, conduct research and work on the restoration of horses of the Polesye breed. A comprehensive analysis was carried out: basic measurements were taken and the exterior of the horses was assessed, materials on breeding use and productivity were collected. This became the basis for the development of the main directions of selection and breeding work with the population [3, 4, 10, 11].
Until 2019, no work was carried out in Ukraine to assess and restore the population of Polesye horses. In 2019, the first survey of horses in Ukrainian Polissya was conducted in independent Ukraine in order to find typical representatives of the Polesye population. Comparing the exterior of the horses described in the source [6] with those encountered during the expedition, we selected typical representatives of Polesye horses and brought them to the stable "ShcherbatyTsugli" in the Prybirsk village, Ivankiv district, Kyiv region, where the climate and fodder the base is favorable and "native" to these animals. Currently, the herd of horses of the Polesye population consists of 9 mares and 1 stallion. To compare the horses of the modern population with those bred in Belarus, as well as the typical representatives that were described in the last century, we determined the body measurements of selected horses. According to the results of the analysis, the mares of the modern "Ukrainian" population were 2.7 cm taller than the representatives of the Polesye population in 1952, but 2.3 cm inferior to the Polesye horses of Belarus. The oblique length of the mares' torso and the girth of the breasts had the same tendency as the height at the withers. That is, the horses of the Polesye population of Ukraine insignificantly outnumbered the typical representatives of the individuals described in the last century and were similar to the Belarusian population. Given this, we can conclude that despite the use of the method of crossbreeding in the past, the horses of Ukrainian Polissya in general have preserved the exterior-constitutional type of their ancestors. The same opinion is shared by other researchers, who believe that only those horses that had the appropriate size and features of the exterior could adapt to the conditions of Polissya [3, 11].
Ethnographers and historians-reconstructors also take part in studying the population of "Polesye" horses. After all, in addition to biological significance, the Polesye horse, which has long been used in agriculture, has acquired a deep ethnographic significance. Ethnographers have recorded the facts of the use of the horse in rituals, in particular actively in wedding rituals. Thus, the historical and cultural component of the study is an essential complement to this program and provides a comprehensive study of the history of the Polesye horse. Polesye horses can be used for the development of green, ecological, rural andequestrian tourism.
Conclusions. The population of Polesye horses is one of the oldest in Europe and has been on the territory of Ukrainian Polissya for more than 4.000 years, but has now almost disappeared. Expeditionary surveys of Ukrainian Polissya allowed to select typical representatives of Polesye horses and to create a basic herd in the conditions of the farm "ShcherbatyZugli" in the Prybirskvillage, Ivankiv district, Kyiv region. Modern horses of the Polesye breed, which are similar in appearance and size to those described in the 1950s, can serve as a basis for the restoration of the Polesye population. It is important to develop a selection program for the restoration (reconstruction) of the Polesye horse population in order to preserve not only biodiversity, but also the cultural heritage and national heritage of Ukrainian Polissya.
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Walker, T. J., S. N. Collins, and R. C. Murray. "Horse walker use in dressage horses." Comparative Exercise Physiology 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep11015.
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Horse walkers have become popular in the modern exercise regime for dressage horses, however recent investigations of injury risk factors have indicated a significant association between horse walker use and lameness. A detailed telephone questionnaire was conducted to document horse walker usage and assess whether horse walker use could predispose dressage horses to lameness. Information on horse walker features and use, and individual horse lameness history was recorded. Chi-squared tests were performed to identify horse walker variables associated with lameness. Although analyses failed to establish a direct link between lameness and any specific horse walker feature, the high proportion of lame horses in this study suggests that there is an underlying and, as yet, unidentified cause of lameness related to horse walker usage.
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Zhong, Ye. "Consider How Horses Play a Role in Leading the Silk Road and the Development in Eurasian History Between Han to Song Dynasty." Communications in Humanities Research 4, no. 1 (May 17, 2023): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/4/20220212.
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To find out how horses, to an extent, led to the formation and development of the Silk Road in Eurasian history during the Han to Song dynasty, how and when horses became pervasive will be discussed. Veterinary materials, xiangma, and methods of horse treatments would be compared between east and west to show the existence of early horse culturesuch comparison resulted in a common and established horse culture among Erusian countries during Song.
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Radovic, Lara, Viktoria Remer, Carina Krcal, Doris Rigler, Gottfried Brem, Ahmed Rayane, Khadija Driss, et al. "Y Chromosome Haplotypes Enlighten Origin, Influence, and Breeding History of North African Barb Horses." Animals 12, no. 19 (September 27, 2022): 2579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12192579.
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In horses, demographic patterns are complex due to historical migrations and eventful breeding histories. Particularly puzzling is the ancestry of the North African horse, a founding horse breed, shaped by numerous influences throughout history. A genetic marker particularly suitable to investigate the paternal demographic history of populations is the non-recombining male-specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY). Using a recently established horse MSY haplotype (HT) topology and KASP™ genotyping, we illustrate MSY HT spectra of 119 Barb and Arab-Barb males, collected from the Maghreb region and European subpopulations. All detected HTs belonged to the Crown haplogroup, and the broad MSY spectrum reflects the wide variety of influential stallions throughout the breed’s history. Distinct HTs and regional disparities were characterized and a remarkable number of early introduced lineages were observed. The data indicate recent refinement with Thoroughbred and Arabian patrilines, while 57% of the dataset supports historical migrations between North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula. In the Barb horse, we detected the HT linked to Godolphin Arabian, one of the Thoroughbred founders. Hence, we shed new light on the question of the ancestry of one Thoroughbred patriline. We show the strength of the horse Y chromosome as a genealogical tool, enlighten recent paternal history of North African horses, and set the foundation for future studies on the breed and the formation of conservation breeding programs.
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SKUPNIEWICZ, Patryk. "Sasanian horse armor." Historia i Świat 3 (September 10, 2014): 35–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.34739/his.2014.03.03.
