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Holman, Katherine. "Scandinavian runic inscriptions in the British Isles : their historical context." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307716.
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Swain, C. P. "Dendroclimatology of Pinus sylvestris L. in the British Isles." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 1987. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/5593/.
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A study of the properties of tree-ring density and ring-width chronologies from five sites in the British Isles, two in Sweden and two sub-fossil sites in Northern Ireland is described. The technique of x-ray densitometry is used to measure density. It is shown that it is possible to use x-ray densitometry on well preserved sub-fossil pine. Chronologies have been constructed for parameters of earlywood and latewood widths, ring-width, maximum and minimum densities for all sites. The statistical properties of chronologies are related to the latitude and altitude of the sites. Sub-fossil chronologies behave differently to any of the living tree chronologies. Response functions on monthly temperature and precipitation data are calculated for the five tree-ring parameters for the living tree chronologies. A principal component analysis involving 25 ring-width chronologies from northwestern Europe is used to examine the spatial relationship between British and European ring-width chronologies. The continuous pattern of density variation across the annual ring is measured for trees from two scottish sites, at Glen Derry and Glen Affric from 1900 to 1979. A method of constructing and comparing annual density profiles by fitting cubic spline functions to the density data is described. This has enabled the effects of growing season climate on density to be examined. The importance of temperature in governing tree-ring density is demonstrated. The use of image analysis techniques to measure the continuous variation in cell dimensions across the annual ring is described. Variations in ring density are explained in terms of changes in wall thickness and lumen diameter. A comprehensive literature review on the physiological mechanisms controlling the response of tree-ring width and density in P. sylvestris to climate is described. The physiological causes-for the climate-growth response in earlywood and latewood widths and densities are summarised seperately. It has been possible to explain some of the results of the response function analysis and the density profile study in terms of physiological processes.
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Tuck, Jason. "Rugby union and national identity in the British Isles since 1945." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1999. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7208.
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This thesis is a sociological investigation into the relationship between sport, culture and national identity in the British Isles with specific reference to rugby union during the post-war period. This thesis is concerned with tracing the changing nature of rugby union and national identity politics over time. The relationship between rugby union and national identity is examined through a variety of primary and secondary source materials. The historical development of this relationship is explored with reference to the official archives of the four national rugby union associations that represent the constituent parts of the British Isles. This archival study is cross-referenced with a longitudinal analysis of reports published in The Times and various other secondary sources. The contemporary relationship between rugby union and national identity politics is researched by focusing on both the role of the media and the perceptions of players. A detailed analysis is undertaken of media re-presentation (by both electronic and print media) of the Rugby World Cup of 1995 held in South Africa. In addition, the views of players from all four `home' nations, regarding national identity, are established through a series of in-depth interviews and questionnaires. This study establishes the nature of the relationship between rugby union and national identity politics. It is significant both to the understanding of the role that rugby union plays in the British Isles but also for the study of sport and national identity more generally. In addition, the thesis casts light on the relationship between media sport and national identity politics.
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Glosson, Sarah G. "Performing Jane: a cultural history of Jane Austen's fans in America." W&M ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539720290.
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Jane Austen's American fans have a vibrant history. This dissertation traces how fans have sustained devotion to Austen, her works, and her world since the early nineteenth century through a set of practices still current among fans today: collecting objects and knowledge; writing imitative works; and carrying out literary pilgrimage.;I argue that these three modes of engagement are performative. Through practices such as creating and collecting material objects, and writing and reading fan fiction, fans engage in acts of what Joseph Roach has called surrogation. This is a performative means through which fans seek a substitute for a past affective experience that can never be repeated in the same way, such as reading a beloved novel for the first time. These acts take place within the everyday lives of fans who seek pleasure from Austen's world. Through pilgrimage fans enter into a liminal space, apart from the quotidian, where they may perform subjectivity as fans. These performances are enacted during pilgrimage to Austen-related sites, as well as to special events like those sponsored by the Jane Austen Society of North America.;Throughout this dissertation I offer evidence of fan practices overlooked or underrepresented by past studies. This evidence reveals nearly two hundred years of continuity within the American Austen fandom. These fans enjoy a nostalgic, personal connection to Austen, her characters, and her era. their practices offer means of entering Austen's world, seeking pleasure, fulfillment, and community; they also offer means of re-engaging with the original texts, always in search of something new within the familiar.;This case study of Jane Austen fandom contributes to the larger understanding of fans and fan practices. The Austen fandom boasts unique qualities and has a history predating the term "fan," yet it resembles recent popular culture media fandoms. Through a history of three modes of fan practices, I describe and theorize how performativity and surrogation work within fandom, proposing new, more specific ways of understanding the subjectivity, history, and practices of fans---representing prevalent and creative ways American culture consumes literature and narrative media.
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Weiss, Katherine. "Samuel Beckett: History, Memory, Archive." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2007. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2281.
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Kennedy, Seán, and Katherine Weiss. "Samuel Beckett: History, Memory, Archive." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2010. https://www.amzn.com/0230619444.
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This volume comprises ten essays challenging the dominant account of Samuel Beckett’s engagement with history. As the first full-length volume to address the historical debate in Beckett studies, Samuel Beckett: History, Memory, Archive provides both ground-breaking analysis of the major works as well as a sustained interrogation of the critical assumptions that underpin Beckett studies more generally. Drawing on a range of archival materials, and situating Beckett in historical context, these essays pose a strong challenge to the prevailing critical consensus that he was a deracinated modernist who cannot be read historically.https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu_books/1185/thumbnail.jpg
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Hope, Douglas George. "Whatever happened to 'rational' holidays for working people c.1919-2000? : the competing demands of altruism and commercial necessity in the Co-operative Holidays Association and Holiday Fellowship." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2015. http://insight.cumbria.ac.uk/1770/.