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The goal of the paper is to define general types and the evolution of horse armor employed by elite warriors of Sasanian Iran, basing on literary sources and iconographical evidence with minor reference to archaeological finds in wider Eurasian perspective. The horse armor was an important part of cavalry equipment already in the chariot warfare however its re-emergence in mounted combat occurred when heavy cavalry was developed. The article divides Sasanian horse armor into several groups: 1. One-piece body protection, which overall cover mounts body the way modern horse blankets do. Within the group one may find following subgroups: 1.a Caparisons – known from numerous works of art (rock reliefs illustrating scenes of mounted combat at Firusbad and Nakš e Rostam as well as the on so-called Shapur cameo currently held in Louvre) having long Near Eastern and Eurasian tradition. 1.b Scale barding – which in fact is a sort of caparison covered with metallic scales sewn onto textile horse blanket, testified by literary sources, known from archaeological evidence from Dura Europos (despite the fact that these examples belonged to Roman cavalry, it is clear that they were fashioned in Iranian manner). Scale bardings of the type are known also from the works of art like graffito from Dura Europos, Trajan’s column, sculpture of Khalchayan and late Parthian Tang e Sarvak frieze. 1.c Chain mail horse armor – lacking strong and direct evidence from Sasanian period, iconography which may depict horses protected with chain-mail is rather crude however despite hypothetical nature, this sort of horse armor is very likely employed in Sasanian warfare. 2. Bardings composed of multiple elements and fragmentary bardings covering a part of the mount. Again these this group can be divided into two sub-groups: 2.a Full lamellar/laminar barding – can be identified on the sculpture of Khalchayan and late Parthian frieze Tang e Sarvak as well as on the seals of Late Sasanian spahbedan. They find numerous Central Asian (Old Turkic) and Far Eastern refernces. 2.b Fragmentary barding, best known from Taq e Bostan sculpture of an equestrian figure but with Central Asian, Chinese and Byzantine references. Following phases of barding development in ancient and early mediaeval Iran can be determined: 1. Late Achaemenid when armored cavalry required some protection for horses after employing shock tactics and subsequent close combat. 2. Mid Parthian, influenced by invasions of the steppe dwellers initiated by Xiong Nu expansion. Developed locally later. 3. Late Sasanian – resulting from contacts with Turkic warriors who transmitted some Eastern military technologies to Iran and through Avar influence to Europe.
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O’Dell, Nicolize, Luke Arnot, Chris Eric Janisch, and Johan CA Steyl. "Clinical presentation and pathology of suspected vector transmitted African horse sickness in South African domestic dogs from 2006 to 2017." Veterinary Record 182, no. 25 (March 8, 2018): 715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.104611.
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African horse sickness (AHS) is a fatal vector transmitted viral disease of horses caused by the African horse sickness virus (AHSV). This disease is characterised by circulatory and respiratory failure, resulting from vascular endothelial injury affecting many organs. The susceptibility of dogs to AHS has been demonstrated in the past following experimental infection through consumption of infected horse meat. Thirty three clinical cases of AHS in dogs (cAHS) have been documented, without a history of ingesting infected horse meat, over a period of 12 years. The clinical cases included in this study presented with a history of acute respiratory distress syndrome or sudden death. The macroscopic and histological changes were mostly characterised by acute interstitial pneumonia, serofibrinous pleuritis and mediastinal oedema. Confirmation of cAHS was obtained by AHS specific NS4 antibody immunohistochemistry and/or AHSV specific duplex real time RT-quantitative PCR. Here, we document the clinical and postmortem diagnostic features of confirmed cAHS cases with no history of ingestion of AHS infected horse meat.
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Orlando, Ludovic. "The Evolutionary and Historical Foundation of the Modern Horse: Lessons from Ancient Genomics." Annual Review of Genetics 54, no. 1 (November 23, 2020): 563–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-021920-011805.
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The domestication of the horse some 5,500 years ago followed those of dogs, sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs by ∼2,500–10,000 years. By providing fast transportation and transforming warfare, the horse had an impact on human history with no equivalent in the animal kingdom. Even though the equine sport industry has considerable economic value today, the evolutionary history underlying the emergence of the modern domestic horse remains contentious. In the last decade, novel sequencing technologies have revolutionized our capacity to sequence the complete genome of organisms, including from archaeological remains. Applied to horses, these technologies have provided unprecedented levels of information and have considerably changed models of horse domestication. This review illustrates how ancient DNA, especially ancient genomes, has inspired researchers to rethink the process by which horses were first domesticated and then diversified into a variety of breeds showing a range of traits that are useful to humans.
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Murphy, Sherra. "‘Many attend chiefly in search of pleasure’: the Great National Horse Show at the Royal Dublin Society, 1868–80." Irish Historical Studies 47, no. 171 (May 2023): 112–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ihs.2023.7.
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AbstractThis paper explores the foundation of the Dublin Horse Show from 1868–80, when it was held at the Royal Dublin Society's (R.D.S.) headquarters on Merrion Square. Early iterations were intended to address the depletion of the equine population in the mid-nineteenth century, a matter of concern for agriculture and industry, but also for those with an interest in sport and horses as opportunities for leisure. Horse shows arose nearly simultaneously in Ireland and England as intersections between associational culture, agricultural improvement and a burgeoning middle-class leisure sphere established animal shows as instruments for improving breeding, but also as forms of entertainment. The popular success of horse shows fostered the development of economic clusters, as local businesses began to depend on them as reliable sources of annual income. They also reflected equestrian sport's migration from largely elite pursuits into popular recreation, including competitions that would eventually lead to the modern sport of showjumping. The events established at the early R.D.S. Horse Show are still recognisable today in their combination of improvement and leisure based in the promotion of Irish horses as exemplars of sporting excellence.
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Ashirov, Adhamjon. "The cult of the horse in the oral creativity of the lifestyle of the Uzbek people." Uzbekistan:language and culture 6, no. 1 (March 10, 2023): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.52773/tsuull.uzlc.2023.1/xpaf7843.
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The article analyzes the lifestyle of the Uzbek people, the horse cult, various customs and ceremonies related to horses, and their historical foundations based on ethnographic materials. The author analyzed the horse totem, specific genres of folklore – epics, songs and proverbs related to the horse on a scientific basis. The history of horse-related place names, including shrines and pilgrimage sites, is covered. Also, new views on the genesis of the «Davra» ceremony and a number of other customs have been put forward.
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Schurink, Shrestha, Eriksson, Bosse, Bovenhuis, Back, Johansson, and Ducro. "The Genomic Makeup of Nine Horse Populations Sampled in the Netherlands." Genes 10, no. 6 (June 25, 2019): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10060480.
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The spectrum of modern horse populations encompasses populations with a long history of development in isolation and relatively recently formed types. To increase our understanding of the evolutionary history and provide information on how to optimally conserve or improve these populations with varying development and background for the future, we analyzed genotype data of 184 horses from 9 Dutch or common horse populations in the Netherlands: The Belgian draft horse, Friesian horse, Shetland pony, Icelandic horse, Gelder horse, Groninger horse, harness horse, KWPN sport horse and the Lipizzaner horse population. Various parameters were estimated (e.g., runs of homozygosity and FST values) to gain insight into genetic diversity and relationships within and among these populations. The identified genomic makeup and quantified relationships did mostly conform to the development of these populations as well as past and current breeding practices. In general, populations that allow gene-flow showed less inbreeding and homozygosity. Also, recent bottlenecks (e.g., related to high selective pressure) caused a larger contribution of long ROHs to inbreeding. Maintaining genetic diversity through tailor-made breeding practices is crucial for a healthy continuation of the investigated, mostly inbred and (effectively) small sized horse populations, of which several already experience inbreeding related issues.