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The focus of this thesis is on two pioneering organisations that were at the forefront of the provision of ‘rational’ holidays for the working-class during the early twentieth century: the Co-operative Holidays Association (CHA) and the Holiday Fellowship, founded by Thomas Arthur Leonard in 1893 and 1913 respectively. This research seeks to establish how these pioneers of recreative and educational holidays for working people dealt with the far-reaching changes in social, economic and cultural conditions during the period 1919-2000. It makes a significant original contribution to twentieth-century leisure and tourism history, especially that of the outdoor movement. Utilising important original source material, the research analyses the continuities and changes in these two organisations during the period 1919-2000 and the linkages and differences between them. The thesis explores the way the CHA and Holiday Fellowship dealt with the often conflicting demands of altruism and commercial necessity as the twentieth century progressed and assesses the extent to which they drifted away from their original ideals in order to combat the challenges of consumerism. The research takes a cultural history perspective, contextualising both organisations within a wider history of leisure, with specific reference to ‘rational’ recreation and the Victorian principles of respectability, co-operation and collectivism, and voluntarism. The research shows that the CHA and Holiday Fellowship were distinguishable from other ‘rational’ holiday providers; they had a distinct rural focus and the emphasis of their holidays was on healthy recreation and quiet enjoyment. They were almost unique in that they were equally attractive to women and men. However, both eventually served the middle classes rather than the working class for whom they were originally intended. Nevertheless, these pioneers of recreative and educational holidays unquestionably made a significant contribution to the democratisation of the countryside as a leisure space.
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Cohen, Shira. "“...Members of One and the Same Mystical Body…” Development of a British Protestant Identity During the Thirty Years War." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1557261154351325.
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Fox, Michael Barrie Holmes. "The theology, history and organisation of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints in the British Isles." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282344.
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Weiss, Katherine. "Haunted by the Blitz: History, Trauma and Noel Coward’s Blithe Spirit." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2257.
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Gyenizse, Debbie Linda. "Sexual and artistic manipulation : Elizabeth's and Leicester's key for survival in the Elizabethan era." FIU Digital Commons, 2004. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3974.
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The purpose of this thesis is to outline a new understanding of the relationship between England’s Queen Elizabeth I and her favorite courtier, Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester. This new understanding proposes that their childhood experiences and education were fundamental to their relationship as adults. They learned their manipulative abilities as a key to survival early in their lives, and repeatedly manifested this pattern throughout the years, as willing participants in a sexual and artistic game lasting only as long as both players followed the rules. The highpoint of this union was reached during the summer of 1575 when Leicester entertained Elizabeth at his palatial country house, Kenilworth.
Critical interpretation and a multidisciplinary research approach, including history, child psychology, architecture, and literature, provide significant proof that Elizabeth and Leicester sexually manipulated each other in order to survive the turbulence of sixteenth century England.
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Niendorf, Matthew John. "'A Land Not Exactly Flowing with Milk & Honey': Swan River Mania in the British Isles and Western Australia 1827-1832." W&M ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626984.
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Georgieva, Margarita. "The gothic child : a study of the gothic novel in the British Isles (1764-1824)." Nice, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NICE2013.
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En 1908 H. James s’interroge sur l’absence de personnages d’enfants hantés dans la littérature. Il croit l’idée inexploitée et la développe en tant qu’amusette gothique, la première en son genre – “a perfectly clear field”. Avait-il raison? Au premier abord, le gothique s’intéresse peu à l’enfant. La figure de l’enfant est prise pour résidu du roman sentimental dont le vrai roman gothique est dépourvu. La thématique est étiquetée “gothique féminin” ou “domestique”–on préfère parler d’éducation et de morale pour expliquer le monde des plus jeunes. Pourtant, certains romans mettent en scène les parcours initiatiques d’enfants. Comme les adultes, ils sont confrontés à la souffrance, à la mort. L’accumulation de terreurs les place face à l’au-delà omniprésent. Les revenants subvertissent leur monde et créent un milieu particulier, un espace intermédiaire où la vie et la mort sont en contact. La mort et l’érotisme du monde gothique se mêlent à la morale et au didactisme, visant l’initiation de l’enfant sans pour autant l’expliciter. Les personnages d’enfants deviennent bien plus que de simples accessoires. L’objet de cette recherche est de s’interroger sur la place de l’enfant dans le roman gothique, de dresser son portrait, d’examiner sa représentation sur le plan social, politique et religieux, de définir le personnage type de l’enfant gothique. Nous explorons divers aspects afin de comprendre la conception et l’évolution de ce personnage. Nous retrouvons ici un nombre considérable d’enfants dans un corpus de plus de 100 romans pour analyser leurs rôles, les différents aspects sous lesquels ils sont présentés, et essayer de démontrer leur importance au sein du mouvementIn 1908 H. James wondered about the absence of haunted children in literature. He believes that the idea is underdeveloped and decides to create a gothic amusette, the first of its kind in “a perfectly clear field”. Was he right? On a first glance, gothic is not concerned with the figure of the child. Children are sometimes taken as a residue from the sentimental novel, a residue of which the real gothic novel stands free, and whenever children are present, the genre is labelled “feminine” or “domestic” gothic. Thus, some prefer to write of education and ethics when dealing with children and childhood in such novels. However, some novels set in motion childhood journeys of self-discovery and identity quests. Like the adults, these children are confronted with suffering and death. The accumulation of terrors places them in contact with an omnipresent underworld. Beings crawl out of there to haunt them, writings appear, memories emerge. Gothic children are thus places in contact with the past, with the world of the dead, and stand as symbols of the future. They represent the link between past and present and their characters evolve into more than attributes of the adult persona. The aim of this thesis is to question the presence of children in the gothic novel, to describe and analyse the portraits of children and their representation on social, political and religious level and to, finally, define the typical gothic child. The research spans different aspects of the gothic novel in order to cover as large a period as possible, to demonstrate the evolution of the child character in gothic and to stress the importance of the child within the movement
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Conley, Caitlyn Augusta Brianna. "Christianity as a Means of Identification: The Formation of Ethnic and Cultural Identities in the British Isles During the Early Medieval Period, 400-800." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1537895575850201.