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Khanshour, Anas M., Rytis Juras, and E. Gus Cothran. "Microsatellite analysis of genetic variability in Waler horses from Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 61, no. 5 (2013): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo13062.
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The Waler horse breed is an integral part of Australian history. The purposes of this study were to analyse the genetic variability in Waler horses from Australia and to investigate genetic relationships with other horse breeds. We examined the genetic diversity of 70 Waler horses sampled from seven breeding stations in Australia. Also we analysed the relationships of these horses with 11 other horse breeds. Analysis of the genetic structure was carried out using 15 microsatellite loci, genetic distances, AMOVA, factorial correspondence analysis and a Bayesian method. We found that the genetic diversity in the Waler was greater than the domestic horse mean and exceeded that of all endangered horse breeds. Our findings also revealed moderate population subdivision rather than inbreeding. All genetic similarity measures indicated that the Thoroughbred might be a key ancestor to the Waler. This study indicates that there is no immediate concern for loss of variation in Waler horses. Also, there clearly has been a strong input from the Thoroughbred into the Waler horse breed. However, the genetic evidence suggests that this input was not just direct but also came through other types of horses with a Thoroughbred cross background.
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Kazanski, Michel, and Anna Mastykova. "Burials with Horses at the Necropolis of the Sambian-Natangian Culture of the Early Middle Ages and Anthropological Data." Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, no. 5 (October 29, 2021): 267–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.55086/sp215267279.
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This paper compares the results of anthropological research and information about the burial of horses in the burial grounds of the Sambian-Natangian civilisation (Dolkeim-Kovrovo culture). The inclusion of anthropological analysis data from the cemeteries of Mitino and Zaostrovye-1 shows that for the Merovingian period and the beginning of the Viking period, the connection of horse burials exclusively with male graves is not certain. Horse burials are accompanied here by male, female and children’s burials. Presence of a horse in the burials of Sambian-Natangian culture was undoubtedly a social marker, and Roman period was associated primarily with military funerary rituals. At the beginning of the Middle Ages, the custom of burying a horse was “democratized” and widely used. However, presence of horses in burials continues to play the role of a social indicator, but now it is not the presence of the horse that is indicative, but their number.
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Pluta, Michał, Katarzyna Bańka, Angelika Cieśla, and Łukasz Rogala. "The state of breeding and use of Caspian horses in Europe and around the world." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Zootechnica 19, no. 3 (March 12, 2021): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/asp.2020.19.3.10.
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The Caspian horse is one of the oldest horse breeds in the world and probably the first oriental domesticated horse. For centuries thought the breed had been considered extinct, until it was "rediscovered" in 1965 in Iran. The breed is quite important in the history of horse breeding, however, it is still little known. The aim of the work was to present the characteristics of the breed (conformation, characteristics and usage) and to assess the current state of the population in Europe and around the World. A survey was conduct among 18 breeders and included 120 horses. The population size was estimated based on the analysis of two breed registries. This study confirms and supplies information about Caspian horses available in the literature. Caspian horses can be very useful in refining small breeds of horses and could bring many profits in Polish breeding of sport ponies.
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Kieson, Emily. "Horse-Human Communication: The Roles of Language and Communication in the Context of Horse-Human Interactions." International Journal of Zoology and Animal Biology 5, no. 6 (2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/izab-16000414.
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Horses have played an important role in human history and the techniques and strategies with which we interact with them is based on concepts of operant conditioning with emphasis on negative and positive reinforcement. The human-horse interactions in training are primarily based on the desires and goals of the human with the recognition that proper response to horse behaviors should be considered in order to effectively achieve the desired training goal and minimize stress. When considering the concepts of language and communication, horse owners need to consider the ethological communication strategies of horses and the role they play in traditional horse-human interactions. By including principles of interspecies communication, mutual development of language, and pro-social behaviors, it may be possible to involve horses in the decision-making processes in which they are so often involved.
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Antunovich, Tamara, and Vasily Verkhoturov. "Horse breeding of the Kaliningrad region: state and development prospects." E3S Web of Conferences 285 (2021): 04008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128504008.
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The article discusses the development of horse breeding in the Kaliningrad region. The materials are based on the analysis of the history of development and the current state of the main directions of horse breeding in the Kaliningrad region. The paper presents statistical data on the number of horses of different periods, analyzes historical information and the current state of horse breeding. Breeding achievements, problems and prospects for the development of horse breeding in the Kaliningrad region are discussed within the framework of the state strategy for the development of the industry in the Russian Federation.
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Baban, M., M. Sakac, N. Korabi, B. Antunovic, P. Mijic, A. Ivankovic, and J. Ramljak. "Analysis of horse breeding and equestrian sports in the Republic of Croatia." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 27, no. 3 (2011): 415–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1103415b.
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Horse breeding in the Republic of Croatia, before its entrance into European Union, is in the transitional period. In the breeding sense, Croatian horse breeding is set according to the model of European countries and is trying to counteract with ?modern horse breeding countries?. Croatian Center for Horse Breeding - Djakovo and Lipik State Stud Farms (CCHB), with the Central register of equidae is, as the head national institution, responsible for running and maintaining national central equidae database (49 registers of horses and 27 registers of breeding types). Croatia has registered total of 21.796 equidae, from which 19.306 animals are horses. Registered horses according to groups make the total proportion of 37% warmblood horses, 59% coldblood horses and 4% ponies. Horse breeders are organized in breeders associations, which form federations of associations referring to separate horse breeds. Currently in Croatia there are four federations of breeders associations (with 43 associations and 11 private stud farms). Those verified breeding organizations are conducting independently breeding programs and fully maintain breeding and selection obligations for horse breeds for which they have approval of the Croatian Ministry. Native breeds in Croatia are Croatian Coldblood, Croatian Posavac and Medjimurje horse (Murinsulaner), while Lipizzan horse is considered as protected breed. Development of horse breeding is considerably supported with national subsidies. Internationally verified breeds which are bred in Croatia are Lipizzan horse, Pure Arabian horses, Thoroughbred, Haflinger and Gidran horses. The horse breeding in Croatia is developing in four different directions. Ecological breeding implies native horse breeds and is spread on the areas of protected nature resorts in Croatia. Croatians are through their history connected to horse breeding, which is even today irreplaceable in traditional cultural manifestations (Djakovacki vezovi, Vinkovacke jeseni, Sinjska alka, etc.), various horse shows and fairs and also in more ?modern? ways through recreation and entertainment. The third direction of development of horse breeding in Croatia is therapeutic riding, which includes 26 associations, over one hundred horses and over one thousand users organized under the Therapeutic Riding Association of Croatia. Sports horse breeding represents fourth direction in Croatian horse breeding. It is formed by four federations: Croatian Trotting Federation (trotting), Croatian Gallop Federation (gallop sport) and Croatian Equestrian Federation (endurance, dressage, military, show jumping, driving). Croatian Equestrian Federation includes 49 equestrian clubs. In the last four years between 455 and 582 competitors and between 495 and 581 horses (for show jumping 45%, dressage 31%, endurance 19%, driving 5% and military) were licensed annually. Croatia achieved noticeable results on the international scene in driving sports and in Paralympics. In all mentioned directions of Croatian horse breeding, the tendency should be directed to achieving higher breeding standards (nutrition, stabling, transport, training) and more rational using of horses. Such breeding and using of horses will lead to top bred horses and successful sport horses. This implies synchronized work through long period of time, respecting institutional and breeding rules.