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Daily, Ruby Ray. "The Victorian Governess as Spectacle of Pain: A Cultural History of the British Governess as Withered Invalid, Bloody Victim and Sadistic Birching Madam, From 1840 to 1920." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2014. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/291.
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This thesis examines the celebrity of governesses in British culture during the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Victorian governess-mania was as pervasive as it was inexplicable, governesses comprising only a tiny fraction of the population and having little or no ostensible effect on the social, political, or economic landscape. Nevertheless, governesses were omnipresent in Victorian media, from novels and etiquette manuals to paintings, cartoons and pornography. Historians and literary critics have long conjectured about the root cause of popular fixation on the governess, and many have theorized that their cultural resonance owed to the host of contradictions and social conundrums they embodied, from being a `lady' who worked, to being comparable to that bugbear of Victorian society, the prostitute.
However, while previous scholarship has maintained that governess-mania was produced by their peculiarity as social or economic actors, I intend to demonstrate that this nonconformity was extrapolated in visual and literary depictions to signify a more prurient deviance, specifically a fixation on human suffering. This analysis reveals that whether depicted in mainstream press or in nefarious erotica, popular interest in governesses was contoured by a fixation on their perceived relationship to corporal violence. Over the course of the nineteenth century governesses were increasingly portrayed as the victims of a huge range of internal and external threats, such as disease, sterility, assault, murder, rape, and even urban accidents like train crashes or gas leaks. Cast as flagellant birching madams in pornographic fantasy, governesses were also construed as deriving erotic authority through the infliction of pain on others. From imagining the governess as a pitiful victim of brutality or conversely eroticizing her as the stewardess of sadomasochism, all of these constructs rely on the dynamics of violation, on bodies that experience misfortune and bodies that mete that it out. Utilizing a wide array of sources and methodological approaches, I will demonstrate that the Victorian governess was not only popularly correlated with social or sexual irregularity, but that these themes were ultimately circumscribed by a larger preoccupation with the governess as an icon of violence and pain.
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Bennett, Matthew. "The Roadmap: exploring T.S. Eliot’s The Waste Land with World War One literature." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/545.
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Through careful analysis paired with poetry, war memoirs, and novels from the same period, one can break down T.S. Eliot’s The Waste Land to recognize the impact of The Great War on the world's modern memory while pondering the possibility of memory as a tool to overcome trauma.
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Neuhauser, Julian T. "The Odcombian Climber: How Thomas Coryate Employed Media for Social Advantage." VCU Scholars Compass, 2017. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4882.
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Thomas Coryate (1577?-1617), the writer, traveler and social climber, embraced various media in order to achieve social gains. This thesis surveys the content and materiality of writings by and about Coryate to investigate the nature of his sociability. The study begins by drawing on John Hoskyns’ (1566–1638) poem, “Convivium philosophicum,” to explore how Coryate used oral and social performance to create a unique form of sociability through which mockery is transmuted into praise. This thesis then addresses how Coryate’s sociability factored into the conflation of aspects of manuscript and print media in the production of the “Panegyricke Verses” that were published with Coryate’s travel narrative, Coryats Crudities (1611). Finally, it gauges the success of Coryate’s social maneuvering by analyzing Coryate’s follow up to his travel narrative, Coryats Crambe (1611) and an anonymously pirated version of the “Panegyricke Verses,” The Odcombian Banqvet (1611).
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Roussell, Maggie E. "Rebels with a Cause: How Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare Subversively Challenge the Monarchy's Source of Power and Other Societal Norms of Early Modern England." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2017. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2356.
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This thesis examines the ways that Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare use their history plays to subvert the ideals of early modern England. Writing plays about historical events gave the playwrights freedom to depict certain things on stage that would have otherwise been unacceptable, and because they had history as their source, they could show events that were parallel to the current happenings in England and make commentary on those events.
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Slagle, Judith Bailey. "The Rise and Fall of the New Edinburgh Theatre Royal, 1767-1859: Archival Documents and Performance History." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/718.
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Excerpt: In 1859, the Edinburgh house of Wood and Company published a Sketch of the History of the Edinburgh Th eatre-Royal in honor of its fi nal performance and closing, its author lamenting that “Th is House, which has been a scene of amusement to the citizens of Edinburgh for as long as most of them have lived, has at length come to the termination of its own existence” (3).
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Choate, Catie. "The Action to the Word, The Word to the Action: Teaching Shakespeare as Performance Litearture." VCU Scholars Compass, 2016. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4234.
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This paper details a class taught in the Virginia Commonwealth Theatre Department in Fall of 2015 on the works of William Shakespeare. Within both the class and this paper, I attempted to form the beginnings of a pedagogy of Shakespearean literature that incorporated elements of literary criticism, historical context and performance theory. Dramatic literature, including Shakespeare, is a moving target, as the text is reimagine and reinterpreted on stage again and again. My goal with this paper is to examine both how dramatic literature can be taught and the special challenges present in teaching it using Shakespeare as a case study, and to explore what is particularly meaningful about Shakespeare in the classroom.
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Stoll, Daniel. "The Aesthetics of Storytelling and Literary Criticism as Mythological Ritual: The Myth of the Human Tragic Hero, Intertextual Comparisons Between the Heroes and Monsters of Beowulf and the Anglo-Saxon Exodus." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/577.