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Kusliy, Mariya A., Nadezhda V. Vorobieva, Alexey A. Tishkin, Alexey I. Makunin, Anna S. Druzhkova, Vladimir A. Trifonov, Tumur-O. Iderkhangai, and Alexander S. Graphodatsky. "Traces of Late Bronze and Early Iron Age Mongolian Horse Mitochondrial Lineages in Modern Populations." Genes 12, no. 3 (March 12, 2021): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12030412.
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The Mongolian horse is one of the most ancient and relatively unmanaged horse breeds. The population history of the Mongolian horse remains poorly understood due to a lack of information on ancient and modern DNA. Here, we report nearly complete mitochondrial genome data obtained from five ancient Mongolian horse samples of the Khereksur and Deer Stone culture (late 2nd to 1st third of the 1st millennium BC) and one ancient horse specimen from the Xiongnu culture (1st century BC to 1st century AD) using target enrichment and high-throughput sequencing methods. Phylogenetic analysis involving ancient, historical, and modern mitogenomes of horses from Mongolia and other regions showed the presence of three mitochondrial haplogroups in the ancient Mongolian horse populations studied here and similar haplotype composition of ancient and modern horse populations of Mongolia. Our results revealed genetic continuity between the Mongolian horse populations of the Khereksur and Deer Stone culture and those of the Xiongnu culture owing to the presence of related mitotypes. Besides, we report close phylogenetic relationships between haplotypes of the Khereksur and Deer Stone horses and the horses of indigenous breeds of the Middle East (Caspian and Iranian), China (Naqu, Yunnan, and Jinjiang), and Italy (Giara) as well as genetic similarity between the Xiongnu Mongolian horses and those of the most ancient breeds of the Middle East (Arabian) and Central Asia (Akhal-Teke). Despite all the migrations of the Mongolian peoples over the past 3000 years, mitochondrial haplogroup composition of Mongolian horse populations remains almost unchanged.
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Gift, Lisa J., Earl M. Gaughan, Richard M. DeBowes, Pamela A. Pintchuk, Frank A. Nickels, and Jonathan H. Foreman. "Jejunal intussusception in adult horses: 11 cases (1981-1991)." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 202, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 110–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1993.202.01.110.
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Summary: Medical records of 11 adult horses with jejunal intussusception examined at 5 veterinary teaching hospitals between 1981 and 1991 were reviewed. Nine of 11 horses had signs of acute abdominal discomfort for <24 hours, whereas 2 horses had a history of chronic signs. Five of 11 horses had an intraluminal or intramural mass associated with the jejunal intussusception. Two horses died or were euthanatized prior to surgery. Partial jejunal resection and jejunojejunal anastomosis were performed in 9 horses. One horse died during surgery and 2 were euthanatized prior to hospital discharge because of postoperative complications. Four of the 6 horses that were discharged from the hospital survived from 16 months to 6 years and returned to their previous level of performance. One horse died 3 months after surgery from unknown causes, and 1 horse was lost to long-term follow-up evaluation.
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van der Merwe, F. J., and J. Martin. "Four Southern African Horse Breeds." Animal Genetic Resources Information 32 (April 2002): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900001565.
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SummaryThe history and development of the four Southern African horse breeds, i.e. Basutho Pony, Nooitgedacht, South African (SA) Boerperd and Cape Boerperd, are traced from their common ancestor, the Cape Horse, to the present day. Recent blood-typing studies of the first three have shown them to be closer related to each other than to any other world breed. At the beginning of the twentieth century the Southern African horse industry was devastated after the Anglo Boer War (1899–1902). Indiscriminate crossbreeding and intentional importation of other specialized breeds led to the near extinction of the descendants of the Cape Horse in South Africa. Fortunately, the efforts of the Government Department of Agriculture and a number of private breeders to identify, conserve and develop the then existing genetic material over the past half century, resulted in the existence today of three small, but viable, registered breeds of locally adapted and versatile horses viz. Nooitgedacht, SA Boerperd and Cape Boerperd. The recent history and apparent present situation of the Basutho Pony in the neighbouring country of Lesotho was also described.
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Věra, Klontza-Jaklová, Panagiotakis Nikos, Tengeriová Romilda, Smíšek Michal, Fernandes Ricardo, and Klontzas Manolis. "The Cretan Horse: Still a Unique Breed? Part I: Equines on Crete from the Neolithic to the Ottoman Period." Cheiron: The International Journal of Equine and Equestrian History 3, no. 2 (September 1, 2023): 113–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22618/tp.cheiron.20233.2.216005.
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The Cretan (or Messara, Giorgalidiko) horse or pony was first mentioned as a distinct specific horse breed by the Ottomans in 1895. This horse, however, may have a much longer history, perhaps going back to the prehistoric era. It also has an unsure future. Based on a review of available archaeofaunal, iconographical, and historiographical information, the authors identify the characteristics of the Cretan horse, discuss the possible origin of this breed, describe its current breeding status, and present a proposal for its preservation. Domesticated horses (Equus caballus) appeared on the island by the end of the third millennium B.C.E. and became part of the cultural context after the mid-second millennium B.C.E. It is difficult to trace the horse in Crete during Classical antiquity, early Christianity, and the early Middle Ages. It is possible that various breeds of E. caballus were present on the island during the Late Middle Ages. The Cretan horse is understood as part of local tradition, a historical patrimony, and an integral part of Crete‘s cultural heritage. The geographical, climatic, historical, and cultural characteristics of the island were imprinted in its characteristics. The Cretan horse is poorly documented up to this day. It now faces extinction. The authors gathered information and evidence of horses on Crete from the Neolithic period up to the present day. They produced two papers, representing a comprehensive overview of the Equus Cabalus history of the island. The first paper covers the period from prehistoric times up to 1895, when the Cretan horse was declared a special breed by the Ottoman administration and protected legally. The research summarizes archaeological, osteological, iconographical, and historical evidence. The second paper describes the state of the breed during the twentieth century, the current position, its further needs and future prospects.
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Bienvenue, Valérie. "(Re)Voir le Marché aux chevaux : l’éthique animalière de Rosa Bonheur." RACAR : Revue d'art canadienne 47, no. 1 (August 30, 2022): 4–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1091818ar.
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The Horse Fair is an iconic work by 19th century animal artist Rosa Bonheur. The immense work, which is on the scale of a history painting, has already generated numerous interpretations focusing on issues of gender and sexuality. The horses, the main subjects of the work, have been side-lined, made to serve as representations of the artist’s personality and expressions of her sexuality. My close reading of The Horse Fair reveals, by contrast, that in an era where animals were seldom accorded a voice, Bonheur sought to grant her equine subjects a measure of expressive autonomy. I consider how the work examines relational inequities between humans and horses, enabling The Horse Fair to stand as a powerful exploration of interspecies ethics.
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Devriese, L. "From mules, horses and livestock to companion animals: a linguistic-etymological approach to veterinary history, mirroring animal and (mainly) human welfare." Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 81, no. 4 (August 31, 2012): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/vdt.v81i4.18338.
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In some languages, major changes in the veterinary profession are mirrored in the names used by those engaged in this branch of medicine during different periods of history. These names were most often derived from the animal species that were of predominant importance in any given period. The terms veterinarius, mulomedicus (mule healer) and hippiater (horse doctor) reflect the major importance of these animals in Roman and Greek antiquity. Draft and pack animals (Latin: veterina) played a major role in the improvement of mankind’s living conditions. Without their help, men and women had to do all the heavy labor with the help only of primitive instruments, and they had to transport all burdens themselves. Horses became of paramount importance in warfare. Chivalry (cheval in French: horse) attained a high status in mediaeval society. This high esteem for horses, horse riding and everything associated with it continued even after the horse had lost its military significance. We see this in terms such as maréchal in French (meaning both ‘shoeing smith’ and ‘field-marshal’), marshal in English, maarschalk in Dutch, derived from an old Germanic word for ‘keeper of the horses’ but originally meaning ‘horse boy’. Similar titles were paardenmeester for ‘horse master’ in Dutch, and Rossarzt or Pferdarzt in German. The terms veterinarian and vétérinaire, which are generally used in English and French, do not differentiate between the species and types of animals involved. This term, derived from the learned Latin medicus veterinarius, was not created by the public, but rather was promoted by the early veterinary schools and professional organizations. Its supposedly general meaning was most probably a factor that guided the choice of its use. Nobody alluded to its primary significance (etymology) involving the care of ‘beasts of burden’, and it is a pity that almost no one any longer is aware of this. The enormous role that these humble animals once played in the liberation of mankind from slavish labor, and from slavery itself, remains practically unknown. The term ‘veterinary’ has lost nothing of its forgotten original content. Knowledge about this may help to rehabilitate the humble donkeys, the mules and other beasts of burden who delivered mankind from much arduous labor ... and became our slaves.
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weil, kari. "They Eat Horses, Don't They? Hippophagy and Frenchness." Gastronomica 7, no. 2 (2007): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2007.7.2.44.
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In the Nineteenth Century, France became a nation that ate horse. The introduction of horsemeat into French cuisine marks a rare occurrence in history of a change in attitude, if not taste, towards a once tabooed food. Whether or not to permit hippophagy was, indeed, a matter of great debate at the time, having to do not only with the status of French cuisine, but also with the status of the horse. While the legalization of horsemeat for human food in 1866 was justified primarily on socioeconomic grounds -- horsemeat was a ready and cheap source of protein for those in need -- the consumption of horse remained a controversial idea because of the complex and conflicting affections horses inspired. The debates around hippophagy reveal an increasingly ambivalent attitude toward the horse and its potential subjectivity, especially since horses, in turn, had the power to represent the questionable subjectivity of certain "breeds" of humans and their status within the nation.
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Foster, C. N., and B. C. Scheele. "Feral-horse impacts on corroboree frog habitat in the Australian Alps." Wildlife Research 46, no. 2 (2019): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr18093.
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Context Introduced herbivores can have a substantial impact on native plants and animals, particularly in ecosystems that do not share a recent evolutionary history with similar herbivore species. The feral horse, Equus caballus, has a widespread but patchy distribution in Australia, with large populations present in national parks in the Australian Alps. There are few peer-reviewed studies of the impacts of feral horses on ecosystems in this region. However, impacts could be substantial, particularly in wetland and riparian environments that are focal points for horse activity and sensitive to trampling and physical disturbance. Aims In the present study, we used replicated horse exclosures to investigate the effects of feral horses on breeding habitat of the critically endangered northern corroboree frog, Pseudophryne pengilleyi, in the Australian Alps. Methods Pseudophryne pengilleyi constructs nests and lays eggs in dense litter surrounding small, seasonally flooded wetland pools. In 2010, we sampled the litter depth adjacent to pools at eight long-term P. pengilleyi monitoring sites. In 2011, horse exclosures were established at each of the eight sites, such that less than half of the wetland area was inside the exclosure. In 2015, we measured litter depth surrounding pools inside and outside the exclosures, as well as at three additional sites where feral horses were absent. Key results We found that the pool-edge litter was 1.9 times deeper in areas without horses (inside horse-exclosure plots and horse-free sites) than in areas accessible to horses (unfenced areas in horse-occupied sites). Conclusions Our study has presented experimental evidence that horse grazing and trampling reduce breeding-habitat quality for P. pengilleyi, which could result in reduced reproduction success. Implications Ensuring the persistence of high-quality habitat is crucial for the conservation of P. pengilleyi, particularly given the severity of the decline of this species associated with chytrid fungus. Our results have provided direct evidence of a negative feral-horse impact on the habitat of a threatened animal species in the Australian Alps.
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Kooyman, B., L. V. Hills, P. McNeil, and S. Tolman. "Late Pleistocene Horse Hunting at the Wally's Beach Site (DhPg-8), Canada." American Antiquity 71, no. 1 (January 2006): 101–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40035323.
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Evidence from the Wally's Beach site in southwestern Alberta indicates Pleistocene horses were hunted by Clovis age peoples. A number of artifacts are associated with a horse skeleton, including a cut-marked hyoid indicative of butchering and a flake projecting below one of the vertebrae that establishes the archaeological material is not intrusive. A large unmodified cobble apparently was used to mark the kill or anchor the cache. Six other finds of horse remains also have associated lithic artifacts. Horse behavior is explored to speculate on hunting strategy. It is concluded that humans and climate change probably contributed to the late Pleistocene extinction of North American horses.