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For thousands of years, people have been hearing, reading, and interpreting stories and myths in light of their own experience. To read a work by a different author living in a different era and setting, people tend to imagine works of literature to be something they are not. To avoid this fateful tendency, I hope to elucidate what it means to read a work of literature and interpret it: love it to the point of wanting to foremost discuss its excellence of being a piece of art. Rather than this being a defense, I would rather call it a musing, an examination on two texts that I adore: Beowulf and the Anglo-Saxon Exodus
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Glover, Victoria E. C. ""To Conceive With Child is the Earnest Desire if Not of All, Yet of Most Women": The Advancement of Prenatal Care and Childbirth in Early Modern England: 1500-1770." VCU Scholars Compass, 2018. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5694.
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This thesis analyzes medical manuals published in England between 1500 and 1770 to trace developing medical understandings and prescriptive approaches to conception, pregnancy, and childbirth. While there have been plenty of books written regarding social and religious changes in the reproductive process during the early modern era, there is a dearth of scholarly work focusing on the medical changes which took place in obstetrics over this period. Early modern England was a time of great change in the field of obstetrics as physicians incorporated newly-discovered knowledge about the male and female body, new fields and tools, and new or revived methods into published obstetrical manuals. As men became more prominent in the birthing chamber, instructions in the manuals began to address these men as well. Overall these changes were brought about by changes in the medical field along with changes in culture and religion and the emergence of print culture and rising literacy rates.
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Hubbard, Taylor L. "The Failure of Chivalry, Courtesy, and Knighthood Post-WWI as Represented in David Jones’s In Parenthesis." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2021. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3904.
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This thesis analyzes David Jones’s In Parenthesis to demonstrate the failed notion of chivalry, courtesy, and knighthood in modernity during and after the war. Jones’s semi-autobiographical prose poem recounting his experiences of WWI was published in 1937, nineteen years after the war ended. Jones applied the concepts of chivalry, courtesy, and knighthood to his experiences during WWI through In Parenthesis. Jones used these concepts, which originated in the classical period and the Middle Ages, to demonstrate how they have changed over time, especially given the events of WWI. The best way for Jones to demonstrate the impact of WWI was to use the medieval ideas of knighthood (which were arguably idealized up until the war) to describe how the modern world could no longer be identified with those ideals.
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Dominguez, Danielle T. ""The more they’re beaten the better they be": Gendered Violence and Abuse in Victorian Laws and Literature." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2270.
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During the Victorian age, the law and society were in conversation with each other, and the law reflected Victorian gender norms. Nineteenth-century gender attitudes intersected with the law, medical discourse, and social customs in a multitude of ways. Abuse and gender violence occurred beneath the veneer of Victorian respectability. The models of nineteenth-century social conduct were highly gendered and placed men and women in separate social spheres. As this research indicates, the lived practices of Victorians, across social and economic strata, deviated from these accepted models of behavior. This thesis explores the ways that accepted and unaccepted standards of female behavior manifest in Victorian legal discourse and literary sources. The three tropes of female behavior analyzed in this thesis are: “the angel in the house,” “the mad woman,” and “the fallen woman.” Victorian men repeatedly failed to protect their wives, daughters, and companions and were often the sources of abuse and violence. Women, in turn, were unable to shape themselves to fit the accepted model of Victorian womanhood. This thesis suggests that widespread Victorian gender attitudes and social causes that are taken up by politicians are reflected in the legal system. This thesis unearths the voices of Victorian women, both literary and historical ones, in order to tell their stories and analyze the ways that their experiences are a result of social conventions and legal standards of the nineteenth-century.
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Byington, Danielle. "Transmutations of Ophelia's "Melodious Lay"." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3203.
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There are multiple ways in which language and image share one another’s aesthetic message, such as traditional ekphrasis, which uses language to describe a work of art, or notional ekphrasis, which involves literature describing something that can be considered a work of art but does not physically exist at the time the description is written. However, these two terms are not inclusive to all artworks depicting literature or literature depicting artworks. Several scenes and characters from literature have been appropriated in art and the numerous paintings of Ophelia’s death as described by Gertrude in Hamlet, specifically Millais’ Ophelia, is the focus of this project. Throughout this thesis I analyze Gertrude’s account in three sections—the landscape, the body, and the voice—and compare it to its transmutation on the canvas.
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Segal, Emily J. "Making Nobody Matter: Performance and Vision in Frances Burney's Evelina (1778) and Suzanne Collins' The Hunger Games (2008)." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1861.
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The development of the novel cannot be separated from discussions about literary history, gender relations, performance, and the power literature has to instruct its audience. Women and young people have always comprised a substantial part of the novel’s readership, and this makes them powerful. The history of the novel is the history of dangerous literature; it is the history of works that have enchanted readers with “the power of example,” as Samuel Johnson wrote in the eighteenth century, that can lead them to change their behavior. This thesis explores how women in young adult literature—in the eighteenth century through Frances Burney’s Evelina (1778) and today through Suzanne Collins’ The Hunger Games (2008)—use performance and vision to reveal and resist the social systems that try to define them. Evelina and Katniss, the heroines of these novels, provide their readers with examples of behaving in ways different than the normative model. Their stories, and the young women who read their stories, threaten the established social order of their worlds. The creative addition to this thesis provides readers with another young heroine who uses her powers, in a fantastical world, to reveal and resist the structures in her life.
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Singletary, Savannah M. "Theatrical Texts and Contexts: Poe and Hawthorne’s Fictional Women." VCU Scholars Compass, 2017. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4861.
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Edgar Allen Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne are arguably two of the most highly read and heavily debated nineteenth-century antebellum authors in America. Their writings fascinate readers, while their character depictions, particularly their characterizations of fictional women, prompt intense academic debate. This thesis examines the previously less-studied historical developments surrounding Poe and Hawthorne in the antebellum era that shaped their approach to writing fiction. In particular, this study scrutinizes the effects of the development of a newly popular art form, ballet, the ascendency of female authorship, and the impact of American theatrical reform upon antebellum authors’ authorial faculties, especially Hawthorne and Poe.
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Leadingham, Norma Compton. "Propaganda and Poetry during the Great War." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2008. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1966.
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During the Great War, poetry played a more significant role in the war effort than articles and pamphlets. A campaign of extraordinary language filled with abstract and spiritualized words and phrases concealed the realities of the War. Archaic language and lofty phrases hid the horrible truth of modern mechanical warfare. The majority and most recognized and admired poets, including those who served on the front and knew firsthand the horrors of trench warfare, not only supported the war effort, but also encouraged its continuation. For the majority of the poets, the rejection of the war was a postwar phenomenon. From the trenches, leading Great War poets; Owen, Sassoon, Graves, Sitwell, and others, learned that the War was neither Agincourt, nor the playing fields of ancient public schools, nor the supreme test of valor but, instead, the modern industrial world in miniature, surely, the modern world at its most horrifying.
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Colombo, Amy. "G.A.M.E.: A Hypermedia Edition of James McNeill Whistler’s The Gentle Art of Making Enemies." VCU Scholars Compass, 2015. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4027.
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This dissertation, G.A.M.E., refashions James McNeill Whistler’s book, The Gentle Art of Making Enemies, into a hypermediated facsimile text and archive. By remediating the text, the socio-historical context of the Victorian time period in which Whistler lived is reestablished, making his book more accessible to twenty-first century audiences. The era studied in this dissertation includes the expansion of the idea of celebrity, the power of the press, and the concept of art for art’s sake from 1863 through 1892. In order to showcase these concepts, archival materials, such as personal correspondence, newspaper clippings, and published pamphlets, from this period were collected, digitized, and organized into a digital archive and edition.
In 1890, Whistler, an American-born, British-based artist known for his arguments with the critics of his day, published The Gentle Art, a collection of previously printed letters and pamphlets. Throughout the book, Whistler refers to people, publications, and events relevant to himself and his work. Persons unfamiliar with those references may find themselves frustrated while reading due to the lost social and historical context referred to on the pages, because those references remain difficult to access.
G.A.M.E., makes Whistler’s The Gentle Art more accessible by realizing the proto- hypertextual nature of his book. Like many modern-day websites, The Gentle Art contains numerous references to references – a virtual daisy chain of associations Whistler made to and with his work encircling his artistic philosophy, art for art’s sake. From 1890, when the book was published, until now, Whistler’s “links” have remained dormant on the page. G.A.M.E. activates those links and reanimates The Gentle Art via a hypermediated facsimile text for twenty-first century readers.
The Gentle Art of Making Enemies is a window into the late Victorian art world. G.A.M.E. houses and archives this contextual material in order to resurrect The Gentle Art and reconcile it with the man who created it.
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Jenson, DeAnna Faye. "Shakespeare's Bolingbroke: Rhetoric and stylistics from Richard II to Henry IV, part 2." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2004. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2536.
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In order to contribute to the body of work on Bolingbroke and on Shakespeare's development of character, this thesis examines various rhetorical and stylistic methods used by Shakespeare in his creation of the character of Henry Bolingbroke.
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Mejias, Sarah J. "Sense and Sensibility: A Sermon on Living the Examined Life." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2017. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2387.
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Jane Austen’s novels remain an essential component of the literary canon, but her first published novel, Sense and Sensibility, is frequently neglected. However, in Sense and Sensibility is the genesis of Austen’s technique through which her major characters cultivate and reveal a strong inner life, demonstrated through the character of Elinor Dashwood. This technique is a characteristic she incorporates in each of her succeeding novels. Her approach to literature centers on the interiority of her characters and their ability to change, but it her first novel Austen takes a unique approach. Following the structure of an eighteenth-century sermon, Austen creates a sermon for lay people that centers on the cultivation of a strong interior life.
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Byington, Danielle N. "“The Bedroom and the Barnyard: Zoomorphic Lust Through Territory, Procedure, and Shelter in ‘The Miller’s Tale’” & HAUNCHEBONES." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/291.
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“The Bedroom and the Barnyard: Zoomorphic Lust Through Territory, Procedure, and Shelter in ‘The Miller’s Tale’” is an academic endeavor that takes Chaucer’s zoomorphic metaphors and similes and analyzes them in a sense that reveals the chaos of what is human and what is animal tendency. The academic work is expressed in the adjunct creative project, Haunchebones, a 10-minute drama that echoes the tale and its zoomorphic influences, while presenting the content in a stylized play influenced by Theatre of the Absurd and artwork from the medieval and early renaissance period.
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Head, K. S. "Early Holocene cooling in the British Isles." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.398100.
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Ansari, Abdul-Hamid. "Geophysical investigations of the southwest British Isles." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247667.
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Rowley, Eleanor Jane. "Quantifying Cenozoic exhumation across the British Isles." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.625018.
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King, Michael John. "Triassic vertebrate footprints of the British Isles." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/4eb2ea29-cade-4ea6-b58e-ccf3fde2bdd0.