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Webb, James L. A. "The Horse and Slave Trade Between the Western Sahara and Senegambia." Journal of African History 34, no. 2 (July 1993): 221–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700033338.
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Following the late fifteenth- and sixteenth-century cavalry revolution in Senegambia, the horse and slave trade became a major sector of the desert-edge political economy. Black African states imported horses from North Africa and the western Sahara in exchange for slaves. Over time, under conditions of increasing aridity, the zone of desert horse-breeding was pushed south, and through crossbreeding with the small disease-resistant indigenous horses of the savanna, new breeds were created. Although the savanna remained an epidemiologically hostile environment for the larger and more desirable horses bred in North Africa, in the high desert and along the desert fringe, Black African states continued to import horses in exchange for slaves into the period of French colonial rule.The evidence assembled on the horse trade into northern Senegambia raises the difficult issue of the relative quantitative importance of the Atlantic and Saharan/North African slave trades and calls into question the assumption that the Atlantic slave trade was the larger of the two. Most available evidence concerns the Wolof kingdoms of Waalo and Kajoor. It suggests that the volume of slaves exported north into the desert from Waalo in the late seventeenth century was probably at least ten times as great as the volume of slaves exported into the Atlantic slave trade. For both Waalo and Kajoor, this ratio declined during the first half of the eighteenth century as slave exports into the Atlantic markets increased. The second half of the eighteenth century saw an increase in predatory raiding from the desert which produced an additional flow of north-bound slaves. For Waalo and Kajoor – and probably for the other Black African states of northern Senegambia – the flow of slaves north to Saharan and North African markets probably remained the larger of the two export volumes over the eighteenth century. This northward flow of slaves continued strong after the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade and was only shut down with the imposition of French colonial authority.
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Gradaleva, Ekaterina А. "HORSE FESTIVALS AND HORSES AT FESTIVALS: THE ROLE OF TRADITION IN MODERN BRITAIN." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Kul'turologiya i iskusstvovedenie, no. 40 (2020): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22220836/40/3.
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The image of a horse appears in many spheres of the British culture and in each case it has a special symbolic meaning. It is important to notice that the symbolic meaning is more essential in the British mentality than the material one. Festivals can be one of the spheres where we can observe the versatility and historical meaning of the horse image. On the one hand, horses as real animals play a significant role in various events: horse competitions, horse shows, parades, royal ceremonies, etc. On the other hand, there is also personification of fancy images of horses at British festivals. Different types of horse figures (hobby horses) take part at certain events. Each of them has its own history and is strongly connected to the location. The most famous horse event is horseracing taking place all over the country. There are 60 race tracks in Great Britain for this occasion. Horseracing appeared here in the XIV century. Soon the British worked out the rules for this event and they are current even today. Horseracing is not just sport for this nation, but a real holiday. Long ago Edward VII marked that it is “a garden party with racing tacked on”. So, for some people horseracing is a week of competitions among the best thoroughbred horses and for the others (ladies mostly) it is the opportunity to compete with each other in hat and dress design. It is significant to understand the difference between the notions “horseracing”, “horse competitions”, “horse show”. The first means classic racing which we have just discussed. Horse competitions are 10 international types of games approved by the International Federation of Equestrian Sports. A horse show is a festival holding the exhibition of the best breeds of horses and some types of competitions (e.g., show jumping, working hunter). One of the best known events is the Royal Windsor Horse Show which takes place every year in Windsor Home Park. It is always attended by the Royal Family. Another example is the Hyde Park festival aiming at choosing the Horse of the Year. Also, January 1 is the Day of Thoroughbred horses in Great Britain. It is a real holiday with the most unusual dishes for these animals (e.g. a Cheltenham pie 2018 made of hay, apples and carrots). At a number of British events horses play an important role, though they are not in the limelight. These are royal weddings, parades and a coronation. The Queen carriage is always carried by the Windsor Greys. There is even a statue to honour them in Windsor. These horses are also pictured at the Royal mail stamp. Personification of fancy images of horses can be seen at various British Festivals (16 in England, 3 in Wales, 1 on the Isle of Man): Padstow Hobby Horse Festival, Banbury Hobby Horse Festival, Minehead Hobby Horse Festival, Dunster Hobby Horse Festival, Hoodening, The Hunting of the Earl of Rone, Morris Dance, etc. The majority of them take place in the days of national holidays including Christmas, New Year, May Day, Halloween. Moreover, some pagan rites that deal with the image of a horse still exist in Great Britain. There is the festival to honour Epona who is a Celtic horse goddess (December, 18). The Welsh horse goddess Rhiannon is connected with the image of Mari Lwyd appearing in New Year events. The Irish horse goddess Macha is honoured at the festivals Lughnasa (August, 1) and Samhain (November, 1). Significantly, a horse is presented at festivals as a funny hero of a performance endowed with human traits, a friend to a person, and it is far from being a work animal. The image of a horse is more of a cultural value than a natural phenomenon.
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Zilczer, Judith. "The Casting History of Duchamp-Villon's Horse." Art Bulletin 71, no. 1 (March 1989): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3051226.
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Bell, Sinclair, Christian Jaser, and Christian Mann. "Towards a Global History of Horse Racing." International Journal of the History of Sport 37, no. 3-4 (March 3, 2020): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2020.1761795.
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Anthony, David W. "The Horse in Human History. Pita Kelekna." Journal of Anthropological Research 66, no. 3 (October 2010): 401–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/jar.66.3.20798830.
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Remer, Viktoria, Elif Bozlak, Sabine Felkel, Lara Radovic, Doris Rigler, Gertrud Grilz-Seger, Monika Stefaniuk-Szmukier, et al. "Y-Chromosomal Insights into Breeding History and Sire Line Genealogies of Arabian Horses." Genes 13, no. 2 (January 26, 2022): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13020229.
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The Y chromosome is a valuable genetic marker for studying the origin and influence of paternal lineages in populations. In this study, we conducted Y-chromosomal lineage-tracing in Arabian horses. First, we resolved a Y haplotype phylogeny based on the next generation sequencing data of 157 males from several breeds. Y-chromosomal haplotypes specific for Arabian horses were inferred by genotyping a collection of 145 males representing most Arabian sire lines that are active around the globe. These lines formed three discrete haplogroups, and the same haplogroups were detected in Arabian populations native to the Middle East. The Arabian haplotypes were clearly distinct from the ones detected in Akhal Tekes, Turkoman horses, and the progeny of two Thoroughbred foundation sires. However, a haplotype introduced into the English Thoroughbred by the stallion Byerley Turk (1680), was shared among Arabians, Turkomans, and Akhal Tekes, which opens a discussion about the historic connections between Oriental horse types. Furthermore, we genetically traced Arabian sire line breeding in the Western World over the past 200 years. This confirmed a strong selection for relatively few male lineages and uncovered incongruences to written pedigree records. Overall, we demonstrate how fine-scaled Y-analysis contributes to a better understanding of the historical development of horse breeds.