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presented. Several new proposals are made for the measurement and classification of fossil footprints. Field studies by the author have revealed many new vertebrate footprint discoveries in the British Triassic, including one at Hilbre, Wirral which is one of the most complete footprint assemblages found in recent years. Field case studies are presented for three localities: The Bendricks in S, Wales, Hilbre Island, Wirral, and Hollington, Staffordshire. New discoveries at Hollington confirm that the site has a typical Mid Triassic assemblage of footprints of medium-sized archosaurs (Chirotherium sp.) and small diapsids (Rhynchosauroides sp.). The Hollington footprint assemblage is comparable to better-known assemblages from Storeton and Runcorn in Cheshire dated as Lower Anisian. The sedimentary nature and organisation of the lithofacies suggests a fluvial environment which was initially of low sinuosity but became more sinuous later. A major review of the ichnofamily Chirotheriidae in the British Triassic shows that there are at least three valid ichnospecies of Chirotherium, one of Synaptichnium, and one of Isochirotherium. The presence of a fourth related ichnogenus. Brachychirotherium. is unclear and cannot yet be confirmed in Britain. A comparison of the lithostratigraphy of footprint localities shows that Chirotherium. Synaptichnium and Isochirotherium can only be confirmed in British Middle Triassic rocks of Lower - Middle Anisian age. These results are almost certainly not a true reflection of the stratigraphic distribution of these ichnogenera, but probably highlight the facies dependant nature of footprint preservation. Probable Chirotheriidae footprint forms occur throughout the British Triassic in rocks of Lower Scythian to possibly Upper Norian age. Unfortunately, the quality of Lower and Upper Triassic specimens obtained to date is relatively poor; hence identification of these footprints to ichnogenus level is difficult. A taxonomic review of the morpho-family Rhynchosauriidae in the British Triassic was undertaken. There is evidence to suggest that the "Rhynchosaurus" footprints found by Ward at Grinshill, Shropshire, in 1838, which later gave rise to the establishment of the ichnogenus Rhynchosauroides. should be reassigned to the ichnogenus Rotodactylus Peabody 1948. This study confirms the occurence of Rotodactyl us in the British Triassic. Twenty British Triassic footprint forms that have been previously, or are presently, assigned to the ichnogenus Rhynchosauroides, together with five other related forms have been restudied. Two are considered to be Rotodactylus sp.; one is reassigned to the chirotheroid ichnogenus Synaptichnium sp.; five are considered poorly preserved examples of either Rotodactylus or Rhynchosauroides and have been reassigned to ichnogenus indet; one is considered to be an inorganic sedimentary structure and is referred to ichnotaxa indet; and only six are considered to be forms of Rhynchosauroides. Rhynchosauroides is recorded and confirmed from at least twelve British localities, and Rotodactylus from seven.The lithostratigraphic range of Rotodactylus is ?Middle Scythian - Middle Anisian, Lower - Middle Triassic. The lithostratigraphic range of Rhynchosauroides is ?Middle Scythian -Upper Carnian (possibly Norian), Lower - Upper Triassic. The oldest skeletons of dinosaurs date from the Late Triassic (Carnian) but supposed dinosaur footprints have been reported from Early and Mid Triassic ;rocks dated up to 20 Myr: ~earlier. A restudy of several.museum specimens was undertaken; supposed Lower Triassic dinosaur footprints from Britain are reinterpreted as ripple marks, mud rip-up clasts, and possible limulid prints. The Middle Triassic material is reinterpreted as partial specimens of Chirotherium , presumably produced by rauisuchians and one indeterminate specimen, possibly also of chirotheroid affininites. The oldest dinosaur footprints from Britain come from the marginal Triassic (Non an, Upper Triassic) in South Wales. Elsewhere 10 the world, the oldest dinosaur footprints appear to be Carnian corresponding in age to the oldest skeletal remains
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Poulopoulos, Panagiotis. "The guittar in the British Isles, 1750-1810." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5776.
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The guittar, now commonly known as the ‘English guittar’, is a small plucked instrument which was widely used in the British Isles from the middle of the 18th to the beginning of the 19th centuries. Appearing in a variety of shapes and sizes, and having essentially wire strings and an open major tuning, it was more related to the cittern, and quite different from the Spanish guitar. Being cheap, elegant, and relatively easy to play, the guittar quickly became popular among amateur musicians, especially upper-class ladies. In addition, the guittar was at the forefront of mechanical and technical invention, and especially the later types of the instrument were often fitted with several innovative devices that found use on other contemporary or successor instruments. This thesis refines the results of past research concerning the guittar by undertaking a critical review of the relevant literature, and by introducing new data collected during the detailed examination and comparison of numerous surviving guittars in museums and private collections. The results are supported by the investigation of a wide variety of primary sources, including literary references, newspaper advertisements, patent records, legal documents, music scores, and iconographical evidence. The research has led to the establishment of a methodology for the documentation and classification of extant guittars using a prototype template, and to the creation of various reference databases for the future study of the instrument. This thesis is the first complete study of the guittar in the British Isles during the second half of the 18th century. It presents the most important facts and figures related to the origins and development of the instrument, while documenting and highlighting its main historical, musical and technical features, with emphasis on aspects of design, construction and decoration. Additionally, this thesis examines the guittar’s social and cultural role as a predominantly domestic female instrument, and also brings to light new interesting details about the establishment of a guittar trade within and outside the British Isles. Finally, it accounts the main reasons for the decline of the guittar and also identifies its significance in the wider fields of musicology and organology, indicating possible relations and influences with other contemporary musical instruments across Europe.
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Al-Abdulrazaq, Mohammad Ahmed. "The role of strangers in Victorian novels: A psychoanalytical study of their repressions, functions and aspirations." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2014. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1400.
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The aim of this study is to examine the stranger characters in three Victorian Novels, Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights, Thomas Hardy's The Mayor of Casterbridge and Charles Dickens's Great Expectations. The exploration of the characters is based on the analysis of their psyche to understand how they are utilized by the Victorian writers. The study highlights how the fictional strangers can assist in the course of the action of the novel and function as a stimulus by which the actions and thoughts develop plausibly and feasibly. Utilizing the views of Freud, Erikson and others the study will allow for an understanding of the Victorian cultural unconscious, which reflects the contemporary supremacy of men over women. The study will investigate the strangers’ consciousness and portray their psychological conflicts as a representative of the Victorian age and as a forecast of the contemporary individual’s identity crisis. The study concludes that the involvement of strangers gives coherence to the plot and helps readers to understand and learn from the story.
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Lemée, Emmanuel. "Devenir prince : James Stuart, réseaux européens et ambitions britanniques (1660-1685)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUL097.
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Cette thèse étudie le rôle politique et social de frère d’un roi européen de l’époque moderne à travers le cas de James Stuart, duc d’York et d’Albany, frère du roi d’Angleterre Charles II. Prince pluriel, amené à se réinventer et à évoluer au fil des crises en se fondant sur son expérience et ses prédilections personnelles, James Stuart demeura toujours le fidèle second du souverain. Les frères Stuart se partagèrent les tâches : à Charles le soin de gouverner l’Angleterre, cœur politique et économique des îles britanniques, à James celui d’entretenir la fidélité des marges sociales et géographiques du royaume. Il y parvint en s’imposant progressivement comme le principal patron des îles britanniques et la clé de voûte de la diplomatie anglaise. À la fin années 1670, il était ainsi devenu responsable de l’essentiel des échanges avec les puissances catholiques du continent européen, tout en contrôlant les nominations au sein de l’armée et de la Royal Navy. Son rôle informel, qui faisait de lui l’un des principaux acteurs de la guerre comme de la paix, lui permit non seulement de se maintenir à la cour d’Angleterre malgré les oppositions croissantes, mais de devenir de plus en plus puissant et irremplaçable. Ce faisant, il contribua peu à peu à l’intégration des marges britanniques, accélérant le rapprochement des Couronnes d’Angleterre, d’Écosse et d’Irlande. Ce rôle de prince, conçu pour projeter une image publique valorisante, conduisit cependant à faire naître la légende noire de James Stuart, perçu par les Anglais comme un prince belliqueux, corrompu et inquiétantThis thesis studies the political and social function of the brother to an early modern European King through the case study of James Stuart, Duke of York and Albany, brother to Charles II of England. A multifaceted prince, he had to reinvent himself and evolve to overcome multiple crises while staying the king’s loyal second. He did so using his own experience and personal preferences, gradually shaping the function of brother to the King to mirror his identity. The Stuart brothers shared the Crown’s burden: Charles ruled England, the political and economic heart of the British Isles, while James managed the geographical and social fringes of the realm, ensuring their fidelity to the Crown. He did so by becoming gradually the main patron in the British Isles and the cornerstone of English diplomacy. By the end of the 1670’s, he was overseeing the essential part of the negotiations with the Catholic powers in Europe, while managing most of the appointments in the King’s army and the Royal Navy. His function, while informal, made him one of the main promoters of war and peace alike. This enabled him not only to keep his position at court, despite growing oppositions, but also to become increasingly powerful and irreplaceable. In doing so, he helped gradually integrate the British fringes, speeding up the unification of England, Scotland, and Ireland. This princely role, which was meant to broadcast an attractive public image, instead made James Stuart appear to the English population as a warlike, corrupted, and ominous prince, thus creating the black legend attached to him
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Trainin, Sarah Jean. "The rise of mass culture theory and its effect on golden age detective fiction." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2002. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2255.
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Ford, Christopher Martin. "The theatre-in-museum movement in the British Isles." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1998. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/243/.
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Throughout the 1980's and early 1990's, it became increasingly apparent to interested observers that there was a growing trend towards using theatre in museum settings. The work was varied, ranging from single costumed characters working on galleries to help interpret for visitors items in the collection, to literally hundreds of re-enactors creating entire battle scenarios watched by thousands of visitors. This study considers the ideas and methods behind the various styles of theatre which have emerged in British museums and questions what it is that both theatre and museum professions think they will achieve by enlivening the traditionally silent enclaves of our museums in such a way. The study proposes that we are, in fact, witnessing the emergence of a new form of educational theatre which is context-specific and which embraces the needs of museums and their visitors rather than being concerned solely with theatre as an art form. 'Theatre-in-museum', as it has become known, is a synthesis of theatre as a learning medium and the educational and cultural mission of museums. This kind of theatre echoes, to some extent, aspects of other educational theatre movements including those associated with Brecht, Littlewood, Cheeseman, Heathcote, and Boal. Like many movements,'theatre-in-museum' as emerged out of a period of rapid change and instability, this time in the shifting world of museums which are themselves re-defining their role at the end of the twentieth century. Chapter One presents a thesis about' theatre-in-museum and will include: an analysis of contemporary museology; an analysis of the characteristics of 'theatre-in-museum' as a theatreform; and, the results of a national research project aimed at establishing the extent to which theatre is used in contemporary museums. Chapters Two to Six will feature five case studies explaining contemporary practice in this field. The critical attributes of five styles of theatre-in-museum will be explored along with the principal aims and methodologies associated with each one. A concluding chapter will consider the current state of 'theatre-in-museum' and will propose further action if the work is to flourish in future years.
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Jones, Claire S. "Holocene stand-scale forest dynamics of the British Isles." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.539541.