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Khrapunov, Igor, and Stanislav Shabanov. "Horse Burials in the Opushki Cemetery." Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, no. 4 (August 30, 2021): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.55086/sp2144960.
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The article addresses horse burials in Opushki cemetery located in the central part of the Crimean piedmont. The site has been studied since 2003. Over 50 horse burials have been discovered, made in ground pits of special construction, located in a compact area on the cemetery. Frequently, horses are accompanied by dogs in these burials. Graves were filled with stones, thus forming quite remarkable mounds. The animals were buried fully harnessed. The iron bits with cheek-pieces, buckles, rings and other elements of harness find analogies among the late Scythian and Sarmatian antiquities of the 1st—2-nd centuries AD.
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Julliand, V., and P. Grimm. "HORSE SPECIES SYMPOSIUM: The microbiome of the horse hindgut: History and current knowledge1." Journal of Animal Science 94, no. 6 (June 1, 2016): 2262–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2015-0198.
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Crosby, Alfred, and Juliet Clutton-Brock. "Horse Power: A History of the Horse and the Donkey in Human Societies." Ethnohistory 41, no. 1 (1993): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3536999.
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Catharine R. Franklin. "War Horse: A History of the Military Horse and Rider (review)." Journal of Military History 73, no. 2 (2009): 624–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jmh.0.0258.
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Bibby, Miriam A. "Arabians in the Architecture: Historiographic Implications of Misidentification." Cheiron: The International Journal of Equine and Equestrian History 1, no. 1 (November 2021): 142–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22618/tp.cheiron.20211.1.233007.
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The Arabian, or more correctly, Arab horse, is widely acknowledged to be one of the most influential horse breeds in the world. Enthusiasts of the breed admire its beauty and its quality of endurance. They also frequently claim it has a long and influential history, some suggesting this dates back to the days of the kings of Egypt, if not beyond. It is the historiographical aspect with which this paper intends to engage, arguing that some key examples currently identified as Arab(ian) horses are not Arabs at all. This has created long-standing issues with the literature on the breed and its history, as well as affecting our understanding of the origins of other breeds.
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Weifang, Li. "Soft Law in Promoting the Return of Zhaoling Two Steeds in Tang Dynasty." Santander Art and Culture Law Review, no. 2 (6) (2020): 293–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/2450050xsnr.20.021.13024.
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It is generally accepted that stolen cultural objects shall be returned, but it is still a more complex and comparatively ambiguous matter when it comes to solving cases left over by history. The Six Stone Horse Reliefs are one of the most influential works of art in Chinese history, but unfortunately the beginning of 20th century witnessed the political and social upheaval of China, which resulted not only in people’s suffering but also in the loss of the cultural relics. The Six Stone Horse Reliefs were stolen and broken in China. Two of the six stone horses, called Sa Luzi and Quan Maogua, were illegally shipped to the United States and today are exhibited at the University Museum of Pennsylvania. While referring to the example of the Six Stone Horse Reliefs, this article puts forward the argument for using soft-law instruments to break through the shortcomings of existing international treaties and the limitations of domestic law.
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Teinberg, R., K. Kalamees, and A. Kallaste. "NATIVE CATTLE AND HORSE BREEDS IN ESTONIA." Animal Genetic Resources Information 16 (April 1995): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s101423390000050x.
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SUMMARYThe authors describe the history, evolution and actual situation of Estonia's two only remaining autochthonous breeds of farm animal namely the Estonian Native Cattle (577 cows in milk production in 1992) and the Estonian Native Horse (271 purebred horses). This is actually mainly found in the island of Saaremaa, where a nucleus of 211 purebred horses exists. The interest in the Estonian Native Cattle breed is growing since the creation in 1989 of an active Breeders' Association and many farmers applying less intensive production systems and farm management techniques prefer now this breed to the more productive Black and White and Estonian Red cattle. The situation of the Estonian Native Horse is much more fragile, as a clear breeding and conservation programme is needed to save this unique genetic material.
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Renolafitri, Hendrini. "“An Analysis of Trojan Horse Affairs, Measuring the Impact of Hoax Produced by Anti-Muslim Government in the UK”." POLITEA 2, no. 2 (October 18, 2019): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/politea.v2i2.6329.
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<p>This paper highlights one concrete example of how the power of <em>Hoaxes</em> can provide an extra-ordinary significant impact to the country. The term<em> </em>of <em>the Trojan Horse Affairs</em> make this issue more interesting for the author to discuss. The term of <em>Trojan Horse </em>generally used in technological science to describe the existence of the <em>malware </em>or <em>viruses</em> activity, whos hiding in suspicious forms and then damage the core systems on a computer or steal its data. The damage caused by the <em>Trojan Horse</em> is usually very severe (<em>Trojan Horses</em>, 2019).</p><p>In the study of international relations, the term of <em>Trojan Horse </em>was also recently introduced to defined the “terrorist operations”. This is because, terrorist operations are also use hidden movements on their actions to attack or stealing data which resulted in fatal damage. For that kind of reason, in the study of international relations, the term of <em>Trojan Horse</em> is also synonymous with serious crime, which are usually carried out by the opponents, enemies, or international criminal syndicate (<em>Trojan Horses</em>, 2019).</p>Tracing the origin history the use of the term of <em>The Trojan Horse</em> will remind back with the Ancient Greek War, between the <em>Achaena</em> (Greek) and Trojan people. This history become phenomenal after the <em>Achaena </em>win the war with their clever trick of smuggling its soldier into an unsuspecting wooden horse statue, soon called <em>“The Trojan Horse”</em>statue. The Trojan people immediately got killed in the night, when their soldiers were unaware and sleeping. The Achenian soldiers came out from their hiding place and then ended this storys (Mogra, n.d.).
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Nigmatova, Saida, Gulnara Jumabekova, Elina Altynbekova, Bakhyt Khasenova, and Galiya Bazarbayeva. "To the Study of the Pazyryk Culture Elements in the Kazakh Altay Based on the Data of Interdisciplinary Research." Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 181–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.55086/sp213181203.