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mechanisms such as Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES). Whilst the rising importance of these has attracted much comment by observers of conservation, there is little empirical research on how ecosystem services concepts are being adopted. Meanwhile, the recent emergence of empirical literature on PES implementation opens up space to inform the development of this policy mechanism. This thesis adopts a critical social science perspective to pursue two empirical aims: firstly, to investigate the discourses surrounding ecosystem services concepts and the policy implications of the adoption of these by tropical forest conservation interest groups; and secondly, to investigate the practical implementation of key innovations of PES. To investigate policy and practice in this way, the thesis adopts a multi-scale research design, encompassing a policy level study and a case study of a PES project. At the policy level the sample includes a comprehensive range of non-governmental organizations, representing conservation or tropical forest people's interests. Q Methodology, a statistically supported tool for discourse analysis was used to identify the discourses, and more conventional qualitative research used to explore them in detail. A case study research design allowed the depth required to respond to calls for qualitative research on the practice of PES. The case study focuses on an afforestation PES scheme in western Uganda, in which people are paid through voluntary carbon markets to plant trees on private lands nearby forest reserves. This case is particularly interesting because it closely matches theoretical tenets of PES, with relatively strong conditionality and the use of monetary incentives. The discursive analysis is used to identify three particular interpretations of ecosystem services concepts and associated policy mechanisms. These distinct discourses are manifest in vibrant debates around utilitarian and intrinsic natural value, and the use of economic valuation and market instruments. As well as these discursive changes in the arguments they make for nature, organisations also undertake more practical changes in their partnerships and funding, and some display shifts in objectives towards ecosystem services. Furthermore, the practice of many organisations is changing through the adoption of PES. This is driven by an instrumental motivation, the expectation that PES will deliver sustainable finance. However, this expectation is often accompanied by concerns about PES; conditionality is often regarded to be unfeasible in practice and many practitioners are reluctant to use direct payments. The case study is used to interrogate the practice of these innovative aspects of PES. The use of conditional mechanisms has a number of implications. In particular, a focus on monitoring tends to inhibit the development of a shared understanding of the project rationale. Conditionality also tends to prioritise those able to secure ecosystem services, for instance through land ownership, and hence may not support distributional equity objectives. Livelihood adaptability is also a concern under long conditional agreements associated with carbon. Furthermore, there are indications that the use of individual contracts does not foster cooperative action. The thesis also investigates the use of direct payments, in particular to understand where payments feature in relation to participants' other motivations for involvement, and how payments interact with environmental values. Empirical results are used to engage with a question in the literature about the temporal sustainability of a payments approach, and whether payments foster a 'no pay, no care' environmental ethic. The thesis concludes by discussing the uptake of ecosystem services and PES mechanisms in conservation. It questions whether a transition 'from metaphor to science' can be observed in the use of ecosystem services, and furthermore, how these trends might be understood in relation to broader developments including neoliberalism. Overall, the thesis questions the tendency to present ecosystem services as simply a rhetorical tool, as these concepts and associated policy mechanisms have fundamental implications for the priorities and practice of conservation, in particular the way in which local people are engaged
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Cotton, Christopher Lawrence. "Eugenic discourse in the work of D.H. Lawrence." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2008. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/3355.
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Eugenic discourse is apparent in the work of many writers in the early 20th century, but is especially explicit in D.H. Lawrence's novel, Lady Chatterley's Lover, as well as his private letters. A close reading of these works illustrates Lawrence's attempts to grapple with his advocacy of eugenic.
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Wilsey, Shannon K. "Interpretations of Medievalism in the 19th Century: Keats, Tennyson and the Pre-Raphaelites." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2010. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/20.
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This thesis describes how different 19th century poets and artists depicted elements of the medieval in their artwork as a means to contradict the rapid progress and metropolitan build-up of the Industrial Revolution. The poets discussed are John Keats and Alfred, Lord Tennyson; the painters include William Holman Hunt and John William Waterhouse. Examples of the poems and corresponding Pre-Raphaelite depictions include The Eve of Saint Agnes, La Belle Dame Sans Merci and The Lady of Shalott.
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Franco, Chelsea E. "The (Wo)Man in the Masque: Cross-Dressing as Disguise in Early Modern English Literature." FIU Digital Commons, 2015. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1780.
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Characters’ identities are integral to how audiences relate to them. But what happens when the character suddenly alters his or her outward appearance? Are they still the same person? This thesis seeks to argue that disguise does not alter a character’s true nature, as evidenced by Pyrocles in Sir Philip Sidney’s The Countess of Pembroke’s Arcadia and the Prince in Margaret Cavendish’s The Convent of Pleasure. Both Pyrocles’ suit of Philoclea and the Prince’s suit of Lady Happy are successful because, however subversive they appear at first, they ultimately adhere to societal norms of the time. The relationship between the cross-dressed prince and his love interest in both works only appears to subvert heteronormative expectations for the time, but ultimately adheres to these societal norms once the disguised character’s true identity is revealed to his chosen partner.
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Allinson, Craig Robert. "Ocean tide loading in the British Isles from GPS observations." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.427328.
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Morrissey, Lance Benjamin. "The ichnology of terrestrial palaeoenvironments : Old Red Sandstone, British Isles." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.432317.
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Alshamrani, Rahma. "Taxonomy and distribution of Aesculus species in the British Isles." Thesis, University of Reading, 2018. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/78949/.
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Aesculus L. is a small genus of horticulturally important trees and shrubs comprising 13 species. Frequent hybridization among species, particularly in cultivation, has contributed to taxonomic confusion and difficulties in identification of plants. At the same time, disease is threatening the future of some species in horticulture. One species, A. hippocastanum, is emerging as a model for documenting phenological responses to climate change, but it is unclear whether there is significant intraspecific variation in this species. These factors have prompted the morphological and molecular reconsideration ofAesculus taxonomy, with emphasis on plants in horticulture in the UK, and the investigation of the inter-and intra-specific variation in phenology for these species. A detailed morphological study based on 101 morphological characters scored 48 plants. Multivariate analyses and scrutiny of the data against the existing descriptions of species, varieties and cultivars, including hybrids, were used to identify plants, but highlighted the deficiencies of current identification tools. The plants from the morphological study were included In a molecular survey. New sequence data for one nuclear (ITS) and two chloroplast regions (trnHK, matK) were generated. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of these sequence data, along with published data, supported previously existing infra-generic lineages. However, no evidence for intraspecific lineages of A. hippocastanum was found in the morphological or molecular analyses. A phenological survey of plants on the University of Reading Whiteknights campus was made for 51 plants, 34 of A. hippocastanum and 17 representing other species. For two years, each plants' phenological stage (budburst, leaf development, shoot development, flowering, fruiting and beginning of dormancy) was recorded. Consistently early trees and early species were identified. For A. hippocastanum the number of days between the first tree's bud burst and the last tree's budburst was 29 days in 2013 and 38 days in 2014; the time between the earliest bud burst in 2013 and in 2014 was 13 days. Thus, intraspecific variation in budburst time within years is much greater than inter-annual differences.
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Al, Kindi Suleiman. "A seismological study of cenozoic epeirogeny across the British Isles." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.620694.
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Walker, Paul D. "Developments in Catholic churchbuilding in the British Isles 1945-1980." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294155.
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