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The article presents the outcomes of the multidisciplinary research on the Berel kurgan no. 11 (4th—3rd centuries BC). Thanks to the permafrost lens, horse remains and organic objects were kept in the mound in perfect condition, which enabled the researchers to carry out a number of specific studies, including the palynological study of the contents of digestive tracts of 7 horses. General results of the implemented paleozoological studies of horse remains are described in the paper as well as decoration of the animals. The palynological analysis of the horse digestive tracts led to identification of 2 types of palynocomplexes: 1 — characterized by high pollen content of ligneous and early flowering herbaceous plants, sporadic fern and ground-pines; 2 — has a rich pollen composition made of herbaceous plants, common for steppe piedmonts of the Altay. These palynocomplex features might pertain to differences in the mountain pastures conditioned by the vertical zonality. Comparison of flowering dates of pollen-defined plants allowed suggesting the burial’s probable season. In the course of the burial, the horse bodies were covered with birch bark and branches of prairieweed, which could serve the purpose of sealing and embalming the objects and, hence, indicate the fact that ancient nomads were familiar with the aseptic and tanning properties of the plants. In general, horses were selected according to certain criteria for the accompanying burial, which is consistent with obtained results of the present palynological and palaeozoological studies.
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Benhamadi, Mohamed Amine, Kamel Mezouar, Mohammed Benyarou, Ameur Bouandas, and Semir Bechir Suheil Gaouar. "MORPHOMETRIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THE EQUINE BARBE BREED IN NORTHWEST OF ALGERIA." GABJ 1, no. 2 (May 25, 2017): 48–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.46325/gabj.v1i2.106.
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The Barbe horse occupies a prominent place in the history, culture and traditions of Algeria; it is at the base of the evolution of the main equine breeds in Maghreb. Nineteen (19) measurements were made on 58 pure and presumed Barbe horses (uncertain origins), all aged three years and over. From these, six body indices were calculated and live weight estimated. The cephalic profile survey was also performed. Statistical analyzes were carried out on these different measurements by software R 2.15.2 and XLSTAT2016. The statistical tests used were of the descriptive and analytical type including among others, the calculation of means, standard deviation, and principal componentanalysis (PCA) and ascending hierarchical classification (CAH). We also estimated genetic diversity by Shannon and Weaver index. They find that the Algerian Barbe horse is a eumetric, mediolinear horse with a body index of 0.955, (squared horse), with a median size of (152.5) cm, a chest of (175.5) cm and a posterior(19.8) cm and anterior (20.6) cm canon. It has a slightly hooked convex cephalic profile and a predominantly chestnut robe. Its characteristics make the horse Barbe of Algeria conform to the standard as defined by the world organization of the horse Barbe.
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Mitchell, Mark D. "Tracing Comanche history: Eighteenthcentury rock art depictions of leatherarmoured horses from the Arkansas River basin, south-eastern Colorado, USA." Antiquity 78, no. 299 (March 2004): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00092978.
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Depictions on rock in south-east Colorado show mounted warriors with horses clad in leather armour. This was the military strategy adopted by Comanche and Apache peoples between 1650 and 1750 – after the arrival of the horse and before the availability of firearms.
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Holeckova, Stepanka, Richard Policht, and Dominika Polichtova. "Multivariate Discrimination of Czech Autochthonous Horses." Agricultura tropica et subtropica 46, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ats-2013-0015.
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Abstract We have used a discriminant function analysis to compare morphology of five Czech autochthonous breeds (including two colour varieties as independent breeds) to test whether a small number of basic morphological variables (wither height, thoracic, nose and shin perimeter, length of head) can discriminate them. The breeds included Czech Warmblood, black and grey colour variety of the Old Kladruby horse, Czech-Moravian Belgian horse and Silesian Noriker. The tested individuals were assigned with overall 81.9% classification success to correct breed. The best classification result reached Czech Warmblood 95.7%, the black Old Kladruby horse 87.5% and Silesian Noriker, respectively, 85.7%. Czech-Moravian Belgian horse showed a poorer success of classification (60%). Discrimination analysis identified the most important variables related to their head (nose perimeter and length of the head). Based on discrimination model both colour varieties of the Old Kladruby horse clustered more closely. Similarly both cold-blooded breeds (Czech-Moravian Belgian and Silesian Noriker) grouped more together and locations of the Czech warmbloods were more apart from all others. Such result is in concordance with the origin history of these horses.
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Rogers, Chris W., Charlotte F. Bolwell, Erica K. Gee, and Sarah M. Rosanowski. "Equine musculoskeletal development and performance: impact of the production system and early training." Animal Production Science 60, no. 18 (2020): 2069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an17685.
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The welfare debate around horse racing appears to be focussed on musculoskeletal injury and the racing of 2-year-olds. Much of this debate appears contrary to the evolutionary history of the horse as a cursorial animal and the capability of the equine musculoskeletal system to respond to the demands of race training. Epidemiological studies have reported that 2-year-old racehorses have a longer time period from entering training to the first race and a greater number of lost training days than older horses. However, this is, in part, due to the time taken to learn to train and the impact of dorsal metacarpal disease, which is due to loading of naïve as opposed to immature tissue. Across several racing jurisdictions and codes, it has been demonstrated that horses that train and race as 2-year-olds have longer, more successful, careers than those that start racing later in life. This positive trend has also been observed with horses starting in equestrian sport at an early age. The literature on the growth and development of the horse indicates that the musculoskeletal system is primed for activity and loading from an early age. Additional exercise for the young horse has a positive rather the negative effect, with many tissues having a sensitive period for ‘priming’ when the horse is a juvenile. This implies that under many modern management systems, the challenge to horse welfare is not ‘too much exercise too soon’ but ‘too little too late’. The current limitation in our understanding is the lack of knowledge of what is the correct exercise dose to optimise the musculoskeletal system. Modern management systems invariably provide too little exercise, but is the exercise data from feral horses the ‘gold standard’, or more a reflection of what the horse is capable of if resources such as food and water are limited? Further research is required to refine our understanding of the optimal exercise levels required and development of greater precision in identifying the sensitive periods for priming the musculoskeletal system.
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Forte, A. D. M. "The Horse That Kills." Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis / Revue d'Histoire du Droit / The Legal History Review 58, no. 1-2 (1990): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181990x00054.
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Egmond, Florike, and Peter Mason. "A horse called Belisarius." History Workshop Journal 47, no. 1 (1999): 240–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hwj/1999.47.240.
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Levin, Michael. "Still a Horse-Race." History and Philosophy of Logic 13, no. 1 (January 1992): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01445349208837197.
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Jones, Susan D., Kevin J. Crisman, and Arthur B. Cohn. "When Horses Walked on Water: Horse-Powered Ferries in Nineteenth-Century America." Journal of American History 86, no. 1 (June 1999): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2567456.
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